Pest Management in Museum Collections and

Transkript

Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering A 3 (2014) 163-176
Formerly part of Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, ISSN 1934-8932
D
DAVID
PUBLISHING
Pest Management in Museum Collections and Storage
Areas (New Approach—Online Sensors for Pest
Detection)
Petra Štefcová1, Michal Pech1, Michael Kotyk1, Jaroslav Valach2, Karel Juliš2 and Jiří Frankl2
1. National Museum, Prague 11579, Czech Republic
2. Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 19000, Czech Republic
Received: September 03, 2014 / Accepted: September 17, 2014 / Published: October 20, 2014.
Abstract: Common denominator and one of the goals in the “storage” of many, even different, commodities (agricultural, etc.) is
their protection against invasion by biological pests; protection of objects of cultural heritage deposited in museums, galleries,
archives and other institutions of a similar type is one of the specific case. The present article is an overview of basic (potential)
biological pests of some “storage” commodities (with emphasis on the protection of objects of cultural heritage) as well as methods
used for their detection. In the final section, a modular system of the ongoing assessment of the environmental characteristics of
depositaries and exhibitions (including “biological”) is briefly presented; its advantage is the possibility of on-line monitoring of the
evaluated parameters (temperature, humidity, lighting, etc.) including the detection of presence of crawling and airborne insects.
Key words: Protection of objects and buildings of cultural heritage, monitoring, protection against the dangers of biological damage,
internal environment, sensors.
1. Introduction
1.1 Motivation
New information and communication technologies
offer many new opportunities also in the field of
preventive care for objects of cultural heritage. The
present article is a brief description of the
implementation of some of these modern technologies
and methods for the realization of a partial result of
the consortium project bearing the title “Unified
modular system of remote on-line monitoring of the
environmental characteristics of depositaries and
exhibitions”. The project is implemented at the
worksites of the National Museum and the Institute of
Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Academy
of Science of the Czech Republic, within the Program
of Applied Research and Development of National
Corresponding author: Petra Štefcová, Ph.D., research
field: collection care. E-mail: [email protected].
Cultural Identity of the Ministry of Culture of the
Czech Republic. The output (on-line sensor for
detection of presence of biological pests) could be
well applicable also in the field of comprehensively
monitoring other (long or short) “storage” commodities.
1.2 Prevention of Biological Pests
Since the beginning of human civilization, the
various types of biological pests have been both a
potential threat to human health, as well as to a range
of economic and industrial commodities, to which
they can cause considerable damage (forestry,
agriculture, fruit, food and construction industries,
etc.). The risk of harm to objects of cultural heritage,
stored or exhibited in museums, galleries, archives
and other institutions of a similar nature, is a case of
risk less known among the public.
Active protection against the dangers of biological
damage is therefore currently an integral part of the
164
Pest Management in Museum Collections and Storage Areas
(New Approach—Online Sensors for Pest Detection)
comprehensive preventative protection of objects of
cultural heritage. The simplest, cheapest and also the
most effective method of such protection is—as in
many other industries and sectors—prevention, whose
basis is conducting ongoing monitoring of all
exhibition and storage spaces for the presence of
airborne and crawling insects.
The present article is an overview of potential
“insect” pests to objects of cultural heritage and some
of other commodities supplemented by a
non-exhaustive list of possible methods of detection
and a presentation of the original, developed method
of on-line detection of airborne and crawling insects.
2. “Biological” Parameters of the Internal
Environment
of
Depositories
and
Exhibitions
The material of the vast majority of objects of
cultural heritage, deposited or exhibited in museums,
galleries, libraries, archives and other institutions of a
similar nature is of an organic origin. It is known that
if organic materials are stored in an environment with
unsuitable parameters, they are relatively highly
susceptible to biological degradation (rodents, birds,
insects, mold and fungi). A simply, schematic overview
of the commonly used methods of protecting cultural
objects heritage against the dangers of biological
damage is shown in Table 1.
With respect to overall range of the issue of
collection items protection against the danger of
biological damage (rodents, birds, insects, mold and
fungi), the text below focuses especially on protection
against biological pests of the class insecta (insects).
3. Overview of Potential Biological Pests
(Especially Protection of Objects of Cultural
Heritage, Class Insecta/Insect)
In Table 2, there is an overview of potential
biological pests objects of cultural heritage and some
of other “storage” commodities; more detailed
information on individual species can be obtained in
many publications on this topic [1-6].
4. Detection Methods for the Presence of
Biological Pests (Overview of the Current
State)
There is no doubt that the cheapest and
simultaneously the most effective method of
protection against the dangers of biological damage to
objects of cultural heritage is—as in many other
industries and sectors—prevention, the foundation is
conducting ongoing monitoring of exhibition and
storage space on the presence of airborne and crawling
insects. And the preventive method in the true sense
of the word is particularly IPM (integrated pest
management).
4.1 Traps
One of the most frequently used modifications of
the IPM method, applied to the protection of the
cultural heritage, is the monitoring of the occurrence
of pests using a variety of traps (including sticky traps)
that can be directed to one or more types of crawling
and airborne insects.
Table 1 A schematic overview of the commonly used methods of protecting cultural objects heritage against the dangers of
biological damage.
Method
Description
Preventive measures
Creating conditions unfavorable for the reproduction of biological pests, their penetration into
the building (depositary exhibition space) and direct access to collection items.
Repressive measures
Physical methods (adjustment of temperature, humidity, different types of radiation/ionizing
radiation, etc.);
Mechanical methods (traps, sticky strips, traps, etc.);
Biological methods (natural interspecies struggle);
Chemical methods (the use of biocides, such as insecticides/insects/fungicides/mold, etc.).
Combined (integrated) measures
A suitable combination of preventive measures with different methods of repression (most efficient).
Table 2
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Overview of potential biological pests (insects) especially for objects of cultural heritage.
Insect
Type
Deathwatch beetle
(Anobium pertinax) [7]
Piercing/spotted/striped woodworm
(Anobium punctatum) [8]
Bark borer beetle
(Ernobius mollis) [7]
1. Woodworms (Anobiidae)
Deathwatch beetle
(Xestobium rufovillosum) [8]
Wood-boring beetle
(Ptilinus pectinicornis) [7]
Death watch beetle
(Oligomerus brunneus) [9]
White-marked spider beetle
(Ptinus fur) [7]
Golden spider beetle
(Niptus hololeucos) [10]
2. Spider beetle (Ptinidae),
many species of the genus
Hump spider beetle
Ptinus, Gibbium and Mezium convex/translucent
(Gibbium psylloides) [11]
Australian spider beetle
(Ptinus tectus) [12]
Old-house borer
(Hylotrupes bajulus) [7]
3. Long-horned beetles
Tanbark borer
(Cerambycidae)
(Phymatodes testaceus) [7]
Violet tanbark beetle
(Callidium violaceum) [7]
Capuchin beetle (Bostrichus
capucinus) [7]
Affected material
Fresh, dried or decaying wood, paper
Fresh, dried or decaying wood, paper
Barked wood of conifers, damages only freshly felled wood
Old wet wood, preferably already in decay
The wood of deciduous trees
Fungi in decaying wood
Stored food, dry plant and animal material, fabric
Stored food, dry plant and animal material, fabric; in particular
substrates containing starch, wool
Dry plant and animal material
Dry plant and animal material
They primarily attack soft, especially damp wood (spruce, pine
or larch)
Wood (especially oak)
Especially wood of conifers with its bark intact, deciduous trees
only rarely
Dead wood of hardwood deciduous trees (especially oak)
In the countries of original occurrence (India, Vietnam) felled
Bamboo borer (Dinoderus minutes) bamboo, as well as sugarcane, corn, grain and other plant
[13]
material. The larvae destroys both stored goods and wood
shelving, transport boxes, cabinets, etc.
Lesser grain borer (Rhizopertha
Stored food mainly, wood
dominica) [14]
Brown carpet beetle
Dry plant and animal material, wool, silk, paper
(Attagenus smirnovi) [15]
Fur beetle
Dry plant and animal material (especially insect and animal
(Attagenus pellio) [7]
collections), wool, silk, wheat
Larder beetle
(Dermestes lardarius) [7]
5. Carpet beetles
(Dermestidae)
Museum beetle
(Anthrenus museorum) [16]
Varied cabinet beetle
Dry plant and animal material (especially insect collections),
(Anthrenus verbasci) [16]
wool, silk, wheat
Furniture carpet beetle
Dry plant and animal material (especially insect collections),
(Anthrenus flavipes) [17]
leather, wool
Paper, photographic material, cotton fabrics (can survive a min.
6. Silverfish (Zygentoma), for Silverfish
of three months from the mere consumption of paper—thus
example
(Lepisma saccharina) [7]
representing a great danger)
Organic material (i.e., scraps of food, vegetable waste, dead
Oriental cockroach
insects, etc.), in the absence of other food also paper, leather,
(Blatta orientalis) [7]
glue (book bindings)
Can be harmful to the insulation of wiring
7. Cockroaches (Blattodea)
American cockroach
Material of organic origin
(Periplaneta americana) [7]
Australian cockroach
(Periplaneta australasiae) [13]
4. Auger beetles
(Bostrichidae)
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(Table 2 continued)
Insect
7. Cockroaches (Blattodea)
Type
Brown cockroach
(Periplaneta brunnea) [18]
German cockroach
(Blatella germanica) [16]
Brown-banded cockroach
(Supella longipalpa) [19]
Common clothes moth
(Tineola bisselliella) [20]
8. Moths (Tineidae)
9. Book lice (Psocoptera)
10. Wax moth
Case-bearing clothes moth
(Tinea pellionella) [7]
Tapestry moth
(Trichophaga tapetzella) [7]
Skin moth
(Monopis laevigella) [21]
European grain moth
(Nemapogon granellus) [7]
Common booklouse
(Trogium pulsatorium) [7]
Booklouse (Liposcelis
bostrychophila) [22]
Greater wax moth
(Galleria mellonella) [7]
4.2 Pheromones
Traps are often combined with the use of
pheromones, effectively focusing on selected species
of insects. Pheromones are natural chemicals that are
produced by both humans and animals; in terms of
current knowledge, they can be very simply described
as intraspecies chemical “communication” means.
The basic classification of pheromones is based on
the diversity of form and mode of action; sexual
pheromones attract only individuals of the opposite
sex and the scope of activity of these pheromones may
also be at a distance of several meters. Aggregation
(grouping) pheromones in contrast act at short
distances and attract both sexes (used, e.g., to designate
a safe assembly point near the food—cockroaches,
and darkling beetles, etc.). So-called trail pheromones
indicate the path leading to the source of food for
some insect species; alarm pheromones are used by
insects in the event of imminent danger [23].
Synthetic pheromones are used in a similar manner,
by which pests are lured into traps.
At present, the structure of the pheromones is well
identified in considerable number species of insects,
Affected material
Objects and fabrics containing keratin (e.g., wool, leather,
feathers, hair) but also bookbinding and paper. In the case of a
lack of food and cotton, linen or dried meat (mummies)
feathers, hair), stored food
feathers, hair)
Animal waste (dry corpses of animals, organic material in bird
nests, etc.)
Dried organic material (such as dried fruit or mushrooms,
cereals, pulses, flour, as well as cork, wood)
Fungus, starch, insect residues, cereals, flour products,
botanical collections, etc.
Books (mold), can damage entomological collections
Honeycomb (especially older with a lot of cocoon debris and
larvae feces), potentially: wax seals
however with the massive application of pheromones,
is so far only encountered in the forestry sector. The
fight against bark beetle today can no longer be
imagined without the use of aggregation pheromones
and pheromones are also used for monitoring
population densities of insect species (especially
butterflies) pests such as Black arches, Gypsy moths,
Larch tortrix and many others [24].
The basis of integrated protection against biological
pests is therefore regular monitoring and early
detection of pests. However, most currently used traps
are designed for one type of biological pest; there are
a wide range of potential biological pests that would
require the use of several different types of traps
deployed in the same room/building.
4.3 Traps with Multicomponent Bait
This lack partially eliminates the use of traps with
multicomponent bait; for example, a multi-component
insect trap is currently manufactured commercially on
the market, containing a combination of several types
of pheromones for biological pest control. Thanks to a
solid plastic construction, it is also quite effective in
dusty environments, especially agricultural warehouses
and food plants. The trap has two parts, one of which
forms a solid trap, while the second part is intended
for single use, i.e., a replaceable cartridge with food
bait and pheromones. The effectiveness of the
cartridge is six to eight weeks. Primarily, however,
this device is intended for the storage of the pests [25].
4.4 “Bioagents”
The oldest and most accessible form of practical
protection of many commodities against the dangers
of biological pest infestation has been the protection
provided by so-called “bioagents”; the biological
combat of various pests has been known forever (cat
vs. mouse), so applications in other spheres is therefore
only natural. The use of “bioagents” is one alternative
to other methods of protection and applies to greenhouse
horticulture fruit-growing, forestry and field crops.
As an additional method, however, biological
control is currently used already in the area of the
preventive protection of cultural heritage [26].
Generally, “bioagents” can be defined as living
organisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi, animals of the
character of live parasites, parasitoids or predators
outside of vertebrates) acting in a targeted way toward
specific pests and provided to the user as a product for
use against pests of plants or plant products [27].
During their use, it is always necessary to keep the
stability of the ecosystem in mind.
The longest operating biological agents (bioagents)
are agents based on parasitoids, such as the parasitoid
of the genus Trichogramma (ants and wasps
order/Hymenoptera, family Trichogrammatidae). The
trichogrammatidae are among the smallest insects;
different types of trichogrammatidae are known
throughout the world. From practice, they are known
for their application against a variety of harmful
butterflies and moths. Most often, the small wasp
Trichogramma evanescens is used against the
common clothes moth (textile collections pest) [28].
This wasp measures between 0.3 mm to 0.4 mm. It
puts its eggs in the eggs of pests. In this manner, the
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eggs of common cloth moths are killed; after eight to
10 days, young Trichogramma wasps hatch from the
moth eggs. Trichogrammatidae can reproduce solely
through alien eggs; if there are no more moth eggs, the
Trichogrammatidae
do
not
survive,
either.
Trichogrammatidae do not cause damage themselves.
Trichogramma evanescens is a native species of
insects in Europe; at room temperature, they live
about six days.
For applications in residential and other areas
(repositories), this “bioagent” is available as a
commercially produced product in the form of cards
with a defined volumetric efficiency and durability. In
order to use them to the maximum efficiency, it is
desirable to use the cards for nine weeks. Cards must
not be opened (reduces the effectiveness).
As in the case of pheromones (see above), with
“bioagents” the disadvantage is the small universality
(usually specific bioagents vs. specific pests); the
protection of objects of cultural heritage against the
full spectrum of potential biological pests would
require the application of multiple species of
parasitoids, which are mostly different kinds of
parasitic hymenoptera insects.
4.5 Lighting Traps with a Visible or Ultraviolet Light
Source
Flying insects can be attracted using a lighting trap
with a visible or ultraviolet light source. The number
and type of captured individuals must be regularly
observed by qualified personnel. A certain
disadvantage is that traps usually do not catch the
occurrence of larvae which however cause the greatest
damage. A sudden increase in the incidence of adult
individuals may therefore be associated with a large
infestation of collection items. It is therefore necessary
to capture this stage as quickly as possible.
4.6 Monitoring the Movement of Insects by Using
Specialized Methods (Videography, Thermography etc.)
The movement of insects is possible to observe
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through a whole range of specialized techniques such
as videography, thermography, radar, sonar, acoustic
emission measurements, etc. [29]. The quantity of
individuals can be determined relatively simply on the
basis of the detected changes in the weight of the traps,
however, it is quite a sensitive device that is not
selective [30]. The easiest way is possibly the state of
sticky traps remotely monitored using optical methods,
such as regular shooting of the trap with a camera and
sending images to a central server, where the data are
evaluated [31, 32].
With automatic monitoring systems of pests,
however, the most experience is in the protection of
stored agricultural crops. The collected data can be
manually evaluated, similarly to the control of traps
“in situ”, but it is preferred to use the possibilities of
automatic image processing. The specialized software
enables one to obtain the number of captured
individuals from the image data. For increasing
accuracy, it is suitable for processing to include
criteria for filtering data, such as the elimination of
impurities or harmless insects [33]. When shooting
with a higher resolution camera and using complex
algorithms, the captured insects can be sorted by each
species, size, shape, color, etc. [34-36]. For more
accurate species identification, systems have been
developed where the insects (on a transparent
substrate) are scanned simultaneously with two
cameras (the top and bottom sides). Through a
targeted setting of processing parameters, the
identification of insects can be worked out to a high
degree of accuracy (more than 97% correctly
identified individuals) [37]. From the record on the
camcorder, it is possible to study the characteristic
movement of insects, also useful for species
identification [38].
4.7 Monitoring Insects in the Larval Stage
(when moving or eating food) [39]. The mentioned
method can also capture characteristic acoustic signals
emitted by certain species of termites [40]. The
measurement is usually performed using a seismic
accelerometer attached to the object of interest. In this
way, for example, the activity of the larvae of the
long-horned beetle was monitored [41]. In another
study, acoustic emission measurements demonstrated
a strong dependence of the activity of beetle larvae at
ambient temperature (when the temperature drops
below 10 °C, the activity of the beetles is significantly
reduced) [42].
The sound manifestations of insects are also
possible to record using sensitive microphones;
sensors can then pick up sound from a larger area
(monitoring of insect pests in cereal granaries and soil
using several sensitive microphones) [43, 44].
5. Modular System of On-line Monitoring of
the Environmental Characteristics of the
Internal Environment of Depositories and
Exhibitions
Internet, telematic media, mobile telephones and
other instruments and means of modern information
and
communication
technologies
are
gradually
becoming a part of everyday life. They are an
important element of innovation in virtually all fields
of science, technology, industry and services. An
example of the penetration of new information and
communication technologies and services in the
public interest is their use in the protection and
presentation of cultural heritage.
An example of the implementation of these modern
information and communication technologies in the
preventive protection of objects of cultural heritage
is the acquisition and processing of data describing
the real conditions of the environment and the course
One of the few methods that can monitor the
of specific actions through the use of various image
activity of insects in the larval stage inside infected
sensors, acoustic sensors and other sensors and
subjects is the measurement of acoustic emission
detectors.
5.1 Basic Characteristics of the Main Objectives of
the Project
The basic characteristics of the main objectives of
the project “Unified modular system of remote on-line
monitoring of environmental characteristics of
depositories and exhibitions” is connecting monitoring,
evaluation and surveillance activities in the preventive
care of objects of cultural heritage through modern
communication technologies [45].
5.2 Schematic Description of Monitoring System
The proposed monitoring system is designed as
multi-layer (Fig. 1); each layer is optimized not only
in terms of the characteristic role in the whole system,
for example, but also in terms of energy.
The first layer of the system, consisting of sensors
and communicator sensors, is essential in the entire
chain of data collection and processing. This is a
custom sensor which scans values (temperature,
relative humidity, barometric pressure, intensity of
visible light and UV (ultraviolet light), differential
pressure and the threat of an attack/damage by
biological pests).
The second layer consists of so-called
communication concentrators, designed to collect data
from communicator sensors (first layer), for their
basic processing, or local storage and sending to the
server base (third layer). The software structure of this
layer is again modular. This solution provides the
users with complete freedom of choice of transmission
media between communicators and concentrators,
meaning between layers one and two.
The third layer consists of the server base of the
project. It is a place of gathering and processing of
communication concentrators. Here, a virtually
exclusive connection via the TCP/IP network is
supposed, whether by data circuits, or via
GSM/GPRS1 2 3 4.
1
TCP/IP: transmission control protocol (one of the basic
protocols of the Internet, constituting a transport layer, ensures
reliable delivery of data in the correct order).
169
In accordance with the proposed structure of the
hardware components, different (specific) hardware
components have also been proposed. During design,
the criterion of modularity, interchange ability and
compatability were throughly observed. In the design,
unified standard interfaces and open information
protocols are therefore used, enabling both the
seamless combination of components, as well as easy
searching for any communication problems.
Relatively widespread activities in the area of
preventive care for objects of cultural heritage are
being used nowadays, for example monitoring climate
parameters in the interiors, measuring the level of
lighting or the measurement of gaseous pollutants.
However, the situation in the area of the protection of
objects of cultural heritage against the dangers of
biological damage is significantly more complex.
5.3 Sensor Monitoring for Detection of Biological
Pests (Verification of Functionality)
The function of the newly designed and constructed
biosensor was verified with cockroaches (crawling
insects) and moths (airborne insects). Their
harmfulness to objects of cultural heritage is
demonstrated (Table 2).
5.3.1 Detection of Crawling Insects
A prototype of the device for the detection of
crawling insects (Fig. 2) was designed on the principle
of a closed chamber with a single input, equipped with
a double optical barrier, recessed lighting and its own
sensor—camera. Food or a pheromone lure placed in
the chamber can be used as bait. After the passage of
the insect through the bar, the lighting (white or IR
(infrared)) is activated along with a recording device
(camera). Video transmission is handled wirelessly to
a remote repository accessible through a web interface.
2
IP network: internet protocol (basic/communication/protocol
used for the Internet, e-mail and almost every newly installed
network).
3
GSM: global system for mobile communications (the most
popular standard for mobile phones).
4
GPRS: general packet radio service (mobile data service
accessible within the GSM network).
170
User
Web interface
Computing, communications, and database platforms for deployment on the server side (hardware-independent,
scalable, typical Unix server from a cheap PC to cloud)
Transmitting the formatted data
Computing, communication, and database platforms for use at the site of measurement (typical computer type Alix or
Raspbery Pi)
Battery/220 V
Computing power
Data communication infrastructure, collection and archiving of data (control unit compatible with Arduino)
Battery/220 V
Transmitting the data from sensors
Measuring sensors and communication modules (control unit compatible with Arduino)
Battery
Power saving mode
Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the various hardware and software components and their relationships.
Arduino: project freely available to all users (hardware for creating separate interactive involvement or connection to computer
software); Arduino. http://www.arduino.cc/, accessed October 14, 2013; Alix: hardware with a modular architecture, usable in
different applications; Raspbery Pi: miniature desktop computer.
The camera can also be set for time-lapse imaging,
independent of the electronic gates, whereby pictures
are taken at regular intervals.
A preliminary experiment (the verification of the
function of the equipment and data) was conducted in
the facilities of the greenhouse of the Science Station
at the Children and Youth Centre in the city of Prague
on Drtinova street. A partly obscured terrarium
measuring about 180 cm × 50 cm × 60 cm (length ×
width × height) was equipped with shelter and a
drinking basin. A sensor was placed in the terrarium
with food bait (located in the sensor chamber) and
about 20 cockroaches to 30 cockroaches. The
experiment was carried out gradually, with three types
of cockroaches: Periplaneta Americana [7],
Nauphoeta cinerea [9] and Blaptica dubia [46].
The sensing device was put into operation in
time-lapse mode. After several “verification” phases,
in which the insects were getting used to the new
environment, the first “visit” was recorded in the
sensor chamber (Fig. 3). In the following days, the
settling in of a nearly regular regime occurred. The
insects set off for food regularly (typically, between
11:00 and 5:00, as shown in the activity graph in Fig.
4), usually a few individuals per night. The recording
equipment worked as expected; passages through the
electronic barrier were recorded. On the captured
images, the insects are clearly visible, individuals can
be recognized, the duration of stay in the sensing
chamber and the size of individuals can be
determined.
During the experiment, several variants of using
additional lighting in the chamber with regard to
image quality, sensitivity to light of the insects and
Fig. 2
A prototype of a device for the detection of crawling insects.
Fig. 3
Detection of changes in the detection chamber (crawling insects).
various modes of transmission and storage of the data
were tested. The equipment will be tested with other
types of crawling insects (e.g., the family
Dermestidae—skin beetles, in the “laboratory”
environment “in-situ”/depository, exhibition).
Using other functions of image analysis detected
changes can be quantified as follows, such as in
the 24-h daily cycle, thereby gaining insight into
the daily activity of the crawling insects (1,440
images processed per day, i.e., step a minute) and
even for a longer period of time (Fig. 5 here in with
the time period from August 14, 2013 to September 5,
171
2013).
5.3.2 Detection of Airborne Insects
Immediately after completion of the development of
the prototype device for the detection of “crawling”
insects, the development of a device (sensors) for the
detection of the presence of “airborne” insects was
begun (e.g., the genus Trineola—moths). The approach
to the development of this type of sensor was defined
by two main objectives:
 selectivity for a particular kind of airborne insects;
 low price (assumption of wider use in the
museum environment).
Activity
172
Fig. 4
Sample output image analysis (graphic recording of the activities of crawling insects during the day).
Fig. 5 Activity in the Drtinova chamber—a series of graphs depicting the intensity of the detection of crawling insects in
experimental measurements.
Fig. 6
173
Developmental pattern of the airborne insects sensor.
Fig. 7 A series of images captured by the airborne insects sensor with graphical output image analysis (identification of
newly captured individuals).
Both of these goals managed to combine the
implementation of sensors, intended for the third layer
modules (Fig. 1). Pheromone sticky tape is used in
the sensor; selectivity for the kind of flying insects
can be achieved through the choice of pheromone. It
was also experimentally tested that even a very
inexpensive webcam can be used for capturing the
image information in sufficient quality. However, the
only necessary condition is the selection of the
camera according to the applied optics. It must have
a minimum standard of quality and have options for
manual focus close to the original. The resulting
development pattern of the sensor (Figs. 6 and 7)
shows a series of images captured by the airborne
insects sensor with graphical output image analysis
(identification of newly captured individuals).
The structural design of the prototype sensor for
indicating the presence of flying insects has two major
advantages: interchangeability of the sticky pads
(targeted choice detection/termination of specific
insect pests, i.e., the selectivity of the chosen attractant)
and the detectability of the end of the “lifespan” of the
174
bait (elements indicating the proximity of the end of
the lifespan can be positioned in the image field of the
monitoring cameras).
5.4 Summary
The results of experiments carried out with the
prototype device for the detection of crawling and
airborne insects demonstrated the efficacy of the device.
The sensors are calculated to have a sufficiently
adaptable architecture and sufficient variability of
input interface to ensure the compatibility of all
sensors designed for the comprehensive preventive
protection of objects of cultural heritage.
6. Conclusions
The primary and fundamental objective of the
developed
modular
system
is
the
continuous
evaluation of the environmental characteristics of the
depositories and exhibitions situated in different types
of buildings, including a possible “infiltration” of
biological pests. Through the introduction of advanced
mathematical processing of the acquired data files in
real time, not only can the signaling of the critical
state of parameters measured in almost “real” time be
expected, but also a certain degree of prediction of
these conditions. The application of such a modular
and therefore variable system based on, inter alia, the
use of modern information and communication
technologies in the preventive protection of objects of
cultural
heritage
will
ultimately
enable
the
minimization of losses of irreplaceable historically
valuable items. However, the system will be well
applicable in many other types of “storage” areas for
other commodities endangered by biological pests.
Acknowledgments
The “Unified modular system of remote on-line
monitoring of the environmental characteristics of
exhibitions and depositories” (No. DF12P01OVV27)
is funded by means of targeted support provided from
the Program of Applied Research and Development of
National Cultural Identity (NAKI) of Ministry of
Culture of the Czech Republic. The researchers would
like to hereby thank the Ministry of Culture of the
Czech Republic for the opportunity to carry out the
project.
Thanks also go to Mgr. Jana Bulantová, Ph.D. from
the Faculty of Science of Charles University for her
help in conducting experiments with crawling insects
and to Mgr. Lucie Uhlířová for her administrative
support and assistance in the creation of this article.
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