dockidev erTxel afxazeTze
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kidev erTxel afxazeTze
qarTvelobis gadasarCenad # 55 (116) 23 Tebervali 2010 saxalxo moZraoba kidev erTxel afxazeTze “ “s a m e g r e l o s “ o r g a n o 50 TeTri lavrenti beria _ qarTuli genia 4 gazeTi “ilori” uZRveba rubrikas “saukeTeso safexburTo klubebi” “feienoordi”, 2 roterdami, holandia 12 kidev erTi 3 wigni sofel latalis zepirsityviereba megruli y“ velaze naTeli”, romelsac 10 enis bneli axlavs Tengiz kublaSvili fenomenze am wignis avtoris, korneli borozdinis samsaxureobrivi kariera kavkasiaSi daiwyo. igi jer mTavarmarTeblis kancelariaSi muSaobda, Semdeg ki (1854 wels) samegrelos dedofalTan miavlines miwer-moweris sawarmoeblad da misi Svilebis aRmzrdelad. 1858 wels dainiSna senakis olqis ufrosad, sadac 1867 wlamde imsaxura. swored aq gaecno igi samegrelos mosaxleobis yofas, romelic sainteresod aRwera Tavis wignSi. 9 borozdinis mogonebebSi sakmaod vrclad aris gadmocemuli osmaleTis jarebis mier samegrelos awiokeba, romelic Semdeg rusma jariskacebma alagmes. 7 12 saqarTvelos sagareo politika da diplomatia 1918-1921 wlebSi Temur qoriZe 2 ilori 23 Tebervali 2010 kidev erTxel afxazeTze (vagrZelebT werilebis ciklis beWdvas) swored am epoqidan, laz-Wanebic WeSmariti qristianebi gaxdnen. cnobilia, rom qristianobis msoflio krebas, qalaq nikeaSi (325 weli) egrisis samefodan ori episkoposi eswreboda _ biWvinTis da fazisis. lazebi fazisis eparqiaSi Sediodnen. marTalia, lazikis ZiriTadi nawili 1203 wels Camoyalibebul trapizonis imperiaSi moeqca da darCa XV saukunemde, magram lazebi sarwmunoebrivad daculi iyvnen da, am epoqaSi, lazikaSi mravali eklesia da qristianuli kompleqsi aigo. osmaleTis mier trapizonis dapyrobis Semdeg (XV) lazeTSi Semodis islami. rogorc mematianeebi gvamcnoben, islamis gavrceleba lazikaSi didi winaaRmdegobebiT aRiniSna, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi islami mainc myarad damkvidrda; Tumca, lazebi dResac ar iviwyeben mama-papaTa samlocveloebs _ “oxvameebs” (“oxvame” megrulad salocavia). “lazuri anTropologia” _ marTalia, TiTqmis 8 saukunea, lazebi mowyvetili arian mSobliur xalxs da, bunebrivia, ucxo atmosferoSi cxovrebam, maT anTropologiaSi garkveuli cvlilebebi gamoiwvia, magram, rogorc cnobili anTropologi, batoni g. abduSeliSvili amtkicebs, anTropologiurad, dResac araviTari gansxvaveba ar aris megrelebsa da lazebs Soris. lazebs (maT Soris Wanebsac) iseTive tradiciebi, adaT-wesebi, zne-Cveulebebi hqondaT, rogoric megrelebs. aseve erTnairi hqondaT eTnografiuli yofac. bunebrivia, rom lazebisa da megrelebis saukuneobrivma ganSorebam ganapiroba garkveuli gansxvaveba maT Soris, gansakuTrebiT zemoxsenebul komponentSi, magram arc ise mniSvnelovani, rom lazebis WeSmarit qarTvelobaSi, megrelebisa da lazebis identurobaSi dagvaeWvos. amdenad, axali welTaRricxvis I-II saukuneebSi, egrisis samefos samxreT nawilSi warmoCinda axali administraciuli erTeuli, lazikis saerisTavos saxiT, magram amas araviTari eTnikuri cvlileba ar mohyolia. Tu Zveli welTaRricxvis epoqaSi am teritoriaze cxovrobdnen sxvadasxva wvril-wvrili megruli teritoriuli jgufebi _ xalibebi, tibarenebi, mosinikebi, drilebi, Tebalebi da a.S. am droidan isini, faqtobrivad, lazebad da Wanebad iwodebodnen; ufro sworad, am epoqidan, lazikaSi da WaneTSi mcxovreb mcxovreb megrelebs daerqvaT lazebi da Wanebi. marTlac, arasodes gamxdara sadavod, rom lazebi da Wanebi qarTuli tomebia, faqtobrivad, igive megrelebi arian, magram zogierTi qarTveli mecnieris gavleniT, megrelebis vinaobaze damkvidrda mosazreba, romelic abnevs sazogadoebas, araswor warmodgenas uqmnis maT vinaobaze _ “megrelebi da lazebi zanuri tomebia da megruli da lazuri enebis dialeqtebia”. me piradad, aseTi mosazreba kategoriulad miuReblad mimaCnia da, ai, ratom: megrelebi da lazebi rom zanuri tomebi yofiliyvnen, maSin unda arsebuliyo qveyana “zanaTi” da erovneba “zani”, maSin, rodesac zustad dadgenili ar aris, vin moiazreboda terminis “zanis” qveS. varaudoben, TiTqos, bizantielebi “Wanebs” moixseniebdnen xan “zanebad”, da xan “sanebad”, rac SeiZleboda enis barieriT yofiliyo gamowveuli, magram gamoricxulia, erTiani egrisis (kolxeTis) samefos mosaxleobis saerTo saxeli “zani” yofiliyo, Tundac “zanis” qveS, “Wani” moiazrebodes. Zveli welTaRricxvis epoqaSi arc “WaneTi” Canda da arc “Wani”, xolo dasavleT saqarTvelos uxsovari droidan “egrisis”, xolo mis mkvidr mosaxleobas “egrebi” erqva. rodidan ewoda dasavleT saqarTvelos “egrisi”, sxva sakiTxia, magram swored egrisis samefos daarqves berZnebma “kolxeTi” da mis mkvidr mosaxleobas “egrebs” _ “kolxebi” (Zveli welTaRricxvis XV-XIV saukuneebi). dadgenilia, rom “egridan” aris miRebuli dasavleT saqarTvelos ZiriTadi mosaxlis saxeli _ “megreli”. mecnierTa varaudiT, es unda momxdariyo Soreul warsulSi, sadRac IIIII aTaswleulis mijnaze. aqedan moyolebuli dasavleT saqarTvelos erTiani kolxeTis (egrisis) samefos ZiriTadi mosaxleobis saxeli iyo “megreli” da am saxelis qveS moiazrebodnen Zveli welTaRricxvis epoqaSi am samefoSi dasaxelebuli wvril-wvrili tomebic. amdenad, dResaviT naTelia, rom egrisis (kolxeTis) samefos mosaxleobis saerTo saxeli mudam “megreli” iyo da, I-II saukuneebidan, “megrelis” qveS lazic moiazreboda, lazuri ena ki megruli enis kilokavi iyo. ufro meti, istoriis sxvadasxva etapze, egrisis samefo iwodeboda kolxeTis. lazikis da afxazTa samefod, magram qarTveli da somexi mematianeebi mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos mudam egrisis samefod, xolo mis mosaxleobas megrelebad moixseniebdnen. bunebrivia, maT ucxoel swavlulebze ukeT ecodinebodaT egrisis samefoc da misi mkvidri mosaxleobac. yovel SemTxvevaSi, megrelebisa da lazebis zanur tomebad, xolo megrullazuri enebis e.w. zanuri enis dialeqtebad moxseniebas araviTari gamarTleba ara aqvs. es faqtobrivad, egrisis samefos da megrelebis Zveli welTaRricxvis epoqis TiTqmis oriaTaswlovan istoriaze uaris Tqmis tolfasia, rac Cveni Rirseuli winaprebis xsovnis Seuracxyofac aris. mizanSewonilad mimaCnia, yuradReba gavamaxvilo Semdeg garemoebaze: miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos erTiani egrisis (kolxeTis) samefos mosaxleobis saerTo saxeli, uxsovari droidan, “megreli” iyo, administraciuli erTeulis, samTavros saxeli “samegrelo” SedarebiT axalia, rac Semdeg movlenebTanaa dakavSirebuli _ axali welTaRricxvis, daaxloebiT, III-IV saukuneebSi, egrisis samefos “lazikis”, ufro sworad, “egrislazeTis” samefo, VIII-X saukuneebSi “afxazTa”, anu “egris-afxazeTis” samefo ewoda... bunebrivia, egrisma, rogorc samefom, arseboba Sewyvita. saqarTvelos isev daSlis (XV sauk.) momdevno epoqaSi, egrisis samefos yofil teritoriaze, garkveuli cvlilebebi moxda _ lazika trapizonis imperiaSi aRmoCnda, egrisis samefos aRmosavleT nawilSi imereTis samefo Camoyalibda, romelic pirveli qarTulerovani regioni iyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi da, amis Semdeg, imereTSi mcxovreb megrelebsac ewodaT “imerlebi”. amave saukuneSi, im teritoriaze, sadac sametyvelo enad isev megruli darCa da mosaxleebi megrelebi iyvnen, Camoyalibda administraciuli erTeuli samTavros saxiT da ewoda “samegrelo”. amdenad, dasavleT saqarTvelos ZiriTadi mosaxlis saxeli, uxsovari droidan, iyo “megreli”, radgan samefos erqva “egrisi”, magram XV saukuneSi piriqiT moxda _ samTavros ewoda “samegrelo” mxolod imitom, rom mis mosaxleobas megrelebi warmoadgendnen. marTalia, im epoqaSi samegrelos samTavroSi darCa guriisa da afxazeTis saerisTavoebi, magram samTavros egrisis saxeli ar daerqva, radganac is arc samefo iyo da arc is teritoria hqonda, egrisis samefo rom moicavda. ar ifiqroT, rom Cemi megrelobiT vsargeblob da amitom, egrisis samefos ZiriTad mosaxleebad megrelebs miviCnev da ara lazebs; amas imitom vamtkiceb, rom realobaa, WeSmaritebaa da me tendenciuri sulac ar var... rac Semexeba piradad me, CemTvis lazuri sisxli ucxo rodia _ Soniebis gvari erT-erTi mravalricxovani da uZvelesia saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi. Soniebi, ZiriTadad, glexebi arian. magram erTi Stos warmomadgenlebi aznaurebic arian. am Stos winapars, giorgi Sonias, XVIII saukuneSi, samegrelos mTavar dadianisgan aznauroba eboZa da mamulad mieca soflebi _ faxulani da oxaCqua. dRes es orive sofeli walenjixis raionSia, svaneTis sazRvarTan, mdinare engurs gaRma. giorgi Sonia vaJkacuri kaci yofila, Zlieri da warmosadegi, Sinaurebi moferebiT “Rejias” eZaxdnen. Turme, misi dabadebis dros, samegreloSi raRac seni mZvinvarebda, romelic Rors ar emarTeboda da amitom daurqmeviaT “Rejia” (megrulad Rori) zedmet saxelad. mas xSiri misvla-mosvla hqonia TurqeTSi, maSin aWarac TurqeTSi Sedioda. swored im dros Sehyvarebia aWaraSi, gonioSi mcxovrebi lamazi qaliSvili, gvarad memiSiSi da colad SeurTavs. saTanadod, giorgis STamomavlebSi lazuri sisxlisacaa. es rac Seexeba Cems gansakuTrebiT Tbil ganwyobas lazebisadmi, Torem, mecnierul wreebSi erTmniSvnelovnadaa miRebuli, rom Soreuli warsulidan dRemde, dasavleT saqarTvelos ZiriTadi mosaxleebi egrebi (megrelebi) iyvnen, miuxedavad imisa, nawili megrelebisa, axali welTaRricxvis epoqaSi iwodebodnen margvelebad, lazebad (maT Soris Wanebic) Tu afxazebad. swored amiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos erTian egrisis samefos kolxeTis, lazikis Tu afxazeTis samefo erqva, mis ZiriTad mosaxleebs _ megrelebs kolxebad moixseniebdnen. rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, qarTul wyaroebSi, dasavleT saqarTvelos erTian samefos yovelTvis mxolod egrisis samefod moixseniebdnen da mis mosaxleobas megrelebad, rac araviTar gaugebrobas Tu uxerxulobas ar qmnida, vinaidan lazebic (maT Soris Wanebic) da afxazebic darwmunebuli iyvnen TavianT megrelobaSi. darwmunebuli var, Tavmoyvareobis Selaxvad ar miiRebT, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis saerTo saxelad megreli iTvleboda, romlis qveSac moiazreboda margvelic, lazic da afxazic, miT umetes, rom samegrelo ar mowyvetila qarTul sinamdviles da, faqtobrivad, megrelebma myarad SeinarCunes pirvandeli saxe, ena, sarwmunoeba, kultura, adaT-wesebi, tradiciebi. Tumca, Tqveni ar vici, magram, arc erTi megreli araviTar mniSvnelobas ar aZlevs, maT, Zvelad, megrelebad moixseniebdnen Tu lazebad, radgan myarad aqvT gacnobierebuli, rom lazebi da megrelebi erTni arian, rogorc zugdideli, senakeli Tu foTeli megrelebi. ise, RmerTma qnas, isev erTad viyoT da Tu raime uxerxulobas Seqmnis lazebis megrelebad moxsenieba, gpirdebiT, me viqnebi moTave, megrelebisa da lazebis saerTo saxelad lazi iyos. es iqneba udidesi movlena saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi, rac dRes SeuZleblad gveCveneba, magram vin icis, xval ra moxdeba? istoria savsea moulodnelobebiT, SeiZleba, qarTvel xalxsac gaumarTlos da amas eRirsos. yovel SemTxvevaSi, rogorc rigiTi qarTveli, bunebrivia, darwmunebuli var, lazika (maT Soris WaneTic) egrisis samefos erT-erTi administraciuli erTeulia da lazebi (maT Soris Wanebic) megruli teritoriuli jgufebia da maT arc erT sxva qarTuli kuTxis mkvidrebze naklebi pretenzia ar unda hqondeT WeSmarit qarTvelobaze. samwuxarod, raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, saTanadod ar aris Seswavlili lazikis istoria, misi raoba da roli saqarTvelos istoriaSi, lazebis damsaxureba eris winaSe, rasac gamarTleba ar aqvs. swored aman ganapiroba, albaT, is garemoeba, rom lazebs, garkveulad, eWvi eparebaT TavianT qarTvelobaSi. marTalia, SedarebiT ukeTesi situaciaa afxazeTis da afxazebis istoriaSi, magram, samwuxarod, arc qarTvelebma da arc afxazebma zustad ar ician afxazeTis obieqturi istoria, ramac erT-erTi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa afxazeTis saSinel movlenebSi. 10 welze metia gasuli afxazeTis tragediidan da dResac ar aris Seqmnili afxazeTis srulyofili da obieqturi istoria, sadac erTmniSvnelovnad iqneboda dadgenili afxazeTis realuri raoba, afxazebis vinaoba, afxazeTSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare procesis arsi, qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriuli fesvebi _ is, rac erTmaneTs gvaaxloebs, da ara piriqiT. amas qarTveli mecnierebis mier daSvebul erovnuli mniSvnelobis Secdomad vTvli. miuxedavad imisa, rom specialobiT inJineri var, TiTqmis 30 weli vxelmZRvanelobdi sxvadasxva obieqtebs da viyavi gaerTianeba “borjomis” generaluri direqtoric (1986-1991 wlebi), iZulebuli gavxdi, sazogadoebisaTvis gamecno Cemi mosazreba afxazur sakiTxze. 1988 wels mzad mqonda narkvevi “eris didi satkivari”, romelic, garkveuli situaciebidan gamomdinare, mxolod 1995 wels gamoqveynda, Jurnal “politikaSi”... ...gamoqveynda wigni “didi saqarTvelos tragedia” (1988 weli, Tbilisi), romelSic Sevecade, sazogadoebisaTvis gamecno afxazeTis roli saqarTvelos istoriaSi, uZvelesi afxazebis vinaoba da maTi damsaxureba qarTveli da afxazi erebis winaSe. SeZlebisdagvarad, isic gavaanalize, Tu ram ganapiroba afxazeTis samwuxaro movlenebi. anzor Sonia, akademikosi ilori 23 Tebervali 2010 3 sofel latalis zepirsityviereba svanuri motivebi miTi da sinamdvile sityva “latali”, svanur enaze, sadarajos niSnavs, radgan sofeli latali bals zemoT ubatono svaneTis da bals qvemo-sadadeSqeliano svaneTis gamyofi, ubatono svaneTisaTvis aqtiurad mebrZoli sofelia. dadeSqelianebi didi xani ibrZodnen baalis (mTa soflebis latalsa da beCos Sua) dasapyrobad. magram latalelebma Tavdadebuli brZoliT mSobliuri sofeli dainarCunes. sofeli cxumari Walais Reles dapyrobas lamobda. darCa simRera: “latlari cxmral uSxvaar xaSgebalax” _ “latalelebi da cxumarelebi erTmaneTs uvardebodnen”. latalelebma sami cxumareli mokles. cxumarSi maTTvis sami sakace gaukeTebiaT da sacalfexo gziT “kaarallaeqva” (qviani adgilia latalSi) gadausvenebiaT meomrebi sofelSi. Walais dapyrobas Turme dadeSqelianebic lamobdnen. Tavdapirvelad maT mSvidobiani gza ucdiaT da latalSi morev mare _ Suakaci gaugzavniaT. latalis “svimrasgan” (sazogadoeba, romelic soflis saWirboroto sakiTxebs wyvetda) uari miuRiaT. maSin dadeSqelianebi saomrad gamzadebulan, maT Sesaxvedrad latalSi qudze kaci amdgara, visac ki Tofis xelSi aReba SeeZlo, yvela gamosula. “mheeri” ulamazesi adgilia latalSi. aq dgas “ilmheeris” eklesia. misken saocari nabijiT mimavali TeTri xari daunaxavT. xarma eklesiasTan samjer daibRavla Turme. es rom latalis “svimras” warmomadgenels, meSxe-beqmurzas _ Sav beqmurzas daunaxavs, uTqvams: es xari Cveulebrivi araa. RvTis mieraa mogzavnili da gamarjvebas gviqadiso. Tu am brZolaSi gavimarjvebT, am xars davklav da RmerTs SevwiravTo. latalelebma brZolaSi gaimarjves. dadeSqelianebma roca dainaxes, rom latalelTa jari sWarbobda simravliT, ubrZolvelad danebebulan. TaTaryan dadeSqelians ukiTxavs beqmurzasTvis: “Setakeba rom momxdariyo, Tofs mec damimiznebdio?” beqmurzas upasuxnia: sanadirod wasulma monadirem nadirobisas erTad mdgari arCvi da jixvi rom dainaxos, romels daumiznebso? _ ra Tqma unda, jixvso, _ ar dauyovnebia pasuxi TaTaryans. maSin beqmurzas uTqvams: _ Senc jixvi xaro. dadeSqelianebi ukan gamobrunebulan, magram ramdenime dRis Semdeg isev midgomian Walais midamoebs. maT dasaxmareblad SeerTebian cxumarelebic. im adgils, sadac maTi meomrebi dabanakebulan, Semdeg “joodal” daerqva (dadeSqelianTa jari gaizardao _ jar qaaljodineli), latalelebma maTTvis SeumCnevlad Semouares mowinaaRmdegis jars da im adgils “namcaadra” daerqva. gamarjvebulT sofelSi TeTri xari dauklavT da RmerTisTvis SeuwiravT. gamarTula didi dResaswauli lataloba. amgvari dResaswauli dResac imarTeba. mTeli sofeli ikribeba, klaven xars da cekva-TamaSs marTaven. didi da patara _ yvela ebmis sasimRero ferxulSi da ase simRera-ferxuliT samjer uvlian gars eklesias. aRdgomis mesame dRes tardeba dResaswauli “macxvaarlatliS”. Zveli gadmocemiT aRdgomis (Tanaf) _ mesame dRes, samSabaTs, wminda macxovris eklesiasTan dabmuli yofila xari, romelic sofel ielis mcxovrebT latalelTaTvis ZRvnad miuyvaniaT. “Cven mulaxelebi gvaviwroeben da gTxovT daxmareba gagviwioTo” _ ase moumarTavT ielelebs. latalis Tavkacebi Sekrebilan da mulaxSi wasulan. SeukrebiaT mulaxis Tavkacebi da mouxsenebiaT: ielelebma xari ZRvnad mogviyvanes da daxmareba gvTxoves. Tqven Tu ar SeeSvebiT maT Seviwroebas, Cven valdebuli varT davexmaroTo. TemTa sabWos es sakiTxi mSvidobianad gadauwyvitavs. im dRidan mulaxelebi SeeSvnen ielelebis Seviwrovebas. mas Semdeg, sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebamde ielidan yovelwliurad aRdgomis mesame dRes, samSabaTs mohyavdaT xari latalSi, mTeli sofeli ikribeboda da imarTeboda religiuri dResaswauli “macxvaarlatliS”. sabWoTa xelisuflebam akrZala ielidan xaris moyvana, magram latali Rrmad morwmune sofelia. aqaurebma gadawyvites yovelwliurad SeekribaT fuli, eyidaT xari, SeewiraT igi eklesiisaTvis da SeesrulebinaT ritualebi. miuxedavad bolSevikebis mier dawesebuli didi SezRudvisa, es rituali dRemde movida da dResac imarTeba latalSi. TaTrebis Semoseva latfaridan TanRilSi TaTrebis jari Semosula xatebis mosaparavad (daaxloebiT IV saukunes varaudoben). axlo mcxovreblebs latalis svimrasTvis SeutyobinebiaT. Sekrebila sofeli da saomrad wasula TanRilSi. latalelebs gauwyvetiaT TaTris jari, didi saflavi amouTxriaT da Sig mtris gvamebi erTad CauyriaT. Semdeg lataleli meomrebi axlo sofelSi Camosulan, gamarjvebis niSnad TeTri xari dauklavT. qeifis dros meomrebi erTmaneTs sasmels sTavazobdnen sityvebiT: laxS, laxS (dalie, dalie). aqedan warmosdga am soflis saxelwodeba laxuSdi. TanRilSi, sadac TaTrebis Semoseva momxdara, dgas mTavarangelozis eklesia _ “TanRiTaarngzel”. am eklesiasTan omis dros darCenili isrebi dResac inaxeba. legenda Sargiaanze Sargianebis sagvareulo Zlieri yofila. sofel latalSi dgas macxovris eklesia, sadac mTeli sofeli, garda Sargianebisa, modioda da loculobda. Sargianebs calke hqoniaT macxovris eklesia da iq loculobdnen Turme. Sargianebs gamorCeuli vaJkaci hyoliaT _ saxelad Sargiaan. didi da Zlieri ojaxi hyolia Sargiaans. erTxel igi sanadirod wasula. gzaze devi (daav) _ tyis kaci Sexvedria. Sargiaani Sebmia devs, daumarcxebia da misTvis frCxilebi wauWria, frCxilis moWriT devs Zala daukargavs da Sargiaans Sinamosamsaxured wauyvania saxlSi. devis frCxilebi saxlSi miutania da SuacecxlTan axlos miwaSi Caumarxavs. erT dRes mTeli ojaxi samuSaod wasula. Sin mxolod patara bavSvi da devi dautovebiaT. Turme devi SeekiTxa bavSvebs _ Cemi frCxilebi sad Seinaxa mamaTqvenmao. biWi ver gamoutexavs, gogos ki uTqvams: SuacecxlTan miwaSi marxiao. devs amouTxria frCxilebi da Zalac dabrunebia. Suacecxlze qvabiT xorci mdgara mosaxarSad. devs bavSvebi qvabSi Cauyria, TviTon ki tyeSi gaqceula. tyidan xma mouwvdenia SargiaanisaTvis da uTqvams: Sedi saxlSi, xorci moixarSebodao. Sargiaani mimxvdara Tu ra gansacdelic daatyda Tavs da aymuvlebula simwriT. devs dauwyevlia Sargiaanebis sagvareulo Semdegi sityvebiT: “gvarSi erTi memkvidris meti ar gagCenodeTo”. amis gamoa Tu ara, aravin icis, magram dResac Sargiaanebidan mxolod erTi mamakacia darCenili, qalebi ki sadac gaTxovdnen, didi ojaxebi Seqmnes da gvaric amravles. Tekalis “miJe narhi” (ibeWdeba SemoklebiT) gmiri kaxaani Camgelianebis sagvareulos warmomadgeneli yofila. igi fizikuri siZlieriTa da goliaTuri aRnagobiT yofila gamorCeuli. anderiani, wiliid, laxvSdaald da mubi saZovrebia latalSi. maT gveleSapi dauflebis, misi SiSiT saqoneli veravis mihyavda Turme saZovarze. mTeli dReebi muherSi wolila gveleSapi. Sewuxebula latali, Sekrebila mTeli sofeli da uTxoviaT kaxaanisTvis daxmareba. kaxaans uTqvams: gveleSaps movklav, Tu leTnierSi Savi Zroxis rZes moduRebuls damaxvedrebTo, mTis barjs sanadirod momcemT da laxvSdalids saZovrebado, haraSSic mJave wyalsac pirveli me davlevo. xalxs misTvis danapirebis Sesruleba aRuTqvams. kaxaans Tan wauyvania erTi cxeni da erTic jori. es jori lenwelas ZirSi dautovebia. Tavad cxeniT haraSSi Sesula. gveleSaps im dros sZinebia. kaxaans samsafexuriani kibe dasWirda Turme gveleSapis yuramde asasvlelad. sami isari daurtyams yurSi da ganugmiravs. kaxaani cxenze Semjdara da ukan gamoqceula. lenwelas ZirSi aRmarTze jorze Semjdara, leTnierSi rZe dauxvedrebiaT misTvis. gveleSapi suls Rafavda da Sxams anTxevda Turme. misgan SxamnaTxevi kaxaani rZeSi ganibana. sasikvdilod ganwiruli gveleSapi simwriT iklakneboda Turme da rasac misi kudi moxvedria, yvelaferi gadauTelavs. im adgilas, sadac kaxaanma gveli mokla, borcvia darCenili. amboben, rom igi gveleSapis samarxia da misi formac imitom aqvso. imaze, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba es miTi sinamdviles Seesabamebodes, istoriuli kvleva-Zieba mimdinareobs. am miTs ukavSireben miTs argonavtebze. latalelebi dResaswaulis dros wminda giorgis sadRegrZelos Semdeg ori WiqiT fexze adgomiT svamen kaxaanis sadRegrZelos, Semdegi sityvebiT: “RmerTs dideba, kaxaans Sendoba, mis momxsenebel yvela svan kacs mSvidoba”. xalxma dRemde Semoinaxa simRera kaxaanze. Tekali qvemo svaneTis erTi patara, lamazi sofelia _ gardafxaZeebiT, onianebiT, babluanebiT da Wvelieridan gadmosuli mukbanianebiT aris dasaxlebuli. sali kldis Tavze macxovris eklesia dgas, xeelus mTidan Tekluras Rele moedineba, Remaamolis da Wenieris mTaTa ferdebs aprilidan dawyebuli gvian Semodgomamde nairnairi yvavilebis farCa mosavs. magram Tekals pirvel rigSi mainc misi mkvidrni alamazeben _ maTi lamazi saqmeebi, mravali lamazi Canafiqri da am CanafiqrTa xorcSesxma. aq damkvidrebul TiToeul gvars gvarSi RirsebiT gamorCeuli kaci hyavs saamayod. mukbanianebs _ uniWieresi xelovani ioseb mukbaniani, babluanebs _ babluanebSi pirveli kaci, onianebs _ yvelaze Rirseuli oniani, xolo gardafxaZeebs, albaT is pirveli Tavadi gardafxaZe, vinc es sofeli daikava. “miJe narhi” _ Tekalis silamazea, oRond is arc romelime mTis saxelia, arc mdinarisa. is mzis sagalobelia, simReraa, romelic ioseb mukbanianma Seqmna, Tekalelebma ki uxucesTa ansambls Searqves es saxeli. ansamblma uamravi, lamis uimedod dakarguli svanuri simRera aRadgina da msmenels daubruna. ansamblis xelmZRvanelma, ioseb mukbanianis ZmisSvilma batonma jumberma da ansamblis wevrebma 16-17 Zveli svanuri simRera aRadgines da daamuSaves, maT Soris saferxulo cekvebic. miJe narhi svanur enaze mzis sinaTles niSnavs Svenis da Svelis es sinaTle patara Tekals _ mTeli Coluris Tvals. didgula da didbunebovan adamianTa samkvidrebels. xolo, roca uxucesTa gundis wevrebi bail-beTqils umRerian, an roca Wunirze vicbils da macbils dastirian, anda roca SgaridaSi ferxuls uvlian, yofiTi wvrilmanebi ukvalod qreba mexsierebidan, warmavalis adgils waruvali ikavebs da maSin mTeli gundic ukvdavebasTan xmaSewyobili mReris TiTqos. irma gviCiani ela gurCiani miTi kaxaanze 4 ilori 23 Tebervali 2010 lavrenti beria _ qarTuli genia sergei kremliovi beria _ XX saukunis saukeTeso menejeri stalinisaTvis ubralo ar gaxldaT represiebis gatarebaze Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebis miReba. rom ar mieRo, esec ar SeiZleboda _ istoria ar apatiebda. lavrenti beria maRali talantis mqone adamiani iyo. magram, stalinisagan gansxvavebiT, igi ar iyo socialuri analizis geniosi, magram mas beladisa ar Surda. isini, amasTan, sxvadasxva Taobis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. asakSi oci weli iyo gansxvaveba, msoflmxedvelobaSi ki _ mTeli epoqa! magram fsiqologiurad beria Zalian axlos idga stalinTan _ oriveni praqtikuli romantikosebi da idealistebi iyvnen da dRemudam iRvwodnen axali sazogadoebis Sesaqmnelad. stalinma Tqva: „kadrebi wyveten yvelafers!“ da im partiul-saxelmwifo moRvaweTa Soris, romlebic revoluciisa da samoqalaqo omis qartexilebma xelisuflebis saTaveSi aiyvana, beria iyo is erT-erTi TvalsaCino moRvawe, romelsac arafrad miaCnda vaSlebSemowyobili Semwvari bati da sxva fufuneba. magram igi xarbi iyo samuSaosadmi, da iyo erT-erTi im kadrebs Soris, romlebic „yvelafers wyvetdnen“... gadawyvito da iSromo! imitom rom, Sroma saintereso procesia da imitom, rom Seni SromiT erTi aguri Semato saxelmwifos aRmSeneblobis saqmes. beriasaTvis es iyo ara mxolod lamazi fraza, aramed misi yoveldRiuri moraluri mrwamsi. amitom ar SeeZlo stalins, rom uaxloes periodSi ar CaerTo beria Tavis uaxloes garemocvaSi. male mas samuSaod miiwveven moskovSi _ ssr kavSiris Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatSi. berias daniSvna maRal Tanamdebobaze obieqturi mizezebiT iyo ganpirobebuli _ es epoqis moTxovna gaxldaT. saqmeebi samSobloSi, saqmeebi TbilisSi... plenumidan TbilisSi dabrunebis Semdeg beria kvlav saqmeebSi CaiZira da im sakiTxebis mogvarebas Seudga, romlebic Zveli problemebis gadaWris Semdeg kvlav iCendnen xolme Tavs. 1937 wlis agvistodan daiwyo Cekisturi „operacia“, romelic, bunebrivia, saqarTvelosac Seexo. imdenad, ramdenadac trockistebisa da mtrulad ganwyobili elementebis winaaRmdeg gamarTuli represiebis farTo aqcia axal da uamrav sagamoZiebo masalebs iZleoda, saqarTvelos kompartiis (b) centraluri komitetis pirvel mdivans, bunebrivia, am sakiTxTan Sexebac uwevda. beria didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iyo Cekisti da gamoricxuli iyo, rom mas es gamocdileba ar gamoeyenebina im naxevari wlis ganmavlobaSi, vidre mimdinareobda “Casvrili” partiul-saxelmwifo “oficrobisa” da “generalitetis” safuZvliani wmenda. 1937 wlis 8 ivliss saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari gogliZe auwyebda saqarTvelos kompartiis cekas pirvel mdivans berias, “kulakebisa da sisxlis rom samarTlis damnaSaveebis” kategorias mikuTvnebulTa Soris 1.419 adamians miesaja sasjelis umaRlesi zoma, romelTa Soris 338 kacis saqme gamoiZia muSur-glexurma miliciam, 1.081 kacis saqme ki uSiSroebis sammarTvelom. Sesabamisad, miliciam gadaasaxla 463 adamiani, uSiSroebam ki 1.099 adamiani. es konkretuli cifrebi metyveleben, rom saqarTvelos Sinsaxkomi damnaSaveTa siebs adgenda konkretuli xalxisagan, maTi konkretuli danaSulis gaTvaliswinebiT. amasTan, samasi banditis sasamarTlos gverdis avliT sikvdiliT dasjam mkveTrad gamoaswora qveyanaSi kriminogenuli situacia. aseve gamarTlebuli iyo represiebi kontrrevolucionerTa winaaRmdegac. me ar Sevudgebi am cifrebis gamowvlilviT analizs, magram aRvniSnav, rom, Tu sabWoTa kavSirSi wmenda Seexo komunistTa 46 procents, saqarTveloSi es cifri ar ascilebia 32 procents (daaxloebiT 18 aTasi kaci). amasTan, beria araerTxel gamosula presiT imis mowodebiT, rom wmendisadmi meti sifaqize da obieqturoba gamoeCinaT Sesabamis organoebs. partiuli dokumentebis gadamowmebis procesSi apelacia Seitana 2.394 kacma, romelTa Soris 638 aRdgenili iqna partiaSi, 424 kaci partiis wevrobidan gadayvanili iqna wevrobis kandidatad, 315 kaci ki aRdgenili iqna kandidatad. es cifrebi kargad metyveleben imaze, iyo Tu ara lavrenti beria “sadisti”. am cifrebis fonze, me mogvianebiT gavarCev berias winaaRmdeg wamoyenebul seriozul braldebas imis Taobaze, rom man TiTqos, amierkavkasiis samxareo komitetis pirvel mdivnad yofnis Jams, 1936 wels, piradad mokla sakuTar kabinetSi somxeTis kompartiis cekas pirveli mdivani xanJiani. formalurad xanJianTan incidenti (igi tuberkulozis mZime formiT iyo avad, rac misi, rogorc gauwonasworebeli adamianis TviTmkvlelobiT dasrulda) warmoiqmna “maRal eSelonebSi wmendis” dawyebamde erTi wliT adre. magram “mxilebis” teqnologia, romelic gansakuTrebuli saxiT Camoyalibda partiis XX yrilobaze, sul sxvagvarad warmoaCenda amgvar faqtebs, razedac me mogvianebiT gavamaxvileb yuradRebas. vubrundebi ra 1937 wlis dasasruls, aRvniSnav, rom “wmendas” araviTari dezorganizacia ar Seutania qveynis ekonomikaSi da rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi sapirispiro ram moxda. aqve minda movixmo kaganoviCTan dakavSirebuli erTi faqti. konstantine zalesski Tavis biografiul leqsikonSi aRniSnavs, rom ssrk rkinigzis saxalxo komisarma kaganoviCma komisariatSi xelmZRvaneli kadrebis ganadgureba jer kidev “wmendis” kompaniis gaSlamde daiwyo. man 3.000 xelmZRvaneli muSaki daapatimra da TiTqmis srulad gaanadgura komisariatis saSualo da umaRlesi rangis xelmZRvaneloba. Zneli dasadgenia, Tu ras gulisxmobs zalesski mcnebaSi “rkinigzis saxalxo komisariati” _ saubaria rkinigzis saxalxo komisariatis centralur aparatze Tu mTel sakavSiro sistemaze. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im periodSi mesabota- Targmani roland jalaRaniasi JeTa simravles, dapatimrebulTa ricxvi mTel sistemaSi ar unda iyos Zalze didi. xolo, Tu saubaria centralur aparatze, maSin es iqneboda ara sistemis muSa aparati, aramed usaqmurTa xrova. asea Tu ise, kaganoviCamde rkinigzis sistemaSi wesrigi ar iyo. igi saxalxo komisrad dainiSna 1935 wlis 26 ianvars da zustad erT weliwadSi irkutskidan stalins Semdegi Setyobineba gamougzavna: “gavecani krasnoiarskis sarkinigzo kvanZisa da orTqmavalSemkeTebeli qarxnis muSaobas. sadgur CernoreCenskaias misadgomebTan da TviT sadgurSi gaCerebulia aTobiT matarebeli, rac aferxebs eSelonebis moZraobas aRmosavleTisaken. garda eqsploataciis personalis uTavbolobisa, es savalalo mdgomareoba ganpirobebulia krasnoiarskis saorTqmavlo depos cudi muSaobiTac. naxevarze meti satvirTo orTqmavlebisa mwyobridanaa gamosuli uxarisxo remontis gamo, rac ufro danaSaulia, vidre upasuxismgebloba. depo da qarxana gadaWedilia sabWoTa xelisuflebisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili elementebiT… vai-komunistebis wyalobiT maT sistemad aqcies orTqlis qvabebis, inJeqtorebisa da tumboebis mwyobridan gamoyvana. qarxanaSi gamovlenilia trockistTa jgufi, romlebic Segnebulad uxarisxod aremonteben danadgarebs, dascinian da aviwroeben staxanovelebs, muSaoben cudad, partorganizacia ignorirebulia, muSebs cudi ganwyoba aqvT. miviRe operatiuli zomebi...irkutskSi mdgari rkinigzis saxkomis rezervidan gadmovisrole 15 orTqmavali...” da a.S. kaganoviCma adgilzeve monaxa deposa da qarxnis uxeiro partorgebis Semcvlelebi, krasnoarskis saorTqmavlo qveganyofilebis ufrosad daniSna inJineri sokolovi... amiT man mTel sistemaSi moixveWa didi avtoriteti. manamde ki... magaliTad, kornei Cukovski, 1933 wels, baTumSi samsaaTnaxevris ganmavlobaSi abarebda Semsaxvel sakanSi bargs. samwuxaroa, rom am rigSi ar idga Tavad konstantine zalesski, da ar iyo armaviris sadgurzec, sadac 1932 wels Cukovski sami dRe eloda matarebels, romelic ganrigiT yoveldRe unda Camomdgariyo sadgurSi. zalesski amtkicebs, rom Tanamedrove kritikosebi kaganoviCs moixsenieben rogorc uaRresad uxeS da pativmoyvare pirovnebas. magram me wavikiTxe misi saqmiani werilebi, misi memuarebi (amas mainc xom ar uwerdnen referentebi) da maocebda, Tu es TviTganaTlebuli adamiani rogor maRalostaturad flobda sityvas da logikis kulturas. da kargad erkveoda im dargSi arsebul problemebSi, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda. sakuTar Tavze seriozuli muSaobisa da niWis gareSe aq araferi gamovidoda. xolo, rac Seexeba kaganoviCis uxeS xasiaTs, vixseneb mamaCemis erT-erTi megobris, Zveli rkinigzelis monaTxrobs imis Taobaze, rom roca kaganoviCi sadguris ufrosis pataks gaecno da boloSi ixila misi Semdgenis gvari gaponi, dainteresda Tu “is gaponi” misi mogvare iyo Tu naTesavi. roca gaigo, rom sadguris ufrosi provokator mRvdel gaponis RviZli Zma iyo, hkiTxa: _ Tqven aq xom ar gaviwroveben? _ da daumata: _ Tu rodisme Segaviwroveben, uSualod me mommarTeT! ase rom, yvelasTan namdvilad ar iyo uxeSi lazar kaganoviCi. rkinigzis uwyebaSi mis misvlamde, 1932 wels tvirTbrunvam Seadgina 169,3 miliardi tona-kilometric, 1937 wels _ 354,8 miliardi tona-kilometri, 1940 wels ki 414 miliardi. es namdvilad ar moxdeboda, kaganoviCs mTlianad rom gaeJlita rkinigzis saxalxo komisariatis xelmZRvanelTa Semadgenloba. 1938-1940 wlebSi aSenda 4,6 aTasi kilometric sigrZis rkinigzis xazi (meore xuTwledSi 3,4 aTasi). rkinigzis ZiriTadi fondi sami wlis ganmavlobaSi 74 procentiT gaizarda, mniSvnelovnad ganaxlda salokomotivo depo. gamovida axali satvirTo orTqmavlebi fd (feliqs ZerJinski), so (sergo orjonikiZe), e da samgzavro orTqmavali is (ioseb stalini). vagonebis depo gaizarda 30 procentiT. da es moxda mas Semdeg, rac kaganoviCma “gaanadgura rkinigzis saxalxo komisariatis sistemis inJiner-teqnikuri personali”. griboedovis erT-erTi nawarmoebis gmiri polkovniki skalozubi moskovis Taobaze ambobda: “mas xanZari metad mouxda...” samwuxarod, warsulis mware ironia imiT ganmeorda, rom represiebma mniSvnelovnad aamaRla Sromis nayofiereba da ekonomikuri efeqtianoba. da es amaRleba moxda ara SiSis sindromis danergviT, aramed pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis amaRlebiT, upirvelesad ki, ekonomikidan mesabotaJeebisa da provokatorebis gamoZevebiT. diax, represiebi sabWoTa kavSirSi uamrav wesier sabWoTa adamiansac Seexo, romelTagan bevri daiRupa. Cems mier naxsenebi generali cvetaevi (maSin _ diviziis meTauri), romelic gamoZiebam gaamarTla, wiTeli armiis rigebSi aRdgenis Semdeg sakuTar avtobiografiaSi werda: “...Cemi dapatimrebis mizezad miviCnev kontrrevolucionerebis mtrul moqmedebas, romelTa mizans sabWoTa kavSirisa da sabWoTa SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Sesusteba warmoadgenda”. Tavis Tavze gamoscada ra didi usamarTloba, cvetaevs kargad esmoda drois moTxovnisa, magram avtori CeruSevi, romelmac es sityvebi Tavis wignSi “gulagidan omSi” gamoiyena, pirze qafmoreuli amtkicebs, rom jer eJovi, Semdeg ki misi Semcvleli beria mxolod imaze fiqrobdnen, rom, “rac SeiZleba meti udanaSaulo xalxis sisxli Seexvri paT...” TviT CeruSevis wignis saxelwodeba gaxlavT cilismwamebluri, imitom, rom masSi moTxrobilia im samxedro meTaurebze, romlebic berias Ss saxalxo komisrad daniSvnis Semdeg ganTavisufldnen ara Sroma-gasworebis koloniebidan, aramed gamoZiebis Semdeg. da rac mTavaria, isini moxvdnen ara omSi, aramed daubrundnen wiTeli armiis rigebs. magram samxedro xelmZRvanelobaSi xom namdvilad arsebobda SeTqmuleba, romlis gaxsna da romlis wvrilmanebSi garkveva sruliadac ar gaxldaT martivi saqme. me Semdeg mogiTxrobT, Tu rogor arTmevda Tavs am rTul amocanas ssrk Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisrad axali daniSnuli lavrenti beria. 1937 wlis 12 dekembers Catarda ssrk umaRlesi sabWos arCevnebi. deputatad lavrenti beriac airCies. is, rom alternatiuli arCevnebis idea Cavarda, mSromelTa farTo masebisaTvis ar gaxda cnobili. magram am Temam mainc gaiJRera stalinis winasaarCevno moxsenebaSi mis saarCevno ubanze moskovSi, 1937 wlis 11 dekembers, romelic meore dRes gazeT “pravdaSi” gamoqveynda. gagrZeleba iqneba ilori 5 23 Tebervali 2010 “saqarTvelos amaRleba da droebiTi apokalifsi” mizanSewonilad migvaCnia mcirediT mainc SevexoT im vai-politikas, romelmac uxvad asxa wyali “mtris wisqvilze”. diax! daverieT erTmaneTs, Tumca musikas sxva ukravda, Cven mxolod bans vaZlevdiT. didi konstantinesi ar iyos, rogorc adre mravalgzis yofila: “vinme gamorCeuli Tu gamogveria, unda davkortnoT”. da am “kbena-dakbeCvam” qveyana siRaribis zRvars miRma miiyvana; “mzis da vardebis” qveyana gaanadgures da es, mermisSi, RmerTma nu qmnas, ganmeordes da samSoblo sanatreli ar gagvixdes... marTlac arsad ar aris sxva ca “uZiro, lurji, xalasi”, magram es sruliadac ar niSnavs, rom saqarTvelos mxolod Tbilisia, marto “karennoi” Tbiliselebi arian WeSmariti qarTvelebi, sxvani ki “provincialebi”. magram, nu ityviT, da Turme Camosulebi, romlebic SemdegSi profesorebi, akademikosebi da mwerlebi xdebian, verasodes eziarebian im suls, Tbiliselebs rom aqvT. amdenad, isini naklebad arian qarTvelebi. mavanTa ukufilosofiiT didi ilia, akaki, vaJa, cotne dadiani, galaqtioni, quji, firosmani, ilia vekua, iakob gogebaSvili da sxva sasiqadulo mamuliSvilebi WeSmariti qarTvelebi ar arian, imitom, rom Tbiliselebi ar iyvnen. rogorc batoni Tengiz kublaSvili gangvimartavs (“ilori”, 2009, werilSi “farajanirebisaTvis Sobilni”, farajanovi ki iyo sabWoTa somexi reJisori, Cven misi sawinaaRmdego araferi gvaqvs) “farajanirebis” erTi Strixis _ aqcentis, ufro sworad, Tbilisis kos- mopolitur ubnebSi gaCenil, da mxolod Tbiliseli somxebis qarTulze zegavleniT _ Taviseburi binZuri aromatis Seqmnis da misi sxva komponentebis “to”s, yaraCoRluri Tu kintourobis cru bohemuri romantizmis dasacavad, e.i. “karennoi”, Wreli Tbiliselebis dasacavad. Turme periferiebidan kanonierebisa da TviTon Tbilisis dasacavad, “onwe” (akvanis) enis dasacavad, ufro gasagebad: “ena, mamuli, sarwmunoebis” dasacavad _ periferiebidan mozRvavebuli “brbosagan”, ufro konkretulad, “suniani” megrelebisagan dasacavad (es Tavad ramdenjerme msmenia im Soreul, avbediT, Savbnel dReebSi _ a.T.). mokled, “Tbiliselebi” ebrZvian megrelebs,, ZirZvel qarTvelebs, an ara da, Tu sxva araferi, megrelebis sisufTave da “pewi”, aseve Tavdadebac, saqveynod qebulia. aseve cnobilia _ sxvadasxva erovnebis bevri gamoCenili enaTmecnieri, (niko marze rom araferi vTqvaT) mivida im daskvnamde, rom warsulSi yvela xalxisaTvis erTi saerTo ena unda arsebuliyo da is megrul-svanurlazur-WanurSi moiZieba. isini amtkiceben, rom “megruli ena aris Ziri ena qarTvelur enebs Soris.” magaliTad, “vardna”, megrulad do-lafa, ufro sruli saxiT: do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si. msofliosaTvis es mxolod musikaluri bgerebia, romelic arafers niSnavs. ra azricaa masSi kodirebuli, iSifreba mxolod megrul enaze. amrigad, megruli ena kodis gasaRebs warmoadgens (aviRoT Tundac sityva “a-Rdgoma”). terenti cnobili qarTveli mwerlisa da publicistis leri alimonakis biografiuli romani “kviris wirvebi anu cxovreba terenti granelisa” asaxavs XX saukunis gamoCenili qarTveli poetis terenti granelis cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebas. eseistur-fsiqologiuri Txrobis WrilSi gamokveTilia poetis rTuli pirovneba, ociani wlebis winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse tragikuli movlenebi, terenti granelis swrafva poeturi da erovnuli Tavisuflebisaken. Cvens mkiTxvels vTavazobT nawyvetebs aRniSnuli wignidan. “movkvdebi RamiT, gaTenebisas, rodesac gareT iqneba zamTris gacivebuli mTvare da yinva. sikvdilis win momagondeba zamTris Rameebi da Cemi uzenaesi da: es ori SeerTebuli koconi, romelic mwvavda me yovelTvis... ase gaTavdeba sinaTle, gaqrebian mogonebis wamebi. gadavecemi sikvdilis mdumare xelebs. Cemi wamebuli sxeuli SeuerTdeba msoflio elementebs, da me vigrZnob umaRles mosvenebas. Cemi kubo iqneba sada da procesia ucremlo. me damasaflaveben SuadRis or saaTze Tbilisis axlos. Cemi dakrZalvis dRes aiSlebian feradi Rrublebi da amovardeba Soreuli grigali, baldaxini, romelic waiRebs Cems cxedars, iqneba TeTri da moZvelebuli. panaSvids gadamixdis vinme ubralo mRvdeli, romelsac ar eqneba wakiTxuli Cemi sisxliani wigni “memento mori”. ar Sevecodebi mRvdels, romelsac ar ecodineba Cemi daferflili sulis istoria. mxolod cxedarTan mdgom poetebs moagondebaT Cems danislul leqsebidan striqonebi. mova uimedoba. panaSvidi gaTavdeba qarSi. Cems cxedars nela CauSveben samareSi. da pirvel miwas saxeze momayris vinme uxeSi mesaflave. kubos ficarze Sewydeba ukanaskneli guguni miwis da qvebis. procesia daiSleba. me da siCume davrCebiT marto. gzaSi isaubreben Cemze. daRamdeba... me SemeSindeba marto sasaflaoze, RamiT. davtoveb kubos da tanSiSveli gamoviqcevi samaridan... da giJiviT vikivleb, rom momeSvelon, rom damifaron. aravin iqneba Cemi mxsneli, isev davecemi, _ Tavs aviRoT “festosis disko”, romelic 100 welia aRmoCenilia, magram msoflios udidesma lingvistebmac ki ver gaSifres. saidumlo amoxsna axalgazrda enaTmecnierma gia kvaSilavam megrulis momarjvebiT. aRmoCnda, rom es aris 4.000 wlis winaT dawerili himni _ sagalobeli nanasadmi (dedisadmi), qurumebisadmi (es ki Cveni enisaTvis balRobis asakia). da samwuxaroa, rom mainca da mainc am preistoriul, albaT, erTaderT cocxal enas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, qarTvelurebidan mainc _ megruls, da am enis memkvidre megrelebs, ZirZvel qarTvelebs Segnebulad ebrZvian vai-qarTvelebi da maT ayolili ujiSo, ubiri masebi. Cveni didebuli winaprebis STamomavlebi, romlebic naTxovari, nasesxebi da sakuTari mciredi danazogiT Camodiodnen provinciebidan, dRes Tavdadebulad ibrZvian Tbilisis gadarCenisaTvis, saqarTvelos gadarCenisaTvis, ra Tqma unda, WeSmarit TbiliselebTan erTad. mavanni ki ibrZvian piradi interesebis dasakmayofileblad, Tanamdebobebis saSovrad, risTvisac Tavis droze, danaSaulebrivi organizacia “moqalaqeTa kavSiris” wiaRSi Camoyalibda sazogadoeba “Tbiliseli”. swored isini amJRavneben did siZulvils erovnuli moZraobisadmi, ramac dangrevis pirad miiyvana sruliad saqarTvelo. swored amazea naTqvami: “siZulviliT binZur-binZur viareT, ganvlil gzaze Suris qviSa eyara, Cven raca gvWirs _ ZmaTa siZulvilia, siZulviliT davangrieT qveyana!” maT ar undaT damoukidebeli da Ta- graneli vigrZnob samareSi da kvlav mivecemi Zils dausrulebels. nTeliviT Tavze damadgeba Cemi ganuyreli da _ siCume. TeTrad dasudruli iqneba mTeli qveyana. is sofeli, sadac me davibade, daemsgavseba udabnos. gaivlis zamTari wvimiT da qarebiT. dadgebian gazafxulis dReebi. SeifoTleba sasaflao. kvira diliT, rodesac yvela mlocvelisaTvis gaiReba eklesiis kari, Cem saflavTan dafiqrebuli mova vinme qali, moigonebs Cems damwvar saxes. ase gaivlian saukuneebi. Cem saflavs daadgeba mze Soreul ricxvis. Cem mier uxilav saRamos bindi dafaravs miviwyebul lodebs da Cemi saflavi Seimoseba sibneliT. wamova wvima, qariSxali da mowyenil saflavze damayris yviTel foTlebs. ase, droTa Savi wveTebiT daxavsdeba Cemi samare, zed wamoizrdeba balaxi. zafxulSi, saRamo dros, Cems saflavs Cauvlian TeTrad gamowyobili qalebi, Sors sarkesTan ucnobi daukravs roials. dilaadrian uimedod ikivleben orTqmavlebi. mova kviradRe da Cems axlo darekaven zarebs, aanTeben sanTlebs. daiRlebian xelapyrobili mlocvelebi. wirva gaTavdeba. saydars daketaven, xatebi damwyvdeul tusaRebiviT darCebian Sig, da sasaflaos CxaviliT gadaufrens yvavi. gaqreba Tvalebi, romelzedac esvena Tbilisis Rameebi mZime lodebiviT. da Cemi samaris samudamo daraji iqneba Cemi uzenaesi da _ siCume...” dgas Sua saydarSi, suramidan ltolvili, da Caesmis es striqonebi, aTi wlis winaT rom idumalma xmam ukarnaxa, Caesmis da axsenebs misteriul dacemasa da aRdgomas, Camqrali TvalebiT daJinebiT umzers erT wertils da grZnobs dasasrulis moaxloebas. gamoxsnilia bedisweris yvela naskvi da mxolod erTiRa SerCenia xelT, mtkiced rom Seukravs uxilav xelebs da uxilavi xelebiTve mouweria sikvdilis mauwyebeli ricxvi: “1934”. dgas axla RmerTis umaRles sinaTleSi danTqmuli, atrialebs xelSi am ukanasknel naskvs da sakuTari xelebiT cdilobs mis gamoxsnas. mTeli Tavisi wuTisofeli bedisweras ebrZoda, mis dafarul da ga- mouTqmel Zalas, da rac ufro metad ebrZoda, miT metad isadgurebda mis elvare TvalebSi bedisweris Soreuli aCrdilebi. da cxovrobda ara momavlis imediT, Seucnobel ufskrulad rom esaxeboda, aramed bedisweris imediT, RvTisanabara, farul sixarulsa da mwuxarebas rom aniWebda. mxolod am sixaruliTa da mwuxarebiT Tu grZnobda, rom cocxlobda, rom arsebobda. ise mieltvoda bedisweras, rogorc suli _ usazRvroebas, suli maradi, biwierebisagan ganwmendili da ganspetakebuli. ise morCilebda bedisweris idumal xmas, viT wuTisoflis amaoebas, viT gardauval xvedrs, im xvedrs, zeciuri sinaTle da sulis siwminde rom unaTebda. bediswera xom gardauvalobaa da isic morwmune aRmsarebeliviT morCilebda am gardauvalobas: “qveynis glova da wyevla Cems iRbals ukve miwvda. TiTqo kuboSi vwevar, TiTqo mayrian miwas...” dgas Camqrali da elodeba anTebas, Camavali mzis anarekli, eklesiaSi sxivebad daRvrili, kvlav rom aunTebs sulSi sinaTles, kvlav rom ausxivosnebs Caferflil Tvalebs; dgas uZravad da daJinebiT umzers erT wertils, TiTqos iq eZiebdes arsebobis Zirsa da fuZes, umzers da ixsenebs raRac dakarguls, raRac uxsovarsa da daviwyebuls. Camavali mzis anarekli ki ucxoferad aciskrovnebs macxovris mwuxar saxes da kvlav Caesmis saidanRac orRanis zemiwieri xmebi, Tovlis TeTri fantelebiviT rom cviva axla mis arsebaSi, da danislul qveynebSi gadaxvewili misi maxsovroba kvlav ubrundeba Tavis Camqral keras. seqtembris fermkrTali dRe ki ileva da mze mSvidad miesveneba sadRac, mTavrdeba sinaTle da iwyeba Rame, sikvdil-sicocxlis gzagasayari gamouTqmel mwuxarebas amefebs da am gamouTqmel mwuxarebaSi ibadeba locva poeziisa, naxevrad dabindul da gacrecil sagnebidan moJonavs idumali qrolva sulisa, raRac avismomaswaveblad mdumarebs mTeli qalaqi, yoveldRiuri arsebobiT gadaRlil adamianebs locvisa da vedrebis survili euflebaT. Tavdeba saRamos wirva da say- visufali saqarTvelo, maT ar surT zviad gamsaxurdias saqarTvelo, sZulT yovelive qarTuli erovnuli da tradiciuli gandidebis maniiT Sepyrobilebs. pirad ambiciebs Seswires samSoblo, da rogorc ityvian, “naban wyals bavSvic Tan gaayoles”. rogorc zviadi brZanebda, “es gaakeTa SevardnaZis jibis inteligenciam”, igive “wiTelma inteligenciam”. yovelive amis aRsaqmelad xSirad unda movusminoT xolme amgvari inteligenciis udides eqsperts, baton elizbar javeliZes, Tavad rafinirebul inteligents, did eriskacs, romelic qedmouxrelad ezideba mZime jvars, romelic yvelafers Tavis adgils miuCens da samarcxvino boZze akravs im uRirs da “uZReb” Svilebs, romelTa angarebas “naWer-naWer” ewireba saqarTvelo. saqarTvelo ujiSo gadamTielTa saasparezo arenad aris gadaqceuli, maSin, roca samSoblodan ukrainaSi gavaqcieT SesaniSnavi mwerali da adamiani guram petriaSvili, aseve SesaniSnavi poeti da gulmxurvale patrioti raul CilaCava. am werilsac raul CilaCavas erTerTi SesaniSnavi leqsis bolo taepiT davamTavreb: “mesmis Civili didveziris _ dro ufro waxda, sanamde gaZlos unagirze raindma kaxTa, male garsevan xels moawers samefo traqtats, gadavrCiT iqneb! Tu gadavrCiT, Sens pirs Saqari!” aleko Todua wveTi poezia ase TeTria es Cemi fiqri (wuxel ocnebas cisken movyavdi). me davdiodi Sen saxlis irgvliv da Sen, Zvirfaso, sxvagan iyavi. albaT gulidan sisxli mdioda da guli Canda ufro striqonTan, vwuxdi, es wami rom gadioda, vwuxdi, es wami rom dros mihqonda. da iyo baRi da TeTri skami, me visvenebdi, qrodnen bindebi. da iyo wami, cisferi wami da iyo wami sxva garindebis. terenti graneli dari nel-nela carieldeba, gamodian neli da mZime nabijebiT, mwuxare saxeebiT da SiSCamdgari TvalebiT, magram STagonebulni da rwmeniT aRvsilni. saydarSi isev ikmeva sakmevlis nelsurneleba, daumqrali sanTlebi isev asxivosnebs xatebs, aqa-iq isev dalicliceben eklesiis msaxurni, CaRvenTil sanTlebs agroveben. mRvdeli saxarebas kecavs, Zvirfasi TvlebiT mooWvil yuTSi debs da moridebiT uaxlovdeba Sua saydarSi uZravad mdgoms, Sexmianebas ekrZaleba, iseTi elvare TvalebiT umzers TeTr raSze amxedrebul wminda giorgis, Subapyrobili gveleSaps rom gmiravs; da esmis _ uxmobs mxedari. gafiTrebuli mzera qristeze gadaaqvs, jvarze gakrul qristeze: dalursmuli xel-fexidan sisxli sdis, uZiro sevdiTa da tkiviliT aRbeWdili Tvalebi jer kidev adastureben jvarcmulis sicocxles; da esmis _ uxmobs jvarcmuli. mere RvTismSobels miapyro mzera, didxans, Zalian didxans umzira, TiTqos raRac daviwyebulis gaxsenebas apirebso, viT yaribi vinme, udabnoebSi moxetiale, mSobliur alags dabrunebuli... 6 ilori axali didmniSvnelovani aRmoCenebi Zveli kolxeTis istoriis sakiTxebze 23 Tebervali 2010 gamovida da „ilorSi“ ibeWdeba istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtoris, profesoris, mecnierebis damsaxurebuli moRvawis klimenti Selias wigni “kacobriobis istoria kolxeTiT iwyeba”. naSromi iwyeba Semdegi abzaciT: “saqarTvelo msoflios pirveli qveyanaa, qarTuli ena msoflios pirveli enaa. saqarTvelos warRvnis winandeli istoria aqvs, Tbilisis damaarsebeli Tubalebi warRvnisdroindeli tomebi iyvnen”, romelsac epigrafad wamZRvarebuli aqvs cnobili mecnieris, profesor levan sanikiZis debuleba: “iberiada iwyeba kolxeTiT, kolxeTSia qarTuli da msoflio civilizaciis saTave”. am ZiriTadi debulebis dasamtkiceblad avtors motanili aqvs mravali masala da istoriuli dokumenti Zveli msoflios gamoCenili swavlulebis naazrevidan da Tanamedrove mecnierebis uaxlesi aRmoCenebidan. avtori samarTlianad miuTiTebs, rom saqarTvelo uZvelesi droidan erTi qveyana, erTi eTnosi iyo da qveyanaSi erT enaze molaparake xalxi cxovrobda. kolxeTis winare epoqaSi erTian saqarTvelos iberia erqva. atlantidis Sesaxeb msoflio literaturaSi aRmoCnda warRvnamdeli (“wyar-Rvra”) qarTuli tomi, xalxi “kolxua”, romelsac katastrofamdeli atlantidis mosaxle xalxad miiCneven. amis Sesaxeb masalebi gamoqveynebuli aqvs irlandiuri warmoSobis amerikel mecniersa da mwerals ignatios donels wignSi “laTinuri enis warmoSoba”, romelSic aRniSnavs, rom centralur amerikaSi, maias tomSi civilizaciam atlantididan SemoaRwia. gamodis, rom kolxuas tomma kolumbamde mravali saukuniT adre aRmoaCina amerika da iq didi kulturuli misia Seasrula, maias toms Tavisi alfabeti Seudgina. doneli, _ wers k. Selia, _ eyrdnoba XVI saukunis espaneli misioneris diego de landas xelnawer wigns “maias tomis istoria”, romelSic aRwerilia warRvnamdeli maias tomis istoria, “maias ambani” da am anbanis winasaxe “kolxuri anbani”. yvela es masala Seiswavla da daadastura frangma kaTolike misionerma bode berbom. albaT SemTxveviTi ar iyo is faqtic, rom qristefore kolumbis eki paJSi, romelmac amerika aRmoaCina, Sedioda sami kolxi mezRvauri _ Zmebi molaSxiebi da li piskua. profesori klimenti Selia garkveviT miuTiTebs, rom aSS mecnierebma, adamianis genetikis specialistebma (xelmZRvaneli prof. braian saiqsi) aRmoaCines, rom evropelTa didi nawilis winaprebi kavkasiidan arian wamosulebi (kavkasiaSi maSin kolxebi cxovrobdnen). es didi aRmoCena, romelic aRtacebiT miiRo msoflio samecniero sazogadoebam, amerikelebma gaakeTes 2007 wels. manamde ki, 1999 wels, vladimer alfeniZem wamoayena debuleba, rom evropelebi CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikaSi uZveles droSi sazRvao gziT gadadiodnen. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom kavkasiuri (kolxuri) geni aRmoaCnda CrdiloeT amerikis zogierT indielTa tomis warmomadgeniebs. amerikel mecnierTa aRmoCeniT, kavkasia (kolxeTi) msoflioSi adamianTa modgmis gavrcelebis mTavari kera yofila, rom Tanamedrove evropelTa rasa mutaciis gziT kavkasiaSi Camoyalibebula da Semdeg aqedan gavrcelebula mTel evropasa da amerikaSi (kl. Selias naSromi, gv.14). cnobilia, rom Tavdapirvelad kolxeTs erqva “enguri”, “inguri”, magram rogorc profesori mixako wereTeli miuTiTebs, ebraelma arqeologma iulius operetma (gardaicvala 1905 wels), romelic samxreT saqarTveloSi arqeologiur gaTxras awarmoebda, qveynis saxelwodeba “enguri” Secvala sityviT “Sumeri”, xolo qveynis mcxovrebTa saxelwodeba “engureli” sityviT “Sumeruli”. operetis mier “Sumerad” wodebuli saxelmwifo aris samegrelos samefo (n. fofxaZe, b. sofia, z. qafianiZe da sxvebi) “enguri”, “egari”, rogorc mdinaris, ise qveynis saxelwodeba yofila. qveda mesopotamiis qalaq ereduSi mdebare RvTaeba enqis taZari “inguri” protoSumeruli periodisaa. “kolxi”, “kolxa” Cveni qveynis uZvelesi dedaqalaqia, romelic daarsa qveynis mefe anmarem (“zecis kaci”). misi zeobis periodia Zveli welTaRricxvis 3.185-3.120 wlebi. mefis suraTi samefo gvirgviniT da kverTxiT gamoqveynebulia msoflios mravali qveynis istoriul wyaroebSi. anmare flobda saqarTvelos da mis mimdebare uzarmazar teritoriebs _ samxreTiT megrelTa yuremde (amJamindeli sparseTis yure), dasavleTiT nilosis xeobis CaTvliT, sivrceebs mewamuli zRvidan kaspiis zRvamde, kavkasiis, iveriis an iberiis naxevarkunZuls, xmelTaSua zRvis auzs mdinare ra-mde (volgamde) da CrdiloeT indoeTis teritoriebs. naSromis avtori wers, rom qarTvelTa _ kolxi mosaxleobis monaTesave tomebad iTvlebian afrikis vrcel teritoriaze mcxovrebi uZvelesi TeTrkaniani berberebi (amasve amtkicebs didi rusi publicisti vasil veliCko Tavis wignSi “kavkasia” _ “ilori”). berberebi ZiriTadad cxovrobdnen alJirSi (mosaxleobis erT mexuTedze meti), marokoSi da sxva qveynebSi. afrikaSi uZvelesi droidan cxovroben agreTve megrulad molaparake Savkanianebi. amis Sesaxeb miuTiTebda Jurnali “moambe” XIX saukuneSi da qarTuli presa XX saukunis 80ian wlebSi. “megrel zangebTan” Sexvedra alJirSi hqondaT qarTvel sabWoTa mezRvaur sioriZes da sxvebs. garda amisa, uZvelesi kolxuri tomebi msoflios mraval qveyanaSi cxovroben. wyaroebiT garkveviT Cans, rom Zveli welTaRricxvis XIV saukuneSi CrdiloeT saqarTvelos samefo miTanis mefe ratis asuli TaTu qimeTis (egvi ptis) mefis _ faraon eqnatonis (exnatonis) meuRle xdeba, xolo faraonis sikvdilis Semdeg egviptis faraoni _ nefertitis saxeliT (am saxeliT icnobs mas mTeli msoflio). nefertiti egviptes 3 Tu 4 weli marTavda, romlis Semdeg taxtze dasves 8-10 wlis tutanhamoni, qveyanas ki marTavda faraonis mrCeveli _ premier-ministri, ratis Zma, (nefertitis biZa) aia. tutanhamoni 18 Tu 19 wlis asakSi daiRupa, romlis Semdeg aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi qveyanas mSvidad marTavda aia (eia) _ nefertitis biZa. klimenti Selia askvnis: “cnobilia, rom anmares Tavze ebura erTiani qimeTis saxelmwifo gvirgvini, romelic tradiciis mixedviT aTaswleulebis Semdeg eburaT iqaur mefeebs. es gvirgvini ebura Cveni didi winapris mefe ratis asuls TaTu nefertits” (gv.44). amerikeli ufologebis azriT, kacobriobam “cxovreba iswavla” Zveli Sumerebisgan, romlebic cxovrobdnen Cvens welTaRricxvamde 5.500 wlis win, rom maT Tixis firfitebze yvelaferi ewera Cveni warmoSobisa da momavlis Sesaxeb, rom Sumerebma yvelaferi “aunakis” kulturisagan iswavles, rom “aun naki” cidan daSvebuls niSnavs, da “marTlac”, Sumeris uZveles qalaq ereduSi cidan daeSva pirveli samefo xelisufleba. swored 5.500 wlis win da ufro adrec, aRniSnul teritoriebze megrul-lazur (qarTul) enaze _ bananur enaze molaparake xalxebi cxovrobdnen. profesori klimenti Selia uyuradRebod ar tovebs ucxoeli mecnierebis mier ukanasknel periodSi mopovebul aRmoCenebs da axal Sromebs. kerZod, ganxiluli aqvs cnobili mecnieris iuri mosenkinis naSromi “ucnobi qarTveluri ena da mesopotamiaSi qarTuli dinastiis mmarTvelobis 600 wlisTavi”. i. mosenkini wers: “SeiZleba garkveviT vivaraudoT, rom kasituri ena kidev erTi uZvelesi enaa qarTveluri ojaxisa, misi matarebelTa dinastia marTavda babilons XVIII saukunis Sua wlebidan XII saukunis Sua wlebamde Zveli welTaRricxviT”. “aqedan da sxva mravali masalidan, wyaroebidan, _ wers kl. Selia, _ gamomdinare, keTdeba utyuari logikuri daskvna: iseve, rogorc sxva garkveuli teritoriebi, mesopotamia, babiloni, oTxi aTasi da ufro didi xniT adre kolxurad imarTeboda da mmarTveloba xdeboda kolxur enaze” (gv.17). aseve msoflio mkvlevarebma, gansakuTrebiT arqeologebma, ukanasknel periodSi moaxdines msoflio istoriuli mniSvnelobis aRmoCenebi. aq aRsaniSnavia aleqsandre volkovis naSromi “Wi plaris mTis samlocvelos gamocanebi” da 1995 wels TurqeTis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, giobekli-tepeSi dawyebuli msoflioSi uZvelesi samlocvelos gaTxrebi, romlebic agebuli iyo neoliTis epoqaSi. veravin warmoidgenda, rom monadireebi da “velurebi velurebs” Soris _ aagebdnen taZrebs. gansakuTrebiT warmoudgenelia iq aRmoCenili simboloebi, romlebic aSkarad migvaniSneben damwerlobaze. magram mecnierebi gakvirvebuli arian, rogor SeiZleboda 11 aTasi wlis win damwerloba yofiliyo?! es aris SiSveli borcvi, romelic mdebareobs TurqeTisa da qurTebis sazRvarze, mdinareebis tigrosisa da evfratis (Zveli kolxuri mdinareebi) saTaveebSi. germaniis arqeologiis institutis mier organizebuli (xelmZRvaneli klaus Smidti) gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenili iqna oTxi wriuli nageboba, romelTa kedlebis gaswvriv da centrSi napovni TiTqmis oTxi aTeuli monoliTuri sveti, romelic iwonida 20 tonamde. kedlis reliefSi gamosaxuli iyo T-sebri sveti da aso-niSnebi H da sxva. aseve gamosaxuli iyo cxovelebi _ iq Seiqmna qvis saukunis mTeli “zooparki”. mecnierebi varaudoben, rom miwaSi Camarxulia kidev ori aseuli qvis sveti (gaTxrebi Sewyvetilia, radgan TurqeTsa da qurTebs Soris Setakebebi xdeba _ omi mimdinareobs). arqeologebi varaudoben, rom es iyo neoliTis periodis msxvili samlocvelo, romelic mecnierebs aiZulebs xelaxla gadaweron adreuli istoriis mniSvnelovani Tavebi. es is epoqaa, roca Cvens samyaroSi ar icodnen arc miwaTmoqmedebs da arc mesaqonleoba, Zveli kolxebi ki eklesiataZrebs aSenebdnen. samecniero literaturaSi kargadaa cnobili, rom dRevandeli Turqe- Tis mTeli teritoria da mimdebare vrceli sivrceebi, uZvelesi droidan kolxuri tomebis samosaxlo iyo. aqedan garkveviT gamomdinareobs, rom giobekli-tepes _ Wi plaris (megrulad “Cupas”) mTaze arsebuli eklesia-taZrebi da am eklesiaze arsebuli asonaxatebi da aso-niSnebi, _ rogorc a. volkovi wers, _ “istoriul warsuls, faqtebsa da movlenebs gadatrialebas upirebs... rogorc arqeologebi varaudoben, gaTxrebi mecnierebs aiZulebs xelaxla gadaweron civilizaciis adreuli istoriis mniSvnelovani Tavebi”. rogorc Cans, saqme gvaqvs informaciis kodirebis uZveles sistemasTan. mecnierebi eridebian saubars damwerlobis Sesaxeb, radganac es amsxvrevs adamianuri kulturis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb damkvidrebul warmodgenebs da metyvelebs mxolod imaze, rom “giobekli-tepes mSeneblebi Setyobinebis Sesadgenad da sxva adamianebisaTvis gadasacemad sargeblobdnen rTuli simbolikiT” (klaus Smidti). k. Smidtma kargad icis, rom zemoT aRniSnuli eklesia-taZrebis svetze gamoxatuli simbolikebis, naxatebis, asoniSnebis gaSifvra-amokiTxva rTuli saqmea. amitom ambobs: “Tumca, saeWvoa, rom uaxloes momavalSi saimedod iqnas ganmartebuli giobekli-tepes simbolika”. yvelaferi es SesaZleblobas aZlevs kl. Selias Tqvas: “magram dRes Tu xval, erTi, xuTi Tu mravali wlis Semdeg kacobriobas mouxdeba “civilizaciis adreuli istoriis” gadawera da imis aRiareba, rom kacobriobis istoria kolxeTiT daiwyo, rom msoflios pirveli ena kolxuri (megruli) ena iyo da Semdeg warmoiSvnen sxva qveynebi da sxva enebi. kacobrioba mudmivad xom ar motyuvdeba... is rodesac kargad Caxedavs istoriul wyaroebs da sabuTebs, aRiarebs WeSmaritebas”. (gv.51). baton klimenti Selias sarecenzio wignSi miTiTebulia masalebi imis Sesaxeb, rom inJinerma SoTa xvedeliZem gaSifra-amoikiTxa 4 aTasi wlis winandeli iberiuli tabula, romelic 1975 wels madrididan gamoagzavna cnobilma mecnierma manuel de drangim da romelic gamoqveynda JurnalSi “teqnika molodioJi” _ gaSifvris siswores adasturebs akademikosi arnold Ciqobava, rusi akademikosebi a. belopliedevski, cnobili istorikosi i. baraJkovi, kuibiSeveli mecnieribaskologi i. zicari da sxvebi. magram rusma Sovinistebma dainaxes, rom qarTuli damwerlobis sawyisma istoriam SeiZleba gadaiwios 4 aTasi wliT, amitom yvelaferi gaakeTes saqmis miCqmalvisaTvis. aseve, axalgazrda mecnierma gia kvaSilavam gaSifra 4 aTasi wlis winandeli “festosis disko”, romelic aRmoCenili iqna 1908 wels kolxebis uZveles sacxovrisSi kunZul kretaze, Tixis firfitaze orive mxares oqros yalibiT amotvifrulia 244 niSani da sxva sityva-kompoziti. 2008 wlis 31 oqtombers _ 1 noembers londonSi Catarebuli saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia mieZRvna “festoris diskos” aRmoCenis 100 wlisTavs. iubileze profesor gia kvaSilavas moxseneba iyo msoflio konferenciia gvirgvini da mSveneba, romelSic warwerebiani disko ametyvelebul iqna proqarTul _ kolxur enaze. profesorebi: jemal jinjixaZe, iakob axuaSvili, ioseb kapanaZe 7 23 Tebervali 2010 ilori saqarTvelos sagareo politika da diplomatia 1918-1921 wlebSi 1918 wlis 26 maiss TbilisSi, mefisnacvlis yofil sasaxleSi, gamarTul erovnuli sabWos sxdomaze n. Jordaniam waikiTxa saqarTvelos damokideblobis aqti. Turqebma isargebles amierkavkasiis seimis mier brest-litovskis zavis arcnobiT, ganaviTares samxedro Seteva da daikaves saqarTvelosa da somxeTis sagrZnobi nawili. 14 maiss saqarTvelos erovnulma sabWom daxmarebisa da mfarvelobisaTvis germanias mimarTa. germaniis xelisufleba dadebiTad moekida am Txovnas: feldmarSali ludendorfi igonebda, rom saqarTvelos Txovnis meSveobiT SesaZlebeli xdeboda kavkasiuri nedleulisa da rkinigzebis gamoyeneba Turqebisagan damoukideblad. `...amitom me viSuamdgomle imperiis kancleris winaSe saqarTvelos Txovnis dakmayofilebisaTvis,~ _ werda igi. 28 maiss foTSi germaniisa da saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebma xeli moaweres SeTanxmebaTa pakets. imave dRes germaniis warmomadgenelma fon losovma saidumlo weriliT aRuTqva saqarTvelos xelisufalT, rom Seecdeboda, daeyoliebina germaniis mTavroba ruseT-saqarTvelos molaparakebebSi am ukanasknelisaTvis mxardaWeris aRmoCenaze, ruseTisagan gamoyofis Semdgom ki saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRiarebaze. a. Cxenkeli germaniis delegacias berlinSi gahyva. TurqeTTan sazavo molaparakebis gagrZeleba iTava n. ramiSvilma, romelic 31 maiss Cavida baTumSi. baTumSi sazavo molaparakeba dasrulda 1918 wlis 4 ivniss. `zavis da megobrobis~ xelSekruleba TurqeTs akuTvnebda mTel mesxeTs, awyurisa da abasTumnis gamoklebiT. sainteresoa ruseTisa da antantis qveynebis reaqcia saqarTvelo-germaniis daaxloebis faqtze. bolSevikur ruseTSi saqarTveloSi am droisaTvis Seqmnili situacias ase afasebdnen `saqarTvelos es damoukidebloba yovlad aSkara motyuebad iqca _ sinamdvileSi es aris saqarTvelos okupacia da sruli dapyroba germaneli imperialistebis mier~. antantis qveynebi, romelnic germanias eomebodnen, aseve Tvlidnen, rom saqarTvelos damoukidebloba ararealuri iyo. aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivnis movaleobis Semsrulebeli frenk polki swerda 31 ivliss did britaneTSi amerikis elCs peijs: `doqtori kiulmanis 24 ivnisis gamosvlidan Cans, rom germaniis mTavrobam cno saqarTvelos `damoukidebloba~. kiulmanis gancxadeba, Turquli presis toni da sxva faqtebi metyvelebs imaze, rom centralurma saxelmwifoebma saqarTvelo sruli kontrolis qveS moaqcies~. 1920 wlis 16 dekembers erTa ligis saerTo krebaze ixileboda saqarTvelos am organizaciaSi wevrad miRebis sakiTxi. sakiTxis dayeneba erTa ligis saerTo krebaze JenevaSi momzadda erTa ligis mudmiv samdivnosTan molaparakebebisa da mimoweris gziT 1920 wlis zafxulsa da Semodgomaze. erTa liga, wesdebis Tanaxmad, miznad isaxavda `TanamSromlobis ganviTarebas xalxTa Soris da maTi mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis garantias~. saqarTvelos da sxva axalgazrda qveynebs erTa ligisaken izidavda misi wesdebis meaTe statia. am statiis Tanaxmad, erTa ligis wevrebi iRebdnen valdebulebas, pativi ecaT da daecvaT organizaciis yvela wevris saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba. magram swored es statia gaxda saqarTvelos erTa ligaSi gawevrianebis xelisSemSleli garemoeba. ganxilvaze sityviT gamovidnen f. nanseni (norvegia) da r. sesili (samxreT afrika). nansenma saqarTvelos mxardamWeri sityva warmosTqva. sityvam didi STabeWdileba moaxdina damswreebze. sesilmac mxari dauWira saqarTvelos miRebas erTa ligaSi. Semdgom amisa, sityva moiTxova inglisis warmomadgenelma fiSerma. man ganacxada, rom nansenisa da sesilis gancxadebebi sworia, magram saqarTvelos dacva sirTules warmoadgens. ar SeiZleba saqarTvelos sakiTxis gancalkeveba baltiispireTis respublikaTa sakiTxisagan (saqarTvelos sakiTxis ganxilvamde safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri viviani baltiis qveynebis erTa ligaSi gawevrianebis winaaRmdeg gamovida). `me viTxov dafiqrebas sakiTxze, mzad varT Tu ara, vurCioT Cvens mTavrobebs, aRmouCinon materialuri daxmareba am mamac patara saxelmwifos, Tu amgvari aucilebloba dadgeba,~ _ dasZina fiSerma. kenWisyraSi 24 saxelmwifo monawileobda. saWiro iyo 16 xmis miReba. saqarTvelos erTa ligaSi gawevrebas mxari dauWira 10-ma saxelmwifom. inglisisa da safrangeTis opoziciam saqarTvelos erTa ligaSi miReba SeuZlebeli gaxada. imavdroulad saqarTvelos mTavroba molaparakebas awarmoebda angoris mTavrobis di plomatiur warmomadgenel kiazim-beisTan. igi cdilobda, moepovebina TurqeTis dapireba daxmarebis an neitralitetis Sesaxeb. 1921 wlis 11 ianvris Semdeg Tbilissa da angoras Soris moxda depeSebis gacvla. TurqeTi daTanxmda, gaewvia samxedro daxmareba im pirobiT, Tu saqarTvelo uars ityoda olTisis dablobze da daTmobda ardaRanis mxares. Turqebs esmodaT, rom demokratiuli saqarTvelo umZimes pirobebSi aRmoCnda. amitomac maTTvis mTavari iyo, moqmedebaTa dawyebamde xelT egdoT momenti, raTa movlenebisaTvis win ar gaeswroT da arc daegvianebinaT. 17 Tebervals noe Jordaniam ganacxada saqarTvelos mTavrobis Tanxmobis Sesaxeb TurqeTis pirobebze, Tu `TurqeTi dauyovnebliv gadmovidoda saqarTvelos mxareze~. am sakiTxze molaparakebebi mimdinareobda 1921 wlis TebervalSi ankaraSi Casul saqarTvelos warmomadgenel s. mdivanTan, magram TurqeTi saqmes aWianurebda da arc daxmarebia saqarTvelos, ardaRansa da arTvinSi ki Jordanias TanxmobiT Tavisi jarebi Seiyvana. * * * damoukideblobis dros tfilisi mxiarulad scxovrobda. ar CamorCeboda provinciac. marTalia, gzebis moWris gamo, pirvel xanebSi xalxi bevr nakls ganicdida, magram tfilisis sazogadoeba mainc `gemozed~ icvamda. sWarbobda samxedro Cacmuloba. did samsaxurs uwevda xalxs zamTarSi _ omis monarCeni frenCi, zafxulSi _ narmis xalaTi. Tu xalxs bevri ram aklda, samagierod Rvinos hqonda am wlebSi kargi mosavali. gatana SeuZlebeli an Zneli iyo da Sin wyaliviT iRvreboda. kacma marTali unda sTqvas, Cveni `demokratia~ puradi iyo. TiTonac Seeqcevoda, stumrebsac dros atarebinebda, amdeni mxiaruloba tfiliss arasodes ar unaxavs, krebas banketi mosdevda, bankets _ kreba, tfilelobac Tavis xelisuflebas baZavda da restornebSi erTi varxalalo da sityvebis raxaruxi idga. maxsovs erTi aseTi banketic qarTul klubSi gamarTa mTavrobam da stumrebad germanuli da avstriuli misiebi hyavda. me am banketzed ar vyofilvar, magram roca mTavroba da misiis oficialuri pirni wavidnen, generalma vas. gabaSvilma, romelic bankets daeswro, danarCen germanelebs axali sufra gauSala da klubidgan ramdenime kaci migvi patiJa. visxediT didxans da germanelebi da avstrielebi siamovnebiT svamdnen Cvenebur Rvinos, magram banketi arc amiT gaTavda. namdvili `axali sufra~ axla klubis oficiantebma gauSales general gabaSvils. gabaSvili tfilisSi mudam didi vinme iyo. miT umetes mas Semdeg, rac pirvel qarTul jars mTavarsardlobda. misi stumrebic xom naxevrad germanel-avstrielebi iyvnen. Cveni friad gawvrTnili oficiantebi, Zvels droSi amas ver gabedavdnen, magram dro iyo qarTuli, patriotuli da `erovnuli sixaruli~ yovelive `sazRvars~ laxavda. ra Tqma unda, oficiantebi CvenTan erTad sufrazed ara msxdaran da mxolod maspinZlobas gviwevdnen. amave banketzed aseTi ambavic maxsovs. roca yvelaferi gaTavda, grafi Sulenbergi saxlSi me gavacile. dilis meSvide saaTi iyo, tfilisi axlad iRviZebda. mxolod Tavisuflebis moedanzed SevniSne, rom kaizeris warmomadgenels da kuzens Tavzed qudi ara hqonda da arc xelSi eWira. Sulenbergi Zveli `tfiliseli~ iyo. omis win CvenSi konsulad iyo da Cveneburi Rvinis Zala kargad icoda, magram etyoba, am Rvinos savsebiT ejobna dRes. davbrundiT qudis mosaZebnad da Semdeg suraTs wavawydiT: `delegacias~, ra Tqma unda, CvensaviT SezarxoSebuls, didis mowiwebiT mihqonda es qudi, albaT, grafis binazed. osmaleTTan omma, axalcixis operaciebma, somxebis Tavdasxmam, glexebis ajanyebam _ xan aq, xan iq, gagris frontma, osebis gandgomam, terorma qarTlSi, xan ki mTeli mazris `kanongareSe~ dayenebam da miwis kanonma, romelic, agreTve, qveyanazed Tavdasxmas ufro hgavda, vidre saxelmwifo reformas, dRemdi iseTi STabeWdileba dastoves Cemzed, TiTqos am sami wlis ganmavlobaSi gamudmebul omSi viyaviT. aqedgan iyo es gamudmebuli lxinic, Tanamavali yvela omebis, jer kidev homerosis droidgan da CvenSi didi omisagan gacxovelebuli. tfilisi, erT dros mefeTa sajdomi, Semdeg rusebisagan kavkasiis sanamestnikos centrad gamocxadebuli da nair-mosaxleobaSi aTqvefili isev saqarTvelos dedaqalaqad iqca. aq ijda saqarTvelos mTavroba, aqave iyvnen ucxo saxelmwifoTa warmomadgenelni am mTavrobasTan. im dros, rodesac qarTuli sazogadoeba im tradicias agrZelebda, romlis fesvebi Zvel istoriul wiaRSi iyvnen wasulni, Cveni demokratia Jordanias piriT acxadebda, rom `Zveli saqarTvelo~ ise mokvda, arc erTi dawesebuleba ar dagvitovao~. Cveni ocsaukunovani istoria qarTuli `demokratiisaTvis~ dawesebuleba ar iyo. aRorZinebis gzazed Semdgari eri ambobda, rom es warsuli mdidrad naweri etrati iyo. Jordania upasuxebda, rom saqarTvelo `tabula raza~ ariso. ase gamoeyo respublika qarTul istorias, `demokratia~ _ qarTvel ers, mTavroba _ qarTul Semoqmedebas. samagierod, mas surda, iseTi saqarTvelo Seeqmna, romelic arc odesme ambad Tqmula, arc sadme wignad werebula. Cven kurTxeul demokratiul saqarTveloSi moxda ambavi, romelic qarTul respublikas, SesaniSnavad axasiaTebs. tfilisSi arsebobda irakli mefis saxelobis skola, erTaderTi Zegli, romelic Cven SesaniSnav mefes, jer kidev rusebis dros Tavis sataxto qalaqSi hqonda. me exlac ar vici, rogor moxda, rom tfilisis qalaqis somxurma sabWom da rusis administraciam amis neba darTo. samagierod kargad vicnobdi am skolas, vinaidgan gamged Cemi naTesavi hyavda, davdiodi xSirad, vxedavdi qarTvel bavSvebs, romlebic iq swavlobdnen da, rac mTavaria, yovelTvis vkiTxulobdi rusul warweras, Zalian sadas da gangeb pataras, rom skola irakli mefis saxelobisa iyo. TiTqos patara ramea, magram sxva uCveno erSi patrioti qarTvelebi Svilebs ganzrax am skolaSi miiyvandnen da radgan es skola patara iyo, iq Sesvla sacilo sagnad gaxdeboda. ase iqmneba patara ramedgan didi erovnuli tradicia. magram mdidar da `ganaTlebul~ qarTvelebs Tavisi Svilebi iq ar mihyavdaT da amazed arca vnanob. iq swavlobda Cveni mdabio xalxis Sviloba, qalaqis ubralo xalxi, romelsac Cveni didebuli mefis xsovna ufro metad miaCnda da miaCnia, vidre mdidar da `ganaTlebul~ qarTvelobas. me mgonia, saqmisaTvis es saukeTeso iyo. Cvenma respublikam ai, am skolazed gailaSqra. erT dRes, gaqarTulebulma tfilisis qalaqis sabWom, arc meti arc naklebi, am skolas, rogorc demokratiisaTvis Seuferebeli, irakli mefis saxeli moxsna da rogorc `qarTuli demokratiisaTvis~ friad Sesaferi, rusuli saxeli miakera. vin iyo es rusi, aRar maxsovs da arc sayuradReboa. roca qvas gesvrian, sulerTia, marmariloa, Tu riyis qva! mTavari is aris, rom es moxda qalaqis sabWos darbazSi, rodesac yvela lamfebi enTo da patiosani xalxi, romelmac es moimoqmeda, erTmaneTs kidev pirSi uyurebda! exla, roca am demokratiis `uwarCinebulesi~ nawili, erisa da qveynis sasaxelod parizis trotuarebs stkepnis da Tavis bednieri TvaliT xedavs, rom demokratiis qalaqSi cocxali prezidentis gverdiT, gaqvavebul mefeTa Zeglebic bevria, iqneba vinme dagveTanxmos, rom safrangeTis demokratia arc Tu iseTi CamorCenili yofila. magram maSin tfilisSi, roca qalaqis mouravad gansvenebuli benia CxikviSvili iyo, xolo qalaqis erT patara skolas irakli mefis saxeli erqva, aseTi ram qarTulma demokratiam iseT sircxvilad da CamorCenilobad miiCnia, rom arafris win ar daixia da mefe irakli tfilisidgan `gadaasaxla~. patriotebma protesti ganacxades, magram qalaqis sabWoSi isini cotani iyvnen. sazogadoeba aRSfoTda. Tumca respublikaSi vcxovrobdiT, Tumca `droni mefoben da ara mefeni“-o, aris aseTi andazac! magram irakli mefe mainc irakli mefe iyo! petre didis Zegli bolSevikebsac ar mouspiaT. aseTi Seuracxyofa im patara qarTvelebisa, romlebsac jer kidev rusebis dros Tavi imiTi mohqondaT, rom irakli mefis skolaSi swavlobdnen. Cvens protestebzed da sazogadoebis ukmayofilebazed `demokratiam~ yuric ar gaibertya. skolas iraklis saxeli moxsnes da patara dafa, romelsac didi qarTuli saxeli ewera, sadRac miagdes. erovnuli grZnobis aseTi Selaxva da erovnul wesrigis aseTi darRveva damoukidebel saqarTveloSi fexis yovel nabijzed xdeboda. gana visTvis iyo saWiro, rom tfilisis erT umTavres quCas `plexanovis prospeqti~ daarqves? mxolod ramdenime TuTiyuSisaTvis, romelic plexanovs saqarTveloSi hyavda! magram es moxda da mravali sxvac. ar iyo saministro, sadac TiTo rusi mainc ar mjdariyos _ Cveni erovnuli mTavrobis `partiuli~ amxanagi. gvardiis Stabi, profesionaluri kavSirebi, partiuli presa araqarTuli xalxiT iyo savse. aseTi iyo `saqarTvelos~ social-demokratiuli partia. gana dRes bevrs axsovs, rom `qarTuli~ miwis kanoni rusma neruCevma daswera?! am kanons mere cota feri ucvales, xomerikis Txzulebad monaTles da cxovrebaSiac SemoiRes. saqarTvelos mindvrebSi stepka razinis, pugaCovis da leninis suli daTeses... warsuli saqmea da msjeloba damSvidebuli SeiZleba. iseTi ambavi, rogoric qarTuli skolisgan qarTveli mefis saxelis moxsna aris, demokratiuls arafers Seicavs da xalxs arasodes ar moewoneba. qarTvelma mefeebma saqarTvelo didebiT ganvles da dRes mis panTeonSi ganisveneben. imaTi aqedgan gamodevna gulidgan _ siyvarulis, sindisidgan _ madlobis da Tavidgan _ Wkuis gandevnas niSnavs. qarTulma `demokratiam~ am dRes maRla SeafurTxa da mere saxe SeuSvira. es seiri mTelma saqarTvelom naxa! im crumorwmuneobisagan, romelic bednierebas ekonomikur da politikur subordinaciaSi xedavda, iwyeba axali xana erebis aRorZinebisa, romelTa interesebi iseve Zvirfasia progresisa da kulturisaTvis, rogorc interesebi yvela aqamde Tavisufal erebisa. `saqarTvelo~ #8, ianvris 11, 1918 w. Temur qoriZe 8 ilori 23 Tebervali 2010 eri da meri anu teftis formula, vasiliCi da matome ugaki saqarTvelo uaxlovdeba morig politikur kriziss ise morCilad, rogorc sikvdilmisjili eSafots. garkveuli Sinagani SfoTva, raRa Tqma unda aris, Tumca sabediswero gezis Secvlis survili da SesaZlebloba, namdvilad ar SeiniSneba. xelisuflebis da opoziciuri partiebis ganwyoba ukve dRes cxadyofs, rom gazafxulze mwvave konfrontaciis garda verafers SemogvTavazeben. arsebobs Tu ara Sansi, rom mosalodneli krizisi gansakuTrebiT mZime Sedegebis gareSe dasruldes? sicruis formula gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, 30 maisis ,,adgilobrivi arCevnebi metia vidre ubralod arCevnebi”. ise, am qveyanaSi ,,ubralod arCevnebi” didi xania aRar tardeba, sul gadamwyveti brZola da titanebis Serkinebaa. mTavari kiTxva ki sakmaod martivia: aris Tu ara romelime politikuri Zala sakmarisad Tavdajerebuli imisTvis, rom xelisuflebis SecvlisTvis realuri nabijebi gadadgas? ,,Statebis elCi jon tefti eubneboda saqarTveloSi pirvelad Camosulebs, rom qarTveli politikosebis upirvelesi wesi aris yvelafris gazviadeba 25%-iT, Tu ara metiT”,- es citata ronald asmusis axali wignidanaa ,,patara omi, romelmac SeZra msoflio”. misi xangrZlivi da mtkivneuli citireba jer kidev win gvaqvs. amjerad, mxolod is aRvniSvnoT, rom qarTul politikaSi WeSmaritebis dadgenisas, albaT, marTlac ajobebs ,,teftis formula” (x=0,75y) gamoviyenoT. swored es 25%, savaraudod qmnis erTgvar sicruis vels, realobis aRqmis mrude sarkes, romlis tyveobaSi upirvelesad Tavad pilitikosebi eqcevian. nebismier situaciaSi, romlis ganviTarebidan logikurad erTi Sedegi unda dadges (magaliTad 2+2=4), ,,asmus-teftis koeficients” sruli gaurkvevloba Seaqvs _ Sedegad jamSi xan 5-s viRebT, xan 7-s, xanac (gamoTqmisTvis bodiSi) 3,14-s mzard progresiaSi. yovelive es saxaliso iqneboda, rom ara Sedegebis simZime: magaliTad, realobisgan erT-erTma bolo acdenam 2008 wlis agvistos omi warmoSva _ es azri ronald asmusis Txzulebas erTgvar refrenad gasdevs. amerikeli di plomatis wigni sulac ar warmoadgens WeSmaritebas bolo (gnebavT boloswina) instanciaSi, Tumca mis mier Segrovebuli (rig SemTxvevaSi sakmaod ostaturad interpretirebuli) faqtebi, savsebiT sakmarisia imisTvis, rom mkiTxvels saqarTvelos xelisuflebis msubuqi araadekvaturobis STabeWdileba darCes (absoluturis ara, ase 25%-ianis). masSi kidev erTi saintereso qveteqstis daWera SeiZleba. am mxriv, wigni ucnaurad hgavs sul sxva JanrSi da gacilebiT maRali ostatobiT daweril barbara takmanis ,,agvistos zarbaznebs”, romelic I msoflio omis sawyis etapze mogviTxrobs. am wignis wakiTxvis Semdeg, mkiTxvels SeiZleba darCes STabeWdileba, metic, Rrma Sinagani rwmena imisa, rom did britaneTs (asmusis SemTxvevaSi aSS-s) krizisis formirebasa da omis gaCaRebaSi gansakuTrebuli brali ar miuZRvis, da igi, ubralod, garemoebaTa uiRblo kombinaciis msxverpli gaxda. am azris Tavs moxveva, iribad, movlenebis Tavbrudamxvevi aRweris miRma xdeba. Tumca es niuansebia, _ isev ,,teftis formulas” davubrundeT: swored ukrainul zamTars qarTuli gazafxuli mosdevs araadekvaturobis koeficientis wyalobiT, gazafxulis mosalodnelma krizisma SeiZleba gamoiRos Sedegi, romelic mocemulobidan logikurad ar gamomdinareobs, iseTi rogorsac, sazogadoeba da saerTaSoriso moTamaSeebi naklebad elian. amas kidev erTi faqtori emateba: gare Zalebis Careva procesebSi SedarebiT Semcirebuli iqneba. ukrainis magaliTi Tvalwin gvaqvs. globaluri balansis Secvlis, rigi sxva garemoebebis gamo vaSingtoni iZulebulia, nawilobriv mainc, uari Tqvas uSualo Carevaze post-sabWoTa qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi. amgvarad, rig SemTxvevebSi qarTvel politikosebs damoukidebeli gadawyvetilebebis miReba mouwevT. kuratorebis kontrolis Sesusteba garkveul wilad ukve daetyo xelisuflebas da igi sakmaod mZime Secdomebs uSvebs (magaliTi: igive ukrainis arCevnebSi Carevis mcdeloba. rogoraa neta vasiliCi?). oriode sityviT vasiliCze; rodesac paraskevs saRamos ukrainelma Zalovnebma kievis centrSi 1968 wels dabadebuli, trotiliT da pistoletiT SeiaraRebuli qarTveli mamakacis dakavebis Sesaxeb gvamcnes, gulma avi igrZno _ vasiliCic xom 68-Sia dabadebuli, xom ar gaudga igi iaponeli vice-admiralis, matome ugakis gzas, da marcxis aRiarebas samurais Rirseba arCia; ugulvebelyo ra brZaneba kapitulaciis Sesaxeb da erTgul kamikaZeebTan erTad mainc aiWra caSi ukanasknel paemanze amomaval mzesTan. mSfoTvare warmosaxva xatavda SarfebiT Semoxveul givi vasiliCs (kievSi civa), romelic meryevi nabijebiT (trotuarebi moyinulia) xreSCatiks miuyveba. gayinuli TiTebi pistolets ebRauWebian, xolo tuCebi imeoreben: ,,netav davece, spetaki rogorc sakuras yvavili gazafxulze”... Tumca maleve gairkva, rom dakavebuli sul sxva pirovnebaa, xolo is, rom matome ugaki da vasiliCi gansxvavebuli miswrafebebis da gaqanebis adamianebi gaxldnen imTaviTve cnobili iyo. ager Sen da ager germania zogadad, qarTuli politikis TandadanobiTi, Tundac iZulebiTi, gamosvla amerikelTa kontrolidan misasalmebelia, Tumca am medals meore mxarec aqvs. warmovidginoT, rom Cveni mezobeli, romelic bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi warmatebiT kontroldeboda asaTianis quCaze TeTrxalaTiani profesionalebis mier, uceb sadarbazoSi SemogvefeTa. TiTqosda yvelaferi wesrigSia, adamiani gamoweres, igi iRimis da keTilganwyobas afrqvevs, magram arc erTi Cvengani ar motrialdeba ise, zurgs ukan rom datovos, miTumetes rom jibidan samarTebeli uCans. cvlilebebs saerTaSoriso arenaze, qarveli politikosebis repertuarSi sagulisxmo serenadebis gaCena moyva. irakli alasania: ,,Cven realurad unda gavxsnaT savaWro-ekonomikuri da sakomunikacio urTierTobebi ruseTis federaciasTan, daviwyoT saxalxo diplomatiis resursis amoqmedeba. amavdroulad, am procesSi unda CavrToT seriozuli evropuli liderebi. es SeiZleba iyos germaniis federaciuli respublika an nebismieri sxva qveyana, romelsac wona aqvs ruseTisTvis da Suamavlis rols ikisrebs politikuri dialogis aRdgenis mimarTulebiT” (sainformacio saagento ,,pirveli”). niSandoblivi iyo nino burjanaZis gamosvlac telekompania ,,kavkasiis” eTerSi (3 Tebervali), rodesac davosis samitze (iq saakaSvili ar miuwveviaT) gamarTul Sexvedrebze saubrisas, ramdenjerme, TiTqmis xazgasmiT, axsena azrTa gacvla swored germaniis warmomadgenlebTan. man agreTve daadastura mzadyofna kremlTan molaparakebebi gamarTos. mokled, _ marlen ditrixi rom ityoda 1965-Si: “Berlin, Berlin, wenn deine Blumen spriessen...” -logikuria, procesebisgan aSS-s Semdgomi distancirebis WrilSi ki, albaT, gardauvalic. gasarkvevi mxolod is darCa, raSi sWirdeba es germanelebs? am konteqstSi, interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos, bodenis da Stainmaieris samSvidobo gegmebis gaxsenebac, romelTagan ukanaskneli, faqtobrivad, uSualod omis win mowodebul, erTgvar samaSvelo rgols warmoadgenda. idealuri namdvilad ar yofila, Tumca, im momentSi albaT, erTaderTi SesaZlebeli gaxldaT. faqtia, dRes msgavs gegmas aravin SemogvTavazebs. dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, sakmaod mkafiod Cans, rom germanelebi kargad xedavdnen mosalodnel safrTxes da misi ganeitralebisaTvis SeZlebisdagvari nabijic (amao) gadadges. miunhenis konferenciaze (am RonisZiebamac raRacnairad saakaSvilis gareSe Caiara) germaniis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma gido vestervelem Semdegi prioritetebi CamoTvala: evrokavSiris jarebis Seqmna, germaniis teritoriidan aSS-s birTvuli iaraRis gatana, ,,strategiuli partnioroba ruseTTan evro-usafrTxoebis da globaluri problemebis gadawyvetis uzrunvelyofisTvis”. xatovnad rom vTqvaT, adre msgavsi gancxadebebis Semdeg, vaSingtonSi moiTxovdnen Wirveuli bundes-ministris skalpis Camokidebas Tavisuflebis qandaqebis CiraRdanze, Tumca, rogorc Cans, tomohavkebi dauJangdaT an CingaCgukebi dauberdaT. Tres bien, germania da safrangeTi ekonomikuri kraxis piras mdgari saberZneTis gadarCenis operacias Seudgnen. zogadad, am ori saxelmwifos ganmsazRvreli roli pan-evropuli sivrcis samxedro-politikuri da ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi dRidan dRemde sul ufro TvalsaCino xdeba; pasuxismgeblobis areali farTovdeba, aqedan gamomdinare ruseTTan TanamSromlobac intensiur xasiaTs iZens. es realobaa _ moswons igi vinmes Tu ara. sakuTriv amaSi mdgomareobs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis gansxvaveba mwvave Sizofreniisgan, romlis farglebSi arasasurveli faqtori SeiZleba ararsebulad gamoacxado. amgvarad, irakli alasanias variaciebi evropul Temaze (arada, am politikoss saqarTveloSi xSirad vaSingtonis kreaturad aRiqvamen) SemTxveviTi albaT ar aris. SesaZloa, igi ubralod Zeitgeist-s, drois suliskveTebas grZnobs. moxerxdeba Tu ara Cveni problemebis moqceva evropuli usafrTxoebis ganaxlebuli modelis farglebSi (mTavaria, troas cxenad ar CagvTvalon) momavali gviCvenebs. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, situaciis ganxilva Sarikovis poziciidan: ,,пишут, пишут... конгресс, немцы какие-то... Голова пухнет. Взять всё, да и поделить...”, albaT aRar gamogviva. eri da meri 30 maisis arCevnebis win, xelisuflebis Canafiqri opoziciis kandidatebs Soris xmebis gafantvis da amis xarjze sakuTari favoritis gayvanis Sesaxeb met-naklebad cxadi Seiqna. Tumca, sainteresoa imis garkveva, Seuwyobs Tu ara igi xels, erT-erTi kandidatis, navTobkorporaciis yofili Tavmjdomaris gia Wanturias mier maqsimaluri Sedegis miRwevas, radgan am nabijiT SeiZleba ramdenime arcTu urigo scenari aamoqmedos. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, es figura ar SeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc rigiTi teqnikuri kandidati, romlis erTaderTi funqcia, arasaparlamento opoziciis mTavari falavanisTvis (alasania iqneba Tu sxva) xmebis garkveuli raodenobis warTmeva warmoadgens. ideaSi, mas gaaCnia sakmarisi potenciali (kavSirebi, biografia, imiji, resursebi) imisTvis, rom swori teqnologiuri uzrunvelyofis SemTxvevaSi, saprizo adgili daikavos, metic, misi, gasvla (Tu gayvana?) meore turSi SeiZleba savsebiT bunebrivad da logikurad warmoCindes. arasaparlamento opoziciis kandidatis mdgomareoba friad garTuldeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arCevnebis Sedegebis eWvqveS dayeneba ara meore, aramed mesame dakavebuli adgilidan mouwevs. amasTanave, Wanturias wamoweva ,,mTavari konkurentis” poziciaze, xelisuflebis kandidatis pozicionirebas mniSvnelovanwilad gaaiolebs. xolo im SemTxvevaSi Tu xelisuflebas operatiuli siTamame eyofa da igi, sul ramdenime Tanagundelis (TbilisTan dakavSirebul) biznes-interesebze maRla dadgeba, erTi strategiuli kombinaciis gaTamaSebasac SeZlebs: im kandidatisTvis, romelic misTvis uSualo safrTxes ar wamoadgens, princi pSi, postis daTmobac SeiZleba. es mniSvnelovan wilad gaaneitralebs TbiliselTa 2/3-is protests, romelsac meris savarZelSi ,,nacionaluri moZraobis” warmomadgenlis xilva ar surs. saerTaSoriso damkvirveblebsac gauWirdebaT im arCevnebis gakritikeba, romelsac opoziciis warmomadgeneli moigebs. isini xom, iseve rogorc maT ukan mdgomi qveynebi, Cveni saprotesto eleqtoratisgan gansxvavebiT, qarTveli qristian-demokratebis opoziciurobis xarisxis dadgenas gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas ar aniWeben. Sesabamisad, momxdari mTlianobaSi, savaraudod Sefasdeba, rogorc demokratiis didi gamarjveba. imis garantia ki xelisuflebisaTvis, rom axali meri momavalSi mkveTr nabijebs ar gadadgams, iqneba qalaqis biujetis formirebis wesi, iniciativebis dablokvisaTvis sakmarisi warmomadgenloba sakrebuloSi, sxvadasxva administraciuli berketebi da figurantis mZime urTierTobebi arasaparlamento opoziciasTan, romelic arCevnebis winare periodSi aucileblad Camoyalibdeba. Tumca, es mxolod varaudebia, gacilebiT didi albaTobiT, winasaarCevno situacia uxeS konfrontacias warmoSobs da ZalTa mkveTr polarizebas gamoiwvevs, radgan rogorc ukve avRniSneT, es isev iqneba ,,meti vidre ubralod arCevnebi”, Sesabamisad meris da sakrebulos arCevis nacvlad kvlav xelisuflebis sakiTxis yovlismomcvel gadawyvetasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis winaSe aRmovCndebiT. dimitri moniava ilori 23 Tebervali 2010 samegrelo da svaneTi am wignis avtoris, korneli borozdinis samsaxureobrivi kariera kavkasiaSi daiwyo. igi jer mTavarmarTeblis kancelariaSi muSaobda, Semdeg ki (1854 wels) samegrelos dedofalTan miavlines miwer-moweris sawarmoeblad da misi Svilebis aRmzrdelad. 1858 wels dainiSna senakis olqis ufrosad, sadac 1867 wlamde imsaxura. swored aq gaecno igi samegrelos mosaxleobis yofas, romelic sainteresod aRwera Tavis wignSi. borozdinis mogonebebSi sakmaod vrclad aris gadmocemuli osmaleTis jarebis mier samegrelos awiokeba, romelic Semdeg rusma jariskacebma alagmes. korneli borozdini meore dRes yifianis sadgomis pirdapir dids mindorze Seiyara xalxi da mamasaxlisebis arCeva daiwyes; es istoria mTeli dRe grZeldeboda da saRamoze Cemma colma miTxra, rom Cveni mzareuli, sadadiano glexi, mamasaxlisad airCies da saxlTuxucesma ubrZana, Sens saqmes Tavi daanebe da axlave CemTan gamocxaddio. mzareuli TviTonve stiroda da ar undoda es arasasurveli da moulodneli xarisxi, amitom rom kargi jamagiri ekargeboda. aSkarad vxedavdi, es yvelaferi Tavad Ciqovanis saqme iyo, romelic guliT mondobili iyo rame evno CemTvis da romelic, sabWos wevrisagan zurg-momagrebuli, Zveleburad frTis gaSlas apirobs-meTqi. magram mainc ra unda meqna. colsa vTxove, axlave gauswore angariSi mzareuls da gauSvi-meTqi. meore dilas, saaTis aTze, sabWos wevrisa da mzrunvelisagan moweriloba miviRe. mowerilobasTan erTad gamoegzavna sia arCeul pirTa, romelTac unda emsaxurnaT mTavris mamulSi. es sia me soflebSi unda gamecxadebina da am saxiT yvela axals Tanamdebobaze damemtkicebina. magram 11 saaTze generlis gamogzavnili kaci movida CemTan da gaWirvebul mdgomareobisagan mixsna. generali naTlad da mkafiod mwerda: `mzrunvelis brZanebiT moxdenili arCevnebi gaauqme, xolo arCeulebs xelwerili CamoarTvi da ise gamoucxade, rom Tu gabedavs im Tanamdebobis asrulebas romelic maT mzrunvelma miakuTvna, kanonis (ama da am muxlis ZliT dasjil iqnebian, im wodebis daCemebisaTvis, romelic maTTvis mTavrobas ar miukuTvnebia~. kanonis muxli swored ar maxsovs, magram Sinaarsi aseTi iyo. imave dros generalma mibrZana, meore paketi, leCxumis olqis ufrosis, Tavad miqelaZis, saxelobaze gamogzavnili, daniSnulebisamebr gamegzavna dauyonebliv; im paketebSiac is ewera, rasac me mwerda generali. misi brZaneba maSinaTve avasrule. arCeuli mamasaxlisebi jer kidev ar wasuliyvnen da mindorze yayanebden. movixme, xelwerilis CamorTmeviT gamovucxade generlis brZaneba da TavianTs saxlebSi gavuSvi, xolo yovelive es yifians vacnobe oficialurad, Tan generlis mowerilobis kopioc gavugzavne. advili warmosadgenia, rarig ewyineboda aseTi pasuxi im miss brZanebiTs Txovnaze, samis dRis winad, rogorc sabWos wevrma, me rom gamomicxada. cota xans Semdeg davinaxe. rom mis saxlis aivanTan erTi faca-fuci SeudgaT, moiyvanes Sekazmuli da sabargo cxenebi da erTs saaTs ukan dimitri yifianic gamovida gared. wamosxmuli hqonda wiTel sarCuliani palto (es SemoiRo insarskim samoqalaqo RenerlebisaTvis), iaxlnen saxlTuxucesebi da leCxumSi wavida. aba ras moifiqrebda, rom miqelaZec gafrTxilebuli dauxvdeboda!.. d. yifiani mivida muxurSi, leCxumis olqis ufrosis sacxovrebeli adgilSi. gaigo, rom arc aq amisruldeba Cemi brZanebao da gulmosuli meore dResve raWis gziT quTaisSi wavida, rom kolubianikisaTvis eCivlna erisTavTan. raki aseTi ganxeTqileba Camovarda Cems da mzrunvel Soris, amis Semdeg, ra Tqma unda, gordSi ar mecxovreboda da vadaze adre davbrundi senakSi, magram es erTi Tvec sakmao iyo, rom ciebisagan Tavi damefarna. im weliwads cieba ara mqonia. mxolod osten-sakeni gagvixda avad. amas cieba ganarjias-muxurSi Sehyoloda, sadac tyis mwarmoebel frangebTan msaxurobda adre. es wyeuli avadmyofoba ise Caacivda, rom mTeli ori weliwadi Tavi ar gaaneba. 1859 wlis mariamobisTveSi didi istoriuli ambavi moxda kavkasiaSi: am Tvis 25-Si Tavadma a.i. bariatinskim daRestanSi atexil oms bolo mouRo da gunibTan Samili Sei pyro. am wamis damswre kavkasielT, sanam cocxalni arian, ar daaviwydebaT is aRtaceba da sixaruli, ra aRtacebiTi da sixaruliT yvela mSvidobismoyvare mcxovrebSi am ganapira adgilisa am ambavs miegebnen. yvelas caTafrena hqonda Semdgari, sacaa, mxare damSviddeba da xalxis winsvlasa da warmatebas araferi gadaeRobeba winao. tfilisSi ganuwyveteli lxini iyo, mxolod erTi ram awuxebdaT _ avadmyofoba TviT kavkasiis dampyrobelisa, Tavadis bariatinskisa. oTxis Tvis ganmavlobaSi Tavadi sul omobda da unagiris uzangidan fexebi ar gamouRia. nekresis qarebi gaaCnda da avadmyofoba ise saSinlad aRonebda, rom mTelis kvirebis ganmavlobaSi loginidan veRara dgeboda. tfilisSi dabrunebuli sul avadmyofobda da mxolod ori Tvis Semdeg SeiZlo saqmeebisaTvis xeli mieyo. noemberSi gavigeT, yifiani bariatinskisTan iyo da vrcelis moxsenebis qaRaldi miarTva samegrelos mTavris mamulis movlis Sesaxebao. am qaRaldSi yifiani saSinlad Turme uCioda rogorc mTelis administracias samegrelosas, ise gansakuTrebiT m.p. kolubiakins. bariatinskim yifianis qaRaldi masTan myof senators muxran-batons gadasca da miando, m. p. koliuiakinma moaxsena, yifiani usafuZvlo rasme gTxovs, misi Txovna rom avasruloT, mTavris mamulSi Zveli wesCveuleba wamohyofs Tavsao, garda amisa, iman iseTi xerxi moigona, rom glex-kacoba winandelze uares satanjvelSi Cavardebao; koliubiakinma isic moaxsena, rom Tavi-da-Tavi usafuZvloba d. yifianis Txovnisa _ TviTnebiTa gawera iyo xarkisa da gadasaxadisa glexTa Soris; mere yifianma es gadasaxadi fulad moiTxova; raki rusis administraciam mxari ar dauWira da azri ar ganaxorcielebina, mzrunvelma ganizraxa axali, Taviseburi sasoflo mmarTveloba igive iyo, rac saxlTuxucesis dros arsebuli wesebi, romlebmac, rogorc vuwyiT, xalxi aajanya kideca; yovelsave amas d. yifiani imasac dasZenda, rom eqvsma aTasma saaznauro glexebmac gadasaxadi unda ixadon, amitom rom amaT mTavari axdevinebda, rogorc saWiro xarjs samegrelos marTva-gamgeobisaTviso. es sarCelic usafuZvlo iyo yifianis mxriv, amitom rom samegrelos marTva-gamgeoba rusis mTavrobasa hqonda Cabarebuli, maSasadame, xalxisagan akrebili gadasaxadic rusis mTavrobas unda Cahbareboda da ara mTavris samzrunvelos, xolo rusis administracia aramcTu ara sTxovda xalxs am gadasaxads, arasmed savsebiT saWirod sTvlida ramdenisame wliT yovelgvar gadasaxadisagan gaenTavisuflebina samegrelos mkvidrni, rogorc gaWirvebuls mdgomareobaSi myofni. aqauri rusis administracia Taviss jamagirs mTavarmarTeblis gankargulebiT im Tanxidan iRebda, romelic ikribeboda foTisa da yulevis sabaJoebidan, xolo rac rusis administracia Semovida, samegreloSi daubaJav saqonlis Semotana ise Semcirda rom yovelwliurma Semosavalma am sabaJoebisam samoc aTas maneTiT imata. koliubiakinma ganucxada bariatinskis, Tu yifianis moTxovnilebani Sewynarebul iqnen da Cemdami rwmunebul mxareSi mSvidobianoba dairRva, Cemi brali ar iyoso. ra Tqma unda, bariatinskim roca aseTi sabuTiani azri moismina, kolubiakinis mxare daiWira; maSin yifianma sTxova, neba gviboZeT peterburgs wavide da yovelive ekaterine dedofals movaxsenovo. bariatinskimac neba darTo da yifiani peterburgs wavida. am saxiT mTavris mamulebis saqme kavkasiidan umaRles mTavrobas Cauvarda gansaxilvelad da, rogorc davinaxavT, didi miTqma-moTqma gamoiwvia. qristeSobiaTvis gasuls m.p. kolubiakini tfilisidan dabrunda da Zalian gaxarebuli iyo, _ saqme, rogorc me mindoda, ise gavaTaveo. 1860 wlis damdegs, samegrelos marTva-gamgeobas svaneTic SemouerTda da svaneTis boqauli, Tavadi iliko amirajibi, mix. kolubakinTan movida. amirejibi qarTleli iyo, Zvelad samxedro samsaxurSi imyofeboda da kapitnoba mieRo. maRalis tanisa iyo, WaRara Sereuli, xmelxmeli, jer isev mxned gamoiyureboda. svaneTSi sul erTi weliwadi cxovrobda, magram am mokle xanSiac ise daayena saqme, rom usazRvro ndoba daimsaxura iqaur mkvidrTa. martod-marto cxovrobda aq, ukancelariod da mxolod erTi Tu ori yazaxrusi axlda Tan da mainc axarebda yvelaferi gaekeTebina aq da am mTis xalxisaTvis mamasaviT Seeyvarebina Tavi. roca generals davTari warudgina Tavis sasamarTlo ganCinebiTa da gadawyvetilebaTa, kolubiakinma sasacilod erTi maTgani maCvena. samoqalaqo saqmeebi sasisxlissamarTlo saqmeebTan iyo erTmaneTSi areuli, rac saqme atydeboda, yvelafers TviTona swyvetda sabolood. sxvaTa Soris, aseTi saqmeebic eria: `erTma svanma esa da es svani mohkla. davadgine: mkvlels gadaxdes sami Tumani da mieces moklulis ojaxobas~. ganaCeni aesrulebinaT da moklulis ojaxobas jvaris saxed xeli mouwernia niSnad kmayofilebisa. amirejibsa swamda, kanonierad viqcevio. amitom rom sabuTad aqauri adaTi da Cveuleba maqvso, xolo svanebs Cemi moqmedeba sruliad samarTlianad miaCniaTo. sxvanairad, ese igi, rusis kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad rom moqceuliyo, verafers gaxdeboda; mkvleli daimaleboda, boqauls misi daWera veRar SeeZlo, radgan saSualeba ar hqonda da, bolos, saqme imiT gaTavdeboda, rom moklulis naTesavebs sisxli unda eZiaT: unda moeklaT mkvleli. ra Tqma unda, aseT garemoebaSi Cavardnili, rva Tvis ganmavlobaSi Tovlisagan xel-fex Sekrueli da mTel qveyanas mowyvetili amirajibi marTali iyo, kaci ver ukiJinebda, ratom sxvanairad ar iqcevio; mis msgavs boqaulis naxva adgilic ar iyo. aq saWiro iyo gansakuTrebuli niWi, unari, Tavis ganwirva da erTguleba Tavis saqmisa; moxuci amirajibi TiTonac gasvanda mTlad, maTi zne-Cveuleba SeiTvisa da amnairadve cxovrobda, rogorc es mTiulebi cxovrobden. roca svaneTidan zugdidSi wamovidoda, TiTqmis naxevari gza fexiT unda earna mTis bilikze. da aseTs kacs sul mcire jamagirs aZlevd- 9 nen, wliurad raRac asoc Tumans!... maisSi gardaicvala Teofane Wyondideli, gansvenebuli sikvdilamde didxans avadmyofobda, ase rom mis sicocxleSive amorCeuli iyo mis moadgiled arqimandriti martvilis taZrisa tarasi. netarxsenebuli didis ambiT gaasvenes. martvilSi Tavi moiyares didZalma Tavadebma da maT Soris aznaurebma gabuniebma, romlebic Teofane epikoposs, rogorc gabunias gvarisas, Tavisianad sTvliden. mariamobis TveSi general-gubernatori m. kolubikinTan erTad svaneTSi gaemgzavra samxedro ekzekuciisaTvis. ekzekucia imitom iyo saWiro, rom dava astyda saTavado, sadadiano, Tavisufal svanebsa da yaraCaelebs Soris. am dros generalTan mividen sami Zmani dasjil murzayan dadiSqelianisa_islam, Tengizi da cioxi da Tavis nebiT morCileba gamoucxades; generalma poruCiki princi gaayola da samive tfilisSi gagzavna, xolo Semdegi Tav-gadasavali maTi Cven ukve gagebuli gvaqvs. 1861 wlis aprilis TveSi me gadayvanil viqmen Telavis mazris ufrosad. amave dros didi cvlileba moxda mTels quTaisis sageneral-gubernatorSi: Tavadma g. erisTavma avadmyofobis gamo samsaxurs Tavi daaneba, mis adgilze erevnidan gadmoiyvanes nik. petresZe kolubiakini, da radgan misTvis uxerxuli iyo Tavis Zmis, samegrelos mmarTvelis, ufrosad yofiliyo, amitom mixeil kolubiakini tfilisSi gadaiyvanes sasoflo sammarTvelos ufrosad, xolo mis alagze daniSnes WilaSvili. yovelive es moaxerxa Tavad a. iv. bariatinskim ramdenisame dRiT adre, sanam sazRvar-gared wavidoda, sadac eqimebi gzavniden mosarCenad. swored am dros, roca Tavadi bariatinski foTSi gemSi unda CaesvaT, misi momavali coli, xolo maSin meuRle v. p. davidovisa, elisabed dimitri orbelianis qali, fostis cxenebs odesidan, sadac qmars Tavi daaneba, xarkovSi miaqrolebda. Tan mihyveboda bariatinskis siZe gvaTua. xarkovSi bariatinskis sacoles Sexvda inglisis pastori palmeri da inglisSi waiyvana. aq iman icxovra ori weliwadi, manam qmarTan ganqorwinebis saqme gaTavda, da elisabedi Tavads al. bariatinskis misTxovda. samegrelos Tavi vanebe, magram Soridan Tvals vadevnebdi am mxaris ambebs. peterburgSi yifiani da samegrelos dedofali cdilobden mTavris samzrunvelos saqme, rogorc TviTon swaddaT, ise daebrunebinaT da xma mogvdioda _ imedi aqvT gamarjvebiso. am dros erT-erT rusul gazeTSi, romelic sazRvargared ibeWdeboda da romelsac kavkasiaSi xSirad Sexvdeboda kaci, 1861 w. 1 oqtombris nomerSi Semdegi werili daibeWda. `kavkasiaSi rusebis Semosvlamde batonymoba ar arsebobda. glexebi Ralas aZlevdnen memamuleT, magram ufleba hqondaT erT memamulisaTvis Tavi daenebebinaT da meoresTan gadasuliyvnen. samarTals maT mier arCeulni pirni swyvetden da sxva.; sakuTari miwa ara hqondaT; yvela mamulebi, rac saeklesio da saTavad-aznauro ar iyo, mTavris kuTvnilebad iTvleboda _ aseT mdgomareobaSi iyo samegreloca, roca es samTavro ruseTs SeuerTda 1801 wels, gr. dadianis dros. aleqsandre I-ma dadians SearCina ufleba Tavis qveynisaTvis Zvelebur CveulebaTa Tanaxmad moevlo, mxolod waarTva ufleba kaci CamoexrCo, damnaSavisaTvis xelebi daeWira, cxviri moeWra, Tvalebi daeTxara da sxv. samegrelos glexebma dadianebis xelSi 1853 wlamde, ese igi, daviT dadianis sikvdilamde, ar icoden, ra iyo ruseTis baton-ymoba. daviTis Svili nikolozi manam srulwlovani gaxdeboda, manamde rusis mTavrobam samegrelos marTva dedofals, kneina ekateine aleqsandre WavWavaZis asuls dadianisas, Caabara. kneina aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi iyo aRzrdili, SeeCvia rusebis mier SemoRebul baton-ymur wes-wyobilebas da Tavis Tavs ise uyurebda, rogorc samegrelos batons. rogorc xarbma da fulis flangvis moyvare qalma, dedofalma ramdensame weliwadSi mTeli mxare ise gaaRataka da cxovreba gaumwara, rom glexebma, miuxedavad maTis morCiluris xasiaTisa, veRar moiTmines da ajanydnen, rogorc erTi kaci. 10 ilori 23 Tebervali 2010 “yvelaze naTeli”, romelsac bneli axlavs “aha, Tavs vesxmi winaswarmetyvelebs, cru sizmrebs rom xedaven, ambobs ufali. yvebian maT da acTuneben Cems ers TavianTi tyuilebiT da trabaxiT”. (ieremia. 23,31) gazeTma “svobodnaia gruziam” 1992 wlis 23 ianvars (#8) gamoaqveyna saubari baton Wabua amirejibTan: saTauriT “народ не шутит...” mas Semdeg 18 weli gavida... vici, ityvian: raRa dros Zveli ambebis qeqvaa, cxovreba win midiso! cxovrebis winsvla Tu ukusvla, ganviTareba Tu degeneracia mTlianad damokidebulia qveynis warsulis memkvidreobaze, riTac awmyo da momavali iqmneba. es kanonzomiereba brZenma kacma, didma iliam lakonurad Tqva:“awmyo, Sobili warsulisagan, aris mSobeli momavalisa”! Cveni winaprebi rudunebiT qmnidnen im sulier memkvidreobas, romlis xelTuqmneli saunjidan momdevno Taobebi sazrdoobda. am sulierma memkvidreobam SeaZlebina qarTvel ers mterze gamarjveba didi gansacdelebis Jams, SeaZlebina qarTuli sulieri wyobis, kulturis, tradiciebis, fizikuri ier-saxis SenarCuneba da momavali TaobebisaTvis gadacema... sulieri memkvidreobis Secvladamaxinjeba aucileblad gamoiwvevs momdevno TaobaTa zneobriv gadagvarebas, sazogadod eris kvdomas, asimilacias... mravali WeSmariti mamuliSvili SeSfoTebulia saqarTvelos dRevandeli mdgomareobiT, cru winaswarmetyvelTa, mucliTmezRapreTa, motrabaxeTa usaSvelo zakviT... magram SeSfoTeba da saprotesto ganwyobileba waxdenil saqmes veras uSvelis Tu daviviwyebT im arc Tu Soreul warsuls, roca Zaladobrivad daiwyo eris sulieri memkvidreobis ngreva, ramac dRes apogeas miaRwia. damaxinjebulma sulierma memkvidreobam Sva damaxinjebuli awmyo erovnuli nihilizmiT, “jeobaruli” suliT, uvicobiT, uzneobiT, kuTxuri da religiuri gaTiSulobiT, SiSveli pragmatizmiT, sodomiT da gomoriT... waxdenil saqmes ver vuSveliT Tu ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraoba. “did moazrovnes” xma Seuwyes “inteleqtualebma”... mamardaSvilma Sva dRevandeli TevzaZeebi, lomaiebi, darCiaSvilebi, TargamaZeebi, paiWaZeebi, TevzaZeebi, jgerenaiebi, ramiSvilebi... amitom, gasakviri ar unda iyos is, rom gadagvarebuli memkvidreobiT Sobilni dRes ase daundoblad uteven qarTul enas, qarTul cnobierebas, ilia WavWavaZes, universitets, marTlmadideblobas... “Tanamedroveobis udidesi filosofosis” (ase moixseniebdnen da moixsenieben merab mamardaSvils) ara mxolod kosmopoliturantierovnuli, aramed zogadad misi “filosofiuri” nabodvari im WeSmaritebad aRiares, romelic saqarTvelos “provinciuli faSizmis” Wirisgan ixsnida... batoni Wabua amirejibi gazeT “svobodnaia gruziasTan” saubarSi mkiTxvels auwyebs ara mxolod pirad mosazrebebs, aramed inteligenciis im nawilis politikur Sexedulebebs, mrwamss, guneba-ganwyobilebas, romelic erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli moZrao- cxovrebis winsvla Tu ukusvla, ganviTareba Tu degeneracia mTlianad damokidebulia warsulis memkvidreobaze, riTac awmyo da momavali iqmneba. es kanonzomiereba brZenma kacma lakonurad gamoTqva: “awmyo, Sobili warsulisagan, aris mSobeli momavalisa”! bis aRmavlobas ratomRac imTaviTve skeptikurad uyurebda, qirqilebda, arCevnebis Semdeg kanonier xelisuflebas daupirispirda da saxelmwifo gadatrialebas ideologiuri safuZvlebi moumzada. Tavs uflebas vaZlev, Cems sayvarel mwerals, baton Wabua amirejibs mokrZalebiT vuTxra is, rom igi nebsiT Tu uneblied imeorebs putCist inteligentTa Soris moarul Sexedulebebs. “svobodnaia gruziasTan” saubarSi gacxadebuli yoveli argumenti rioSia! anu putCisti inteligentebis mier atexili maSindeli vai-uSvelebeli siyalbe iyo da emsaxureboda xalxis cTunebas! batoni Wabua samxedro-kriminalur gadatrialebas “revolucias” uwodebs. am “revoluciis” gardau- “yovelgvar revolucias Tan mosdevs kontrrevolucia...” _ brZanebs mwerali, _ “dasavleT saqarTvelos zogierT raionSi kontrrevolucias socialuri safuZveli ar aqvs. ukmayofilebas mxolod separatistebi aRviveben zviad gamsaxurdias pirovnebis kultis fonze”. ar vecdebiT aRvadginoT is sulieri memkvidreoba, romelmac 90-ian wlebSi eri erT muStad Sekra, romelmac erovnuli energia mimarTa qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisaken, gaZlierebisken, garsmojaruli mtermoyvaris alagmvisaken, Tavisi adgilis miCenisaken... gamoCnda “didi moazrovne” kosmopoliti filosofosi merab mamardaSvili, romelic 1990 wlis mravalpartiul arCevnebamde adre aqtiurad alaparakda qarTul nacionalizmze da Sovinizmze, diqtaturaze, provinciul faSizmze, eris CamorCenilobaze... anu daiwyo im sulieri memkvidreobis ngreva, romliTac iyo damuxtuli erovnul- cionerebi kompartiis wevr deputatebs uzenaesi sabWodan ar daiTxovdnen! ar garekavdnen! “tyavgamocvlili” da “demokratiis ZonZebSi gaxveuli kompartiis funqcionerebi” gasakviri ar aris bolSevikebi yofiliyvnen, magram gasaocari “inteligencia” is aris, rom erovnul moZraobas neobolSevizms uwodebs! “Tavis droze, moZraoba romelsac zviad gamsaxurdia meTaurobda, profesorma Tengiz buaCiZem gansazRvra rogorc neobolSevizmi...”_ brZanebs batoni Wabua. rogorc vxedavT, am SemTxvevaSi “profesoroba” da “mwerloba” sulac ar yofila inteleqtis kriteriumi. sicrue, ciliswameba, bezRoba! ai, ra yofila maSindeli inteligenciis erTi nawilis azrovnebis produqti! ai, ra dros da rogor iwyeboda qarTuli erovnuli sulis veraguli ngreva! ai, rogori meTodebiT xdeboda saqarTvelos erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobisaTvis saxelis Se- valoba ki Turme iman gamoiwvia, rom “yvela mokavSire respublikaSi, dRes suverenul saxelmwifoebSi, xelisuflebaSi kompartiis funqcionerebi movidnen, romlebmac tyavi saswrafod gamoicvales da demokratiis ZonZebi gadaicves”. rogor moxda is, rom xelisuflebaSi mosulma kompartiis funqcionerebma kompartiis wevr deputatebs undobloba gamoucxades, uflebamosileba CamoarTves, uzenaesi sabWodan daiTxoves? am movlenas mokvdavi adamianis logikiT ver axsni. mokvdavi adamianis logika ki gveubneba, rom xelisuflebaSi mosuli kompartiis funq- laxva da misi sruli diskreditacia! “saqarTveloSi zviad gamsaxurdias xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg Tu rame Seicvala, moxda socialisturi sistemis gamkacreba. profesor buaCiZis termini, rogorc vxedavT, marTebulia.” _ brZanebs batoni Wabua. cru sizmris moyolas hgavs msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rom mravalpartiuli arCevnebis Catarebis Semdgom erovnuli xelisuflebis mier komunisturi sistemis oficialuri uaryofa socialisturi sistemis ganmtkiceba-gamyareba yofila! “qarTvelebi sxvebze adre mixvdnen, rasTan aqvT saqme da neobolSevizmi uaryves... revolucia 22 dekember-7 ianvars moxda. daemxo diqtatura”. _ brZanebs batoni Wabua. mainc ra mixvedrilebi vyofilvarT qarTvelebi! “xom ar gamoricxavT imas, rom am gzas sxvebic daadgebian?” _ ekiTxeba Taflad qceuli korespondenti. mwerali pasuxobs: “Rrmad var darwmunebuli, es procesi gardauvalia “esengeSi” Sesuli yvela qveynisaTvis... dro gviCvenebs marTali var Tu ara”. drom gviCvena, rom marTali ar aris. raRa darCa “Rrma darwmunebisagan”? is, rac saqarTveloSi moaxdines moRalate qarTvelebma ucxoeTis qveynebis specsamsaxurebis dakveTiT da daxmarebiT, “esengeSi” Semaval sxva qveynebSi namdvilad ar momxdara. “esengeSi” Semavali qveynebis inteligencia qarTvelebze adre mixvda, Tu “rasTan aqvT saqme”, gamoiCina politikuri gamWriaxoba da sakuTari samSoblo da xalxi saxelmwifo gadatrialebebiT, samoqalaqo omebiT, SeiaraRebuli kriminaluri bandebis TareSiT, ZirZveli teritoriebis dakargviT dasaRupad ar gauwiravs. am qveynebSi revoluciad monaTluli saxelmwifo gadatrialebebi ar momxdara. batoni Wabua amirejibi ki bolSevizmis erT-erTi Semoqmedisa da mamamTavar lev trockiviT permanentul msoflio revoluciebs moeloda... aris Tu ara es cru winaswarmetyveleba? “yovelgvar revolucias Tan mosdevs kontrrevolucia...” _ brZanebs mwerali, _ “dasavleT saqarTvelos zogierT raionSi kontrrevolucias socialuri safuZveli ar aqvs. ukmayofilebas mxolod separatistebi aRviveben zviad gamsaxurdias pirovnebis kultis fonze”. Zneli misaxvedri sulac ar aris: “dasavleT saqarTvelos zogierT raionSi” “kontrrevolucias” megreli separatistebi aRviveben! ai, ra dros da rogor iwyeboda erovnuli sulis veraguli rRveva! megruli separatizmi... igi dResac modaSia qarTul gvarebs TavSesaferebul ucxo TeslisaTvis... “revoluciis” gamarjvebiT gabruebuli saubari, cxadia, naTel ferebSi unda damTavrebuliyo... asec moxda... kiTxvaze, Tu rogori prognozi aqvs momavalze, batonma Wabuam upasuxa: “yvelaze naTeli!” cxovrebam maleve dagvanaxa, rom “naTeli mimavali” sapnis buStiviT gaskda, xelSi ki viris Tav-fexi SegvrCa! SegvrCa SevardnaZe-siguas xelisuflebis mier gapartaxebuli qveyana... prixvatizacia... mosaxleobis arnaxuli Zarcva... sisxli da cremli... SeiaraRebuli bandebis dausjeli TareSi... dakarguli teritoriebi... aseul aTasobiT devnili sakuTar samSobloSi... uzneobis apologia... “uxseneblis” ujiSo memkvidreebi... Tu am saSinelebaTa aRqma da analizi ar SeuZlia inteligenciis Tvalsa da gonebas, maSin inteligencia rogorRaa? da Tu xedavda da guls uklavda samSoblos tragedia, maSin win ratom ar aRudga misTvis saZulveli kompartiis funqcioneris tipiuri warmomadgenlis eduard SevardnaZis moRalatur politikas iseTive revoluciuri mgznebarebiT, rogoric iyo igi “neobolSevik” da “diqtator” zviad gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis “mxilebisa” da damxobis dros? “народ не шутит...” _ am sityvebiT iwyebs saubars batoni Wabua amirejibi, magram kvlav cdeba: amdeni “Sutebisa” da Souebis Semyure xalxi kidec “шутит” da kidec aRamebs da aTenebs toto kutunios koncertebze... “Так вот: грузинский народ в борьбе за демократию шутить не собирается!” _ am sityvebiT amTavrebs saubars batoni Wabua gazeT “svobodnaia gruziasTan”. WeSmaritad! “revoluciebiT” mopovebuli demokratiis xelyofas ki namdvilad aravis vapatiebT, im demokratiisa, romelic sul male lesboselobasa da da geiobas dagvikanonebs! gixaroden! yovelive es Tqveni damsaxurebaa, winaswarmetyvelo batonebo! Tengiz kublaSvili ilori merabiSvilis saqarTvelo ukve SeeCvia videokamerebisa da Jurnalistebis TanxlebiT, xmauriani, gapiarebul specoperaciebsa da daWerebs. iWeren yvelas, maRalCinosnebidan dawyebuli JurnalistebiT damTavrebuli. holivudis varskvlavebi ar Canan ise xSirad ekranze, rogorc Sss konstituciuri usafrTxoebis departamentis Tavjdomaris moadgile soso TofuriZe. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom TofuriZe oskarzec waradgino daWerebis saukeTeso SesrulebisTvis. bevri Cinovniki daiWires sxvadasxva korufciuli braldebebisTvis, visTanac gauvidaT didi odenobiT fulic `Seaweres~, vinc ar gadaixada, cixeSi gamoamwyvdies. `vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg nadirobis sezoni SevardnaZis im CinovnikTa daWeriT gaixsna, romlebic saakaSvils TavlSi eCxireboda. es Savi sia jer kidev ar aris gadaxazuli, radgan zogierTi Cinovniki an ar daiWires, an mizezTa da mizezTa gamo ver daiWires. vesaubrebiT imereTis yofil gubernators Temur SaSiaSvils: _ SaSiaSvils veravin daiWers, radgan dasaWeri TviTon arian. isini kargad micnoben. vici, rom Cemi daWera undaT, magram ver damiWeren. me sxvanairad vicxovre, aranair korufciaSi ar gavreulvar. Cemi gubernatorobis dros sxvadasxva cnobili profesorebi quTaisSi Camodiodnen da leqciebs kiTxulobdnen. quTaisSi viTardeboda ganaTleba da kultura da bednieri var, rom es Cemi gubernatorobis dros xdeboda. _ ratom xarT aseTi darwmunebuli, 11 23 Tebervali 2010 rom es xelisufleba ver dagiWers? _ saakaSvilma rogor unda damiWiros, TviTonaa dasaWeri. saqarTveloSi fuli im xalxis xelSi aRmoCnda, romelsac sikeTis motana ar SeuZlia. fuls maSin aqvs Zala, roca is zneobrivi da wesieri adamianebis xelSia. saqarTveloSi ki piriqiTaa. vis daiWers saakaSvili, man vis unda mosTxovos pasuxi, rodesac misi Zmis xelSia benzinis monopolia. es xelisufleba rom ar iyos, benzinis fasi ganaxevrdeboda. ras flobdnen saakaSvilis gaprezidentebamde misi ojaxis wevrebi? sadac ar unda Caxvide yvelaferi saakaSvilis dedis, Zmis, mamis da naTesavebis kuTvnilebaa. _ SevardnaZis prezidentobis dros ar iyo korufcia? _ me SevardnaZis prezidentobis drosac vambobdi, rom korumpirebuli iyo mTeli sistema da `moqkavSirs~ korumpirebuli sistemis SeqmnaSi vdebdi brals. saakaSvils dResac igives veubnebi, parlamentic da xelisuflebac korumpirebilia. `moqalaqeTa kavSiris~ da `aRorZinebis~ ideuri memkvidrea `nacionaluri moZraoba~ da opozicia. _ romel opoziciaze ambobT? _ ra Tqma unda, saparlamentoze, TargamaZe da sxvebi. ra situacia SevardnaZis prezidentobisas iyo, igive situaciaa dResac. axlac `nacionaluri moZraoba~ da saparlamento opozicia erTad aris. saqarTveloSi 1992 wlidan politikuri xelisufleba ar Secvlila. swored maSin movidnen maWavariani, wereTeli da dResac isini arian. eseni iyvnen `moqalaqeTa kavSiris~ `fafarayrili~ warmoamdgenlebi. dRes is adamianebi, romlebic SevardnaZes Savi aginebdnen, ramdenime wlis winaT masze loculobdnen da mis saxels ise axsenebdnen, rogorc RmerTisas. _ Tqvenc xom iyaviT SevardnaZesTan daaxloebuli? _ ki, magram masze arasodes ar vloculobdi. piriqiT, Cems erT gamonaTqvamsac ver i poviT, sadac me SevardnaZes vaqeb. bevrjer miTqvams SevardnaZisTvis, iprezidente Tu SegiZlia, magram am xalxs Tavze nu daijen daRupav qveyanas-meTqi. _ SevardnaZis mTavrobaSi bevrma imdeni fuli iSova, rom axla sasaxleebSi cxovroben. ra qonebas flobs Temur SaSiaSvili? _ dedamiwis zurgze mamapapiseuli saxlis garda araferi gamaCnia. quTaisis merobis da imereTis gubernatorobis dros mTavrobam ori bina gadmomca. mamapapiseul saxlSi vcxovrobdiT oTxi ojaxi da swored amitom gadmogvces bina. imis gamo, rom vicodi ganaTleba iyo upirvelesi, arCil kostavas, did mecniers, romelsac quTaisSi bina ar hqonda Cemi bina vaCuqe. meore bina ki 1993 wels, rodesac qalaqis meri gavxdi, gadaveci veeberTela mecniers, msoflioSi aRiarebul iranist magali Toduas. es bumberazi pirovneba sastumros erT patara oTaxSi cxovrobda. rodesac imereTis gubernatori viyavi, quTaisSi awyobili manqaniT davdiodi, davfrinavdi quTaisSi gamoSvebuli TviTmfrinaviT da mecva saqarTveloSi Sekerili Tansacmeli. amas imitom ki ar vakeTebdi, rom vtrabaxobdi an vinme Tavs vawonebdi. Zalian kargad vicodi, rom ukeTesi iyo mersedesi, cnobili brendebis tansacmeli, magram amiT Cemi qvey- nis produqcias vuWerdi mxars. _ Cveni ministrebi da parlamentarebi ZviradRirebili manqanebiT dadian da sxvadsxva cnobili brendis tansacmeli acviaT. _ dRes saqarTveloSi beJuaSvilia milioneri, imitom rom saakaSvilis megobaria. saqarTveloSi milioneri unda iyos, Wabua amirejibi, muxran maWavariani, merab berZeniSvili, otia ioseliani, robert sturua, giga lorTqifaniZe, magram es bumberazi adamianebi dRes suls Rafaven, saakaSvilma ki milionerebad Zmebi koduebi, axalaiebi, beJuaSvilebi, kublaSvilebi aqcia. kublaSvils, romelsac araferi ar ebada, dRes samasarTuliani saxli aqvs da iciT deklaraciaSi ra uweria? TiTqos es saxli misma 22 wlis colisdam aCuqa. naxeT sad cxovrobs ekonomikis yofili ministri arvelaZe. rodesac SiaT akademikosebs, reJisorebs, kulturis sferos warmomadgenlebs da parlamentarebi gaxdnen milionerebi, Sen ra prezidenti xar, Sen xalxis prezidenti ki ara, milioneri parlamentarebis bandis prezidenti xar. saqarTveloSi saakaSvilis gaprezidentebis Semdeg mdidari kidev ufro gamdidrda, Raribi ki ufro gaRaribda. batonma Wabua amirejibis gamonaTqvamia, rom sikeTea gaTiTokacebuli da boroteba erT muStad Sekrulio. erT muStad Sekruli saqarTveloSi aris xelisufleba da Tavisuflebis instituti. Tavisuflebis institutis warmomadgeneli rom gyavs qalaqis merad, dabeCavebuli prezidenti xar, aba vin xar. kidev erTi wigni megruli enis fenomenze gamovida kidev erTi wigni megruli enis fenomenze, romlis avtoria SesaniSnavi mkvlevari da enaTmecnieri batoni murTaz janjRava. wignis recenzentis, akademikos klimenti Selias miaCnia, rom aRniSnuli wigni qarTveluri enebis, kerZod ki megruli enis mecnierulad SeswavlaganviTarebis saqmisaTvis kargi SenaZenia. Sesaval werilSi batoni murTaz janjRava aRniSnavs, rom igi sakmaod gvian _ ormocdaaTi wlis asakSi Sedgomia megrul leqsikaze muSaobas. “megruli enis sakiTxze muSaobam ukidegano samyaro momagona Tavisi uTvalavi varskvlavebiT, planetebiT da sxva patara ciuri sxeulebiT. Seuracxmyofelia megruli enisaTvis misi kuTxur enad moxsenieba. es ena medicinis, metalurgiisa da kartigrafiis Semoqmedi kolxi xalxis enis memkvidrea”, _ aRniSnavs avtori. da marTlac, saeWvoa, rom megrul zmnas precedenti moeZebnebodes enaTa Soris. garkveuli kategoriis megruli sityvebi fonemur-struqturuli agebulebiT uaRresad daxvewilia. avtoris yuradReba mii pyro megrul sityvebSi Tanxmovan bgeraTa idumalma metyvelebam. am enis zmnebi Sinaarsobrivad mravalmxrivad farTo tevadobisaa, es ena, utyuarad gviCvenebs misi ganviTarebis Zalze xangrZliv periods. janjRavas wignSi mravali sityva sizustiT ar aris gadaTargmnili misi Sinaarsis fotografiuli tevadobis gamo. TviT xalxSic ki ama Tu im sityvas gansxvavebulad xsnian, radgan ubadlo megrulis mcodne pirovnebebi dRes samegreloSic ki TiTqmis sanTliT arian saZebni. swored batonma murTaz janjRavam aRmoaCina, rom garkveuli kategoriis sityvebis fonemur-struqturuli agebuleba emyareba kanonzomierebis sistemur princi pebs. wignSi naCvenebia adamianTa fizikuri garegnobis aRmweri sityvebidan rogor xdeba amave fuZeebSi arsebul Tanxmovan bgerebiT gadasvla adamianTa gansxvavebuli xmaTa tembrebis aRmwer sityvebSi. uRmerTobidan RmerTebamde, anu poliTeizmidan monoTeizmamde kacobriobam ganviTarebis didi gza gaiara. adamianis azrovneba RmerTamde rom mivida, misi, ro- gorc adamianis adamianad Camoyalibebac aqedan iwyeba umniSvnelovanes wilad. swored rwmena gaxlavT adamianis sulierebis arqiteqtonika, realuri Zala, romelic lokomotivs warmoadgens progresisaTvis. am udidesi rwmeniT gamsWvalulma murTaz janjRavam Seqmna moculobiT patara, magram SinaarsiT veeberTela wigni, romlis mecnieruli Rirsebac mkiTxvelma unda Seafasos. mas Semdeg, rac cnobili qarTveli politologisa da mecnieris aleqsandre WaWias iniciativiT Seiqmna saxalxo moZraoba “samegrelo”, es organizacia yvelafers akeTebs saimisod, rom saTanado codniTa da yuradRebiT movepyroT megrul enas, rogorc zogadqarTuli kulturis xelTuqmnel Zegls. megrul da svanur enebs saxelmwifom unda Seuqmnas ganviTarebis Tanabari pirobebi. 2001 wlis 12 oqtombers, zugdidSi gamarTul saxalxo moZraoba “samegrelos” meore yrilobaze batonma aleqsandrem xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom “wlebis ganmavlobaSi ena, romelzec qarTvelTa erTi mesamedi laparakobs, uZvelesi ena, romlis leqsikuri maragi erT-erTi umdidresia mTel msoflioSi, qarTvelebis mierve xan kiloTi, xan dialeqtiT, xan damaxinjebul qarTul enad iwodeboda” da iqve Segvaxsenebs didi akakis sityvebs: “megruli dRes salaroa namdvili qarTuli sityvebisa. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dahkargvia sia namdvili qarTuli sityvebi, maT nacvlad somxur-TaTrul-sparsuli SemouRia, romelic qarTvelis yurs cudad eCxireba da gulsa swyens. da megrul enaSi ki Senaxulia margalitebad is Zveli sityvebi. Cven vurCevT Cvens mweral mwignobrebs, meti yuradReba miaqcion megruls, rom iqidan amokrebili sityvebiT Seivsos dRes maTi Selaxuli qarTuli leqsikoni...” am azris gansamtkiceblad mxolod imas vityviT, rom SoTa rusTavels Tavis ukvdav “vefxistyaosanSi” uamravi megruli sityva aqvs gamoyenebuli. dRes ki, mavanT, ukuagdebuli aqvT SesaniSnavi sityva “mafSalia” da kvlavac iyeneben sparsul sityva “bulbuls”. profesor klimenti Selias wignSi “kolxeTi _ Cveni samyaros karibWe” aRniSnulia “ ... civilizebuli samyaros arc erT enaTmecniers sakamaTod ar miaCnia, rom megruli ena aris msoflios erT-erTi uZvelesi, erT-erTi pirveli ena”. amave wignSi vkiTxulobT 1926 wels kowia kapanelis mier Tavis wignSi (“suli da idea, biofsiqizmi da kosmizmi”) moyvanil citatebs profesor niko maris sityvebidan: “...magram, bevrjer ufro sayuradReboa megruli enis verbaluri simdidre iSviaTi fsiqologiuri siRrmiT da iseTi niuansebis aRniSvniT, romelTa garkveul cnebaSi gadatana did mecniersac gauWirdeba”. dedamiwis zurgze ar moiZebneba sxva qveyana, garda saqarTvelosi, sadac cxovrobdnen qaldeuri modgmis STamomavali xalxebi. karduxebi (qarTebi), svanebi da megrelebi swored rom qaldeur modgmas ganekuTvnebian. yoveli qarTvelisaTvis didad saamayo unda iyos, rom saqarTveloSi qarTul enasTan erTad cocxloben da metyveleben megruli da svanuri enebi. es enebi qarTuli enisaTvis uSret masazrdoebel wyaros warmoadgenen. avtori aseve did madlobas uxdis akademikos fridon Toduas wignis gamocemaSi gaweuli garkveuli finansuri daxmarebisaTvis. Cven ki, Cvenis mxridan, did madlobas vuxdiT wignis avtors baton murTaz janjRavas, romelmac rudunebiT Seqmna es wigni asfurcela. roland jalaRania aleqsandre akobia gvisamZimreben Cveni germaneli megobrebi didi mwuxareba mogvgvara Tavzardamcemma cnobam imis Taobaze, rom kanadis qalaq vankuverSi tragikulad daiRupa olimpiuri TamaSebis monawile qarTveli sportsmeni nodar qumaritaSvili. es gaxlavT aunazRaurebeli danaklisi da ara mxolod saqarTvelos, aramed mTeli msoflios sportuli samyaros tragedia. Cven wlebis ganmavlobaSi vmuSaobdiT qarTvel fexburTelebTan da kargad vicnobT rogorc Tqveni sporstmenebis, aseve mTeli qarTveli xalxis gmirul suliskveTebas da vaJkacur SemarTebas. miT ufro sawyenia, rom daiRupa axalgazrda, perspeqtiuli sportsmeni, romelic mSvidobiani gamarjvebisaTvis Cavida olimpiur qalaqSi. samwuxaroa, rom am tragediis mizezad iqca viRacis ugunureba da gulgriloba. RmerTma maradis naTelSi amyofos lamaz sicocxlesa da did gamarjvebebs mowyurebuli nodar qumaritaSvilis suli. Cven, rogorc mTeli msoflios progresuli sazogadoeba, TanavugrZnobT sruliad saqarTvelos da vusurvebT, rom mis wiaRSi kvlavac gamozrdiliyvnen sportsmenebi, romlebic msoflio sportis mSvenebad iqnebian aRiarebulebi. Cven gvaxsovxarT, Zalian gviyvarxarT, did pativs gcemT da mudam Tqvendami TanagrZnobiT viqnebiT gamsWvalulebi. marad saqarTvelos megobrebi da keTilismsurvelebi, klaus topmioleri, hainc topmioleri, herbert cankeri, ralf minge, piter sergti 12 ilori 23 Tebervali 2010 gazeTi “ilori” uZRveba rubrikas “saukeTeso safexburTo klubebi” gazeTi “ilori” uZRveba rubrikas “saukeTeso safexburTo klubebi” “feienoords” daeufla gundi 1970 wels evropis sadagi dReebi msoflios saukeTeso safexburTo klubebi qveynebis daudga, roca mas mwvrTnelad dauCempionTa Tass. gaTamaSebis “feienoordi”, roterdami, holandia daarsebulia 1908 wels, stadioni: de kei pi (52.000 mayurebeli). holandiis 14-gzis Cempioni, aTjer daeufla qveynis Tass, 1970 wels daeufla sakontinentaTSoris Tass, 1970 wels gaxda evropis CempionTa Tasis mflobeli, uefas Tass daeufla 1974 wels. sakmaod STambeWdavi sportuli istoriis mqone safexburTo klubi, holandiis qalaq roterdamis “feienoordi” daafuZna holandiis samTomompovebel sferoSi moRvawe biznesmenma, sportis didma moyvarulma da sponsorma k.r. kiboomma. meoce saukunis ocdaaTian wlebSi evropulma fexburTma gansakuTrebuli aRmavloba ganicada da am mxriv holandiuri fexburTic gamorCeuli iyo. imdroindeli gundis kaSkaSa varskvlavi gaxldaT marcxena flangze moTamaSe naxevarmcveli pak van heeli, romelic holandiis safexburTi nakrebis SemadgenlobaSi monawileobda 1934 da 1938 wlebis msoflio CempionatSi. mis mier damyarebuli rekordi (man 64 matCi Caatara holandiis erovnuli nakrebis SemadgenlobaSi) sakmaod did xans iyo xelSeuxebeli. meore msoflio omisSemdgomi wlebi krizisuli periodi iyo mTeli msofliosaTvis, rac uaryofiTad aisaxa roterdamis “feienoordis” TamaSis klaszec. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom fexburTelebi iumori * * * “axali qarTveli” fsiqiatrTan aris miRebaze: _ ese igi, Tqven amtkicebT, rom gadasaxadebs yovelTvis sixaruliT ixdidiT? da didi xania, dagewyoT es? * * * _ kolega, rogoraa Tqveni pacienti, axirebuli rom hqonda, mosaklavad damdeveno? _ mkurnalobis kursma SesaniSnavi Sedegi mogvca, magram saavadmyofodan gavida Tu ara, viRacam mokla... * * * Tu Tqven gindaT, iqorwinoT Wkvian, lamaz da mdidar qalze, samjer daqorwineba mogiwevT... * * * _ ara xar marTali, waqceulisTvis aRar unda dagertya! _ waqceulisTvis, Torem, Sen wamiqcie... * * * _ icode, rom miRalato, saflavSi gadavbrundebi!.. _ daubara momakvdavma seroJam cols. gamoxda xani, seroJas colic mokvda. gadawyvita qmari moeZebna saiqioSi. _ seroJasTan ver mimaswavliT? _ hkiTxa man pirvelsave Semxvedrs. _ romel seroJasTan, “ventilatorad” rom muSaobs? gazeTSi gamoqveynebuli publikaciis avtorebs ekisrebaT pasuxismgebloba faqtebisa da monacemebis sizusteze maSin SimSilobdnen kidec. magram, sayovelTao krizisi male gadailaxa. gundis cxovrebaSi ki yvelaferi Seicvala 1950 wlis dasasrulidan, roca holandia cxovrebis Cveul ritms daubrunda da aq saboloo damkvidrda profesiuli fexburTi. klubis aRmavloba gamoixata imaSi, rom man moi pova qveynis yvela umaRlesi tituli da male holandiis farglebs gareT gaitana am qveynis sportuli dideba. 13 wlis ganmavlobaSi “feienoordi” eqvsjer gaxda holandiis Cempioni, 1965 da 1969 wlebSi Seasrula “oqros dubli”, roca Cempionic gaxda da holandiis Tassac daeufla. maSin klubis Rirsebas icavdnen fexburTis iseTi didostatebi, rogorebic iyvnen mekare edi piters-graaflandi, romelic roterdamis gundma “aiaqsisagan” SeiZina, im droisaTvis zRaprul Tanxad _ 20.000 funt sterlingad, aseve, naxevarmcvelebi rainer kraiermaati, hans kraai da ian klasensi, aseve msoflio fexburTis varskvlavi, marcxena flangze moTamaSe Tavdamsxmeli kun muleini. gundis “triumvirati” _ kun muleini, legioneri, Svedi bombardiri uve kindvali da fizikurad Zlieri da ganumeorebeli safexburTo teqnikis mqone naxevarmcveli vin vam hanegemi warmoadgenda holandiuri gundis damkvrel Zalas, romelTa dawolas Znelad Tu uZlebdnen evropis gamoCenili gundebic ki. swored “feienoordis” am birTvis wyalobiT finalSi, romelic italiis qalaq milanSi gaimarTa, “feienoordma” damatebiT droSi daamarcxa glazgos “seltiki”. am droisaTvis gundis mwvrTneli gaxldaT fexburTis didi specialisti, avstriis safexburTo nakrebis yofili moTamaSe ernest hapeli, romelmac gundSi mosvlisTanave daatyo xeli koleqtivs. amrigad, swored “feienoordi”, da ara “aiaqsi” gaxda pirveli holandiuri safexburTo gundi, romelic daeufla uaRresad prestiJul evropul trofeis. magram “feienoordi” am jildos ar dasjerda _ man sakontinentaTSoriso Tasis finalSi damajereblad daamarcxa argentinuli gundi “estudiantes dela plata” da msoflio saklubo gundebis CempionTa Tassac daeufla. 1974 wels roterdamis “feienoordma” Tavisi sportuli koleqcia kidev erTi umaRlesi jildoTi gaamdidra _ igi uefas Tasis mflobeli gaxda swored van hanegemis brwyinvale TamaSiT, romlis wyalobiTac “feienoordi” myarad flobda moednis Suaxazs. Semdeg Tavi iCina krizisma da gundma poziciebi daTmo TviT holandiur fexburTSi. finansuri problemebis gamo roterdamelTa gundi iZulebuli Seiqmna, rom uZlieresi fexburTelebi gaeyida. ase wavida gundidan ruud guliti, romelic Tavis droze “feienoordma” aRmoaCina “harlemSi” da wamoiyvana. guliti “eindhovenma” SeiZina, magram igi, aseve moulodnelad warmoqmnili finansuri krizisis gamo, male mihyida italiis gund “milans”. brunda warsulSi amave gundis yofili warmatebuli moTamaSe vim ianseni. igi, amave dros, holandiis safexburTo nakrebis wevri gaxldaT da monawileobda 1974 wlis safexburTo CempionatSi, sadac holandielebma iansenisa da sxva cnobili fexburTelebis SesaniSnavi TamaSis wyalobiT moaRwies msoflio Cempionatis finals. axali mwvrTnelis damsaxureba gaxldaT is, rom roterdamis “feienoorma” moaxerxa Zalebis koncentracia da 1993 wels igi holandiis Cempioni gaxda. giorgi jalaRania sizmrebis axsna daniel winaswarmetyvelis mier vagrZelebT nawyvetebis beWdvas „efrem verdis“ wignis im monakveTidan, sadac Sekrebilia sizmrebis axsna daniel winaswarmetyvelis mier: _ _ _ _ Widan wylis amoReba _ keTili niSania da Semateba; WaSi Cavarde _ metismeti SeWirvebisa da mowyenilobisaa; WianWvelebis naxva _ kargia da keTili, mxolod daxocva _ cudia; xatva naxo raimesi _ keTils daamxob; _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ xidi Cagitydes anu Catexili naxo _ sikvdilis niSania; xelgaxsnili Seni Tavi naxo _ simdidres male moewevi; xorcis mWameli frinveli Tu naxe _ cudi ambavia; xma tkbili gesmodes _ sasixarulo dReebs moewevi; xaris naxva _ xan keTilia da xanac avi saqme; xes foToli scvivodes _ omianobis da Cxubis niSania; xe nayofis momcemi _ kargia, sarCo da sacxovrebeli Segematos; xis waqceva _ kacis sikvdils moaswavebs. vaxtang gabelia iubilaria ra uceb gasula dro, Cemo vaxtang. sakuTari asakisaTvis yuradReba arasodes mimiqcevia, magram, roca Sevitye, rom Sen (Cemze 8 wliT umcrosi) 25 Tebervals 60 wlis gaxdebi, maSin mivxvdi, rom dro mogvZalebia... magram asaki yovelTvis ar niSnavs siZabunes, miT umetes Semoqmedi adamianisaTvis, romelic yalamsa da saWreTels ar uSvebs xelidan da dRedaRam, sicivesa Tu sicxeSi, SimSilisas Tu avadmyofobisas qmnis naxat-Sedevrebs, raTa naTeli kvali dautovos momaval Taobebs. TiTqmis ymawvili biWebi viyaviT, “xelovnebaSi” rom daviwyeT muSaoba. auuuh, ra dro gasula! Seni kargi biWoba imiTac daamtkice, rom totaluri Zarcva-glejis miuxedavad, romelic saqarTveloSi mZvinvarebda da mZvinvarebs, maSin, roca udidesi gamomcemlobebi gaiyida, gasaCuqrda an gakotrebis gamo gauqmda, Sen SeinarCune gamomcemloba “xelovneba” da igi dResac funqcionirebs. didi madloba Sen, amisaTvis! didi madloba gamomcemloba “xelovnebis” yofili direqtorebis oTar egaZis, nikoloz jaSis, eduard sixaruliZis, gamomcemlobis yvela im TanamSromlis saxeliT, vinc dRes cocxali ar aris, magram sicocxleSi gark- redaqciis misamarTia: Tbilisi, zandukelis quCa #1 sareg.#01018002930 veuli sikeTe SesZines gamomcemloba “xelovnebas”. didi madloba Sens dedikos, qalbaton vera grigolaias, SesaniSnav moqalaqes da Rvawlmosil pedagogs, Sennairi vaJkaci Svilis aRzrdisaTvis. naTqvamia, vaSli vaSlis xidan Sors ar ecemao, amitomac vemadlierebiT Sens dedikos, romelic, martod myofi, mamiseul keras ar gicivebs senakis raionis sofel uSafaTSi. didi madloba im pedagogebs, vinc samSoblosa da mSobeli eris siyvaruli daganaTla da gza gagixsna sazogadoebriv asparezze! WeSmaritad devkaci xar, amiranis garegnobisa, magram Sengan daCagruli WianWvelac ar daiareba dedamiwis zurgze, kolxuri siqvele da zrdiloba gamSvenebs, Cemo vaxtang, amitomac gTvlian lamaz kacad. vaSli da vaSlis xe vaxsene, da isic unda davamato _ erTi ukmarobis grZnoba mawuxebs. miniSnebiT getyvi _ vidre jer kidev jani mosdgams Cemi asakis xalxs da qorwilSi simRera ZaluZs, iqneb erT karg qorwilsac gvaRirso. sxvamxriv yvelaferi kargadaa! Seni ufrosi megobari, mTavari redaqtori: roland jalaRania mT. redaqtoris moadgile: daviT qobalia teqnikuri redaqtori: mixeil CodriSvili gazeTis menejeri: zurab qobalia roland jalaRania [email protected] e-mail:[email protected] reklamis ganTavseba 899-57-33-22 893-51-01-71 899-34-37-27