05obalka trening k tisku.qxd - Střední škola dostihového sportu a

Transkript

9.2.2012
13:27
StrÆnka 1
Evropský sociální fond
Praha & EU:
Investujeme do vaší budoucnosti
FYZIOLOGIE TRÉNINKU DOSTIHOVÝCH A SPORTOVNÍCH KONÍ
05obalka trening k tisku.qxd
FYZIOLOGIE TRÉNINKU
DOSTIHOVÝCH
A SPORTOVNÍCH KONÍ
(od fyziologie k tréninkové praxi)
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Stresový a adaptaþní syndrom

Fáze alarmová

Fáze rezistence
ãok
antiãok
akutní únava
obecná (zdatnost, vytrvalost)
adaptace = trénovanost

Fáze exhausce chronické vyþerpání
speciální
výkonnost
akutní vyþerpání
chronická únava
pĜepČtí
pĜetrénování
zchvácení
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k GRVDåHQtPD[LPiOQtYêNRQQRVWLMHGLQFH.
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NRQt $SOLNDFHPHFKDQLVPĤDGDSWDFHY SRGPtQNiFKWUpQLQNXNRQtPiYãDNQČNWHUp
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]iWČåH D UĤVWHP YêNRQQRVWL NRQČ QHQt QHNRQHþQê OLQHiUQt Y]WDK QêEUå Y]WDK
SDUDEROLFNê0D[LPiOQtI\]LRORJLFNpYêNRQ\NRQČPDMtproto svou KUDQLFLDRGHKUiYDMt
se na YUFKROX WpWR SDUDERO\ NGH MH MLå SRPČUQČ VQDGQê SĜHFKRd do stavu
SDWRORJLFNpKR- do Y\þHUSiQt(obr. 28).
6
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REČKRYpm D GêFKDFtm V\VWpPX Wzv. WUDQVSRUWQtP V\VWpPX N\VOtNX, na YODVWQtFK
YêNRQQêFK RUJiQHFK SRK\EX WM DNWLYQtP D SDVLYQtP SRK\ERYpP V\VWpPX MDNRå L
v þLQQRVWL FHQWUiOQtho QHUYRYpho V\VWpPX D MHKR SURVWĜHGQLFWYtP Y FHOpP YQLWĜQtP
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v RUJDQLVPX IXQNþQt D VWUXNWXUiOQt SĜHVWDYED MHGQRWOLYêFK RUJiQĤ D RUJiQRYêFK
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EČKHPSRK\ERYp]iWČåHNRQt a vznikem adaptace na pĜtVOXãQRX]iWČåv WUpQLQNRYpP
procesu. -HYãDNWĜHEDQHjGĜtYHGHILQRYDWQČNROLN]iNODGQtFKSRMPĤ
I. Zdatnost (angl. fitness - VFKRSQRVW ³EêW ILW´ MH VRXKUQ SĜHGSRNODGĤ NRQČ
UHDJRYDW RSWLPiOQČ QD ĜDGX UĤ]QêFK SRGQČWĤ ]HYQtKR SURVWĜHGt Je-li NĤĖ
]GDWQêĜtNiVH åHÄMHILW³. -GHWHG\RNRPSOH[Qt YODVWQRVWRUJDQLVPXNWHUiVH
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YQČMãtKR SURVWĜHGt QD RUJDQLVPXV MDNR MH YêåLYD ]RRK\JLHQLFNp IDNWRU\
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naopak Y]WDK QHSĜtPê - þtP Y\ããt MH YêNRQQRVW DGDSWDFH N YêNRQX WtP MH
Y\QDORåHQRSĜLGDQpPYêNRQXPHQãt~VLOtorganisPXPHQãtUHDNFHQDYêNRQ
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organisPXRYOLYQLW=Y\ãXMHVHWUpQRYDQRVWa adaptabilnost NRQČk YêNRQX
7
III. 9êNRQQRVWQtNDSDFLWD. .DåGêMHGLQHFNDåGêNĤĖPiVYpELRORJLFNpPRåQRVWL
NWHUp MVRX GiQ\ MHKR YêNRQQRVWQt NDSDFLWRX Y GDQpP YêNRQX 6WURS WČFKWR
ELRORJLFNêFK PRåQRVWt VH QD]êYi YêNRQQRVWQtP SUDKHP MHKRå SĜHNURþHQt GR
DEVROXWQČ FKUiQČQêFK UH]HUY PĤåH PtW SDWRORJLFNp QiVOHGN\ (obr. 29)
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NRQČMVRXOLPLWRYiQ\GRGiYNRXN\VOtNXGRSUDFXMtFtFKWNiQt8YROĖRYiQtHQHUJLH
SUR ]iWČå PĤåH SUREtKDW EXć Y SRGPtQNiFK GRVWDWNX N\VOtNX v organismu ±
DHUREQtYêNRQ (R[LGDWLYQtXYROĖRYiQtHQHUJLHQHERMHKRQHGRVWDWNX- DQDHUREQt
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IV. $HUREQt NDSDFLWD RUJDQLVPX. 0D[LPiOQt DHUREQt YêNRQ\ SĜHGHYãtP
Y\WUYDORVWQt D REUDWQRVWQt MVRX GiQ\ DHUREQt NDSDFLWRX RUJanismu. Ta
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REMHP VYDORYêFK YOiNHQ VFKRSQêFK SUDFRYDW ]D DHUREQtFK SRGPtQHN þHUYHQi
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silou) v SRGPtQNiFK N\VOtNRYpKR GHILFLWXGOXKX D SĜL Y\VRNp ~URYQL DHUREQtKR
XYROĖRYiQt HQHUJLH $QDHUREQt NDSDFLWX RUJDQLVPX UHSUH]HQWXMH PQRåVWYt
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8
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SRGPtQNiFKD&260('4XDUNE2 SUR]iWČåHQDWUHQDåpUX.
9
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v ODERUDWRUQtFKSRGPtQNiFK IRWR'U0HONRYi.
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V\VWpPXFHOiĜDGDNRPSOH[QtFK]PČQY ]iYLVORVWLQDLQWHQ]LWČDREMHPX]iWČåH.
Obr. 4: Vzestup maxiPiOQtVSRWĜHE\N\VOtNXRSURWLNOLGRYêPSRGPtQNiP
u NRQČþORYČND, SVDDNUiOtND.
40 x
20 x
10 x
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10
3ĜtMHP N\VOtNX GR organismu a jeho VSRWĜHED Y SUDFXMtFtFK WNiQtFK roste
OLQHiUQČY ]iYLVORVWLQDLQWHQ]LWČ]iWČåHDåSRGRVDåHQtW]Y. N\VOtNRYpKRVWURSX (VO2
max). ,QWHQ]LWX ]iWČåH Y\MDGĜXMHPH QLNROLY DEVROXWQtPL KRGQRWDPL U\FKORVW Y PV
PPLQ QHER NPKRG VNRN\ YêãNRX VNRNX Y FP X NOXViNĤ SDN NLORPHWURYêP
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PD[LPiOQtKR ~VLOt PD[LPiOQt U\FKORVWL NRQČ QHER VFKRSQRVWL SĜHNRQDW PD[LPiOQt
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70 PD[LPiOQtKR ~VLOt NG\ se SĜtMHP N\VOtNX GR organismu GiOH MLå QH]Y\ãXMH 3ĜL
LQWHQ]LWČ PD[LPiOQtKR~VLOtVHQH]Y\ãXMHDQLMHKRVSRWĜHEDN\VOtNXYHWNiQtFKD
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PD[LPiOQtKR~VLOtGRNRQFHNOHVi(obr. 5).
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vztahu k YêGHML N\VOLþQtNX XKOLþLWpKR 9&22), jak je patrno z obri]NX .\VOLþQtN
XKOLþLWêMHNRQHþQêPSURGXNWHPMHGQDNDHUREQtKRVYDORYpKRãWČSHQtJO\FLGĤDWXNĤ
jHGQDN SRFKi]t ] ELNDUERQiWĤ NUYH RGNXG VH XYROĖXMH SĜL QHXWUDOL]DFL N\VHOLQ\
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YHQWLODFH SĜL ]iWČåL NRQČ MH WHG\ VSRMHQ QHMHQ V Y\ããtP SĜtMPHP N\VOtNX DOH URYQČå
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organismu.
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YêGHMHN\VOLþQtNXXKOLþLWpKRVCO2) v ]iYLVORVWLQDLQWHQ]LWČ]iWČåe
YPD[LPiOQtKR~VLOt (% max.) a WHSRYpIUHNYHQFL]DPLQXWXTF),
DVWDQRYHQtN\VOtNRYpKRVWURSXDDQDHUREQtKRSUDKX
VO2 SĜtMHPOPLQ
VCO2 Y\OXþ (l/min)
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11
1D ]YêãHQt SOLFQt YHQWLODFH EČKHP ]iWČåH VH SRGtOt jak ]U\FKOHQt GHFKRYp
frekvence (DF), tak SURKORXEHQt GêFKiQt D]YČWãHQtGHFKRYpKRREMHPX9D). 8UþLWp
SOLFQt YHQWLODFL RGSRYtGi YåG\ XUþLWi GHFKRYi IUHNYHQFH D XUþLWê GHFKRYê REMHP SĜL
QLFKå GHFKRYi SUiFH D GêFKiQt NRQČ MH QHMYêKRGQČMãt D QHM~þLQQČMãt .OLGRYi
GHFKRYiIUHNYHQFHVHXNRQtSRK\EXMHY UR]PH]t- GHFKĤPLQGHFKRYêREMHPMH
4 - OLWUĤ.OLGRYiSOLFQtYHQWLODFHXNRQČVHWHG\SRK\EXMHY UR]PH]t- 90 l/min.
3ĜLWpWRSOLFQtYHQWLODFLVH]DPLQXWXVSRWĜHEXMH- OLWUĤN\VOtNXDY\ORXþtVH
- OLWUĤ N\VOLþQtNX XKOLþLWpKR 7R UHSUH]HQWXMH HQHUJHWLFNê YêGHM ]KUXED - 42
N-PLQ 3ĜL ]iWČåL VH YHQWLODþQt D HQHUJHWLFNp KRGQRW\ YêUD]QČ ]Y\ãXMt MDN MH SUR
orientaci uvedeno v tabulce 1. 'HFKRYi IUHNYHQFH D GHFKRYê REMHP jsou X NRQt SĜL
]iWČåL ziYLVOp QD SUDFRYQtP U\WPX WM SRK\ERYp IUHNYHQFL ± þtP MH IUHNYHQFH
SRK\ERYiY\ããtWtPMHLY\ããtGHFKRYiIUHNYHQFHDPHQãtGHFKRYêREMHP 'HFKRYi
IUHNYHQFH MH WRWLå QDYR]HQD YåG\ Y XUþLWpP SRPČUX N SRK\ERYp IUHNYHQFL =HMPpQD
SĜL SUiFL YH FYDOX MH GHFKRYi IUHNYHQFH YČWãLQRX V\QFKURQQt V FYDORYêP U\WPHP a
YHQWLODþQt KRGQRW\ MVRX SDN ]iYLVOp SĜtPR QD PHFKDQLFH SRK\EX SĜL SRPDOpP
WĜtWDNWQtP FYDOX V NUiWNêP D IUHNYHQWQtP FYDORYêP VNRNHP MH SOLFQt YHQWLODFH
]Y\ãRYiQD SĜHGHYãtP FHVWRX ]U\FKOHQt GHFKRYp IUHNYHQFH V SRYUFKQtP GêFKiQtPR
PDOpP GHFKRYpP REMHPX =iVREHQt organisPX N\VOtNHP MH SURWR YHOPL PDOp
GRNRQFH PHQãt QHå SĜL SUiFL Y NOXVX 3ĜL GORXKpP SURVWRUQpP FYDOX þW\ĜWDNWQtP MH
SRPČUQČ YHONê GHFKRYê REMHP NWHUê XPRåĖXMH NRQL LQWHQ]LYQt KOXERNp GêFKiQt D
Y\GDWQp ]iVREHQt SUDFXMtFtKR organisPX N\VOtNHP ÒþLQQRVW GHFKRYp SUiFH MH SDN
Y\ããt
Tabulka 1: 9HQWLODþQtKRGQRW\ SOLFQt ventilace (VE), dHFKRYiIUHNYHQFH(DF),
GHFKRYêobjem (VD), pĜtMHPN\VOtNX(VO2), YêGHMN\VOLþQtNX XKOLþLWpKR(VCO2)
DHQHUJHWLFNêYêGHM (E) XNRQtSĜLUĤ]QpPGUXKXDU\FKORVWLSRK\EX
Druh
pohybu
Rychlost
(m/min)
VE
(L/min)
DF
VD (l)
VO2
(l/min)
VCO2
(l/min)
E
(kJ/min)
krok
220
580
80
7,3
14,6
11,6
294
klus
320
770
87
8,9
22,6
18,4
550
SRPDOêFYDO
360
800
110
7,3
21,2
17,2
584
U\FKOêFYDO
710
1690
140
12,2
54,3
54,1
1873
-DNY\SOêYi] XYHGHQpWDEXON\PLQXWRYiYHQWLODFHLSĜtMHPN\VOtNX DYêGHM&22
VH SĜL SUiFL Y U\FKOpP FYDOX þW\ĜWDNWQtP FYDOX YtFH QHå ]GYRMQiVREXMt RSURWL SUiFL
v SRPDOpP FYDOX WĜtWDNWQtP FYDOX -H WDNp ]ĜHMPp åH GDOHNR HIHNWLYQČMãt ]YêãHQt
PLQXWRYp SOLFQt YHQWLODFH MH FHVWRX SURKORXEHQt D ]YČWãHQt GHFKRYpKR REMHPX QHå
cestou ]U\FKOHQtGHFKRYpIUHNYHQFH
9\XåLWt N\VOtNX ] DWPRVIpULFNpKR Y]GXFKX Y SOLFtFK se SĜL Y]UĤVWDMtFt LQWHQ]LWČ
]iWČåHURYQČåPČQtREGREQêP]SĤVREHPMDNRVSRWĜHEDN\VOtNX2EHFQČO]HĜtFLåH
SĜL OHKNp D VWĜHGQt SUiFL jako je krok, klus a SRPDOê FYDO (tj. do 70 PD[LPiOQtKR
~VLOt VH Y\XåLWt N\VOtNX ] DWPRVIpULFNpKR Y]GXFKX Y SOLFtFK ]Y\ãXMH VRXEČåQČ VH
]Y\ãRYiQtPSOLFQtYHQWLODFHDYêGHMHPN\VOLþQtNXXKOLþLWpKR3ĜLSUiFLVXEPD[LPiOQtD
PD[LPiOQtLQWHQ]LW\MDNRMHQDSĜU\FKOêFYDODWU\VNWM nad 70 % PD[LPiOQtKR~VLOt),
VH QDRSDN Y\XåLWt N\VOtNX ] DWPRVIpULFNpKR Y]GXFKX VQLåXMH, QHERĢ Y organismu
SUREtKiSĜHYiåQČDQDHUREQt]SĤVRE~KUDG\HQHUJLH E\OSĜHNURþHQN\VOtNRYêVWURSD
12
DQDHUREQtSUiK. NadiOHURVWRXFt SOLFQtYHQWLODFHSDNVORXåtSĜHYiåQČMHQN SRWĜHEiP
kompenzace SĜHN\VHOHQt YQLWĜQtKR SURVWĜHGt organismu (DFLGy]\) FHVWRX Y\OXþRYiQt
RGYČWUiYiQtVWiOHOLQHiUQČURVWRXFtKR9CO2. 3RPČUPH]LPQRåVWYtPY\OXþRYDQpKR
CO2 D SĜLMtPDQpKR 22 (CO2 : O2 VH QD]êYi UHVSLUDþQt NYRFLHQW - RQ. Je-li tento
respirDþQt NYRFLHQW QLåãt QHå QDSĜ 0,7) v RUJDQLVPX NRQČ VH N ~KUDGČ HQHUJLH
VSDOXMtDHUREQtFHVWRXSĜHGHYãtPWXN\MH-li kolem 1,0, pak se VSDOXMtKODYQČFXNU\a
to DHUREQtLDQDHUREQtFHVWRX
6SRMRYDFtPþOiQNHPmezi YQČMãtPSURVWĜHGtPDYQLWĜQtPSURVWĜHGtm organismu
NRQČ WM PH]L GêFKDFtP D REČKRYêP ~VWURMtP, je tzv. alveolo-NDSLOiUQt PHPEUiQD,
PHPEUiQD PH]L SOLFQtPL VNOtSN\ D NUHYQtPL YOiVHþQLFHPL Y SOLFtFK SĜHV NWHURX
SUREtKi YêPČQD SO\QĤ PH]L YGHFKQXWêP Y]GXFKHP D NUYt 3RGPtQN\ YêPČQ\
GêFKDFtFKSO\QĤ (O2 a CO2) VHSĜLSRK\ERYp]iWČåLYêUD]QČ]OHSãXMt: ]Y\ãXMHVHSOLFQt
NUHYQt SUĤWRN ]YČWãXMH VH SRþHW RWHYĜHQêFK SOLFQtFK NDSLOiU D WtP L YHOLNRVW
NRQWDNWQtKR SRYUFKX PH]L Y]GXFKHP D NUYt QD PHPEUiQČ ]OHSãXMH VH L YD]HEQi
VFKRSQRVWNUHYQtKREDUYLYD KHPRJORELQXSURN\VOtNREU9).
0LQXWRYê VUGHþQt REMHP 4 MH PQRåVWYt NUYH Y\SX]HQp VUGFHP GR NUHYQtKR
REČKX ]D PLQXWX D UHSUH]HQWXMH IXQNþQt ~þLQQRVW W]Y. FHQWUiOQt VORåN\
NDUGLRYDVNXOiUQtKR DSDUiWX WM VUGHþQt SXPS\ -HKR Y]UĤVW MH OLQHiUQt VH VWRXSDMtFt
]iWČåRYRX LQWHQ]LWRX WHG\ VH VWRXSDMtFt VSRWĜHERX N\VOtNX =YČWãHQt PLQXWRYpKR
REMHPX VUGHþQtKR X NRQČ SĜL ]iWČåL ]iYLVt QD GYRX NRPSRQHQWiFK QD ]U\FKOHQt
VUGHþQtWHSRYpIUHNYHQFHD]YČWãHQtV\VWROLFNpKRVUGHþQtKRREMHPX
6UGHþQt WHSRYi frekvence (TF). K PČĜHQt VUGHþQt IUHNYHQFH SĜL SRK\ERYp
]iWČåLVHGQHVSRXåtYi FHOi ĜDGDSĜtVWURMĤ32/$57(/(9(7)25(5811(5
VPČĜtFtHOHNWURGRXDGDOãt3ĜtVWURMHMVRXYHONRVWLQiUDPNRYêFKKRGLQHNNWHUp
nese na ruce jezdec (obr. 6) D HOHNWURGD MH SĜLSHYQČQD SRG SRGEĜLãQtNHP VHGOD QD
OHYp VWUDQČ KUXGQtNX NRQČ 3ĜHQRV VLJQiOX PH]L SĜtVWURMHP D HOHNWURGRX SUREtKi
EH]GUiWRYČ (telemetricky)3ĜtVWURM)25(5811(5MHQDYtF RSDWĜHQ i SĜLMtPDþHP*36
VLJQiOX =D]QDPHQiYi D XNOiGi GR VYp SDPČWL U\FKORVW NRQČ, naGPRĜVNRX YêãNX,
projetou trasu DWHSRYRXIUHNYHQFL'DWD]SĜtVWURMHMVRXSDNSĜHQHVHQDGRSRþtWDþHD
v\KRGQRFHQD Y JUDILFNp SRGREČ (obr. 7). TELEVET 100 je schopen registrovat i
HOHNWURNDUGLRJUDILFNRXNĜLYNX(.*MDNMHSDWUQpQDREUi]NX 8.
Obr. 6: +HDUWUDWHPHWHU32/$5SURVOHGRYiQtVUGHþQtIUHNYHQFHSĜLSRK\EX.
6UGHþQt IUHNYHQFH VH X NRQt Y klidu pohybuje v UR]PH]t - WHSĤPLQ 3ĜL
SUiFL PD[LPiOQt LQWHQ]LW\ PĤåH VUGHþQt IUHNYHQFH GRViKQRXW Då WHSĤPLQ
]YêãHQt- 8x oproti klidu), tj. DåWHS\]DVHNXQGX (obr. 7 a 8). PĜL pohybu roste
VUGHþQtIUHNYHQFHOLQHiUQČV SĜLEêYDMtFtLQWHQ]LWRX]iWČåH9]HVWXSWHSRYpIUHNYHQFH
EČKHP ]iWČåH je YãDN ]iYLVOê QHMHQ QD LQWHQ]LWČ ]iWČåH D þOHQLWRVWL WHUpQX, ale WDNp
13
QD VWXSQL DGDSWDFH WUpQRYDQRVWL NRQČ N WpWR ]iWČåL ýtP MH MHGLQHF N WpWR ]iWČåL
DGDSWRYDQČMãtWUpQRYDQČMãtWtPMH SĜL]iWČåLSR]YROQČMãtY]HVWXSVUGHþQtIUHNYHQFH
D VWURSRYi VUGHþQt IUHNYHQFH (TF max.) MH QLåãt -H WR WtP åH ]YêãHQp QiURN\ QD
]YČWãHQt PLQXWRYpKR REMHPX D urychlent FLUNXODFH NUYH MVRX ]DMLãĢRYiQ\ QLNROLY
Y]HVWXSHPVUGHþQtIUHNYHQFHQêEUå]YČWãHQtPVUGHþQtKRV\VWROLFNpKRREMHPX
3ĜL VWiOp D QHPČQQp LQWHQ]LWČ SRK\EX VH SR XUþLWp GREČ ]iWČåH VUGHþQt
IUHNYHQFH XVWiOt GR W]Y VHWUYDOpKR VWDYX NG\ VH VUGHþQt SXPSD Y\URvnala se
]YêãHQêPL SRåDGDYN\ SUDFRYQt þLQQRVWL ýtP MH SUiFH LQWHQ]LYQČMãt WtP SR]GČML
QDVWiYi VHWUYDOê VWDY ED GRNRQFH X YêNRQĤ PD[LPiOQt LQWHQ]LW\ WUYDMtFtFK QČNROLN
VHNXQGVHVHWUYDOêVWDYYĤEHFQHGRVWDYXMH1iVWXSVHWUYDOpKRVWDYXYãDNWDNp]iYLVt
na VWXSQLWUpQRYDQRVWLNRQČ k WpWR]iWČåL- þtPMHNĤĖWUpQRYDQČMãtWtPU\FKOHMãtMHSĜL
]iWČåLQiVWXSVHWUYDOpKRVWDYX
3ĜLY]HVWXSXVUGHþQtIUHNYHQFHEČKHP]iWČåHVHSRGVWDWQČPČQtþDVRYêSRPČU
PH]L GRERX V\VWRO\ NRQWUDNFH VUGFH D Y\SX]HQt NUYH D GRERX GLDVWRO\ XYROQČQt
VWDKX D SOQČQt VUGFH NUYt D WR MDN X VUGHþQtFK komor, WDN X SĜHGVtQt 3ĜL VUGHþQt
IUHNYHQFLWHSĤPLQMHGREDGLDVWRO\DSOQČQtVUGFHNUYt[GHOãtQHåSĜLIUHNYHQFL
WHSĤPLQ=QDPHQiWRåHSĜLY\VRNpWHSRYpIUHNYHQFLPiVUGFHþDVQDQDSOQČQt
krve pouze 0.6-V-HMDVQpåHSĜLWČFKWRY\VRNêFKIUHNYHQFtFKD]DWDNNUiWNRX
GREX VH VUGFH EČKHP GLDVWRO\ QHPĤåH QDSOĖRYDW NUYt Y SOQpP UR]VDKX .OHVi WHG\
MHKRWHSRYêREMHPQD~NRUVUGHþQtIUHNYHQFH
3R VNRQþHQt SRK\ERYp ]iWČåH 7) NOHVi 3RNOHV VUGHþQt IUHNYHQFH MH WtP
U\FKOHMãtþtPMHNĤĖN WpWRSRK\ERYp]iWČåL DGDSWRYDQČMãt
Obr. 7: =i]QDP] SĜtVWURMH)25(5811(5XOHWpKRKĜHEFH
v NRSFRYLWpPWHUpQX
=H ]i]QDPX MH SDWUQp åH PD[LPiOQt U\FKORVW NRQČ GRVDåHQi QD FYDORYpP
~VHNX je 38 km/hod (633 PPLQ 3UĤEČK 7) NRUHOXMH V U\FKORVWt NRQČ D þOHQLWRVWt
WHUpQX U NRQČ je GRVDåHQR 7) 4 T/min, cRå MH ]ĜHMPČ PD[LPiOQt 7) NRQČ 7)
max.).
14
Obr. 8: (.*]i]QDPSĜL]iWČåLUHJLVWURYDQêQDGiONXWHOHPHWULFNêPSĜtVWURMHP
TELEVET 100.
6\VWROLFNê VUGHþQt REMHP 4V tj. objem krve vySX]HQê GR REČKX MHGQtP
VWDKHPVUGFHWHSHPVHXþORYČNDQHERSVDSĜLY]HVWXSXLQWHQ]LW\]iWČåHD7)MHQ
YHOPL PiOR PČQt 1DRSDN X NRQt VH V\VWROLFNê REMHP ]YČWãXMH ] NOLGRYêFK KRGQRW
NROHPPODåRWMDåQDKRGQRW\NROHPPOOLWU3ĜLVUGHþQtIUHNYHQFL
QDGWHSĤPLQWRUHSUH]HQWXMHPLQXWRYêREMHPVUGHþQtDåO krve /min.
9HOLNRVW VUGHþQtKR V\VWROLFNpKR REMHPX MH GiQD SĜHGHYãtP YHOLNRVWt VUGFH
UR]PČU\ VUGHþQtFK GXWLQ ]HMPpQD NRPRU D SRGPtQNDPL SOQČQt VUGFH åLOQtP
QiYUDWHP 9HOLNRVW VUGFH L UR]PČU\ VUGHþQtFK GXWLQ VH Y SUĤEČKX WUpQLQNRYpKR
SURFHVX]YČWãXMtFHVWRXK\SHUWURILHVUGHþQtKRVYDOX DUHJXODWLYQtGLODWDFHNRPRU-H-li
VUGFH VFKRSQR ]YČWãLW V\VWROLFNê REMHP VWDþt SUR GRVDåHQt VWHMQpKR PLQXWRYpKR
objemu QLåãtVUGHþQtIUHNYHQFHDQDRSDN1D]YČWãHQtV\VWROLFNpKRREMHPXVHSRGtOt
YHONRX PČURX L ]OHSãHQt åLOQtKR QiYUDWX U\WPLFNRX þLQQRVWL VYDOVWYD SĜL SRK\EX W]Y
VYDORYi SXPSD SURKORXEHQt SOLFQt YHQWLODFH KUXGQt D EĜLãQt SXPSD D SUDFRYQt
vasokonstrikce VPUãWČQtFpY v QHþLQQêFKWNiQtFKa v RUJiQHFKGXWLQ\EĜLãQt
=YêãHQt PLQXWRYpKR REMHPX VUGHþQtKR SĜL ]iWČåL NRQČ FHVWRX ]YČWãHQt
V\VWROLFNpKRREMHPXMHGDOHNRHIHNWLYQČMãtQHåFHVWRX]U\FKOHQtWHSRYpIUHNYHQFH-H
WRPX WDN SURWR åH SĜL YHONpP V\VWROLFNpPREMHPX MH GRED SOQČQt VUGFH GHOãt VUGFH
UR]ãLĜXMH VYRML Y\SX]RYDFt NDSDFLWX XVQDGĖXMH VH SUĤWRN NUYH VUGHþQtP VYDOHP a
VUGFH QHQt WDN SĜtOLã QDPiKiQR IUHNYHQWQt þLQQRVWt D GRNiåH Y GHOãt GLDVWROH i OpSH
RGSRþtYDW=XYHGHQpKRY\SOêYiåHþtPWUpQRYDQČMãtDYêNRQQČMãtNĤĖWtPSĜL]iWČåL
YtFH ]Y\ãXMHPLQXWRYêVUGHþQtREMHPFHVWRXUHJXODWLYQtGLODWDFHNRPRUD]YČWãHQtP
WHSRYpKR REMHPX 1DRSDN PiOR WUpQRYDQê PiOR DGDSWRYDQê D PiOR YêNRQQê NĤĖ
]Y\ãXMHPLQXWRYêREMHPSĜL]iWČåLSĜHGHYãtPFHVWRX]U\FKOHQtWHSRYpIUHNYHQFH-H
SDN MDVQp åH UR]GtO\ Y WUpQRYDQRVWL D YêNRQQRVWL NRQt VH SURMHYt QHMHQ Y WHSRYp
UHDNFL DOH ]HMPpQD FHONRYpP SRþWX WHSĤ SRWĜHEQêFK QD Y\NRQDQRX SUiFL
7UpQRYDQČMãtSRWĜHEXMHQDVWHMQRXVWDQGDUGQt]iWČåPHQãtSRþHWWHSĤQHåNĤĖPpQČ
WUpQRYDQê QHERĢ SRWĜHEQê REMHP NUYH QD SUiFL ]DMLVWLO SĜHGHYãtP ]YČWãHQtP
VUGHþQtKRV\VWROLFNpKRREMHPXSĜLQLåãtWHSRYpIUHNYHQFL=Y\ãXMHVHWHG\XQČMi tzv.
~þLQQRVWVUGHþQtSUiFH ± srdce pracuje mnohem HIHNWLYQČML.
15
5R]GtO REVDKX N\VOtNX Y WHSQiFK D åtOiFK (tzv. arterio-veny]Qt GLIHUHQFH
N\VOtNX ± AV diference) MHREUD]HPY\XåLWtN\VOtNXY SUDFXMtFtFKWNiQtFKD MHYêUD]HP
IXQNþQt ~þLQQRVWL W]Y. SHULIHUQt VORåN\ FLUNXODþQtKR DSDUiWX WM FpYQtKR V\VWpPX D
YODVWQt NUYH MDNR QRVLþH GêFKDFtFK SO\QĤ WM þHUYHQp NUYLQHN D Y QLFK REVDåHQpKR
NUHYQtKREDUYLYD- hemoglobinu). 9\XåLWt N\VOtNX] WHSHQQp krve v þLQQêFKVYDOHFKVH
proto projevuje UR]GtOHP v REVDKXN\VOtNXPH]LNUYttepennou a åLOQt. 3ĜLPD[LPiOQČ
UR]YLQXWpP DHUREQtP PHWDEROL]PX Y SUDFXMtFtFK VYDOHFK SĜHYiåQČ Y\WUYDORVWQt
DHUREQt]iWČåPĤåH$9GLIHUHQFHþLQLWDå15 - 20 obj. 3ĜLPD[LPiOQČUR]YLQXWpP
DQDHUREQtP PHWDEROL]PX, tj. po GRVDåHQt N\VOtNRYpKR VWURSX D anaerobQtKR SUDKX
(U\FKORVWQt QHER VLORYi DQDHUREQt ]iWČå, se diference v REVDKX N\VOtNX PH]L
tepennou a åLOQt krvt ]PHQãXMH Då WpPČĜ na VWDY NG\ YHQy]Qt NUHY se obsahem
N\VOtNX SRGREi NUYL DUWHULiOQt WM $9 GLIHUHQFH MH MHQ - 2 obj. % (tj. tzv. WNiĖRYê
kysltNRYê GHILFLW 3ĜL ]iWČåtFK V SOQČ UR]YLQXWêP DHUREQtP PHWDEROL]PHP WM SĜL
]iWČåtFKY\WUYDORVWQtFK PĤåH EêWY\XåLWt N\VOtNXYHVYDOXDå[YČWãtQHåYNOLGX (obr.
9).
.OLGRYê VWDY FpYQtKR V\VWpPX lze charakterizovat VPUãWČQtP NRQVWULNFt) FpY
NRVWHUQtKR VYDOVWYD D UR]ãtĜHQtP GLODWDFt) FpY ~WUREQtFK RUJiQĤ 3ĜL ]iWČåL QDVWiYi
VPUãWČQt FpY (vasokonstrikce). 7DWR ]iWČåRYi YDVRNRQVWULNFH YãDN SUREtKi YHOPL
GLIHUHQFRYDQČ 3RVWLKXMH FHOp åLOQt ĜHþLãWČ GiOH WHSQ\ REODVWL YQLWĜQtFK RUJiQĤ
EĜLFKD NĤåH D WDNp FpY\ VYDOVWYD NWHUp QHQt ]DSRMHQR GR SUiFH
Z YDVRNRQVWULNþQtKRstavu MVRXY\ORXþHQ\FpY\VYDOVWYD]DSRMHQpKRGRSUiFHDFpY\
åLYRWQČ GĤOHåLWêFK RUJiQĤ MDNR MH VUGFH D PR]HN 9 FpYQtP ĜHþLãWL SUDFXMtFtKR
VYDOVWYD VH QDRSDN WHSQ\ D WHSpQN\ ãLURFH UR]ãLĜXMt YDVRGLODWDFH D ]YêãHQêP
SĜtWRNHP NUYH VH RWHYtUDMt GDOãt NUHYQt YOiVHþQLFH NDSLOiU\) NWHUp Y klidu byly
X]DYĜHQp
Tak se stiYi åH ] FHONRYpKR PQRåVWYt NUYH NWHUp VUGFH SĜHþHUSi GR REČKX,
SURWpNi v NOLGRYêFK SRGPtQNiFK NRVWHUQtP VYDOVWYHP MHQ DVL NUYH NGHåWR SĜL
VYDORYp SUiFL Y]UĤVWi NUHYQt SUĤWRN Då QD -H QDSĜ ]QiPR åH YQČMãt WHSQD
N\þHOQt NWHUi X NRQČ ]iVREXMH NUYt VYDOVWYR SiQHYQt NRQþHWLQ\ SĜL ]iWČåL ]Y\ãXMH
SUĤWRN NUYH (tzv. perfuze) Då [ RSURWL NOLGRYêP KRGQRWiP Na SĜtþQpP SUĤĜH]X
NRVWHUQtPVYDOHPMHQDSORãHPP2 SĜLEOLåQČ- NUHYQtFKYOiVHþQLF. V klidu
MVRX W\WR NDSLOiU\ ]DSRMHQ\ GR ]iVREHQt NUYt VRWYD MHQ z 3ĜL SRK\ERYp ]iWČåL
NRQČ MVRXYãDNSRVWXSQČRWHYtUiQ\þtPåVH]Y\ãXMHFHONRYêSUĤWRNNUYHSUDFXMtFtPL
VYDO\DåQiVREQČ (obr. 9).
7UDQVSRUWQt V\VWpP N\VOtNX Pi SĜL WČOHVQp ]iWČåL YHGOH WUDQVSRUWX N\VOtNX do
SUDFXMtFtFK WNiQt MHãWČ GDOãt Yê]QDPQRX ~ORKX D WR RGYiGČQt SĜHE\WHþQpKR WHSOD
z þLQQêFKVYDOĤDMHKR Y\OXþRYiQtNĤåtSRFHQt6 WtPVRXYLVtSĜLUĤ]QêFKYêNRQHFKL
VSHFLILFNp SRåDGDYN\ QD SUĤWRN NUYH NĤåt 3ĜL ]iWČåtFK Y\VRNp LQWHQ]LW\ D NUiWNpKR
WUYiQt U\FKORVWQt D VLORYp YêNRQ\ VH SUĤWRN NUYH NĤåt ]PHQãXMH. VêUD]QČ VH YãDN
]YČWãXMH Då SR VNRQþHQt WpWR SUiFH a projevuje se LQWHQ]LYQtm SRFHQtm. 3ĜL GHOãtP
WUYiQt ]iWČåH ]HMPpQD SĜL Y\WUYDORVWQtFK YêNRQHFK VH ]DþQRX XSODWĖRYDW UHJXODþQt
mechanisP\NWHUp]Y\ãXMtSUĤWRN NUYHNĤåt QDRGVWUDQČQtSĜHE\WNĤWHSODY]QLNDMtFtKR
SĜLVYDORYpSUiFLDN SRFHQtGRFKi]tMLåEČKHP]iWČåH7DNRYiWRUHJXODFHRGYiGČQt
tepla z SUDFXMtFtFKVYDOĤSRPRFtSUĤWRNXNUYHNĤåtVHQD]êYitermoregulace.
3UĤWRNRYp SRPČU\ YH VYDOVWYX EČKHP SRK\ERYp ]iWČåH NRQČ ]iYLVt WDNp QD
SUDFRYQtP U\WPX (tempu), reVS QD Y]WDKX PH]L WUYiQtP VYDORYpKR VPUãWČQt D
QiVOHGQpKR XYROQČQt WM NRQWUDNFH D UHOD[DFH VYDOĤ 3ĜL G\QDPLFNp SUiFL NG\ VH
U\WPLFN\VWĜtGDMtVYDORYi VPUãWČQtDXYROQČQtPĤåHNUHYSURWpNDWVYDOHPMHQSĜLMHKR
XYROQČQt NGHåWR SĜL VPUãWČQt MH ]iVREHQt NUYt SĜHUXãHQR Y\VRNêP WODNHP
16
VPUãĢXMtFtFK VH VYDOĤ 7\WR IDNWRU\ MVRX RYOLYQLWHOQp SRX]H GRNRQDOêP XYROQČQtP
NRQČ SĜHG ]iWČåt D QDYR]HQtP RSWLPiOQtKR SUDFRYQtKR U\WPX WHPSD -H
SRFKRSLWHOQp åH X NRQČ V PDORX SURVWRUQRVWt D Y\VRNRX IUHNYHQFt FKRGĤ jsou
SUĤWRNRYp PRåQRVWLYHVYDOXRPH]HQ\DWtPL]KRUãHQ\SRGPtQN\ pro jeho ]iVREHQt
NUYt. 7R VH WêNi ]HMPpQD SURVWRUQRVWL NDGHQFH D IUHNYHQFH FYDORYpKR VNRNX D
RSWLPiOQtKR WHPSD QHMHQ X GRVWLKRYêFK NRQt DOH WDNp X VNRNDQĤ D Y\WUYDOFĤ L
SURVWRUQRVWLFKRGĤNOXViNĤ
'DOãtPYê]QDPQêPIDNWRUHPN\VOtNRYpWUDQVSRUWQtNDSDFLW\organismu je kvalita
þHUYHQpKR NUHYQtKR REUD]X WM þHUYHQêFK NUYLQHN HU\WURF\WĤ D Y QLFK REVDåHQpKR
þHUYHQpKRNUHYQtKREDUYLYDKHPRJORELQX
Hemoglobin je v WUDQVSRUWQtP V\VWpPX YODVWQtP SĜHQDãHþem N\VOtNX PH]L
YQČMãtP GêFKiQtP Y SOLFtFK D YQLWĜQtP GêFKiQtP YH WNiQtFK 3RþHW þHUYHQêFK
krvinek v 1 mm3 NUYH VH X VSRUWRYQtFK D GRVWLKRYêFK NRQt SRK\EXMH PH]L - 10
PLOLRQ\ 3ĜL SUĤPČUQpP PQRåVWYt NUYH X NRQČ 50 - OLWUĤ SĜLSDGi na þHUYHQêFK
krvinek 30 - D ]E\WHN QD NUHYQt SOD]PX PRPČU PH]L REVDKHP þHUYHQêFK
krvinek a plazmy NUYH VH QD]êYi KHPDWRNULWRYi KRGQRWD NUYH &HONRYp PQRåVWYt
hemoglobinu v organisPXNRQČVHSRK\EXMHNROHPNJ.YDOLWDþHUYHQpKRREUD]X
NRQČ MH WHG\ GiQD PQRåVWYtP þHUYHQêFK NUYLQHN PQRåVWYtP hemoglobinu a
hematokritovou hodnotou krve.
3ĜL ]iWČåLQDVWiYDMt PH]LNUYt D WNiQČPLYê]QDPQp SĜHVXQ\ YRG\ D HOHNWURO\WĤ.
7\WR SĜHVXQ\ vedou k ~E\WNX WHNXWLQ ] NUHYQt SOD]P\ D GRFKi]t N ]DKXãWČQt NUYH
(hemokoncentraci). 3ĜHE\WHN WHNXWLQ YH WNiQtFK VYDOHFK YHGH k tzv. SUDFRYQtPX
RWRNX WNiQt SUDFRYQt HGpP To vede nejen NH ]OHSãHQt MHGQRWOLYêFK SDUDPHWUĤ
þHUYHQpKRNUHYQtKRREUD]XWM]YČWãXMHVHSRþHWHU\WURF\WĤDKHPRJORELQXY SHULIHUQt
krvi, zv\ãXMHVHi hematokritoviKRGQRWD krve (Dånad 50%).
Obr. 9: =YêãHQtSĜtMPXWUDQVSRUWXDVSRWĜHE\N\VOtNX
QDMHGQRWOLYêFKHWiåtFK WUDQVSRUWQtKRV\VWpPX
Hb 1,6x
Perfuze 20x
Utilizace O2 4x
Slezina
33% erytrocytární
masy
Plicní
ventilace
1600-1800 L
DF 120-140
DO 14-16 L
Min.objem
210-250 L
TF 210 - 230
Systolický
objem 1,0-1,2 L
17
-HQXWQpWDNpSRXNi]DWQDYê]QDPQRX~þDVWVOH]LQ\MDNRUH]HUYRiUXþHUYHQêFK
krvinek SĜL ]Y\ãRYiQt N\VOtNRYp NDSDFLW\ NUYH EČKHP ]iWČåH 9H VOH]LQČ MH YHONi
]iVRED þHUYHQêFK NUYLQHN (Då YHãNHUp HU\WURF\WiUQt PDV\ v organismu) NWHUp
jsou v ]iOR]HDMVRX Y\SODYRYiQ\GRNUYHY]iYLVORVWLQDLQWHQ]LWČDREMHPXSRK\ERYp
]iWČåH.RQFHQWUDFHKHPRJORELQXYNUYLVHWDNPĤåH]YêãLWDåR. 7tP PĤåHEêW
WDNp YČWãt PQRåVWYt N\VOtNX WUDQVSRUWRYiQR z SOLF N SUDFXMtFtP VYDOĤP. 9êVOHGNHP
WpWR PRELOL]DFH þHUYHQêFK NUYLQHN ze sleziny je GDOãt ]YêãHQt REVDKX KHPRJORELQX
SRþWXHU\WURF\WĤDKHPDWRNULWRYpKRGQRW\YFLUNXOXMtFtNUYL0RELOL]DFHMH]SĤVREHQD
NRQWUDNFt VOH]LQ\ NWHURX Y\YROiYi VWLPXODFH QHUYRYp VRXVWDY\ QD ]DþiWNX ]iWČåH D
SV\FKLFNp Y]UXãHQt DODUPRYi Ii]H VWUHVsX 'DOãt NRQWUDNFH VOH]LQ\ D MHãWČ YČWãt
PRELOL]DFH NUHYQtFK GHSRW MH SDN Y\YROiQD WDNp N\VOtNRYêP KODGRYČQtP pUDFXMtFtFK
WNiQtW]YN\VOtNRYêPGHILFLWHP7RXWRFHVWRXDWDNpSURVWĜHGQLFWYtP]SORGLQOiWNRYp
YêPČQ\ SĜL ]iWČåL (N\VHOLQD POpþQi GRFKi]t SĜL LQWHQ]LYQt ]iWČåL NH NRPSOHWQt
PRELOL]DFLHU\WURF\WĤ]HVOH]LQ\DNH]YêãHQtN\VOtNRYpNDSDFLW\NUYH7ČPLWRIaktory
VHSDN]Y\ãXMHi N\VOtNRYiWUDQVSRUWQtNDSDFLWDNUYH]Y\ãXMHVH aerobQtYêNRQNRQČD
MHKR YêNRQQRVW 8 konČ GRFKi]t kH NRPSOHWQt PRELOL]DFL NUHYQtFK ]iVRE ]H sleziny
SĜLWDNRYpPSUDFRYQtP]DWtåHQtNG\MHãWČ SRPLQXWČRGVNRQþHQt]iWČåHMHWHSRYp
frekvence Y\ããtQHåWHSĤPLQ
=YêãHQiVSRWĜHEDN\VOtNXYHVYDOXSĜL]iWČåLMHNU\WDQHMHQY\ããtNUHYQtSHUIX]t
DOHWDNp]YêãHQRXH[WUDNFtN\VOtNX] KHPRJORELQXNUYHþHUYHQêPVYDORYêPEDUYLYHP
(myoglobinem). Myoglobin PiGDOHNRYČWãtDILQLWXNHN\VOtNXQHåKHPRJORELQ9iåH
YHYČWãtPtĜHNUYtSĜLQHVHQêN\VOtNDVORXåtWDNMDNR³SĜHNODGLãWČ´N\VOtNXSURSRWĜHE\
tzv. YQLWĜQtKRWNiĖRYpKRGêFKiQtUeVSSURDHUREQtmetabolismus.
2.1.1.2. $GDSWDFHWUDQVSRUWQtKRV\VWpPXN\VOtNXQD]iWČå
$GDSWDFH WUDQVSRUWQtKR V\VWpmu na SRK\ERYRX ]iWČå Pi ]D FtO ]YêãLW EČKHP
]iWČåH jak SĜtMHP N\VOtNX GêFKDFtP DSDUiWHP, tak jeho transport FLUNXODþQtP
DSDUiWHP D VSRWĜHEX N\VOtNX v SUDFXMtFtFK WNiQtFK WM ]YêãLW KRGQRWX N\VOtNRYpKR
stropu (VO2 maxDRGGiOLWKUDQLFLDQDHUREQtKRSUDKX 7tPVH]YêãtPD[LPiOQtDHUREQt
YêNRQ NRQČ WDN åH NĤĖ NU\MH SĜL Y\ããt LQWHQ]LWČ ]iWČåH YČWãt þiVW REMHPX YêNRQX
DHUREQt~KUDGRXHQHUJLH9]KOHGHPNWRPXåHYČWãLQDIRUHPSRK\ERYp]iWČåHNRQt
MHVSRMHQDVH]YêãHQêPLREMHPRYêPLQiURN\QDWUDQVSRUWQtV\VWpP N\VOtNX, projevuje
VH DGDSWDFH QD ]iWČå ]HMPpQD REMHPRYêPL ]PČQDPL MHKR MHGQRWOLYêFK VRXþiVWt.
1HMYČWãt HIHNW QD Y]HVWXS WUDQVSRUWQt NDSDFLW\ Pi SRK\ERYi DNWLYLWD Y\WUYDORVWQtKR
charakteru (tj. REMHPRYêWUpQLQN
'êFKDFt V\VWpP VH SĜL]SĤVREXMH N ]iWČåL WDN DE\ QDEtGND N\VOtNX NUHYQtPX
REČKX Y SOLFtFK E\OD FR QHMYČWãt =YČWãXMH YLWiOQt NDSDFLWD SOLF D PD[LPiOQt GHFKRYê
objem. 3ĜLWUpQLQNXURVWRXFtKRRUJDQLVPXVH]YČWãXMHLKUXGQtN7tPMHXWUpQRYDQêFK
NRQt GRVDKRYiQR YČWãt PD[LPiOQt PinXWRYp YHQWLODFH SOLF Då OLWUĤ ]D PLQ).
6RXþDVQČGRFKi]tLNHNRQRPL]DFLGêFKiQtQHMHQYNOLGXDOHLSĜL]iWČåL9NOLGXVH
HNRQRPL]DFH GêFKiQt SURMHYXMH WtP åH WUpQRYDQê NĤĖ Pi QLåãt GHFKRYRX IUHNYHQFL
(8-GHFKĤ]DPLQ 3ĜL]iWČåLMHY\VRNiPLQXWRYiYHQWLODFHGRVDKRYiQDSĜHGHYãtP
YHONêP GHFKRYêP REMHPHP SĜL QLåãt GHFKRYp IUHNYHQFL NWHUi MH SĜL FYDORYêFK
]iWČåtFK V\QFKURQQt V U\WPHP SRK\EX GĤOHåLWi MH SURWR SURVWRUQRVW FYDORYpKR
VNRNX$GDSWRYDQêMHGLQHFGRYHGHOpSHY\XåtYDWN\VOtNX]YGHFKRYDQpKRY]GXFKX
=Y\ãXMHVHWHG\LSĜtMHPN\VOtNXDåOLWUĤ]Dmin). 7\WR]PČQ\QHMYtFHY\VWXSXMtSĜL
DGDSWDFL QD Y\WUYDORVWQt SRGQČW\ 9\WUYDORVWQtP REMHPRYêP WUpQLQNHP VH WHG\
]Y\ãXMHDHUREQtNDSDFLWDNRQČ.
18
7DNp QD NDUGLRYDVNXOiUQtP DSDUiWX Y]QLNDMt QHMYČWãt DGDSWDþQt ]PČQ\ SĜL
Y\WUYDORVWQtFK WUpQLQNRYêFK SRGQČWHFK NWHUp URYQČå ]Y\ãXMt DHUREQt NDSDFLWX NRQČ
9]QLNihypertrofie srdce ]YČWãHQtWORXãĢN\VWČQ\NRPRUDUHJXODWLYQtGLODWDFHVUGFH
]YČWãHQt REMHPX NRPRU =YČWãXMH VH WtP L V\VWROLFNê (teSRYê D PLQXWRYê REMHP
VUGHþQtPQRåVWYtNUYHY\SX]HQpVUGFHPGRREČKXDVQLåXMHVHVUGHþQtIUHNYHQFH
6UGFHSUDFXMHHNRQRPLþWČML
Hmotnost srdce NRQČ UHSUH]HQWXMH Y SUĤPČUX DVL WČOHVQp KPRWQRVWL
]DWtPFRXRVWDWQtFKGUXKĤ]YtĜDWMHWHQWRSRGtOSRGVWDWQČPHQãtQDSĜXSUDVHWH
X VNRWX X RYFt 8YHGHQp UR]GtO\ QHSRFK\EQČ VRXYLVHMt V
UR]GtOQêP]SĤVREHPåLYRWDWČFKWRGUXKĤ ]YtĜDWDMHMLFKSRK\ERYRXaktivitou$YãDNLY
UiPFL GUXKX MH YêUD]Qi YDULDELOLWD YH YHOLNRVWL VUGFH -H REHFQČ ]QiPR åH VUGFH
SOQRNUHYQtNĤ SR VWDOHWt ãOHFKWČQêFK QD U\FKORVW Pi YČWãt KPRWQRVW QHå VUGFH NRQt
MLQêFKSOHPHQ=YČWãHQtKPRWQRVWLDYHOLNRVWLVUGFHMHGR]QDþQpPtU\SRGPtQČQRW]Y
WUpQLQNRYRX K\SHUWURILt VUGFH HPRWQRVW VUGFH D MHMt SRGtO QD FHONRYp åLYp WČOHVQp
KPRWQRVWLVH]YČWãXMH~PČUQČVGRERXWUpQLQNX DåQD,1 WČOHVQpKPRWQRVWL6tOD
VWČQ\VUGHþQtFKNRPRUVHURYQČå ]YČWãuje ~PČUQČVGRERXWUpQLQNXD]PHQãuje se
EČKHPGORXKpNOLGRYpSHULRG\W]YGHWUpQLQNX=PČQ\YHOLNRVWLVUGFHPRKRXEČKHP
WUpQLQNXDGHWUpQLQNXUHSUH]HQWRYDWDårSĤYRGQtKRVWDYX
6\VWROLFNêREMHPVUGHþQt XSOQRNUHYQtNĤ v klidu þLQtYSUĤPČUXr 220ml,
FRå SĜL WHSRYp IUHNYHQFL WHSĤPLQ Y NOLGX UHSUH]HQWXMH PLQXWRYê REMHP VUGHþQt
v SUĤPČUX OLWUĤPLQ 8 WUpQRYDQêFK MHGLQFĤ ]HMPpQD X Y\WUYDOFĤ VH VQLåXMH
NOLGRYiWHSRYiIUHNYHQFH (W]YWUpQLQNRYiEUDG\NDUGLH), kdy WHSRYiIUHNYHQFHYNOLGX
MHSRGVWDWQČQLåãtQHåXNRQtQHWUpQRYDQêFK
3ĜLSRK\EXWHSRYiIUHNYHQFHURVWHOLQHiUQČVSĜLEêYDMtFtU\FKORVWt (obr. 10). PĜL
URYQRPČUQp U\FKORVWL SRK\EX VH SR XUþLWp GREČ WHSRYi IUHNYHQFH XVWiOt Go tzv.
VHWUYDOpKR VWDYX. -HKR QiVWXS MH WtP U\FKOHMãt þtP YtFH MH MHGLQHF DGDSWRYiQ N
SURYiGČQpI\]LFNp]iWČåL7DNpYODVWQtWHSRYiIUHNYHQFHMHSĜLWpWR]iWČåLQLåãtQHåX
MHGLQFHQHDGDSWRYDQpKR
3ĜL]iWČåLPD[LPiOQtLQWHQ]LW\VH]Y\ãXMHWHSRYiIUHNYHQFH ± 7x DV\VWROLFNê
REMHPVUGHþQtVH]YČWãXMHDåRWM cca na 1 litr). 3ĜLPD[LPiOQt WHSRYpIUHNYHQFL
(200 WHSĤPLQ SDN PĤåH PLQXWRYê REMHP VUGHþQt þLQLW Då NROHP OLWUĤ NUYH ]D
minutu.
19
Obr. 10: /LQHiUQtY]HVWXSWHSRYpIUHNYHQFHTFDSĜtMPXN\VOtNXVO2)
v ]iYLVORVWLQDU\FKORVWLSRK\EXDåSR GRVDåHQtPD[LPiOQtWHSRYp
frekvence (TF maxDN\VOtNRYpKRVWURSXVO2 max).
TF /min
VO2 l/min
80
250
70
200
60
50
150
TF max
100
VO2 max
50
40
TF
30
VO2
20
10
0
0
Klid
do 30%
max
do 50%
max
do 70%
max
do 90% 100% max
max
7\WR KRGQRW\ FKDUDNWHUL]XMt MDN HQRUPQČ PĤåH EêW VUGFH NRQČ ]DWtåHQR SĜL
PD[LPiOQtP Y\SČWt VLO D MDN GĤOHåLWp MVRX VKRUD SRSVDQp DGDSWDþQt PHFKDQLVP\
Y]QLNDMtFt Y SURFHVX WUpQLQNX /]H MH VXPiUQČ FKDUDNWHUL]RYDW WČPLWR ]QDN\ YHONê
V\VWROLFNê REMHP L SĜL VQtåHQt WHSRYp IUHNYHQFH ~VSRUD VUGHþQt SUiFH D schopnost
GRViKQRXWY\VRNpKRVWXSQČ PD[LPiOQtFLUNXODFHNUYH]DPLQXWX
9SHULIHUQtFLUNXODFLVHWUpQLQNSURMHYXMHDGDSWDþQtPL]PČQDPLYGLVWULEXFLNUYH
EČKHP ]iWČåH ]HMPpQD Y NRVWHUQtP VYDOVWYX NGH VH ]Y\ãXMH SUĤWRN NUYH D Y\XåLWt
N\VOtNX ] NUYH 9ê]QDPQp MVRX WDNp DGDSWDþQt ]PČQ\ Y þHUYHQpP NUHYQtP REUD]X
YČWãtFHONRYêSRþHWHU\WURF\WĤY\ããtREVDKKHPRJORELQXFHONRYpPQRåVWYtNUYHLMHMt
KHPDWRNULWRYi KRGQRWD 1HMYtFH VH Y WRPWR VPČUX XSODWĖXMt ]iWČåH Y\WUYDORVWQtKR
FKDUDNWHUX]Y\ãXMHVHaeUREQtNDSDFLWDDDHUREQtYêNRQNRQČ
2.1.2. FÈ=( 32+<%29e=È7ċä($6327ě(%$.<6/Ë.8
PĜL SRK\ERYp ]iWČåL NRQČ PĤåHPH UR]OLãRYDW WĜL ]iNODGQt Ii]H Y NU\Wt SRWĜHEy
N\VOtNX(obr. 11). %ČKHPYãHFKWČFKWRWĜtIi]t]iWČåHMVRXSRåDGDYN\SUDFXMtFtFKWNiQt
QD GRGiYNX N\VOtNX PLPRĜiGQČ YHONp 5R]GtOQi MH YãDN UHDOL]DFH WpWR GRGiYN\.
5R]OLãXMHPHW\WRIi]H
I. SRþiWHþQt Ii]HSRK\ERYp]iWČåH
II. URYQRYiåQêVHWUYDOêVWDYSĜL]iWČåL
III. ]RWDYHQt]H]iWČåH
20
I. 3RþiWHþQt Ii]H SRK\ERYp ]iWČåH. 3RåDGDYHN SUDFXMtFtFK WNiQt QD Y\VRNRX
GRGiYNX N\VOtNX MH LKQHG RG SRþiWNX ]iWČåH 7UDQVSRUWQt V\VWpP YãDN
v SRþiWHþQt Ii]L ]iWČåH QD W\WR SRåDGDYN\ reaguje SRQČNXG SRPDOHML Uesp.
RSRåGČQČ. =U\FKOHQt WHSRYp D GHFKRYp IUHNYHQFH ]YČWãHQt WHSRYpKR a
GHFKRYpKR REMHPX QHQt RNDPåLWp QêEUå VH ]Y\ãXMH RG SRþiWNX ]iWČåH
SRVWXSQČ 7tP GRFKi]t N VLWXDFL åH SĜtVXQ N\VOtNX GR SUDFXMtFtFK WNiQt VH
RSRåćXMH ]D MHKR VNXWHþQRX SRWĜHERX Ye WNiQtFK D Y organisPX Y]QLNi
N\VOtNRYêGHILFLW
Obr. 11: )i]H]iWČåHVSRWĜHEDN\VOtNXDY]QLNN\VOtNRYpKRGHILFLWXDGOXKX.
VSRWĜHED2
N\VOtNRYêGOXK
N\VOtNRYêGHILFLW
VHWUYDOêVWDY
SUDFRYQt922
]iWČå
]RWDYHQt
II. 5RYQRYiåQê VHWUYDOê VWDY. V GDOãtP SUĤEČKX ]iWČåH SDN SRVWXSQČ GRFKi]t
k SĜL]SĤVREHQt WUDQVSRUWQtKR V\VWpPX SRåDGDYNĤP SUDFXMtFtFK WNiQt QD N\VOtN
þtPåMHSDN]DMLãWČQLSĜtVXQN\VOtNXRGSRYtGDMtFtMHKRSRWĜHEČY þLQQêFKWNiQtFK
VYDOVWYX3RY\URYQiQtSĜtVXQXN\VOtNX s MHKRVSRWĜHERXY SUDFXMtFtFKWNiQtFK
QDVWiYiWzv. URYQRYiåQê- VHWUYDOêVWDY VWHDG\VWDWHNG\VSRWĜHEDN\VOtNXVH
MLåGiOHYêUD]QČQHPČQt3ĜtMHPN\VOtNXVHWHG\URYQiMHKRVSRWĜHEČYHWNiQtFK
III. =RWDYHQt]H]iWČåH. Po VNRQþHQt]iWČåHY W]YIi]L]RWDYHQtVSRWĜHEDN\VOtNXYH
WNiQtFKLMHKRGRGiYNDWUDQVSRUWQtPV\VWpPHPSRVWXSQČNOHViVQLåXMHVHSURWR
L VUGHþQt D GHFKRYi IUHNYHQFH L SOLFQt YHQWLODFH 2QR PQRåVWYt N\VOtNX NWHUp
FK\EČOR QD SRþiWNX ]iWČåH MDNR N\VOtNRYê GHILFLW PXVt EêW VSODFHQR QD NRQFL
]iWČåHMDNRW]YN\VOtNRYêGOXK. Proto organismus SRVNRQþHQt]iWČåHSĜLMtPi
MHãWČSRXUþLWRXGREXYČWãtPQRåVWYtN\VOtNXQHåE\RGSRYtGDORNOLGRYpPXVWDYX
D ]YêãHQRX GHFKRYRX D WHSRYRX IUHNYHQFt YČWãtP GHFKRYêP D WHSRYêP
REMHPHP VSOiFt RQHQ N\VOtNRYê GOXK 9]KOHGHP N WRPX åH WHQWR N\VOtNRYê
deficit L QiVOHGQê N\VOtNRYê GOXK MH ]SĤVREHQ WUDQVSRUWQtP V\VWpPHP ĜtNiPH
tomuto typu dluhu i deficitu SOLFQt Uesp. WUDQVSRUWQt N\VOtNRYê GHILFLWD GOXK.
3ĜLPtUQp]iWČåLMDNRMHQDSĜNURNDNOXVSĜL]iWČåLY\WUYDORVWQtKRFKDUDNWHUX
VH WUDQVSRUWQt V\VWpP DGDSWXMH QD N\VOtNRYp SRåDGDYN\ SUDFXMtFtFK WNiQt
SRPČUQČU\FKOHDYHOLNRVWN\VOtNRYpKRGHILFLWXMHSUDNWLFN\]DQHGEDWHOQiFFDGR
FHONRYpVSRWĜHE\N\VOtNX3ĜLNUiWNRGREp]iWČåLVXEPD[LPiOQtDPD[LPiOQt
LQWHQ]LW\MDNRMHQDSĜU\FKOêFYDOQHERY\VRNp VNiNiQtSĜL]iWČåLU\FKORVWQtKR
QHER VLORYpKR FKDUDNWHUX VH WUDQVSRUWQt V\VWpP QHGRNiåH WpPČĜ YĤEHF
SĜL]SĤVRELW QD SRWĜHEQp N\VOtNRYp SRåDGDYN\ SUDFXMtFtFK WNiQt D URYQRYiåQê
21
VWDYVHSUDNWLFN\YĤEHFQHGRVWDYt9HOLNRVWN\VOtNRYpKRGHILFLWXMHYHOPLY\VRNi
Då YtFH MDN FHONRYp VSRWĜHE\ N\VOtNX .URPČ WRKR SUDFXMtFt WNiQČ N\VOtN
GRGiYDQê WUDQVSRUWQtP V\VWpPHP ani QHRGþHUSiYDMt D YHGOH WUDQVSRUWQtKR
N\VOtNRYpKR GHILFLWX WDN Y]QLNi MHãWČ W]Y WNiĖRYê N\VOtNRYê GHILFLW D GOXK
1HMY\ããt N\VOtNRYê GHILFLW MH SĜL ]iWČåL PD[LPiOQt LQWHQ]LW\ U\FKORVWQtKR
charakteru. Z WDEXON\ MH ]ĜHMPp åH V QDUĤVWDMtFt U\FKORVWt SRK\EX URVWH L
KRGQRWDN\VOtNRYpKRGOXKXLMHKRSRGtOQDFHONRYpVSRWĜHEČN\VOtNX
Tabulka 2: 6SRWĜHEDN\VOtNXDN\VOtNRYêGOXKSĜLUĤ]QpU\FKORVWLSRK\EX
na distanci 1600 m.
Pohyb
ýDVPLQ
6SRWĜHED22
(L
%)
6SRWĜHED22
O2 dluh
(L
%)
Celkem (L)
krok
15:0
15
100
0
0
15
klus
6:15
131
97
5
3
136
cval
3:52
145
87
22
13
167
cval
2:24
150
68
75
32
225
Z XYHGHQpKR Y\SOêYi åH ]tVNiYiQt HQHUJLH EČKHP ]iWČåH VH GČMH ]D GYRMtFK
SRGPtQHN - SĜL GRVWDWNX N\VOtNX nebo QHGRVWDWNX N\VOtNX, tj. za SRGPtQHN EXć
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N\VOtNRYê GHILFLW D SĜL ]iWČåtFK VXEPD[LPiOQt D PD[LPiOQt LQWHQ]LW\ WUDQVSRUWQt D
WNiĖRYê N\VOtNRYê GHILFLW SUDFXMH organismus v SRGPtQNiFK QHGRVWDWNX N\VOtNX DQDHUREQČ WM QD N\VOtNRYê GHILFLW NWHUê PXVt XKUDGLW MDNR N\VOtNRYê GOXK YH Ii]L
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WNiQt SR N\VOtNX NU\MH V MHKR GRGiYNRX WUDQVSRUWQtP V\VWpPHP Organismus Pi
k GLVSR]LFLGRVWDWHNN\VOtNXDSUDFXMHWHG\]DSRGPtQHNDHUREQtFK
3RGOH QDãLFK VOHGRYiQt SUREtKi SĜHYiåQČ DHUREQt PHWDEROLVPXV SĜL WDNRYêFK
]iWČåtFK NRQt NWHUp QHY\YROiYDMt Y\ããt Y]HVWXS WHSRYp IUHNYHQFH Y VHWUYDOpP VWDYX
QHåWHSĤPLQ7RRGSRYtGiXEČåQêFKGRVWLKRYêFKNRQtU\FKORVWHPGR500 m/min
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(do 30%) a Qt]Np LQWHQ]LW\ (30 - D RGSRYtGDMt MLP SUiFH Y kroku, klusu a
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3Ĝi ]iWČåtFKNWHUpY\YROiYDMtY]HVWXSWHSRYpIUHNYHQFH na 130 - WHSĤPLQ
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intenzity.
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VWURSX D DQDHUREQtKR SUDKX D SĜL IUHNYHQFtFK QDG WHSĤPLQ MLå SUREtKi
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rychlosti nad 700 m/min (70 - PD[LPiOQt U\FKORVWL D MVRX SURWR ]iWČåHPL
Y\VRNp LQWHQ]LW\ ± submD[LPiOQt (70 - 90%) a PD[LPiOQt (90 ± 100%), jak
dokumentuje obri]HN 5.
22
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energii v MLQp IRUP\ HQHUJLH SRK\ERYRX WHSHOQRX DWG MH ]DSRWĜHEt WXWR HQHUJLL
SUDFXMtFtPXVYDOXYHYKRGQpIRUPČGRGiYDW
2.2.1. $'(126,175,)26)È7$73$.5($7,1)26)È7(CP)
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EH]SURVWĜHGQtP D SUYRWQtP zdrojem energie je tzv. DGHQRVLQWULIRVIiW $73 MHKRå
FKHPLFNi HQHUJLH VH SĜHPČĖXMH QD HQHUJLL PHFKDQLFNRX $73 VH SĜLWRP ãWČSt bez
SĜtVWXSXN\VOtNXDQDHUREQČ QDHQHUJHWLFN\FKXGãtDGHQRVLQGLIRVIiW$'3DXYROQt
VHSRWĜHEQiHnergie (E).
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=iVRED$73YHVYDORYêFKEXĖNiFKMHYãDN]QDþQČRPH]HQiDY\GUåt]KUXEDQD
10 - 11 sekund ]iWČåH 3URWR N MHKR U\FKOp REQRYČ VORXåt GDOãt HQHUJHWLFN\ ERKDWi
OiWND± NUHDWLQIRVIiW&3), NWHUêVHãWČStQD$73DNUHDWLQ. $73YVWRXStGRGDOãtKR
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MHMLFK]iVREDMHomezena na dobu zhruba 25 s WUYiQt]iWČåHPD[LPiOQtLQWHQ]LW\SĜL
DQDHUREQt ~KUDGČ energie WM QDSĜ SĜL U\FKOpP FYDOX na 100% max. (cca 1000
PPLQMHWR~VHNasi 400 m.
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v SUĤEČKX]iWČåHQHXVWiOHREQRYRYiQ\DGRSOĖRYiQ\MLQDNE\NĤĖPXVHO]DVWDYLWD
XNRQþLW]iWČå
-LVWêPQiKUDGQtPmechanismem obnovy ATP je tzvP\RNLQi]RYiUHNDFH, kdy
]D ~þDVWL HQ]\PX P\RNLQi]\ VH PROHNXO\ ]E\WNRYp $'3 VSRMt D Y\WYRĜt SUYRWQt
zdroj energie - $732GSDGRYêPSURGXNWHPMHDGHQRVLQPRQRIRVIiW$03NWHUêVH
rychle PČQt na inosiQPRQRIRVIiW,03DGiOHSDNDåQDDPRQLDN
2 ADP o ATP + AMP
p
IMPo amoniak
Amoniak je EXQČþQêP MHGHP D RKURåXMH WDN ]GUDYt L åLYRW NRQČ 3URQLNi GR
FHQWUiOQtKRQHUYRYpKRV\VWpPXDY\YROiYiSĜt]QDN\SĜHGUiåGČQRVWLMDNRMVRXNĜHþH
a H[FLWDFHSRYêNRQXQHER~SOQp]KURXFHQtorganisPX3URWRWHQWRQiKUDGQt]SĤVRE
~KUDG\ HQHUJLH QHQt X WUpQRYDQpKR MHGLQFH SĜL WUpQLQNRYpP DQL ]iYRGQtP YêNRQX
åiGRXFt
23
2.2.2.
GLYCIDY A TUKY
K YODVWQt REQRYČ HQHUJHWLFNêFK IRVIiWĤ VORXåt QHMOpSH HQHUJLH XYROĖRYDQi
odERXUiYiQtP JO\FLGĤ D WXNĤ WM HQHUJHWLFNêFK PDNURHUJQtFK VXEVWUiWĤ. Jejich
SUHIHUHQFH ]iYLVt QD GRGiYFH N\VOtNX GR SUDFXMtFtFK WNiQt WM DHUREQtFK þL
DQDHUREQtFKSRGPtQNiFK3RNUDþXMH-OLNĤĖGpOHQHåVHNXQGPD[LPiOQtLQWHQ]LWRX
(100% max.) Y\XåtYDMt VH MDNR HQHUJHWLFNp ]GURMH JO\FLG\ D WR ]D SRGPtQHN
DQDHUREQtFK=YROQt-OLYãDNNĤĖSRSRþiWHþQtFKFFDVHNXQGiFKGRQLåãtLQWHQ]LW\
]iWČåH QDSĜ SRG PD[.) SDN ]D DHUREQtFK SRGPtQHN VH PRKRX MDNR ]GURMH
energie Y\XåtYDWYHGOHJO\FLGĤLWXN\
2.2.2.1. $QDHUREQtJO\NROê]D
Za DQDHUREQtFK SRGPtQHN WM SĜL N\VOtNRYpP GHILFLWX, VH ãWČSHQt JO\FLGĤ
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v SRGREČglykogenu W]YåLYRþLãQpKRãNUREX,NG\åHQHUJHWLFNê]LVNWpWRUHDNFHMH
SRPČUQČ PDOê XPRåĖXMH REQRYX $73 SUR GDOãt SUĤEČK ]iWČåH L SĜL QHGRVWDWNX
N\VOtNX2GSDGRYêPSURGXNWHPMHN\VHOLQDPOpþQiODNWiW
Glykogen o $73ODNWiW
1HMY\ããt VWXSHĖ DQDHUREQt JO\NROê]\ je zhruba kolem 1 minuty ]iWČåH
PD[LPiOQt LQWHQ]LW\ 3URGXNW WpWR UHDNFH je tedy kyVHOLQD POpþQi ODNWiW. 9\VRNi
SURGXNFHODNWiWXMHVSRMHQDVH]PČQRXS+WNiQt Ä]DN\VHOHQtPorganisPX³ a tento
stav PĤåHPHR]QDþLWWHUPtQHP ³PHWDEROLFNiVHEHYUDåGD´9\VRNiKODGLQDODNWiWX
YH WNiQtFK WRWLå ]DPH]t GDOãtPX SUĤEČKX DQDHUREQt JO\NROê]\ 9HONp ]DN\VHOHQt
YQLWĜQtKR SURVWĜHGt (tzv. DFLGy]D) ]SĤVREXMH U\FKOê QiVWXS ~QDY\ D EROHVWi v þLQQêFK
svalech. V FHQWUiOQtP QHUYRYpP V\VWpPX GRFKi]t N ~WOXPX &KFH-li NĤĖ GiOH
SRNUDþRYDWYHYêNRQXQH]EêYiPXQLFMLQpKRQHå]YROQLWWMVQtåLWU\FKORVWQHERVtOX
YêNRQX DLQWHQ]LWRX]iWČåHSĜHMtWGRSRGPtQHNDHUREQtFK
2.2.2.2. 2[LGDþQtãWČSHQt
Za DHUREQtFK SRGPtQHN PĤåH SUREtKDW SDN MLå ãWČSHQt R[LGDþQt, kterp
z HQHUJHWLFNêFK VXEVWUiWĤ Y\XåtYi QHMHQ JO\FLGĤ VYDORYpKR JO\NRJHQX DOH L WXNĤ
(resp. jejich PDVWQêFK N\VHOLQ To VH XVNXWHþĖXMH Y tzv. PLWRFKRQGULiOQtP ĜHWČ]FL
þHUYHQêFK VYDORYêFK YOiNHQ (obr. 15 d). +ODYQtP YêVOHGNHP oxidaþQtKR ãWČSHQt
JO\FLGĤDWXNĤMHvedle ATP i metabolickiYRGD DN\VOLþQtNXKOLþLWê.
Glykogen o ATP + H2O + CO2
0DVWQpN\VHOLQ\o ATP + H2O + CO2
=SĤVRE ~KUDG\ HQHUJLH MH WHG\ ]iYLVOê QD SĜtVXQX N\VOtNX N SUDFXMtFtP WNiQtP
reVS]iVDGQČVHOLãtSĜLSUiFL]DSRGPtQHNDQDHUREQtFKDDHUREQtFK-HWHG\]iYLVOê
QD LQWHQ]LWČ U\FKORVWL D VtOH D REMHPX GREČ WUYiQt ]iWČåH. IQWHQ]LWD ]iWČåH, resp.
U\FKORVW D VtOD UR]KRGXMH QHMYČWãt PČURX QHMHQ R SURGXNFi ODNWiWX MDNR YêVOHGQpKR
SURGXNWXDQDHUREQtKR ãWČSHQt JO\FLGĤ 5o]KRGXMH LR HQHUJHWLFNpQiURþQRVWL YODVWQt
SRK\ERYp ]iWČåH 2EMHP WM GpOND WUDWL UHVS GRED WUYiQt ]iWČåH ]GH KUDMH UROL
VHNXQGiUQtObjem ]iWČåHUHVSGREDWUYiQt GpONDWUDWLMHUR]KRGXMtFtPþLQLWHOHPY
~URYQLDHUREQtFKSURFHVĤSĜLãWČSHQtJO\FLGĤD WXNĤ7UpQRYDQêMHGLQHFY DHUREQtFK
SRGPtQNiFK YêNRQX Y\WUYDORVWQt SUiFL XSĜHGQRVWĖXMH Y\XåLWt WXNĤ SRNXG MH Pi
k dispozici ve svalech a jsou-OL GRGiYiQ\ Y GLHWČ QDSĜ Y SRGREČ URVWOLQQêFK ROHMĤ
24
SĜHG JO\FLG\ QHERĢ JO\NRJHQ ãHWĜt SUR SĜtSDG GDOãt PRåQp DQDHUREQt QRX]H SĜL
YêNRQX QDSĜ YH ILQLãL 1HWUpQRYDQê MHGLQHF QDRSDN VSRWĜHEXMH JO\NRJHQ L SĜL
DHUREQtFKSRGPtQNiFKYêNRQXDWHQPXPĤåHFK\EČWQDSĜY ]iYČUXYêNRQXÒþDVW
MHGQRWOLYêFKHQHUJHWLFNêFK]GURMĤSĜL]iWČåLVKUQXMHREUi]HN 12.
Obr. 12: 8YROĖRYiQtHQHUJLH] HQHUJHWLFNêFK]GURMĤ
DHUREQtDDQDHUREQt cestou.
Energetické zdroje pro zátČå
Anaerobní
Aerobní
25% + 75%
ATP
ADP + P (E)
CP
= ATP + kreatin
2 ADP = ATP + AMP
IMP
Glykogen =
ATP + CO2 + H2O
Tuky (MK) =
ATP + CO2 + H20
NH3
Glykogen = ATP + laktát
$HUREQt D DQDHUREQt metabolismus VH RG VHEH ]QDþQČ OLãt L ] hlediska
HQHUJHWLFNp ELODQFH -HGQD PROHNXOD JO\NRJHQX VSiOHQi anaHUREQČ GiYi Y]QLN $73DN-]DWtPFRSĜL DHUREQtP VSiOHQtMHHQHUJHWLFNê]LVN$73DN-
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SUR ]GiUQê SUĤEČK ]iWČåH D YêNRQX VWHMQČ Yê]QDPQp -HMLFK Y]iMHPQi SUHIHUHQFH
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U\FKORVWQt QHER VLORYi MH NODGHQ GĤUD] QD HQHUJHWLFN\ QiURþQČMãt metabolismus
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metabolismus DHUREQt ýDVRYê VOHG MHGQRWOLYêFK ]SĤVREĤ ]tVNiYiQt D REQRY\
HQHUJLHSĜLVYDORYpSUiFLNRQČMH]DFK\FHQQDREUi]NX 13.
25
Obr. 13: 3RGtOMHGQRWOLYêFK]SĤVREĤ]tVNiYiQtDREQRY\ energie v SUĤEČKX
iWČå
ýasový sled vyuåití energetických zdrojĤ pĜi zátČåi
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
ATP+CP
JO\NROê]D
DHUREQt
30 s 1min 2min 3min 4min 5 min 6 min
Z doposud uYHGHQpKR pro praxi Y\SOêYi åH QD ]DþiWNX NDåGp SRK\ERYp
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V\VWpPHP tj. WUDQVSRUWQt N\VOtNRYê GHILFLW VH ]D DQDHUREQtFK SRGPtQHN
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QHåiGRXFtP QiKUDGQtP mechanismem - P\RNLQi]RYRX reakct ]HMPpQD X MHGLQFĤ
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k REQRYČ HQHUJHWLFNêFKIRVIiWĤãWČSHQtP HQHUJHWLFNêFK VXEVWUiWĤ
3ĜL DQDHUREQt ]iWČåL PD[LPiOQt LQWHQ]LW\ (WNiĖRYê N\VOtNRYê GHILFLW) SUREtKi
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RGSRYtGiHQHUJHWLFN\PLQXWČFYiOiQtY tempu 450-500 m/min.
0DWHPDWLFNêP YêSRþWHP O]H RULHQWDþQČ VWDQRYLW HQHUJHWLFNê YêGHM NRQČ SĜL
UĤ]Qp ]iWČåL ]QiPH-OL U\FKORVW SRK\EX PV KPRWQRVW NRQČ Pk (kg), hmotnost
jezdce mj DFHONRYRXGREX]iWČåHWV
(QHUJHWLFNêYêGHM]iWČåH(Y\SRþtWiPHSRGOHIRUPXOH
(5.27 + 0,22.v + 0,5.v2) . (mk + mj).t
E=
1000
Takto O]HVSRþtWDWQHMHQHQHUJHWLFNêYêGHMNRQČSĜLMHGQRWOLYêFK]iWČåtFKDOHL
HQHUJHWLFNêYêGHMQDSĜGRVWLKXþLMLQpKR]iYRGXDSĜLGDWHQHUJHWLFNêSĜtGDYHNSRGOH
GUiK\ NRSFRYLWRVWL WHUpQX SRþDVt DWG MDN MH XYHGHQR Y NDSLWROH R WUpQRYDWHOQRVWL
NRQČDYQČMãtFKYOLYHFKSĤVREtFtFKQDHQHUJHWLFNêYêGHMSĜL]iWČåL
(QHUJHWLFNêYêGHMN-QDNJDV
Obr. 14: (QHUJHWLFNêYêGHMNRQČSĜLSUiFL.
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
110
130
250
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Rychlost (m/min)
9HOLNRVW HQHUJHWLFNpKR YêGHMH NRQČ SĜL SUiFL v ]iYLVORVWL QD rychlosti pohybu
SUREtKiY SDUDEROLFNp]iYLVORVWLMDNO]HYLGČWY tomto grafu.
27
2.3.
P2+<%29é$3$5È7 ± 35$&8-Ë&Ë7.Èĕ
2.3.1. 5($.&(32+<%29e+2$3$5È781$=È7ċä
2.3.1.1. KRVWHUQtVYDO\
=iNODGQt VWDYHEQt MHGQRWNRX VYDOX MH VYDORYp YOiNQR (VYDORYi EXĖND). Podle
rychlosti kontrakce se VYDORYi YOiNQD UR]GČOXMt QD U\FKOi a SRPDOi. Podle obsahu
þHUYHQpKR VYDORYpKR EDUYLYD P\RJORELQX a HQHUJHWLFNpKR UHåLPX VH UR]OLãXMt na
VYDORYi YOiNQD þHUYHQi - DHUREQt D VYDORYi YOiNQD EtOi - DQDHUREQt 1D ]iNODGČ
WČFKWRNULWpULtO]HYHVNXWHþQRVWLUR]OLãLW]iNODGQtW\S\VYDORYêFKYOiNHQ:
I. SRPDOi
- þHUYHQi
- DHUREQt
II. U\FKOi
- þHUYHQi
- DHUREQtDQDHUREQt - typ II A
III. U\FKOi
- EtOi
- DQDHUREQt
- typ I
- typ II B
-HMLFK PRUIRORJLFNi IXQNþQt D HQHUJHWLFNi
v QiVOHGXMtFtPWDEHOiUQtPSĜHKOHGXWDE 3).
charakteristika je uvedena
Tabulka 3: Charakteristika MHGQRWOLYêFKW\SĤVYDORYêFKYOiNHQ.
Typy VYDORYêYOiNHn
Typ I
Typ II A
Typ II B
kontraktilita (rychlost stahu)
SRPDOi
U\FKOi
r\FKOi
unavitelnost
SRPDOi
U\FKOi
U\FKOi
R[LGDWLYQtNDSDFLWD
Y\VRNi
Y\VRNi
Qt]Ni
obsah myoglobinu
VWĜHGQt
Y\VRNê
åiGQê
REVDKPLWRFKRQGULt
KRGQČ
KRGQČ
PiOR
JO\NRO\WLFNiDNWLYLWD
Qt]Ni
Y\VRNi
Y\VRNi
obsah ATP a CP
PiOR
KRGQČ
KRGQČ
obsah glykogenu
Qt]Nê
Y\VRNê
Y\VRNê
REVDKWXNĤPDVWQêFKN\VHOLQ
Y\VRNê
VWĜHGQt
Qt]Nê
schopnost pracovat v ]iWČåL
hodiny
minuty
sekundy
-DN Y\SOêYi ] XYHGHQp FKDUDNWHULVWLN\ OLãt VH MHGQRWOLYi VYDORYi YOiNQD
SĜHGHYãtP VYRMt PHWDEROLFNRX NDSDFLWRX 9OiNQD U\FKOi EtOi (II B) MVRX VYêP
SĜL]SĤVREHQtP ]DSRMHQD GR U\FKOêFK D VLORYêFK DYãDN NUiWNRGREêFK SRK\EĤ
WUYDMtFtFK ĜiGRYČ QČNROLN sekund, NWHUp MVRX Y\NRQiYiQ\ QD N\VOtNRYê GHILFLW D SĜL
QLFKåMVRXDQDHUREQČRGERXUiYiQ\$73&3DJO\NRJHQ]iWČåHPD[LPiOQtLQWHQ]LW\U\FKORVWQt D VLORYp 9OiNQD U\FKOi þHUYHQi (II A) MVRX SĜL]SĤVREHQD D ]DSRMRYiQD
QHMHQ GR SRK\EĤ U\FKOêFK DOH L GORXKRGREČMãtFK WUYDMtFtFK ĜiGRYČ Då QČNROLN minut
(VXEPD[LPiOQt ]iWČåH 3ĜL QLFK MH YHGOH DQDHUREQtKR RGERXUiYiQt $7 &3 D
JO\NRJHQX Y\XåtYiQR WDNp DHUREQtKR ]SĤVREX ]tVNiYiQt HQHUJLH ] glykogenu a
PDVWQêFK N\VHOLQ 9OiNQD SRPDOi þHUYHQi , MVRX X]SĤVREHQD SUR VWDWLFNp D
GORXKRGREpSRPDOpVWHUHRW\SQtG\QDPLFNpVYDORYpNRQWUDNFH]iWČåPtUQpDVWĜHGQt
intenzity - NURNNOXVSĜtSSRPDOêFYDOWĜtWDNWQtWUYDMtFtĜiGRYČDåQČNROLNhodin. Jako
HQHUJHWLFNpKR ]GURMH DHUREQtP ]SĤVREHP Y\XåtYDMt SĜHGHYãtP WXNy (MK), ale i
glycidy DREGREQČMDNRVUGHþQtVYDOMVRXVFKRSQDMDNRHQHUJHWLFNpKR]GURMHY\XåtYDW
i k\VHOLQXPOpþQRXSURGXNRYDQRXYRERMtFK YOiNQHFKW\SX,,
28
Tabulka 4: ProcentXiOQt ]DVWRXSHQtMHGQRWOLYêFKVYDORYêFKYOiNHQ
XþORYČNDD UĤ]QêFKSOHPHQNRQt.
Druh DSOHPHQRNRQČ
I ± SRPDOiþHUYHQi
II A ± U\FKOiþHUYHQi
II B ± U\FKOiEtOi
Quarter horse
8,7
51,0
40.3
$QJOSOQRNUHYQtN
11,0
57,0
32,0
Arab
14,4
47,8
37,8
3RORNUHYQtN
24,0
49,0
27,0
Hunter
30,8
37,2
32,0
&KODGQRNUHYQtN
50,0
25,0
25,0
ýORYČN
50,0
30,0
20,0
3URFHQWXiOQt ]DVWRXSHQt MHGQRWOLYêFK W\SĤ VYDORYêFK YOiNHQ YH VYDOX MH
JHQHWLFN\ GDQp WDE D O]H MH XUþLW KLVWRORJLFNêP Y\ãHWĜHQtP REU D .
TUpQLQNHP VH SRPČU\ Y SURFHQWXiOQtP ]DVWRXSHQt VYDORYêFK YOiNHQ QHPČQt 8
þORYČND MH SRPČU PH]L SRPDOêPL D U\FKOêPL YOiNQ\ Y ãLURNpP svalu VWHKHQQtP
]KUXED L NG\å Y\QLNDMtFt VSULQWHĜL PDMt YČWãt SĜHYDKX YOiNHQ U\FKOêFK D
QDRSDN PDUDWRQFL PDMt YČWãt SĜHYDKX YOiNHQ SRPDOêFK 2EGREQp SRPČU\ MVRX YH
VWĜHGQtP KêåćRYpP VYDOX FKODGQRNUHYQtNĤ 8 SOQRNUHYQtND SR VWDOHWt ãOHFKWČQpKR
na rychlost a ranost, je vH VWĜHGQtP VYDOX KêåćRYpm YČWãt SRGtO YOiNHQ U\FKOêFK
QHå SRPDOêFK 3RGREQČ MH WRPX X NRQt VSRUWRYQtFK D NOXViNĤ 3OQRNUHYQtN MH WHG\ SRGOH VYDORYêFK YOiNHQ VYêP JHQHWLFNêP ]DORåHQtP
VSULQWHU 5R]GtO PH]L OHWRXQ\ D Y\WUYDOFL X SOQRNUHYQtND MH PRåQê MHQ SRGOH
GLIHUHQFLDFHYOiNHQW\SX,,DWRQiVOHGRYQČOHWRXQLPDMtYČWãtSRGtOYOiNHQ typu II B,
Y\WUYDOFL,,$7\WRSRPČU\]ĤVWiYDMtSRFHOêåLYRW]DFKRYiQ\DSRGOHW\SXWUpQLQNXVH
PČQtMHQYHOLNRVWWORXãĢNDVYDORYêFKYOiNHQK\SHUWURILH3ĜLU\FKORVWQtPDVLORYpP
WUpQLQNX K\SHUWURIXMt YOiNQD U\FKOi ,, $ ,, % SĜL Y\WUYDORVWQtP D REUDWQRVWQtP
WUpQLQNXYOiNQDSRPDOi,
Obr. 15 a, b: 2GEČUY]RUNXVYDOXEiopsie) KêåćRYpKRVYDOX
k PLNURVNRSLFNpPXKLVWRORJLFNpPXY\ãHWĜHQt
(foto Dr. /XGYtNRYi.
29
Obr. 16 a, b: +LVWRORJLFNpDKLVWRFKHPLFNpY\ãHWĜHQtvzorku svalu.
a) %DUYHQt+(1
b) %DUYHQt1$'+
Legenda k obri]NX 16 a, b:
a) bDUYHQt HE1 ± ]YČWãHQt[K\SHUWURILHQČNWHUêFKVYDORYêFKYOiNHQ
b) bDUYHQt1$'+± ]YČWãHQt[PLWRFKRQGULiOQtV\VWpPY R[LGDWLYQtFK
þHUYHQêFKVYDORYêFKYOiNQHFK
2.3.1.2. Kosti
.RVWL MVRX VRXþiVWt SRGSĤUQČ SRK\ERYpKR V\VWpPX NWHUê VH SRGOH IXQNFH
WDNpQČNG\QD]êYiSDVLYQtpohybovou VORåNRX.RVWYãDN]FHODSDVLYQtQHQt1DRSDN
MH RUJiQHP YHOPL DNWLYQtP QHERĢ YOLY SRK\EX VH IXQNþQČ RGUiåt Y þLOp PLQHUiOQt
YêPČQČ OiWNRYp NRVWQt PHWDEROLVPXV 3ĤVREHQtP PHFKDQLFNêFK YOLYĤ QD NRVW
WDKĤ WODNĤ SĜtSDGQČ URWDFt Y\YROiYi SRK\ERYi ]iWČå ]PČQ\ YH IXQNþQtP
XVSRĜiGiQt NRVWQt WUiPþLQ\ D PČQt VH DUFKLWHNWRQLND NRVWt -H WHG\ PRåQR ĜtFL åH
NRVWVHSĜL]SĤVREXMHVYpSRK\ERYpIXQNFLMDNSRVWUiQFHDUFKLWHNWRQLFNpWDNLIXQNþQt
DPHWDEROLFNp9HGOHPHFKDQLFNêFKDIXQNþQtFKYOLYĤSĤVREtQDWYDUDVWUXNWXUXNRVWL
GDOãtIDNWRU\MDNRMVRXGČGLþQRVWUĤVWYêåLYDDSRG
3RK\ERYi ]iWČå SĤVREt SĜtPR QD NRVW =YêãHQp PHFKDQLFNp QiURN\ YHGRX
ke NRVWQt K\SHUWURILL VWUXNWXUiOQt D WYDURYp SĜHVWDYEČ NRVWL 1HMYtFH SĤVREt
PHFKDQLFNp YOLY\ Y REGREt UĤVWX NRVWL -HGQRVWUDQQp ]DWtåHQt Y WRPWR REGREt SDN
PĤåH ]SĤVRELWSDWRORJLFNRX SĜHVWDYEX NRVWL a asymetrickp ]PČQ\ na kostech. Jsou
to ]HMPpQD QČNWHUpPHFKDQLFNp]HYQt inzulty LYQLWĜQtPHWDEROLFNpinzulty ]SĤVREXMtFt
mikrotraumata (mikrofraktury) NWHUp MVRX SĜtþLQRX GDOãtFK ]PČQ YLGLWHOQêFK Y
SĜtVOXãQp REODVWL MDNR QDSĜ H[RVWy]\ QD NRVWHFK NRQþHWLQ nebo tzv. ÄãLPEDMQ\³,
SĜtSDGQČW]YVWUHVVRYpIUDNWXU\DSRG7\WRYOLY\VHSURMHYtQHMHQQDYHQHNDOHLYH
YQLWĜQtPXVSRĜiGiQtNRVWtY MHMtDUFKLWHNWRQLFHDRGROQRVWLN WDKXWODNXLQiUD]XWHG\
NHVWUHVVĤPSRK\ERYp]iWČåH YL]NDSLWROD9OLYQHDGHNYiWQtKRWUpQLQNXQDSRK\ERYê
DSDUiW.
30
2.3.1.3. Klouby
3ĜL SRK\ERYp ]iWČåL NRQt PDMt NORXE\ NURPČ PHFKDQLFNp IXQNFH MHãWČ ]YOiãWQt
~ORKXNWHUi XPRåĖXMHSRGiYiQtSĜHVQêFK QHUYRYêFKLQIRUPDFtQHMHQRVWDYXNORXEX
DOHSĜHGHYãtPR ]PČQiFKY SRVWDYHQtMHGQRWOLYêFKþiVWtNRQþHWLQ YNOLGXLYUĤ]QêFK
Ii]tFKSRK\EX (tzv. propriorecepce).
.ORXEQt vazivo MH QHGtOQRX VWDYHEQt VRXþiVWt NORXEĤ NWHUp ]SHYĖXMH NORXE D
reguluje jeho ohyb. 9\WYiĜtNORXEQt pouzdroNWHUpnejen kloub kryje, ale i obstariYi
FpYQt D QHUYRYp ]iVREHQt kloubu. 3HYQRVW YD]LYD ]DMLãĢXMt SĜHGHYãtP NRODJHQQt
YOiNQDNGHåWRHODVWLFLWXDSURWDåLWHOQRVWYOiNQDHODVWLFNi9SUĤEČKXåLYRWDVHPČQt
SHYQRVWLHODVWLFLWDNORXEQtKRYD]LYDWtPåHVHPČQtMHKRVORåHQt3URFHVHPVWiUQXWt
se ]PHQãXMH SĜHGHYãtP HODVWLFNi VORåND SĜLEêYi YOiNHQ NRODJHQQtFK D YD]LYR MH
PpQČ SURWDåLWHOQp D HODVWLFNp .URPČ ]iNRQLWpKR SURFHVX VWiUQXWt MH Y åLYRWČ NRQt
REGREt NG\ VH ]YČWãXMH pURWDåitelQRVW YD]LYRYpKR V\VWpPX tzv. REGREt OD[QRVWL
7RWR VSDGi GR REGREt LQWHQ]LYQtKR UĤVWX KĜtEDW D PODGêFK NRQt Då GR GRE\ MHMLFK
ELRORJLFNp GRVSČORVWL 9 WpWR GREČ ]YêãHQi OD[QRVW YD]LYD XPRåĖXMH þDVWR L SRK\E
NWHUêSĜHVDKXMHI\]LRORJLFNêUR]VDKK\EQRVWLDYHGHþDVWRNSURGORXåHQtYD]LYRYêFK
HOHPHQWĤ 6WiUQXWt RQHPRFQČQt ~UD]\ L RSDNRYDQi jednostranni ]DWtåHQt mohou
Y\YRODW GLVSURSRUFL PH]L VORåHQtP YD]LYD D QiURN\ QD QČM NODGHQêPL D WHG\ L YČWãt
PRåQRVW SRUXFK jejich FHOLVWYRVWL WDN MDN VH V WtP VHWNiPH X W]Y SURIHVLRQiOQtFK
FKRUREVSRUWRYQtFKNRQtUXSWXU\YD]ĤDãODFKDWG
2.3.1.4. Chrupavky
Chrupavka MH GDOãtP VWDYHEQt VWUXNWXURX NORXEX QD Qtå VH þDVWR SURMHYt
GĤVOHGN\ ]DWtåHQt L SĜHWtåHQt 9]KOHGHP N WRPX åH NU\MH NORXEQt SORFK\ ~þDVWQt VH
SUDNWLFN\NDåGpKRSRK\EX-HWYRĜHQD]iNODGQtKPRWRXPDWUL[DNRODJHQQtPLYOiNQ\
ILEULODPL 9 SUĤEČKX VWiUQXWt VH PČQt Y]iMHPQê SRPČU ]iNODGQt KPRW\ D YOiNHQ
8EêYi ]iNODGQt KPRW\ D SĜLEêYi NRODJHQQtFK YOiNHQ ÒE\WHN PDWUL[ VH SURMHYt
SRUXãHQtP þL XYROQČQtP YOiNQLWêFK VWUXNWXU D WtP VH REQDåXMt NRODJHnQt YOiNQD QD
povrchu chrupavky DNORXE\EROt.
5RYQČå RSDNRYDQi ]iWČå D ]HMPpQD SĜHWtåHQt SĤVREt MDN QD FKUXSDYþLWRX
VWUXNWXUX WDN QD WYDU D VORåHQt WNiQČ 2EHFQČ MH PRåQR ĜtFL åH SRK\ERYi DNWLYLWD
]SHYĖXMH YD]LYRYRXD FKUXSDYþLWRXWNiĖSRNXGMHYHI\]LRORJLFNpNYDOLWČD NYDQWLWČ
-HMLFK SRUXFK\ MVRX Y\YROiQ\ MDN SRK\EHP QHGRVWDWHþQêP WDN L SRK\EHP
QDGPČUQêPþLQHDGHNYiWQtP1HDGHNYiWQtDMHGQRVWUDQQi]iWČåMDNRåLPHFKDQLFNp
LQ]XOW\ PRKRX Y\YROiYDW U\FKOê QiVWXS SRGREQêFK ]PČQ MDNR Y SURFHVX VWiUQXWt XYROQČQt VWUXNWXU FKUXSDYþLWp PDWUL[ UR]EUi]GČQt FKUXSDYN\ D NXOKiQt PĜL velmi
WČåNpP SRVWLåHQt PĤåH EêW FKUXSDYND ~SOQČ ]QLþHQD D Y]QLNDMt ]iQČWOLYi D
GHJHQHUDWLYQtRQHPRFQČQtNORXEĤSĜtSDGQČW]YNORXEQtþLS\
Tzv. UĤVWRYp FKUXSDYN\ HSLI\]iUQt ãWČUELQ\ ]HMPpQD na GORXKêFK NRVWHFK
PRKRX LQIRUPRYDW R SUĤEČKX RVLILNDþQtKR SURFHVX X URVWRXFtFK NRQt
5HQWJHQRORJLFN\ MH PRåQp VWDQRYLW VWXSHĖGRVSČORVWL MHMLFK SRGSĤUQČSRK\ERYpKR
DSDUiWX =DĜD]HQt NRQt s QHX]DYĜHQêP NRVWQtP YêYLQHP RWHYĜHQêPL UĤVWRYêPL
chrupavkami) GRLQWHQ]LYQtKRWUpQLQNXPĤåH]iK\YpVWk RQHPRFQČQtGORXKêFKNRVWt
YHIRUPČ]iQČWĤUĤVWRYêFK ãWČUELQW]YVWUHVsRYêFKIUDNWXUNRVWt H[RVWy] þL]iQČWX
RNRVWLFH ÄãLPEDMQ\ . RVLILNDFL FKUXSDYþLWêFK UĤVWRYêFK SORWpQHN GRFKi]t X
SOQRNUHYQtNĤPH]LDPČVtFHPVWiĜtXSRORNUHYQtNĤMHãWČSR]GČML7RWRMHWDNp
REGREt LQWHQ]LYQt SĜHVWDYE\ VWUXNWXU\ D WYDUX NRVWt NRQþHWLQ D REGREt OD[QRVWL
YD]LYRYpKR V\VWpPX 3UR UĤVW D YêYRMPODGpKR NRQČ Y ]DþiWFtFK WUpQLQNX MH WR WHG\
REGREtQHMNULWLþWČMãt YL]NDS1iVOHGN\QHDGHNYiWQt]iWČåH.
31
2.3.2.
MECHANIKA POHYBU KONċ
=iNODGQtP IXQNþQtP SUYNHP K\EQRVWL MH tzv. PRWRULFNi MHGQRWND 0RWRULFNp
jednotky jsou VYDORYpVNXSLQ\NWHUpMVRX zapojeny dRMHGQRKR]HGYRXV\VWpPĤ
x
VWDWLFNpKR XGUåXMtFtSRORKXWČOD NRQČ
x
G\QDPLFNpKR ]DMLãĢXMtFt SRK\ENRQČ (lokomoci).
2.3.2.1. 6\VWpPVWDWLFNê
6\VWpP VWDWLFNê UHSUH]HQWXMH IXQNþQt FHOHN PRWRULFNêFK MHGQRWHN WYRĜHQêFK
VNXSLQDPL VYDOĤ VWDWLFNêFK NWHUp PDMt ]D ~NRO XGUåRvat WČåLãWČ WČOD NRQČ v co
QHMVWDELOQČMãt SROR]H YĤþL ]HPVNp JUDYLWDFL WpPČĜ NDåGê SRK\E Y\YROi ]PČQX
WČåLãWČ =DMLãĢXMt WHG\ GUåHQt WČOD 7HQWR V\VWpP MH WUYDOH DNWLYQt 6YDO\ SDWĜtFt
k WRPXWRV\VWpPXMVRXQHMPRKXWQČMãtPDMtPDORXXQDYLWHOQRVWOHSãtFpYQt]iVREHQt
YČWãt UHJHQHUDþQt SRWHQFLiO GRYHGRX EêW Y þLQQRVWL GORXKRGREČ a v SUĤEČKX åLYRWD
PDMt WHQGHQFL NH ]NUiFHQt -VRX WYRĜHQ\ SĜHYiåQČ SRPDOêPL þHUYHQêPL VYDORYêPL
YOiNQ\ typu I .URPČ WRKR MH X OLFKRNRS\WQtNĤ ]YOiãWQt ãODãLWp XVSRĜiGiQt VYDOĤ
NRQþHWLQNWHUpXPRåĖXMHNRQLEH]YČWãtFK]MHYQêFK]QiPHN~QDY\GORXKRGREČVWiWD
ve stoje dokonce LVSiW3ĜLVWiQtDXGUåRYiQtSRORK\WČODY SRK\EXPiYHONêYê]QDP
REORXNKUXGQt D EHGHUQt SiWHĜH, NWHUê VH RStUi R KUXGQt D SiQHYQt NRQþHWLQ\ MDNR R
sloupy - VWDWLFNê REORXN 6SROX VH VYDO\ D YD]\ XGUåXMtFtPL VWDELOLWX D SRORKX WČOD
Y\WYiĜt RQHQ V\VWpP VWDWLFNê. 7RWR XVSRĜiGiQt SiWHĜH VSROX V NRQþHWLQDPL VLOQêP
YD]HPãtMRYêPDYD]\QDGWUQRYêPi XPRåĖXMHNRQtPQHVHQtEĜHPHQHMH]GFH
2.3.2.2. 6\VWpPG\QDPLFNê
0RWRULFNp MHGQRWN\ VYDOĤ VORXåtFtFK SRK\EX WYRĜt GRKURPDG\ V\VWpP
G\QDPLFNê'\QDPLFNpVYDO\VH]DStQDMtMHQSĜLSRK\EXPDMtYČWãtXQDYLWHOQRVWKRUãt
FpYQt]iVREHQtPHQãtUHJHQHUDþQtSRWHQFLiODY SUĤEČKXåLYRWDSRNXGQHMVRXWUYDOH
]DWČåRYiQ\ D V\VWHPDWLFN\ SRVLORYiQ\ PDMt WHQGHQFL N RVODEHQt DWURILL -VRX
Y\EDYHQ\ SĜHYiåQČ U\FKOêPL VYDORYêPL YOiNQ\ typu II). 3ĜL SRK\EX Y]QLNi X
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35
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u koní umístČných na I., III. a V. UĤ]QêFKGRVWL]tFK.
místČ v dostihu
P < 0,05
SĜHG
po
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
SĜHG
I.
III.
V.
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MH ]iYLVOi QD LQWHQ]LWČ ]iWČåH YêNRQX D VWXSQL WUpQRYDQRVWL NRQČ YêNRQQRVWL MDN
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DFLGRED]LFNp URYQRYiK\ NUYH 3ĜL HQRUPQtFK PD[LPiOQtFK YêNRQHFK SR GRVWLKX
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Tabulka 5: =PČQ\ DFLGRED]LFNpURYQRYiK\NUYHSRGRVWLKXQDP
podle XPtVWČQtNRQČ.
8PtVWČQtNRQČ
pH
BE
SB
BB
1.
7,141
- 22,5
11,2
37,0
3.
7,047
- 26,5
8,2
28,7
5.
7,034
- 26,5
8,0
26,1
7,006
- 32,5
7,8
25,3
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V\VWpPEtONRYLQDIRVIiWĤ7tPYãDNNOHViVFKRSQRVW EtONRYLQa fosfiWĤYi]DW GUDVOtN
v EXĖFH D WHQ XQLNi ] EXQČN GR H[WUDFHOXOiUQt WHNXWLQ\, tj. do krve (K\SHUNDOpPLH).
Aby se zachovala neutralita a URYQRYiKD YH YQLWĜQtP SURVWĜHGt SURQLNi z krve do
EXQČNVRGtNRYêLRQWVSROHþQČV vodou (K\SRQDWUpPLH'DOãt PHWDEROLFNp]PČQ\MVRX
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XPtVWČQêFKQD,,,D9PtVWČYHGRVWL]tFK
Tabulka 6: 0HWDEROLFNp]PČQ\Y KêåćRYpPVYDOXVWĜHGQtP
SĜHGDSRWĜHFK GRVWL]tFKXNRQt
XPtVWČQêFKQD,,,,, 9PtVWČ.
n
ATP
IMP
CP
Gl ± 3± P
/DNWiW
SĜHG
9
21,5
0,4
59,7
2,8
18,7
I.
3
14,6
6,9
39,3
14,1
116,0
III.
3
13,2
7,7
33,2
17,9
121,0
V.
3
12,3
6,6
20,0
17.4
127,0
42
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5RYQČå WYRUED PRþL EČKHP ]iWČåH je omezeni nebo dokonce zastaveni
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OHGYLQ MH GĤOHåLWp SUR Y\ORXþHQt RGSDGQtFK SURGXNWĤ z WČOD OHGYLQDPL D pro ~SUDYX
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ledvin SR WpWR ]iWČåL se v PRþL objevuje EtONRYLQD SĜtSDGQČ SRNXG ãOR R ]iWČå
neDGHNYiWQtWDNpPRþRYêindikin, hemoglobin a myoglobin (kapitola 5.2.).
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tekutin D LRQWĤ MDNRå L SUDFRYQt otok VYDOĤ MDNR SĜL ]iWČåL NUiWNRGREp. 7\WR ]PČQ\
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v\OXþRYiQtWHNXWLQDLRQWĤpotem.
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Y\URYQiQt RVPRODULW\ H[WUDFHOXOiUQtKR D LQWUDFHOXOiUQtKR SURVWRUX = LRQWĤ Y\ND]XMH
QHMPDUNDQWQČMãt ]PČQ\ GUDVOtN MHKRå NRQFHQWUDFH Y SOD]PČ VH QD SRþiWNX SUiFH
SUXGFH ]Y\ãXMH Y souvislosti s SUREtKDMtFt JO\NROê]RX 9 GDOãtP SUĤEČKX ]iWČåH VH
YãDN KODGLQD GUDVOtNX v SOD]PČ SRVWXSQČ VQLåXMH K\SRNDOpPLH FRå MH VSRMRYiQR
s Y\OXþRYiQtPGUDVOtNX.spolu sHVRGtNHP1Da FKOyUHP&O SRWHP=WUiW\WČFKWR
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hladinu v krvi =WUiW\ VRGtNX Na) SRWHP MVRX SDN KODYQt SĜtþLQRX SRNOHVX VRGtNX v
NUHYQt SODVPČ7DNpKRGQoty GUDVOtNXK) MVRXSĜLGORXKRGREp]iWČåi Y\ããtYSRWXQHå
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MHKRå NRQFHQWUDFH Y NUYL MH Y SRþiWNX ]YêãHQD Y\SODYHQtP ]H VYDORYêFK EXQČN
(hyperkalpmie). TDNWR PĤåH GRMtW NH ]QDþQp ]WUiWČ GUDVOtNX ledvinami a potem
K\SRNDOpPLH MHMtPå SURMHYHP je SRNOHV VYDORYp VtO\ ~QDYD Då SRUXFK\ YQtPiQt D
SRUXFK\YLGČQtWMSRUXFK\senzyria. =YêãHQt RVPRWLFNpKRWODNX YHYQLWĜQtPSURVWĜHGt
SĜLGORXKRGREêFK]iWČåtFK Y\YROi åt]HĖ.
43
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SRWĜHEQpPPQRåVWYt RUJDQLVPX NRQČGRGDW UHK\GUDWDþQtPLQiSRMLQHER LQIX]HPL, tj.
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44
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45
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47
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SĜtSDGQČVROiULXPmagnetoterapie, ultrazvuk a elektrostimulace atd.).
Obr. 19: Magnetoterapie.
2.6.2. 3ě('67$57291Ë67$9<
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48
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49
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50
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~QDYX RGOLãQRX FHVWRX D ] QHVWHMQêFK SĜtþLQ L NG\å PQRKp jsou VSROHþQp ÒQDYD D
MHMt SĜtþLQ\ WDNp QHMVRX ]iOHåLWRVWt MHQ QČNWHUpKR RUJiQX QHER MHQ QČNWHUp IXQNFH.
Jsou ]iOHåLWRVWtYtFHIXQNFtDtedy i jejich koordinaci ĜtGtFtmi mechanismy QHUYRYpD
HQGRNULQQt VRXVWDY\ D WtP L RUJDQLVPX MDNR FHONX 1LFPpQČ YãDN X XUþLWpKR GUXKX
]iWČåH PĤåH EêW QČNWHUi ] IXQNFt UR]KRGXMtFt. FXQNFt QD Qtå ]iOHåt QHMYtFH D MHMtå
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V VRXþDVQpGREČVHREHFQČXYiGČMtþW\ĜL]iNODGQtSĜtþLQ\Y]QLNX~QDY\:
I. Y\þHUSiQtHQHUJHWLFNêFK]iVRE,
II. QDKURPDGČQtRGSDGRYêFK]SORGLQYêPČQ\OiWNRYpYHVPČVN\VHOpSRvahy,
III. I\]LNiOQČFKHPLFNp]PČQ\Y þLQQêFKWNiQtFK,
IV. ]PČQ\UHJXODþQtFKDNRRUGLQDþQtFKPHFKDQLVPĤmezi CNS a svaly.
51
I. 9\þHUSiQt HQHUJHWLFNêFK ]iVRE v SRGREČ HQHUJHWLFNêch IRVIiWĤ D VXEVWUiWĤ.
(QHUJHWLFNp IRVIiW\ (ATP, CP) MVRX QH]E\WQp SUR NDåGê ]DþiWHN ]iWČåH ale
MHMLFK NDSDFLWD MH SUDNWLFN\ QHSDWUQi D VQDGQR VH Y\þHUSiYi = HQHUJHWLFNêFK
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K Y\þHUSiQt JO\NRJHQX PĤåH GRMtW jen SĜL GORXKRWUYDMtFtFK YêNRQHFK NRQČ
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LQWHQ]LYQČMãtFK YêNRQĤ NRQČ QHO]H JO\NRJHQ Y\þHUSDW. 3URWR Y\þHUSiQt
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v QHSDWUQp ]iVREČ D QD MHKR GRGiYFH ]iYLVt FHOi HQHUJHWLFNi SĜHPČQD åLYLQ
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HQHUJHWLFNêFK IRVIiWĤ KURPDGt VH N\VHOLQD POpþQi a amoniak Y\þHUSiYi VH
DONDOLFNiUH]HUYDQDUXãXMHVHVWiORVWYQLWĜQtKRSURVWĜHGtD Y]QLNi~QDYD
II. 1DKURPDGČQtRGSDGRYêFK]SORGLQ YêPČQ\OiWNRYpN\VHOpSRYDK\ je GUXKê
aspeNW Y]QLNX ~QDY\ SĜHGHYãtP X ]iWČåt GR PLQXW WUYiQt YêNRQX .\VHOp
]SORGLQ\ PHWDEROLVPX ]HMPpQD N\VHOLQD POpþQi D SĜtSDGQČ DPRQLDN MVRX QD
Y]QLNX ~QDY\ ~þDVWQ\ SĜHGHYãtP SĤVREHQtP QD VYDOVWYR D QHUYRYê V\VWpP
&HONRYp ]DN\VHOHQt YQLWĜQtKR SURVWĜHGt (acidosa) VQLåXMH YêNRQQRVW VYDOX D
QDNRQHF þLQt VYDORYRX þLQQRVW QHPRåQRX 3RGVWDWQČMãt SĤVREHQt N\VHOLQ\
POpþQpDDPRQLDNXQHåQDVYDOMHQDFHQWUiOQtQHUYRYêV\VWpPNWHUêMHQDW\WR
]SORGLQ\ PLPRĜiGQČ FLWOLYê 'RFKi]t N SRUXFKiP YQtPiQt D QHUYRVYDORYp
koordinaFH NWHUp MVRX YODVWQtP SURMHYHP ~QDY\ =DMtPDYp YãDN MH åH PDOê
pokles S+ MH SUR VYDORYRX SUiFL YêKRGQê W]Y SĜHFKRGQp ]DN\VHOHQt
organismu 3ĤVREt QDSĜ UR]ãtĜHQt NDSLOiU YH VYDOX YDVRGLODWDFL ]Y\ãXMH
GUiåGLYRVWGêFKDFtKRDREČKRYpKR~VWĜHGtSURKOXEXMHGêFKiQtD]Y\ãXMHY\XåLWt
N\VOtNX (viz. kapitola 3.2.3.).
III. )\]LNiOQČ FKHPLFNp ]PČQ\ Y þLQQêFK WNiQtFK SĜL ~QDYČ MVRX VSRMHQ\
s SRUXãHQtP URYQRYiK\ LRQWĤ ýLQQê VYDO ]WUiFt GUDVOtN . NWHUê SĜHFKi]t GR
NUYHDSĜLMtPiVRGtNNa) a FKORULGRYpLRQW\Cl)=WUiW\GUDVOtNX]HVYDOXYHGRX
NH ]KRUãHQt obnovy glykogenu a k RFKX]HQt VYDOX R tento ]GURMHQHUJLH 'DOãt
SĜtþLQ\~QDY\VSRþtYDMtY SĜHVXQXYRG\] NUYHGRWNiQtDY SĜHVXQXYiSQtNX]H
svalu do krve. (K\SHUNDOFpPLH 1HMGĤOHåLWČMãt GĤVOHGHN WČFKWR SĜHVXQĤ jsou
SRUXFK\ QHUYRVYDORYp NRRUGLQDFH 7DWR SĜtþLQD VH QHMYtFH XSODWĖXMH X YêNRQĤ
QDG PLQXW\ WUYiQt 8 GORXKêFK Y\WUYDORVWQtFK YêNRQĤ ĜiGRYČ QDG PLQXW
WUYiQt QDVWiYi GDOãt SURKORXEHQt QHURYQRYiK\ LRQWĤ NWHUp MVRX VSRMHQ\
s LQWHQ]LYQtP SRFHQtP SĜL YêNRQX 3RWHP VH ] NUYH ]WUiFt HOHNWURO\W\ ]HMPpQD
GUDVOtN VRGtN D FKORULG\ D Y]QLNi tzv. hyperosmolarita NUHYQt SOD]P\ NWHUi
Y\YROiSRFLWåt]QČ6QtåHQiKODGLQDGUDVOtNX vede k SRNOHVXVYDORYpVtO\DVSROX
s Qt]NêPL KRGQRWDPL VRGtNX D FKORULGĤ je i SĜtþLQRX ~QDY\ SĜL Y\WUYDORVWQtFK
YêNRQHFK
52
IV. =PČQ\ UHJXODþQtFK D NRRUGLQDþQtFK PHFKDQLVPĤ PH]L &16 D VYDO\.
'ĤOHåLWêP PHFKDQLVPHP Y]QLNX ~QDY\ MH WDNp ~WOXP v FHQWUiOQt QHUYRYp
VRXVWDYČ ]SĤVREHQê SĜHPtURX Y]UXFKĤ SĜLFKi]HMtFtFK ] þLQQpKR VYDOVWYD
1iVOHGNHP ~WOXPX MH URYQČå ãSDWQi QHUYRVYDORYi NRRUGLQDFH VQtåHQt
SRKRWRYRVWL D RVWURVWL YQtPiQt ]WUiWD G\QDPLFNpKR SRK\ERYpKR VWHUHRW\SX D
v SV\FKLFNp REODVWL Y]QLN SĜHGUiåGČQRVWL Då DJUHVLYLW\ QHER QDRSDN Y]QLN
DSDWLHGHSUHVHDERMiFQRVWL
2.6.3.4. ÒQDYDSĜL]iWČåtFKUĤ]QpLQWHQ]LW\DREMHPX
3ĜLYêNRQHFKPD[LPiOQtLQWHQ]LW\ tj. v U\FKORVWQtch a silovêFK YêNRQechNWHUêPL
MVRX QDSĜ OHWRXQVNp D PtODĜVNp GLVWDQFH GRVWLKRYêFK NRQt ZHVWHUQRYp MHåGČQt
Y\VRNp VWXSQČ SDUNXURYp polo MH GRGiYND N\VOtNX WUDQVSRUWQtP V\VWpPHP ]QDþQČ
omezena D VYDOVWYR SUDFXMH QD YHONê N\VOtNRYê GHILFLW (QHUJLH VH XYROĖXMH ] YHONp
þiVWLMHQDQDHUREQČs vydatnou produkct N\VHOLQ\POpþQp-HWRPXWDNSURWRåHWHQWR
YêNRQ WUYi SRPČUQČ MHQ NUiWNRX GREX D WXGtå GêFKiQt D REČK NUHYQt VH QHVWDþt
SĜL]SĤVRELW WDN HQRUPQČ ]YêãHQêP SRåDGDYNĤP QD N\VOtN SOLFQt WUDQVSRUWQt
N\VOtNRYê GOXK 3URWR REMHP YêNRQX GRED GpOND WUDWL NWHUê PĤåH NĤĖ DEVROYRYDW
v PD[LPiOQt LQWHQ]LWČ WM PD[LPiOQt DQDHUREQt YêNRQ MH ]iYLVOê QD DQDHUREQt
NDSDFLWČRUJDnismu9\þHUSi-OLVHWDWRDQDHUREQtNDSDFLWDEČKHPYêNRQXPXVtNĤĖ
VQtåLW LQWHQ]LWX MHãWČ SĜHG XNRQþHQtP YêNRQX QDSĜ YH ILQLãL .URPČ Y\þHUSiQt
DQDHUREQt NDSDFLW\ D QDKURPDGČQt N\VHOLQ\ POpþQp YH VYDOHFK SĤVREt SĜL WČFKWR
YêNRQHFK QD Y]QLN ~QDY\ L RFKUDQQê ~WOXP Y FHQWUiOQtP QHUYRYpP V\VWpPX
SRGPtQČQê URYQČå QHGRVWDWNHP N\VOtNX. Produkce N\VHOLQ\ POpþQp D amoniaku,
NWHUêLULWXMH&16se SURMHYtSĜHGHYãtPSĜHGUiåGČQRVWtNĜHþHPLDåQXWNDYêPLSRK\E\
NRQČ W]YSĜHSČWt
3ĜL YêNRQHFK VXEPD[LPiOQt LQWHnzity NWHUêPL MVRX QDSĜ Y\WUYDOHFNp URYLQRYp
WUDWČ D SĜtSDGQČ L NUDWãt GRVWLK\ SĜHNiåNRYp ]iOHåt SĜHGHYãtP QD GRGiYFH N\VOtNX
GêFKiQtPDREČKRYêPV\VWpPHP6SRWĜHEDN\VOtNXGRVDKXMHPD[LPiOQtFKKRGQRWWM
PD[LPiOQt DHUREQt YêNRQ $YãDN L ]GH MH YêGHM energie Y\VRNê QHERĢ GRGiYND
N\VOtNX WUDQVSRUWQtP V\VWpPHP SĜHNURþLOD W]Y DQDHUREQt SUiK D Y]QLNi WNiĖRYê
N\VOtNRYêGHILFLWs GDOãtSURGXNFtN\VHOLQ\POpþQp
0R]HN NWHUê MH QHMFLWOLYČMãt QD N\VHOp SURGXNW\ DFLGy]X ]DViKQH QD W\WR
]PČQ\RFKUDQQêP~WOXPHPGĜtYHQHåGRMGHN ~SOQpPXY\þHUSiQtRUJDQLVPXDNĤĖ
MHGRQXFHQVQtåLWU\FKORVWPĜLSRNUDþRYiQtYHYêNRQX Yi]QHQHUYRVYDORYiNRRUGLQDFH
PL]t VRXGQRVW RGKDG D SĜL]SĤVRELYRVW D NĤĖ SĜL YêNRQX GČOi FK\E\ QDSĜ SiG
VKR]HQtSĜHNiåN\SĜtSDGQČFK\E\Y MLQêFKQDFYLþHQêFKSRK\EHFK
3ĜtþLQRX YãHFK WČFKWR ]PČQ YãDN ]ĤVWiYi RSČW QHGRVWDWHN N\VOtNX 2GROQRVW
SURWL ~QDYČ MH SURWR Y WČFKWR GLVFLSOtQiFK GiQD Y\VRNêP PD[LPiOQtP DHUREQtP
YêNRQHP NRQČ NWHUê MH XPRåQČQ Y\VRNRX DHUREQt NDSDFLWRX RUJDQLVPX, tj.
SĜHGHYãtP YêNRQQRVWt NDUGLRUHVSLUDþQtFK IXQNFt 9\VRNê PD[LPiOQt DHUREQt YêNRQ
XPRåĖXMH NRQL NUêW DHUREQtP ]SĤVREHP ~KUDG\ HQHUJLH YČWãt þiVW YêNRQX GREX
GpONXWUDWL LSĜL LQWHQ]LWČpohybu nad 70% maxLPiOQtKR ~VLOt (v rychlosti a VtOH
53
U YêNRQĤ VWĜHGQt intenzity MDNR MVRX QDSĜ GORXKp SĜHNiåNRYp GRVWLK\ crosscountry, YãHVWUDQQi ]SĤVRELORVW SĜtSDGQČ L u Y\WUYDORVWQtch D REUDWQRVWQtFK YêNRQĤ
Qt]Np D PDOp LQWHQ]LW\, MDNR MVRX QDSĜ Y\WUYDORVWQt Mt]G\, drezura apod., je VSRWĜHED
N\VOtNX YH VWHMQp þDVRYp jednotce SRPČUQČ PDOi D WXGtå QHGRVWDWHN N\VOtNX QHO]H
SRYDåRYDW]DSULPiUQtSĜtþLQX~QDY\. V WČFKWRGLVFLSOtQiFKGRFKi]tN tzv. VHWUYDOpPX
stavu (steady state)NG\VSRWĜHEDN\VOtNXGêFKiQtDNUHYQtREČK GHFKRYiDWHSRYi
frekvence) VHXVWiOtQDXUþLWp vêãL. Tato YãDNQHQtKUDQLþQt a proto NĤĖ QDWpWR~URYQL
VHWUYiYi SR YHONRX þiVW YêNRQX 0DOê N\VOtNRYê GHILFLW NWHUê SĜL Y\WUYDORVWQtP QHER
YêNRQX REUDWQRVWQtP Y]QLNQH QD ]DþiWNX ]iWČåH VH Y SRGVWDWČ QH]YČWãXMH D N\VHOp
PH]LSURGXNW\ VH EČKHP YêNRQX KURPDGt Y PHQãtP PQRåVWYt D WXGtå L ]DN\VHOHQt
YQLWĜQtKRSURVWĜHGtMHPHQãtQHåXYêNRQĤSĜHGFKR]tFK.
8 QČNWHUêFK GORXKRGREêFK YêNRQĤ MDNR MVRX QDSĜ Y\WUYDORVWQt Mt]G\ þL MLQp
Y\WUYDORVWQt YêNRQ\ VH DFLGRED]LFNi URYQRYiKD (DFLGy]D) XSUDYt MHãWČ Y SUĤEČKX
]iYRGX D YHONRX SOLFQt YHQWLODFt SĜL YêNRQX GRNRQFH SĜHMGH GR W]Y. DONDOy]\ 3ĜL
GORXKRGREêFK YêNRQHFK MH SURWR PRåQp SRYDåRYDW ]D SĜtþLQX ~QDY\ Y\þHUSiQt
VYDORYpKR JO\Nogenu, D QHGRVWDWHN PDVWQêFK N\VHOLQ Y þHUYHQêFK VYDORYêFK
YOiNnech.
3ĜL YãHFK Y\WUYDORVWQtFK YêNRQHFK MH YãDN PQRKHP GĤOHåLWČMãt SĜtþLQRX ~QDY\
porucha vH VWDELOLWČ YQLWĜQtKR SURVWĜHGt ]HMPpQD Y REVDKX YRG\ D HOHNWURO\WĤ jejich
]WUiW\ SRFHQtP D WXGtå I\]LNiOQČ FKHPLFNp ]PČQ\ Y þLQQêFK WNiQtFK =WUiW\
HOHNWURO\WĤ potem vedou kH VQtåHQt KODGLQ\ GUDVOtNX VRGtNX D FKORULGĤ Y a
k K\SHURVPRODULWČ plazmy. To YãHYHGHN SRNOHVXVYDORYpVtO\SRUXFKiPNRRUGLQDFH
SRK\EX FK\EiP EČKHP YêNRQX D QHEH]SHþQêP SiGĤP ] ~QDY\ ÒQDYD SĜL WČFKWR
GUX]tFK SRK\ERYpKR ]DWtåHQt NRQČ VH SURMHYXMH YêUD]QêPL SĜt]QDN\ Y oblasti
VYDOVWYD YQLWĜQtFK RUJiQĤ D QHUYRYp VRXVWDY\ NWHUp YHGRX Då NH ]KURXFHQt
RUJDQLVPXW]Y]FKYiFHQt
2.6.3.5. =RWDYHQt] ~QDY\
=RWDYHQt ] ~QDY\ SR ]iWČåL MH MHGQRX ] QHMGĤOHåLWČMãtFK VRXþiVWt WUpQLQNRYpKR
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QHER NRPELQDFt XUþLWêFK WUpQLQNRYêFK MHGQRWHN Y PLNURF\NOX PH]RF\NOX þL
PDNURF\NOX MH XPČQt zotavovat NRQČ SR NDåGp ]iWČåL D SR NDåGpP WUpQLQNRYpP
cyklu tak, aby se VSOĖRYDORYãHFKQ\ SRåDGDYNy na wHOIDUHNRQt.
=RWDYHQtP R]QDþXMHPH Ii]L SR VNRQþHQt SRK\ERYpKR YêNRQX NRQČ -HVWOLåH
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VYDOĤGRNUYHPĤåHEêW]YêãHQiDåGRPLQXWSR]iWČåL'iVHWHG\REHFQČĜtFL
åH N GRVDåHQt NOLGRYêFK KRGQRW SR ]iWČåLGRFKi]t v SUĤEČKX PLQXW 1H]QDPHQi
WR YãDN åH GRMGH N GRNRQDOpPX RGSRþLQNX D ]RWDYHQt D åH E\ E\O RUJDQLVPXV SOQČ
SĜLSUDYHQ SUR GDOãt Y\VRNRX ]iWČå =PtQČQi ~SUDYD YQLWĜQtKR SURVWĜHGt VH WêNi MHQ
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PĤåHEêWPQRKHPGHOãtĜiGRYČKRGLQ\GQ\LWêGQ\
54
3UR ]GiUQê SUĤEČK ]RWDYRYDFtFK SURFHVĤ MH GDOHNR YêKRGQČMãt DNWLYQt
RGSRþLQHN QHå RGSRþLQHN SDVLYQt (obr. 20). Aktivntm RGSRþLQkHP UR]XPtPH
SĜHGHYãtP þLQQRVW Qt]Np LQWHQ]LW\ NURN NOXV SRPDOê WĜtWDNWQt FYDO) QHER ]PČQD
SRK\ERYpþinnosti YêEČKSDVWYLQDWHUpQSODYiQtNWHUiPi]D~NRORGVWUDQLW~QDYX
a XU\FKOLWSURFHV]RWDYRYiQt$NWLYQtRGSRþLQHNPiSĜHGHYãtPSRY]EXGLWREQRYRYDFt
pochody v WČFK REODVWHFK FHQWUiOQt QHUYRYp VRXVWDY\ NWHUp MVRX QHMYtFH XQDYHQ\
7RWR MH SĜHGHYãtP SV\FKLFNê DVSHNW DNWLYQtKR RGSRþLQNX D SURWR ]GH PDMt WDN
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± VZLPLQJ SRRO MH Yê]QDPQp QHMHQ ] hlediska fyzLFNpKR D SV\FKLFNpKR RGSRþLQNX
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NWHUê QXWt NRQČ GêFKDW KORXEČML D ]Y\ãXMH YLWiOQt NDSDFLWX SOLF 5RYQČå MH Yê]QDPQČ
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intensitou cca 50% maxLPiOQtKRYêNRQX DSĜLWRPMHãHWĜHQSRK\ERYêDSDUiW
$NWLYQt RGSRþLQHN MH WDNp VPČURYiQ QD GRNRQDORX REQRYX SĜHGHYãtP YH
YêNRQQêFK RUJiQHFK SRK\EX WM SRK\ERYpPX DSDUiWX ± ve svalstvu. 3URWR YêEČU
SRK\ERYêFK SUYNĤ SĜL DNWLYQtP RGSRþLQNX MH WĜHED YROLW tak DE\ E\O\ ]DPČVWQiQ\
SĜHGHYãtPW\VYDORYpVNXSLQ\NWHUpVHPLQLPiOQČSRGtOHO\QDYODVWQtPYêNRQXNRQČ
3URWR L ]GH PDMt XSODWQČQt YêãH XYHGHQp QHVSHFLILFNp SRGQČW\ NWHUp QDPiKDMt MLQp
VYDORYp VNXSLQ\ D YH VYDOHFK SRWĜHEQêFK SUR YêNRQ Y\YROiYDMt YČWãt SURNUYHQt
YHGRXFtN odpODYHQt]E\WNĤ~QDY\ DGRGiYFHGDOãtFKåLYLQN REQRYČHQHUJHWLFNpKRL
VWUXNWXUiOQtKRSRWHQFLiOX
3ĜLVWHUHRW\SQtFKSRK\EHFKY NURNXNOXVXþLSRPDOpPFYDOXWĜtWDNWQtPMVRXGR
þLQQRVWL]DSRMRYiQDSRPDOiþHUYHQiYOiNQDtyp ,NWHUiMVRXVFKRSQDREGREQČjako
VUGHþQt VYDO Y\XåtYDW MDNR ]GURM HQHUJLH L N\VHOLQX POpþQRX Y\SURGXNRYDQRX
v SĜHGFKR]t þLQQRVWL7tP GRvedou zbavit organismus ]E\WNĤ N\VHOLQ\ POpþQp SĜtPR
YH VYDOHFK 7DNRYêWR ]SĤVRE ]RWDYHQt E\ PČO SUREČKQRXW YåG\ EH]SURVWĜHGQČ SR
WDNRYp ]iWČåL NGe se SĜHGSRNOiGi YHONi SURGXNFH ODNWiWX. Jde ]HMPpQD o ]iWČåe s
vysokou intenzitou 70 ± PD[LPiOQtKR YêNRQX a objemem 1 - 2 minuty,
SĜtSDGQČGHOãtP.
55
Clearence laktátu pĜi pasivním aktivním odpoþinku (Krzywanek, 1974)
Obr. 20: 2GERXUiYiQtN\VHOLQ\POpþQpFOHDUHQFHODNWiWX
SĜLDNWLYQtPDSDVLYQtPRGSRþLQNXSRGRVWLhu.
40
35
30
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SDVRGSRþ
DNWRGSRþ
20
15
10
5
0
klid
dostih
5 min 10 min 15 min 20 min
9HGOH DNWLYQtKR RGSRþLQNX PĤåHPH RGVWUDĖRYiQt ~QDY\ XU\FKOLW WDNp ĜDGRX
I\]LNiOQtFK SURVWĜHGNĤ SĤVREtFtFK QD RUJDQLVPXV FHONRYČ SODYHQt NRQt, XPêYiQt
NRQt VROiULXP PDJQHWRWHUDSLH PDViåH chiropraxe QHER ORNiOQČ ]HMPpQD QD
SRK\ERYê DSDUiW NRQČ YRGROpþED ]iEDO\ XOWUD]YXN, magnetoterapiH UĤ]Qp GUXK\
PDViåt'QHVMVRXLPRåQRVWLPHGLNDPHQWy]QtKR RYOLYĖRYiQt]RWDYRYDFtFKSURFHVĤ
]HMPpQD GRSOĖRYiQtP VSRWĜHERYDQêFK OiWHN YKRGQêPL GRSOĖN\ Y krmivu, LRQWRYêPL
QiSRML QHER LQIX]HPL SĜtSDGQČ L QČNWHUêPL OpN\ SRG NRQWURORX YHWHULQiUQtKR OpNDĜH
1ČNWHUp ] WČFKWR SURVWĜHGNĤ YãDN PRKRX EêW SRVX]RYiQ\ MDNR OiWN\ v GRVWLKRYpP a
MH]GHFNpP VSRUWX]DNi]DQpGRSLQJRYp).
56
3. FYZIOLOGIE 9é&9,.8$75e1,1.8.21Ë
V ~YRGQtFK NDSLWROiFK jsme definovali obecnou zdatnost jako schopnost
jedince RSWLPiOQČ UHDJRYDW QD UĤ]Qp SRGQČW\ ]HYQtKR SURVWĜHGt =QDPHQi WR åH
WDNRYê NĤĖ se doNiåH Y\SRĜiGDW VH YãHPL SRåDGDYN\ ]iWČåH nejen I\]LFNp DOH L
SV\FKLFNp ]iWČåH YQČMãtKR SURVWĜHGt FKODG WHSOR V QHPRFt DWG ÒURYHĖ ]GDWQRVWL
MHGLQFH WHG\ FKiSHPH MDNR XUþLWê VWDY NWHUê MH YêVOHGNHP GORXKRGREpKR SĤVREHQt
QHMUĤ]QČMãtFKYOLYĤSURVWĜHGt QDNRQČ]HMPpQDSRGPtQHNRGFKRYXFKRYXDWUpQLQNX
Z KOHGLVND WUpQLQNRYpKR SURFHVX PĤåHPHXNDåGpKR MHGLQFH YH VWUXNWXĜH MHKR
]GDWQRVWLY\þOHQLWQiVOHGXMtFt]iNODGQtNRPSRQHQW\
I. ~URYHĖ UĤVWXDYêYLQXorganisPXNWHUpMVRX SĜHGHYãtPobrazem RGFKRYXNRQČ,
II. ~URYHĖ PRWRULFNpKR UR]YRMH SĜHGHYãtP PHFKDQLN\ SRK\EX NRQČ WM ~URYHĖ
]iNODGQtFKSRK\ERYêFKYODVWQRVWtDQiY\NĤNRQČ
III. I\]LRORJLFNê IXQNþQt VWDY RUJDQLVPX SĜHGHYãtP VWDY RUJiQĤ D RUJiQRYêFK
VRXVWDY OLPLWXMtFtFK SRK\ERYRX ]iWČå NRQČ VWDY SRK\ERYpKR
NDUGLRYDVNXOiUQtKRDGêFKDFtKRDSDUiWXMDNRåL&16DVWDYYQLWĜQtKRSURVWĜHGt
organismu).
V WRPWR VP\VOX MH MDVQp åH YêFKR]t ~URYHĖ ]GDWQRVWL EXGH X NDåGpKR NRQČ
v ]DþiWFtFKWUpQLQNXryze LQGLYLGXiOQt.DåGêMHGLQHFEXGHWHG\LUR]GtOQČUHDJRYDWQD
SĤVREHQt]iWČåtYWUpQLQNRYpPSURFHVX
3URWR WDNp SRMHP ]GDWQRVW EH]SURVWĜHGQČ VRXYLVt V SRMPHP WUpQRYDWHOQRVW D
YêNRQQRVW L NG\å W\WR SRMP\ QHO]H Y]iMHPQČ ]DPČĖRYDW QHER ]WRWRåĖRYDW
9êNRQQRVW MH SRQČNXG ]~åHQê SRMHP FKDUDNWHUL]XMtFt VFKRSQRVW NRQČ SRGiYDW
YêNRQ jen v XUþLWp NRQNUpWQt þLQQRVWL Y URYLQRYpP QHER SĜHNiåNRYpP GRVWLKX
v parkuru PLOLWDU\ Y\WUYDORVWQt VRXWČåL GUH]XĜH þL MLQp VSRUWRYQt H[SORDWDFL NRQČ
9D]EDQDXUþLWêGUXKþLQQRVWLMHSURYêNRQDYêNRQQRVWNRQČFKDUDNWHULVWLFNi
V WUpQLQNX NRQt MH QH]E\WQêP ]iNODGHP WUpQRYDWelnosti a SRVOp]H YêNRQQRVWL
NRQČ Y\VRNi ~URYHĖ FHONRYp REHFQp ]GDWQRVWL organisPX =GDWQRVW WHG\ SRGPLĖXMH
WUpQRYDWHOQRVW NRQČ D QiVOHGXMtFt YêNRQQRVW .ĤĖ NWHUê QHQt ]GDWQê QHQt DQL
WUpQRYDWHOQê D SRWDåPR QHPĤåH EêW DQL YêNRQQê ýtP Y\ããt MH YêFKR]t ~URYHĖ
REHFQp ]GDWQRVWL NRQČ WtP OHSãt MVRX SĜHGSRNODG\ SUR UĤVW jeho VSHFLDOL]RYDQp
YêNRQQRVWL = KOHGLVND WUpQLQNRYpKR SURFHVX MH SURWR FKiSDW VWiOp ]Y\ãRYiQt
zdatnosti organisPX NRQČ MDNR ]iNODGQt SRGPtQNX ]GUDYpKR D SURJUHVLYQtKR UĤVWX
MHKRYêNRQQRVWL
=iNODGHP YêNRQQRVWL NRQČ MH tedy jeho WUpQRYDWHOQRVW. V MHMt VWUXNWXĜH O]H
URYQČåY\þOHQLWMHGQRWOLYp]iNODGQtNRPSRQHQW\
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~URYHĖREHFQp]GDWQRVWLNRQČ
57
1D WUpQRYDWHOQRVW QDYD]XMH WUpQRYDQRVW kRQČ NWHUi MH QH]E\WQRX SRGPtQNRX
YODVWQtYêNRQQRVWL. I v MHMtVWUXNWXĜHO]HY\þOHQLWXUþLWpNRPSRQHQW\
x
~URYHĖSRK\ERYêFK VFKRSQRVWtGDQêFKYêFYLNHP
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i VSHFLDOL]RYDQpKRFKDUDNWHUX
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7UpQRYDQRVW WHG\ SĜHGVWDYXMH YãHVWUDQQČ UR]YLQXWRX Ei]L YODVWQtKR ]iYRGQtKR
YêNRQX NRQČ MHMtå SRVWXSQê UĤVW MH SRGVWDWRX WUpQLQNRYpKR SURFHVX - adaptace
organismu k SĜtVOXãQp]iWČåL
9êFYLNDWUpQLQNNRQtproto FKiSHPH MDNRVSHFLDOL]RYDQêSURFHVMHKRåFtOHPMH
GRVDKRYiQt PD[LPiOQtKR YêNRQX NRQČ Y XUþLWp GRVWLKRYp þL VSRUWRYQt GLVFLSOtQČ
2GH]YRX QD WUpQLQN MH ]Y\ãRYiQt IXQNþQt NDSDFLW\ MHGQRWOLYêFK RUJiQĤ QHER
RUJiQRYêFKV\VWpPĤ9 WRPWRI\]LRORJLFNpPVP\VOXMHWUpQLQN SĜHGHYãtPDGDSWDþQtP
procesem QHERĢ MH Y SRGVWDWČ FtOHYČGRPêP RYOLYĖRYiQtP VWUXNWXU D IXQNFt
RUJiQRYêFK V\VWpPĤ WUpQRYDQpKR NRQČ IRUPRX SRVWXSQpKR D GORXKRGREpKR
]DWČåRYiQt ([LVWXMH WDNp XUþLWi SĜtþLQQi VRXYLVORVW PH]L IXQNFt RUJiQX D YHOLNRVWt
WUpQLQNRYêFKSRGQČWĤSĤVREtFtFKQDRUJiQ0ĤåHPHĜtFLåHIXQNFHXWYiĜtRUJiQ7R
]QDPHQi åH SĜL DGHNYiWQtP WUpQLQNX WM RSWLPiOQt LQWHQ]LWČ, objemu a frekvenci
]iWČåRYêFK SRGQČWĤ, GRFKi]t Ne VWUXNWXUiOQt SĜHVWDYEČ RUJiQĤ a NH ]GRNRQDORYiQt
jejich IXQNFtOrganismus MHSDNVFKRSHQSRGiYDWLY\ããtYêNRQDSĜLY\ããtPYêNRQX
GpOH SUDFRYDW 1DRSDN SĜL QHGRVWDWHþQp QHER QDGPČUQp LQWHQ]LWČ, objemu nebo
frekvenci WUpQLQNRYêFK ]iWČåt QHDGHNYiWQt WUpQLQN RUJiQ U\FKOH VQLåXMH VYRML
YêNRQQRVW- GRFKi]tN tzv. deadaptaci.
7UpQLQN NRQt MH YãDN DGDSWDþQtP SURFHVHP ]QDþQČ VORåLWêP D NRPSOH[QtP.
Z I\]LRORJLFNpKR KOHGLVND Y QČP PĤåHPH UR]OLãRYDW GYČ VWUiQN\ NWHUp MVRX
QDY]iMHP QHRGGČOLWHOQČ VSRMHQ\ 3UYQt ] QLFK VH WêNi RVYRMRYiQt D ]GRNRQDORYiQt
QRYêFK SRK\ERYêFK þLQQRVWt 6SDGi GR REODVWL XþHQt R PRWRULFNpP UR]YRML QHUYRYp
þLQQRVWL SRGPtQČQêFK D QHSRGPtQČQêFK UHIOH[HFK. 3URWR VH WDNp R]QDþXMH MDNR
YêFYLN NRQČ 'UXKi VWUiQND VH WêNi VWUXNWXUiOQtKR D IXQNþQtKR SĜL]SĤVRERYiQt
(adaptace) orJiQĤ D WNiQt RUJDQLVPu N SRåDGDYNĤP WUpQRYDQp SRK\ERYp ]iWČåH
2]QDþXMHPHMLSURWRMDNRYODVWQtWUpQLQN NRQČ.
3.1.
9é&9,..21Ë
9êFYLNHP UR]XPtPH RVYRMRYiQt D ]GRNRQDORYiQt SRK\ERYêFK QiY\NĤ NRQČ DĢ
MLåY SĜLUR]HQpPSRK\EXQHERY QDFYLþRYDQêFKSRK\ERYêFKSUYFtFKQDSĜ SUiFHSRG
sedlem, v ]iSĜHåL skok SĜHVSĜHNiåNXGUH]XUQtSUYHNDSRG-GHRY\WYiĜHQtQRYêFK
SRGPtQČQêFK SRK\ERYêFK UHIOH[Ĥ -HMLFK Y\WYRĜHQt VH SURMHYt YH ]YOiGQXWt WHFKQLN\
SRåDGRYDQp SRK\ERYp þLQQRVWL NRQČ &tOHP YêFYLNX MH RSWLPDOL]DFH QHUYRVYDORYp
koordinace v SUĤEČKXGDQpSRK\ERYp]iWČåH
58
9\WYiĜHQt SRGPtQČQêFK SRK\ERYêFK UHIOH[Ĥ YãDN SRGOpKi XUþLWêP
]iNRQLWRVWHP-HQXWQpMHY\WYiĜHW]DRSWLPiOQtSR]RUQRVWLDVRXVWĜHGČQRVWLNRQČWDN
aby QiFYLN SRåDGRYDQpKR SUYNX SĜHGVWDYRYDO GRPLQDQWX þLQQRVWL FHQWUiOQtKR
QHUYRYpKRV\VWpPX&K\E\QHERãSDWQČQDFYLþHQpSRK\E\DUHDNFHNRQČ] SRþiWNX
YêFYLNX MH pak YHOPL WČåNp Då PQRKG\ QHPRåQp Y GDOãtP WUpQLQNX RGVWUDQLW
9\WYRĜHQp SRGPtQČQp UHIOH[\ VH PXVt URYQČå SUDYLGHOQČ SRVLORYDW RSDNRYiQtP
QDFYLþRYDQpKRSRK\ERYpKRSUYNX. JLQDNGRFKi]tN MHMLFKSRVWXSQpPXY\KDVtQiQt
3RK\ERYi þLQQRVW NRQt MH VSRMHQD V XWYiĜHQtP SRK\ERYêFK QiY\NĤ EČKHP
YêFYLNX )\]LRORJLFNêP SRGNODGHP SRK\ERYpKR QiY\NX MH Y]QLN G\QDPLFNpKR
SRK\ERYpKRVWHUeotypu v PR]NRYpNĤĜH-GHR VRXVWDYXGRþDVQêFKGYRXVPČUQêFK
VSRMĤ PH]L SRK\ERYêP ~VWĜHGtP Y &16 þLGO\ V\VWpPHP åOi] V YQLWĜQt VHNUHFt,
YQLWĜQtPL RUJiQ\ D SRK\ERYêP ~VWURMtP 9]QLNi WDN VORåLWê VOHG SRGPtQČQêFK
SRK\ERYêFKUHIOH[ĤNWHUpY\åDGXMtXUþLWêþas SRVWXSQpKRQiFYLNX a jejich RSDNRYiQt
9\WYiĜHQtG\QDPLFNpKRSRK\ERYpKRVWHUHRW\SXPĤåHPHUR]GČOLWGRþW\ĜIi]t
I. generalizace
II. koncentrace
III. stabilizace
IV. automatizace
I. V SUYQt Ii]L generalizace (iradiace) MVRX QDFYLþRYDQp SRK\E\ QDSĜ VNRN SĜHV
SĜHNiåNX QHER SUYQt SUiFH NRQČ V MH]GFHP SUYQt ]DSĜDåHQt GR VXON\ XUþLWê
GUH]XUQt SUYHN VWUQXOp QHPRWRUQp PiOR SURVWRUQp D QHGRVWDWHþQČ
NRRUGLQRYDQp 'R þLQQRVWL MH ]DSRMHQR YHONp PQRåVWYt VYDOĤ pro realizaci
GDQpKR SRK\EX QHSRWĜHEQêFK D QDGE\WHþQêFK. V GĤVOHGNX QHGRVWDWHþQpKR
YQLWĜQtKR UR]OLãRYDFtKR ~WOXPX Y &16 VH SRGUiåGČQt ] PQRKD DQDO\]iWRUĤ
UR]ãLĜXMHJHQHUDOL]XMHGRYHONpþiVWLMLQêFKREODVWtPR]NRYpNĤU\3RGUiåGČQD
jsou proto i FHQWUDNWHUiQHPDMtåiGQêY]WDKN SURYiGČQtGDQpKRSRK\EX-HMLFK
~þDVWMHpak QHMHQQDGE\WHþQiDOHWDNpUXãtNRRUGLQRYDQRXSRK\ERYRXþLQQRVW
*HQHUDOL]DFH SRGUiåGČQt Y PRWRULFNp REODVWL PR]NRYp NĤU\ Y\YROiYi L
JHQHUDOL]DFL UHIOH[QtFK RGSRYČGt 9 WpWR Ii]L QHQt DQL Y\WYRĜHQD souhra
v þLQQRVWLVYDOĤDYQLWĜQtFKRUJiQĤ(QHUJHWLFNiQiURþQRVWQDFYLþHQpKRSRK\EX
je proto v SRþiWNX QiFYLNX ]QDþQi QHERĢ MHãWČ QHQt Y\WYRĜHQ SRK\ERYê
G\QDPLFNêVWHUHRW\S
II. 9H GUXKp Ii]L, Ii]L koncentrace, zesiluje v CNS YQLWĜQt UR]OLãRYDFt ~WOXP, NWHUê
VWiOH YtFH RKUDQLþXMH a koncentruje SRGUiåGČQt GR SĜtVOXãQêFK SRK\ERYêFK
FHQWHU &16 MHMLFKå ~þDVW MH SUR UHDOL]DFL GDQpKR YODVWQtKR SRK\EX naprosto
QH]E\WQi 1DFYLþRYDQê SRK\E VH VWiYi XYROQČQČMãt SURVWRUQČMãt SĜHVQČMãt,
NRRUGLQRYDQČMãtDU\FKOHMãtPL]tVWUQXORVWDQDGE\WHþQpSRK\E\
III. Ve Ii]L stabilizace jsou MLå QDFYLþHQp SRK\E\ SURYiGČQ\ SĜHVQČ SO\QXOH
NRRUGLQRYDQČ D ~VSRUQČ 3RK\EX VH ]~þDVWQt MHQ W\ QH]E\WQČ QXWQp VYDORYp
VNXSLQ\ -HMLFK VWDK MH MHQ WDNRYpKR VWXSQČ MDNê Y\åDGXMH SĜtVOXãQê SRK\ERYê
prvek -H Y\WYRĜHQD NRRUGLQDFH PH]L VYDO\ D YQLWĜQtPL RUJiQ\ NWHUi MH
SRGNODGHP SUR ]Y\ãRYiQt YêNRQQRVWL NRQČ Y SĜtVOXãQpP SRK\EX E[LVWXMt MLå
SĜHVQp SURVWRURYp Y]WDK\ mH]L SRGUiåGČQêPL FHQWU\ v CNS -H Y\WYRĜHQ
dynamicNêSRK\ERYêVWHUHRW\SNWHUêVHY GDOãtPVWiGLXWUpQLQNXXSHYĖXMH.
59
IV. 6WiOêPRSDNRYiQtPXUþLWpSRK\ERYpNRPELQDFHVHY\YtMHMtVSHFLiOQtSRK\ERYp
vzorce v &16 NWHUp MVRX SRGNODGHP QDSURVWp automatizace QDFYLþHQêFK
SRK\ERYêFKSUYNĤ
9OLYHP YêFYLNX VH XWYiĜHMt QRYi D ]GRNRQDOXMt VH MLå H[LVWXMtFt SRGPtQČQi
UHIOH[Qt VSRMHQt FRå Pi ]D QiVOHGHN Y\ããt IXQNþQt ]SĤVRELORVW &16 N nacvLþRYiQt
GDOãtFK D GDOãtFK SUYNĤ 5R]YtMHMt VH L WDNRYp SRK\ERYp VFKRSQRVWL NRQČ MDNR
rychlost VtOD, vytrvalost a obratnost 3ĜL YêFYLNX MH WĜHED EUiW Y ~YDKX L W\S Y\ããt
QHUYRYpþLQQRVWLNRQČQHXURW\S
Podle vztahu SUDFRYQtFK VFKRSQRVWt NRQt D W\SRORJLFNêFK YODVWQRVWt Y\ããt
QHUYRYp þLQQRVWL UR]GČOLW GRVWLKRYp D VSRUWRYQt NRQČ GR þW\Ĝ W\SĤ Y\ããt QHUYRYp
þLQQRVWLQHXURW\SĤ
I. VLOQêY\URYQDQêDSRK\EOLYêVDQJYLQLN
II. VLOQêY\URYQDQêDLQHUWQtIOHJPDWLN
III. VLOQêDQHY\URYQDQêFKROHULN
IV. VODEêPHODQFKROLN
9þDVQp XUþHQt W\SX Y\ããt QHUYRYp þLQQRVWL X NDåGpKR NRQČ XPRåĖXMH
LQGLYLGXDOL]DFLYêFYLNXDWUpQLQNX%\ODURYQČåSURNi]iQD]iYLVORVWPH]LW\SHPY\ããt
QHUYRYpþLQQRVWLNRQtDMHMLFKWUpQRYDWHOQRVWtDYêNRQQRVWt
I. sangvinik - kRQČ WRKRWR W\SX VH YHOPL GREĜH SĜL]SĤVREXMt WUpQLQNRYp ]iWČåL D
MHMLFK ]PČQiP VQiãHMt WUpQLQN Y\VRNp LQWHQ]LW\ Y\ND]XMt GREURX YêNRQQRVW D
XGUåtVLYUFKROQRXIRUPXYHOPLGORXKRXGREX'RVWLKRYtVDQJYLQLFLMVRXYêNRQQt
SUDNWLFN\QDYãHFKGLVWDQFtFK]HMPpQDSDNQDGLVWDQFtFKNODVLFNêFK.
II. flegmatik - kRQČ WRKRWR W\SX VH SĜL]SĤVREXMt WUpQLQNRYp ]iWČåL YHOPL SR]YROQD
ERXĜOLYČYãDNUHDJXMtQDQiKOp]PČQ\Y WUpQLQNX-LQDNVHYãDNFKRYDMtYHVWiMLL
SĜLWUpQLQNXþL]iYRGXYHOPLNOLGQČY\URYQDQČPQRKG\DåDSDWLFN\ Flegmatici
v\ND]XMt GREURX YêNRQQRVW ]HMPpQD v U\FKORVWQtFK YêNRQHFK QD NUiWNêFK
disWDQFtFKGRVWLK\DSĜLVLORYêFKYêNRQHFK (VNRNRYt NRQČ.
III. cholerik - kRQČ WRKRWR W\SX MVRX Y WUpQLQNX ]QDþQČ QHNOLGQt D Y]QČWOLYt 'REĜH
VQiãHMtWUpQLQNY SRPDOpPWHPSXQDGORXKpGLVWDQFH-HMLFKYêNRQQRVWMHGRVWL
neY\URYQDQiDMVRXQiFK\OQtk SĜHWUpQRYiQt
IV. melancholik - kRQČ WRKRWR W\SX VH YHOPL WČåNR SĜL]SĤVREXMt WUpQLQNRYp ]iWČåL
QHVQiãHMt LQWHQ]LYQt SĜtSUDYX D MVRX YHOPL QiFK\OQt N SĜHSČWt -HMLFK YêNRQ\ na
GUi]HQHERNROELãWL MVRXVODEp.
60
3.2.
75e1,1..21Ë
9ODVWQt WUpQLQN NRQČ je SURFHV SĜL]SĤVRERYiQt VH RUJDQLVPX QD RSDNRYDQi
]DWtåHQt. Je v SRGVWDWČ SURFHVHP Y\WYiĜHQt PRUIRORJLFNp D IXQNþQt DGDSWDFH
V\VWpPĤ RUJiQĤ D WNiQt na WUpQRYDQRX SRK\ERYRX ]iWČå 3ĜL DGDSWDFL GRFKi]t
k Y\OHSãHQt IXQNþQt þLQQRVWL MHGQRWOLYêFK RUJiQĤ D V\VWpPĤ DGDSWXMH VH L MHMLFK
struktura 7tP VH VWiYDMt RUJiQ\ D V\VWpP\ VFKRSQp SUDFRYDW YČWãt LQWHQ]LWRX YH
YČWãtP REMHPX D GRVDKXMt WtP L YČWãtKR YêNRQX WM PDMt YČWãt IXQNþQt NDSDFLWX
-HGQRWOLYp RUJiQ\ D V\VWpP\ VH SĜL]SĤVREXMt ]iWČåL VSHFLILFN\ WM SRGOH GUXKX
NRQDQpKR ]DWČåRYiQt 6SHFLILþQRVW UHDNFH D DGDSWDFH MH WHG\ ]iNODGHP
VSHFLDOL]RYDQpKR WUpQLQNX Z XYHGHQpKR Y\SOêYi åH SĜL VSHFLILFNpP WUpQLQNX NRQČ
jsou v jeho organismu i VSHFLILFNp reakce a adaptace na VSHFLILFNp W\S\]iWČåH
3.2.1. Tě,=È./$'1Ë)$.725<V 352&(6875e1,1.8.21Ë
=Y\ãRYiQt YêNRQQRVWL NRQt MH SRGPtQČQR RSWLPiOQČ Ĝt]HQêP SURFHVHP
DGDSWDFH RUJDQLVPX $GDSWDþQt HIHNW Y WUpQLQNX VH ]Y\ãXMH YKRGQêP ]DWČåRYiQtP
RUJDQLVPX WM SĤVREHQtP VSHFLILFNêFK DGDSWDþQtFK SRGQČWĤ 7UpQLQNRYp DGDSWDþQt
SRGQČW\ MVRX FKDUDNWHUL]RYiQ\ WĜHPL ]iNODGQtPL IDNWRU\ XUþLWRX intenzitou XUþLWêP
objemem DXUþLWRXIUHNYHQFt (tab0ČQtFtVHSURSRUFHPH]LLQWHQ]LWRXREMHPHP
a IUHNYHQFt ]DWČåRYiQt organisPX XUþXMt FKDUDNWHU ]DWČåRYiQt WM VSHFLILþQRVW
åiGRXFtho HIHNWX WUpQLQNX -HOLNRå YãDN FKDUDNWHU SRGQČWX MH UĤ]Qê SRGOH
VSHFLILFNpKR FtOH DGDSWDFH MH LQWHQ]LWD REMHP D IUHNYHQFH SRGQČWX UR]GtOQi SRGOH
GUXKXWUpQLQNX3URWRQDSĜLQWHQ]LWD]iWČåHKUDMHSULPiUQtUROLY WUpQLQNXU\FKORVWQtP
D VLORYpP REMHP ]iWČåH Y WUpQLQNX Y\WUYDORVWQtP D IUHNYHQFH ]iWČåt Y WUpQLQNX
REUDWQRVWQtP
3.2.1.1. ,QWHQ]LWDWUpQLQNRYêFKDGDSWDþQtFKSRGQČWĤ
Intenzita DGDSWDþQtFK WUpQLQNRYêFK SRGQČWĤ Pi-li vyvolat v RUJDQLVPX NRQČ
VOHGRYDQê WUpQLQNRYê HIHNW WHG\ IXQNþQt D PRUIRORJLFNp ]PČQ\ PXVt SĤVRELW MDNR
SUDFRYQtVWUHVV=DĜD]HQtLQWHQ]LYQt]iWČåHGRWUpQLQNX]QDPHQi toåHYHVYDORYêFK
EXĖNiFK QDVWiYDMt LQWHQ]LYQt HQHUJHWLFNp a NDWDEROLFNp GHVWUXNþQt procesy.
Produkty WpWR YêPČQ\ OiWNRYp PHWDEROLW\MVRX YHVPČV N\VHOpKR FKDUDNWHUX a VLOQČ
QDUXãXMtVWiORVWYQLWĜQtKRSURVWĜHGtorganismu.
,QWHQ]LWXDGDSWDþQtFKWUpQLQNRYêFKSRGQČWĤPĤåHPHSRVX]RYDWDEVROXWQČ QDSĜ
U\FKORVWtPPLQYêãNRXQHERGpONRXVNRNXFPHQHUJHWLFNêPYêGHMHP]DþDVRYRX
MHGQRWNXN-PLQDWGQHEROpSHUHODWLYQČ v PD[LPiOQtKRPRåQpKRYêNRQXMHGLQFH
(100% maxima). 7tP GRViKQHPH srovnatelnosti HQHUJHWLFNpKR YêGHMH ]iWČåt a
WUpQLQNRYêFK HIHNWĤ SĜL SRURYQiYiQt WUpQLQNX MHGQRWOLYêFK NDWHJRULt NRQt D URYQČå
REHFQČMãt SODWQRVWL YêNODGX QiVOHGXMtFtFK WUpQLQNRYêFK SULQFLSĤ QHå SĜL EČåQČ
XåtYDQêFKMHGQRWNiFKDEVROXWQtFK.
61
-HVWOLåH v SUĤEČKX VSHFLDOL]RYDQpKR SURFHVX DGDSWDFH WUpQLQNX jsou tyto
]iWČåRYp SRGQČW\ QHGRVWDWHþQp Qt]Ni LQWHQ]LWD QHPXVt VH DGDSWDFH k WpWR
SRK\ERYp ]iWČåL YĤEHF Y\WYRĜLW QHER GRNRQFH GRFKi]t N tzv. deadaptaci. 2EHFQČ
SODWQêP ]iNRQHP Y WUpQLQNX MH åH LQWHQ]LWD ]iWČåH QLåãt MDN PD[LPiOQtFK
PRåQRVWt organismu nevede k adaptaci a LQWHQ]LWD ]iWČåH do 50% maxLPiOQtKR
YêNRQX vede k XGUåHQtGREUpWČOHVQp]GDWQRVWLNRQČD REHFQpY\WUYDORVWL2SWLPiOQt
intenzita pro vznik adaptace k U\FKORVWL þL VtOH PXVt SĜHVDKRYDW cca VWiYDMtFtFK
PD[LPiOQtFKPRåQRVWtorganisPXWMPD[LPiOQtKR~VLOtREU21).
,QWHQ]LWD ]iWČåH MH SURWR UR]GtOQi SĜL UR]YRML DGDSWDFH organismu pro rychlost,
VtOX Y\WUYDORVW QHER REUDWQRVW 2SWLPiOQt DGDSWDFH SUR rychlost NRQČ Y]QLNi SĜL
SRXåLWt LQWHQ]LW\ DGDSWDþQtFK WUpQLQNRYêFK SRGQČWĤ R velikosti mezi 90 Då 100%
PD[LPiOQtU\FKORVWL GiOH MLå 90-100% max.), kterou NĤĖMHVFKRSHQY\YLQRXWPHQãt
MHSĜL]iWČåtFKVXEPD[LPiOQtFKmezi 70 Då PD[LPiOQtU\FKORVWL GiOHMLå0-90%
max.). Adaptace pro rychlost QHY]QLNi DOH SR XUþLWRX GREX SĜHWUYiYi SĜL SRXåtYiQt
U\FKORVWQtFK SRGQČWĤ VWĜHGQt LQWHQ]LW\ WM U\FKORVWt SRGQČWĤ mezi 50 Då 70%
PD[LPiOQtKR YêNRQX GiOH 50-70% max.) a k deadaptaci k ryFKORVWL GRFKi]t MVRX-li
rychlosWQtSRGQČW\QLåãtQHåPD[LPiOQtU\FKORVWLNRQČ REUþ 217RWpåSODWtR
WUpQLQNX VLORYpP NGH NULWpULHP YêNRQX MH QDSĜ YêãND VNRNX 3UR Y\WUYDORVWQt
WUpQLQNMHQt]Ni LQWHQ]LWDSRGQČWĤYHYêãL mezi 30 Då 50% PD[LPiOQt U\FKORVWLGiOH
30-50% max.) GRVWDWHþQêPSRGQČWHPSURUR]YRMREHFQpY\WUYDORVWLNRQČDLQWHQ]LWD
]iWČåH SRG PD[LPiOQtKR ~VLOt GiOH GR PD[.) MH SRGQČtem pro rozvoj
REHFQp]GDWQRVWL
V SUD[L WR ]QDPHQi åH MH-OL QDSĜ GRVWLKRYê NĤĖ SĜL JDORSX QD YHOPL NUiWNp
distanci (400 ± 500 mVFKRSHQY\YLQRXWPD[LPiOQtU\FKORVWPPLQMHSURMHKR
UR]YRMU\FKORVWLRSWLPiOQtPDGDSWDþQtPSRGQČWHPWHPSR- PPLQSĜtSDGQČ
MHãWČ WHPSR - PPLQ 1Låãt SUDFRYQt WHPSR - PPLQ MLå QHYHGH
k UR]YRML U\FKORVWL NRQČ DOH WXWR SRK\ERYRX YODVWQRVW PĤåH XUþLWRX GREX XGUåRYDW
3URUR]YRMREHFQpY\WUYDORVWLMHSDNRSWLPiOQtPDGDSWDþQtPSRGQČWHPWHPSR PPLQYSRPDOpPFYDOXDOHYHYHONpPREMHPX1LåãtWHPSDSRGPPLQ
]HMPpQD SUiFH v NOXVX MVRX VLFH GRVWDWHþQêP DOH QH RSWLPiOQtP DGDSWDþQtP
SRGQČWHP SUR UR]YRM Y\WUYDORVWL WRKRWR NRQČ QDSĜ Y ]LPQt SĜtSUDYČ -VRX YãDN
YKRGQêP SRGQČWHP SUR UR]YRM REHFQp ]GDWQRVWL NRQČ MDNR W]Y QHVSHFLILFNp
DGDSWDþQtSRGQČW\ DO]HMHY\XåtWLSUR QiFYLNREUDWQRVWL
8VNRNDQD MH SUR UR]YRMVNRNRYp VtO\ RSWLPiOQtP DGDSWDþQtPSRGQČWHP YêãND
VNRNXUHSUH]HQWXMtFt- MHKRPD[LPiOQtKRVNRNRYpKRYêNRQXQDSĜFP
SRSĜtSDGČMHãWČYêãND- 90% max. FP6NRNRYiVtODVHMLåQHUR]YtMtDOH MHãWČ
QČMDNRX GREX XGUåXMH SĜL VNRNRYp LQWHQ]LWČ - 70% max. (90 - 100 cm) a k
deadaptDFLQDVNRNRYRXVtOXGRFKi]tSĜLVNiNiQtSRGPD[LPiOQtKRYêNRQXSRG
90 cm). 6NRNRYp]iWČåHSRGPD[. O]HYãDNY\XåtWN WUpQLQNXVNRNRYpY\WUYDORVWL
a obratnosWLQDVNRFtFKQDSĜNDYDOHWRYiSUiFH
62
2EUþ21: SchePDWLFNp ]Qi]RUQČQtYOLYXLQWHQ]LW\]iWČåH
YPD[LPDQDUR]YRMU\FKORVWLDVtO\NRQČ
Intenzita
(rychlost a
VtOD
90 ± 100% max
PD[LPiOQt
70 ± 90% max
VXEPD[LPiOQt
ADAPTACE
50 ± 70% max
VWĜHGQt
50%
do 30% max
PDOi
30 ± 50% max
Qt]Ni
DEADAPTACE
9HOLNRVW LQWHQ]LW\ VSHFLILFNêFK DGDSWDþQtFK WUpQLQNRYêFK SRGQČWĤ Y SUĤEČKX
WUpQLQNRYpKR SURFHVX YãDN ]iYLVt QD VWDYX D UĤVWX WUpQRYDQRVWL NRQČ 6 UĤVWHP
WUpQRYDQRVWLE\]iWČåRYi inteQ]LWDPČODVWRXSDW7DNQDSĜMH-OLNĤĖVFKRSHQSRXUþLWp
GREČWUpQLQNXY\YLQRXWY\ããtU\FKORVWQHåSĤYRGQtFKPPLQPXVtVHSURGDOãt
UR]YRM U\FKORVWL ]YêãLW L LQWHQ]LWD VSHFLILFNp ]iWČåH WM ]U\FKOXMt VH SUDFRYQt WHPSD
2EGREQČMHWRPXSĜLWUpQLQNX VLORYpPQDSĜXVNRNDQDYêãNDVNRNX.G\E\NĤĖWRWLå
WUpQRYDOVWiOHVWHMQRXLQWHQ]LWRX]DWtåHQtDGDSWRYDOE\VHQDWXWRLQWHQ]LWXDY]HVWXS
YêNRQQRVWLE\VH]DVWDYLO9]QLNODE\W]Y YêNRQQRVWQtEDULpUD NRQČU\FKORVWQtVLORYi
Y\WUYDORVWQtþLREUDWQRVWQt).
3.2.1.2. 2EMHPWUpQLQNRYêFKDGDSWDþQtFKSRGQČWĤ
Objem neboli doba WUYiQt DGDSWDþQtFK WUpQLQNRYêFK SRGQČWĤ WM GpOND WUDWL
SĜtSDGQČ SRþHW VNRNĤ Y WUpQLQNRYp MHGQRWFH DSRG MH UR]KRGXMtFt SUR UR]YRM
vytrvalosti a obratnosti. ObjHP QHSĜLVStYi UR]YRML U\FKORVWL D VtO\ NRQČ 9HONê REMHP
]iWČåH DQL QHGRYROXMH Y\VRNRX LQWHQ]LWX DGDSWDþQtFK SRGQČWĤ 3URWR WDNp YHONê
REMHP]iWČåHvede naopak k SRWODþRYiQtU\FKORVWLDVtO\NRQČ- deadaptaci. Objem a
LQWHQ]LWD ]iWČåH MGRX Y WUpQLQNX NRQČ D MHKR UĤVWX WUpQRYDQRVWL SURWL VREČ ± jedna
SRWODþXMHGUXKRX2EMHPWUpQLQNXposuzujeme WUYiQtPYêNRQX (sekundy, min), GpONRX
WUDWČ (m, km), dobou k RSDNRYiQt VNRNĤQHERFYLNĤ nebo Yêdejem energie (kJ).
63
V REHFQpP Y\MiGĜHQt, REMHP WUpQLQNRYêFK DGDSWDþQtFK SRGQČWĤ E\ PČO
RGSRYtGDWREMHPX]iYRGQtKR]DWtåHQt3ĜHKQDQČYHONpREMHP\YHGRXDXWRPDWLFN\NH
VQLåRYiQt LQWHQ]LW\ SRGQČWĤ D NH VQLåRYiQt U\FKORVWL D VtO\ YêNRQX WM NH
VQLåRYiQt kvDOLW\ YêNRQX 9HONê REMHP VSHFLILFNêFK DGDSWDþQtFK SRGQČWĤ SĜL QLåãt
LQWHQ]LWČ ]iWČåH Y\YROiYi MHQ UR]YRMREHFQp ]GDWQRVWL þLREHFQp Y\WUYDORVWLD QHĜHãt
NYDOLWDWLYQtVWUiQNXYêNRQX/]HWHG\NRQVWDWRYDWåHXGRVWLKRYêFKNRQta VNRNDQĤ je
UR]KRGXMtFtP adaptDþQtP SRGQČWHP LQWHQ]LWD ]iWČåH D þDVRYê IDNWRU WHG\ GRED
WUYiQt YêNRQX R XUþLWp LQWHQ]LWČ GpOND WUDWL SRþHW VNRNĤ KUDMH UROL druhotnou.
1DRSDN X Y\WUYDOFĤ GLVWDQþQt Mt]G\ MH UR]KRGXMtFtP DGDSWDþQtP SRGQČWHP REMHP
YêNRQXRYãHPXUþLWi intenzita YêNRQXMHUR]KRGXMtFtLYHY\WUYDOHFNêFKVRXWČåtFK
Z KOHGLVND SUD[H MH RSWLPiOQtP DGDSWDþQtP SRGQČWHP SUR GRVWLKRYpKR NRQČ
NG\å SR FHORX GREX ]iWČåH QD Y]GiOHQRVW SOiQRYDQpKR GRVWLKX REMHP XGUåXMH
U\FKORVW LQWHQ]LWX RGSRYtGDMtFt U\FKORVWL WRKRWR GRstihu, tj. X OHWRXQVNêFK D
PtODĜVNêFK GRVWLKĤ 90 -100% max. SĜtSDGQČ 70 - 90% max. X Y\WUYDOHFNêFK D
SĜHNiåNRYêFK GRVWLKĤ 1Låãt LQWHQ]LW\ ± 70% max.) jsou X GRVWLKĤ W\SX FURVVFRXQWU\ D PLOLWDU\ D MHãWČ QLåãt ± 50% max. X GLVWDQþQtFK Mt]G 2SWLPiOQtP
DGDSWDþQtP SRGQČWHP SUR VNRNDQD MH, NG\å SR FHORX GREX SDUNXUX REMHP doba
nebo SRþHW VNRNĤ VNiþH VNRN\ RGSRYtGDMtFt - 100% max. SĜtSDGQČ MHãWČ PD[LPiOQtKR VNRNRYpKR YêNRQX 7DNRYêPWR ]SĤVREHP MH SDN YKRGQp VH
v WUpQLQNX ]DPČĜLW MDN QD RGSRYtGDMtFt ~URYHĖ LQWHQ]LW\ WDN L QD GREX WUYiQt
PD[LPiOQtKR YêNRQX Y SĜtVOXãQp LQWHQ]LWČ 3ĜL WRP MH WĜHED UHVSHNWRYDW LQGLYLGXiOQt
]YOiãWQRVWLNDåGpKRNRQČDSRGOHUR]ORåHQt U\FKORVWLDVtO\ Y GDQpPREMHPXYêNRQX
XVPČUQLW GDOãt WUpQLQN 1DSĜ SĜL QHGRVWDWFtFK Y U\FKORVWL D VtOH NRQČ MH WĜHED
do WUpQLQNX ]DĜDGLW Y\ããt LQWHQ]LWX DGDSWDþQtFK SRGQČWĤ SĜL PHQãtP REMHPX ]iWČåH
SĜLQHGRVWDWFtFKYHY\WUYDORVWLMHWĜHEDVH]DPČĜLWQDREMHPDGDSWDþQtFKSRGQČWĤSĜL
GRVWDWHþQp LQWHQ]LWČ ]iWČåH Y\YROiYDMtFt pĜtVOXãQRX DGDSWDFL jak schematicky
dokumentuje obri]HN 22.
2EUþ22 a, b, c: SchePDWLFNp]Qi]RUQČQtWUpQLQNXV SĜHYDKRXLQWHQzity (a), objemu
(bDWUpQLQNXVHVRXþDVQêP ]Y\ãRYiQtPLQWHQ]LW\D REMHPX]iWČåH (c)
QDSĜtUĤVWHNU\FKORVWLVtO\DY\WUYDORVWLNRQČ
intenzita
]iWČåH
Rychlost a stOD
REMHP]iWČåH
intenzita
]iWČåH
Vytrvalost
objem ]iWČåH
intenzita
]iWČåH
6SHFLiOQt vytrvalost
REMHP]iWČåH
64
-H GQHV MLå ]QiPR åH PH]L REMHPHP WUpQLQNX NYDQWLWRX D MHKR YêVOHGQêP
HIHNWHP WUpQRYDQRVWt NRQČ QHQt OLQHiUQt Y]WDK 3ĜHVWR YãDN Y SUD[L WUHQpUĤ VWiOH
SĜHWUYiYiWUpQLQNV QH~PČUQČYHONêPLREMHP\SĜLPDOpLQWHQ]LWČDGDSWDþQtFKSRGQČWĤ
v domnČQt åH ÄU\FKORVW ]DEtMt³ 7UpQLQN\ R YHONpP REMHPX D PDOp LQWHQ]LWČ ]iWČåH
YHGRX þDVHP N Y\WYRĜHQt XUþLWp YêNRQQRVWQt EDULpU\ WM X GRVWLKRYêFK NRQt W]Y
³U\FKORVWQt EDULpU\´ SĜL NWHUp NĤĖ QHQt VFKRSHQ Y\ããtKR U\FKORVWQtKR YêNRQX
2EGREQČ MH X VNRNDQĤ W]Y ³VNRNRYi EDULpUD´ NWHUi RPH]XMH YêãNX VNRNRYpKR
YêNRQXNRQČ
3.2.1.3. )UHNYHQFHWUpQLQNRYêFKDGDSWDþQtFKSRGQČWĤ
-HVWOLåH VSHFLILFNê DGDSWDþQt WUpQLQNRYê SRGQČW R XUþLWp LQWHQ]LWČ D REMHPX
QDUXãt VWiORVWYQLWĜQtKRSURVWĜHGtRUJDQLVPXPXVtVHWDNVWiW QČNROLNUiWWêGQČ. Jinak
GĤVOHGN\ RQRKR QDUXãHQt, ve smyslu pRVWXSQpKR SĜL]SĤVREHQt k WpWR ]iWČåL,
SRPČUQČYHOPLU\FKOHPL]t)UHNYHQFL]DWČåRYiQtSURWRXYiGtPHSRþWHPSĜtVOXãQêFK
VSHFLILFNêFK WUpQLQNRYêFK MHGQRWHN Y\YROiYDMtFtFK SRåDGRYDQê efekt v þDVRYpP
UR]SČWtMHGQRKRWêGQH Frekvence WUpQLQNRYêFK DGDSWDþQtFKSRGQČWĤPXVtEêWSURWR
SRPČUQČ YHONi UHVS VSHFLILFNp WUpQLQNRYp DGDSWDþQt MHGQRWN\ PXVt EêW ]DĜD]HQ\
QČNROLNUiWWêGQČ
-HREWtåQpREHFQČĜtFLMDNiPiEêWIUHNYHQFHDGDSWDþQtFKSRGQČWĤQHERĢMVRX
YHONp UR]GtO\ SRGOH FtOH WUpQLQNRYpKR SURFHVX =H ]NXãHQRVWt VH YãDN ]Gi åH
DGDSWDþQtSRGQČW\2 - NUiWWêGQČ v SĜtVOXãQpLQWHQ]LWČDREMHPX]iWČåHE\PČO\EêW
GRVWDþXMtFt VyVRNiIUHNYHQFHMH- NUiWWêGQČQt]NiIUHNYHQFHMHNUiWWêGQČ3ĜL
Y\VRNp frekvenci MHYHONpQHEH]SHþtY]QLNXFKURQLFNp~QDY\D SĜHWUpQRYiQtNRQČSĜL
Qt]NpIUHNYHQFLVHDGDSWDFHk WČPWRSRGQČWĤPQHY\WYiĜtREU23)8]iWČåtRYHONpP
objemu je proto SUHIHURYDQiQLåãtfrekvence (NUiWWêGQČ)X]iWČåtPDOpho objemu a
YČWãt intenzity frekvence Y\ããt (3 ± NUiWWêGQČ), tj. v SUD[LDVLWDNÄREGHQ³
Obr. 23: 6FKHPDWLFNp]Qi]RUQČQtYOLYXIUHNYHQFH
DGDSWDþQtFKWUpQLQNRYêFKSRGQČWĤRVWHMQpLQWHQ]LWČDobjemu
QDSĜtUĤVWHNYêNonu.
3ĜtUĤVWHNYêNRQX
4x WêGQČ
[WêGQČ
[WêGQČ
65
9ãHREHFQČ O]H konstatovat åH SĜHVWiYN\ PH]L MHGQRWOLYêPL DGDSWDþQtPL
SRGQČW\Y SUĤEČKXWêGQHPXVtEêWWDNRYpDE\GRãORN ~SOQpPXRGVWUDQČQtQiVOHGNĤ
DNXWQt ~QDY\ ] SĜHGFKR]t VSHFLILFNp WUpQLQNRYp ]iWČåH. 3URWRåH QHMY\ããt SĜtUĤVWN\
YêNRQĤ VH GRFLOXMt MHQ þDVWêP WUpQLQNHP PXVt VH v QČNWHUêFK GQHFK WêGHQQtKR
WUpQLQNX FtOHQČVQLåRYDWLQWHQ]LWDDREMHPSUiFHV GĤUD]HPQDW]Y DNWLYQtRGSRþLQHN
NRQČ =QDPHQi WR åH GQ\ VSHFLILFNpKR WUpQLQNX VH VWĜtGDMt VH GQ\ DNWLYQtKR
RGSRþLQNXYHNWHUêFKSUiYČQLåãtLQWHQ]LWDLREMHP]iWČåHjsou poGQČWHPSUR]GiUQê
SUĤEČK]RWDYRYDFtFKDQDEROLFNêFKSURFHVĤ-HWRYSRGVWDWČ SĜedFKi]HQt QiVWXSX
FKURQLFNp~QDY\Dvzniku QiVOHGQpKRSĜHWUpQRYiQtNRQČ
'DOãtP GĤOHåLWêP þLQLWHOHP XUþXMtFtP IUHNYHQFL WUpQLQNRYêFK DGDSWDþQtFK
SRGQČWĤ MH HQHUJHWLFNê SRWHQFLiO NRQČ D HIHNW MHKR QDYêãHQp REQRY\ tzv.
superkompenzace (obr. 24). Podle teorie superkompenzace kDåGi ]DWtåHQt Y\YROiYi
VQtåHQtHQHUJHWLFNpKRSRWHQFLiOXv WČOHNRQČ V SUĤEČKX]RWDYHQtVHWHQWRY\þHUSDQê
HQHUJHWLFNê SRWHQFLiORSČW REQRYXMH 2EQRYXMH VH YãDN WDN åH GRFKi]t N QDYêãHQp
REQRYČ, tj. åH VH SĜHFKRGQČ QDKURPDGt Y EXĖNiFK WNiQt YtFH HQHUJHWLFNpKR
SRWHQFLiOX, QHå byla YêFKR]t ~URYHĖ QD SRþiWNX ]iWČåH 7RWR SĜHFKRGQp naYêãHQt
PĤåH ĜiGRYČ QDVWRXSLW D WUYDW QČNROLN VHNXQG Då PLQXW $73 &3 PLQXW Då KRGLQ
JO\NRJHQ QHER GQĤ Då WêGQĤ HQ]\P\ D VWUXNWXUiOQt EtONRYLQ\ 9 GREČ
VXSHUNRPSHQ]DFH VH SDN VWiYi oUJDQLVPX NWHUê Pi QDKURPDGČQR YtFH
HQHUJHWLFNpKRDVWUXNWXUiOQtKRSRWHQFLiOXVFKRSQêPY\ããtKRYêNRQX
Obr. 24: 6FKHPDWLFNp]Qi]RUQČQtHIHNWX
W]YVXSHUNRPSHQ]DFHHQHUJHWLFNpKRSRWHQFLiOX
Superkompenzace
(QHUJHWLFNêSRWHQFLiO
100%
Klid
=DWtåHQt
=RWDYHQt
2SWLPiOQtE\PČODEêW WDNRYiIUHNYHQFH VSHFLILFNêFKWUpQLQNRYêFK SRGQČWĤSĜL
Qtå E\ GDOãt SRGQČW\ VSDGDO\ GR Ii]H QDYêãHQp REQRY\ HQHUJHWLFNpKR SRWHQFLiOX ±
do superkompenzace. Z hlediska praxe je YãDN YHOPL WČåNp RGKDGQRXW GREX NG\
VXSHUNRPSHQ]DFH SR ]iWČåL QDVWiYi L GREX SR jakou WUYi 7D MH GiQD SĜHGHYãtP
GUXKHP SRK\ERYp þLQQRVWL D WtP L UĤ]QêP ]SĤVREHP HQHUJHWLFNpKR NU\Wt GDQpKR
YêNRQXVWUXNWXURXWUpQLQNXD VWXSQČPWUpQRYDQRVWLjedince.
66
1iVWXS D WUYiQt VXSHUNRPSHQ]DFH tedy ]iYLVt i QD WUpQRYDQRVWL NRQČ ýtP MH
WUpQRYDQČMãt MHGLQHF WtP GĜtYH D U\FKOHML X QČKR NH ]YêãHQp REQRYČ GRFKi]t a
SĜHWUYiYi GHOãt GREX QHå X MHGLQFH PpQČ WUpQRYDQpKR (obr. 25 a, b) 7UpQRYDQê
jedinec proto WDNp VQiãt GDOHNR þDVWČMãt Y\ããt IUHNYHQFL SĜtVOXãQêFK DGDSWDþQtFK
SRGQČWĤQHåQHWUpQRYDQê (NĤĖY SRþiWNXWUpQLQNX).
Obr. 25 a, b: 5\FKORVWQiVWXSXDWUYiQtVXSHUNRPSHQ]DFH
v ]iYLVORVWLQD WUpQRYDQRVWLNRQČ.
D1HWUpQRYDQê
E7UpQRYDQê
0ĤåHPH NRQVWDWRYDW åH H[LVWXMt WĜL W\S\ VXSHUNRPSHQ]DFH REU 26). U
PD[LPiOQtFK]iWČåt- PD[LPDWUYDMtFtFKQČNROLNVHNXQGGRVGRFKi]t
k QDYêãHQp REQRYČ ATP a CP. Tato ]YêãHQi REQRYD QDVWXSXMH D WUYi ĜiGRYČ
v VHNXQGiFKDåPLQXWiFK9\XåtYiVHMtSĜHGHYãtPYLQWHUYDORYpP]SĤVREXWUpQLQNX
8]iWČåt- 100% max. VREMHPHPGRPLQXW\DX]iWČåtVXEPD[LPiOQtLQWHQ]LW\
(50 - 90% max.) a REMHPXQDGPLQGRFKi]tk QDYêãHQpREQRYČi glykogenu, kteri
QDVWXSXMH D WUYi ĜiGRYČ QČNROLN PLQXW Då hodin. Superkompenzaci glykogenu je
PRåQp Y\XåtYDW SĜL RSDNRYDQpP þL GYRXIi]RYpP WUpQLQNX D SĜL VHVWDYRYiQt
WUpQLQNRYêFK ]iWČåt EČKHP WêGQH. 1DYêãHQi REQRYD QHHUJHWLFNêFK VORåHN WM.
en]\PĤDVWUXNWXUiOQtFKEtONRYLQQDVWXSXMH]DQČNROLNGQĤDWUYiĜiGRYČQČNROLNdnĤ
Då WêGQĤ 9\XåtYi se SĜHGHYãtP Y VHVWDYRYiQt struktury a celkovp VWDYE\
VSHFLILFNpKRWUpQLQNXDPDQDJHPHQWXNRQČGRGRVWLKĤþLMLQêFK]iYRGĤ
Obr. 26: SchePDWLFNp]Qi]RUQČQtWĜtW\SĤVXSHUNRPSHQ]DFH
UĤ]QêFK IXQNþQtFK XND]DWHOĤIY þDVHORJW.
A ± funkce krátkodobé (s, min) ± ATP a CP
B ± funkce stĜednČdobé (min, hod) ± glykogen
C ± funkce dlouhodobé (dny, týdny) ± enzymy a strukturální bílkoviny
f
A
B
C
log t
67
7UpQLQNRYpSRGQČW\N SĜtVOXãQpPXGUXKXDGDSWDFHPDMtPtWWDNRYRXIUHNYHQFL
DE\ GDOãt ]DWtåHQt SĜLãOR SUiYČ GR REGREt QDYêãHQp REQRY\ 7DNRYp WUpQLQNRYp
SRGQČW\ SDN ]Y\ãXMt WUpQLQNRYê HIHNW D YêNRQQRVW NRQČ REU E =DĜD]RYiQt
DGDSWDþQtFK WUpQLQNRYêFK SRGQČWĤ Y Qt]NêFK IUHNYHQFtFK QDSĜ NUiW WêGQČ NWHUp
QH]DFK\FXMtIi]L]YêãHQpREQRY\, nHPiWUpQLQNRYêHIHNWREU 27 a).
=DĜD]RYiQtDGDSWDþQtFKWUpQLQNRYêFKSRGQČWĤYHY\VRNpIUHNYHQFL5-7[WêGQČ
vede k WRPX åH GDOãt ]DWtåHQt QH]DþtQi Då SR ~SOQpP ]RWDYHQt D REQRYČ
HQHUJHWLFNpKRSRWHQFLiOXUHVSNĤĖQDVWXSXMHGRGDOãtSRK\ERYpþLQQRVWLVH]E\WN\
DNXWQt ~QDY\ ] SĜHGFKR]t ]iWČåH 7\WR ]E\WN\ ~QDY\ VH VXPXMt D Y]QLNi QHEH]SHþt
Y]QLNX~QDY\FKURQLFNpDSĜHWUpQRYiQtREU27 c).
Obr. 27 a, b, c: 9OLYIUHNYHQFH]iWČåHDVXSHUNRPSHQ]DFH
QDYHOLNRVWHQHUJHWLFNpKRSRWHQFLiOX
a)
b)
c)
3ĜL U\FKORVWQtFK D VLORYêFK YêNRQHFK MH Y]WDK PH]L SĜtUĤVWNHP VSHFLILFNp
YêNRQQRVWL NRQČ D NYDQWLWRX WUpQLQNX Y\MiGĜHQ SĜLEOLåQČ SDUDEROLFNRX NĜLYNRX REU
28]HNWHUpMH]ĜHMPpåHV SĜtUĤVWNHPNYDQWLW\WUpQLQNX (objemu) VHVWiYDMtSĜtUĤVWN\
WUpQRYDQRVWL VWiOH PHQãt 3ĜL SĜHNURþHQt XUþLWp GR MLVWp PtU\ LQGLYLGXiOQt KUDQLFH
]DþQRX SĜtUĤVWN\ WUpQRYDQRVWL NOHVDW D PĤåH VQDGQR GRMtW N SĜHWUpQRYiQt 3URWR SUR
U\FKORVWQt D VLORYp YêNRQ\ MH HNRQRPLþWČMãt WUpQRYDW Y\ããt LQWHQ]LWRX a s PHQãtP
objemem. V WRPWR SĜtSDGČ oEGREQČ SODWt åH ~þLQQČMãt IUHNYHQFH je þDVWČMãt (3-4x)
QHåPpQČþDVWi (2-3x)2SDþQpNRQVWDWRYiQt]DVOXKXMtYêNRQ\U\]HY\WUYDORVWQtMDNR
MVRX QDSĜ GLVWDQþQt Mt]G\ NGH MH HIHNWLYQČMãt WUpQRYDW SRGQČW\ V QLåãt LQWHQ]LWRX D
YČWãtP REMHPHP (velkou kvantitou) RYãHP SĜL QLåãt IUHNYHQFL VSHFLILFNêFK
WUpQLQNRYêFKSRGQČWĤ (2x).
68
Obr. 28: 9]WDKPH]LSĜtUĤVWNHPNYDQWLW\WUpQLQNXDSĜtUĤVWNHPWUpQRYDQRVWL
MHY\MiGĜHQSDUDEROLFNRXNĜLYNRXNGHSRGRVDåHQtXUþLWpKRPD[LPD]DþQH
WUpQRYDQRVWNOHVDWDPĤåHGRMtWN SĜHWUpQRYiQt
3ĜtUĤVWHN
WUpQRYDQRVWL
&KURQLFNi~QDYD
DSĜHWUpQRYiQt
KvantiWDWUpQLQNX
Za NYDOLWXWUpQLQNX SRYDåXMHPHWDNRYp DGDSWDþQtSRGQČWy, kterp jsou pro rozvoj
åiGDQpVSHFLDOL]RYDQpDGDSWDFHUR]KRGXMtFtLQWHQ]LWDSURU\FKORVWDVtOXREMHPSUR
vytrvalost a frekvence pro obratnost). Proto kvalitou WUpQLQNRYp VWUXNWXU\ DGDSWDFH
k U\FKORVWLDVtO\MVRXUR]KRGXMtFtY\ããtLQWHQ]LW\]iWČåH70 ± 90% a 90 - 100% max.)
RPDOpPREMHPXDSĜLY\ããtIUHNYHQFL (3-4x). Kvalitou WUpQLQNRYpVWUXNWXU\SURUR]YRM
adapWDFHNHVSHFLiOQtY\WUYDORVWLMVRXUR]KRGXMtFtVWĜHGQtintenzity 50 - 70% max. SĜL
VWĜHGQtP REMHPX D VWĜHGQt IUHNYHQFL (3x), a kvalitou WUpQLQNRYp VWUXNWXU\ SUR UR]YRM
adaptace k REHFQp Y\WUYDORVWL Qt]Np intenzity 30 - 50% max. SĜL YHONpP REMHPX
DYãDNSĜL QLåãtIUHNYHQFL (2x).
'DOãtPGĤOHåLWêPIDNWRUHPSĜLWUpQLQNXMH ~URYHĖWUpQRYDQRVWL NRQČ, þLOLVWXSHĖ
MHKR DGDSWDFH N SĜtVOXãQpPX GUXKX ]iWČåH 3ODWt åH Qt]Ni WUpQRYDQRVW NRQČ
XPRåĖXMH YHONp SĜtUĤVWN\ YêNRQX Y\VRNi WUpQRYDQRVW QDRSDN PDOp SĜtUĤVWN\ 9\ããt
SĜtUĤVWN\ WUpQRYDQRVWL O]H GRViKQRXW SĜHGHYãtP NYDOLWRX WUpQLQNX QLNROLY MHKR
NYDQWLWRXNWHUiQDRSDNYHGHN SRNOHVXYêNRQQRVWLNRQČ
TUpQRYDQRVW NRQČ O]H ]Y\ãRYDW SURVWĜHGQLFWYtP VSHFLILFNêFK DGDSWDþQtFK
SRGQČWĤ EH] SRãNR]HQt ]GUDYt organisPX Då SR XUþLWRX PH]Qt KUDQLFL. Ta je zcela
LQGLYLGXiOQt D ]iYLVt QHMHQ QD YêNRQQRVWQtP SRWHQFLiOX NRQČ ]HMPpQD SRWHQFLiOX
JHQHWLFNpP D IXQNþQtP DOH L QD ~URYQL REHFQp ]GDWQRVWL D WUpQRYDQRVWL NRQČ
'RVDåHQt DEVROXWQt LQGLYLGXiOQt YêNRQQRVWL NRQČ QHQt Y WUpQLQNX SUDNWLFN\ PRåQp
QHERĢNDåGêNĤĖVL]DFKRYiYiMLVWRXYČWãtQHERPHQãt³SRVOHGQt´UH]HUYXNWHURXMH
VFKRSHQ Y\XåtW SRX]H Y PH]QtFK VLWXDFtFK DXWRQRPQČ FKUiQČQp UH]HUY\), jak
schePDWLFN\]Qi]RUĖXMHREUi]HN 29.
69
Z obri]NX PĤåHPH Y\VOHGRYDW åH QHWUpQRYDQê QHER NĤĖ Y SRþiWFtFK
WUpQLQNX GRVDKXMH SĜL PD[LPiOQtP YêNRQX MHQ DVL NROHP VYp DEVROXWQt
YêNRQQRVWL 7UpQLQNHP VH WDWR KUDQLFH ]Y\ãXMH D SĜHGSRNOiGi VH åH X QHMOpSH
WUpQRYDQêFK NRQt GRVDKXMH DVLDEVROXWQt YêNRQQRVWL 3ĜL Y\MtPHþQêFK VLWXDFtFK
YãDN PĤåH WHQWR VYĤM PD[LPiOQt YêNRQ SĜHNURþLW D SĜLEOtåLW VH Då VYp DEVROXWQt
YêNRQQRVWL7RMVRXW]Ysupra-PD[LPiOQtåLYRWQtYêNony NRQtNWHUpVHGRVDKXMtMHQ
MHGQRX QHER SRX]H QČNROLNUiW Y åLYRWČ MHGLQFH 1ČNWHUp GRSLQJRYp OiWN\ XPRåĖXMt
NRQL YtFH QHER þDVWČML YVWXSRYDW GR WČFKWR DEVROXWQČ FKUiQČQêFK UH]HUY V rizikem
RKURåHQt]GUDYtLåLYRWD]YtĜHWH
Obr. 29: SchePDWLFNp]Qi]RUQČQtUĤ]Qp~URYQČYêNRQĤ
XQHWUpQRYDQpKRDY\VRFHWUpQRYDQpKRRUJDQLVPX
ve vztahu k PD[LPiOQtPXYêNRQXD DEVROXWQČPRåQp YêNRQQRVWL,
NG\MHNĤĖQXFHQViKQRXWGRDEVROXWQČFKUiQČQpKRSiVPD
(supra-PD[LPiOQt YêNRQ\ NRQt).
$EVROXWQtYêNRQQRVW
$XWRQRPQČFKUiQČQp
rezervy
0D[LPiOQtYêNRQ
%ČåQČSRXåtYDQp
rezervy
)\]LRORJLFNi
SĜLSUDYHQRVW
k YêNRQX
%ČåQêYêNRQ
Klid
1HWUpQRYDQêNĤĖ
TUpQRYDQêNĤĖ
70
3.2.2. '58+<75e1,1.8.21Ë
V WUpQLQNRYpP SURFHVX VH ĜHãt FHOi ĜDGD PQRKG\ YHOPL VORåLWêFK a
NRPSOLNRYDQêFK ~NROĤ Podle þW\Ĝ ]iNODGQtch pohybovêFK vlastnostt NRQČ, PĤåHPH
UR]OLãRYDW QiVOHGXMtFt ]iNODGQt GUXK\ WUpQLQNX WUpQLQN ]DPČĜHQê QD UR]YRM
obratnosti, na rozvoj rychlosti, na rozvoj VtO\ a na rozvoj vytrvalosti. SSHFLiOQtP
]SĤVREHP SDN PĤåHPH GiOH UR]YtMHW NDåGê GUXK WUpQLQNX Y kombinaci V MLQêPL
SRK\ERYêmi vlastnostmi NRQČDådo K\EULGQtFKRGYR]HQLQ. (obr. 30).
Obr. 30: 6FKpPDY]iMHPQêFKY]WDKĤSRK\ERYêFKYODVWQRVWtNRQČ
Rychlost
Vytrvalost
VR
RV
VS
RS
SV
SR
VO
OV
OR
RO
StOD
SO
OS
9\VYČWOLYN\
56 U\FKORVWQtVtOD
59 U\FKORVWQtY\WUYDORVW
52 U\FKORVWQtREUDWQRVW
26 REUDWQRVWQtVtOD
25 REUDWQRVWQtU\FKORVW
29 REUDWQRVWQtY\WUYDORVW
Obratnost
65 VLORYiU\FKORVW 92 Y\WUYDORVWQtREUDWQRVW
62 VLORYiREUDWQRVW 95 Y\WUYDORVWQtU\FKORVW
69 VLORYiY\WUYDORVW 96 Y\WUYDORVWQtVtOD
-H]QiPRåHUR]YRMMHGQpSRK\ERYpYODVWQRVWLNRQČVRXþDVQČSĤVREtSR]LWLYQČ
QHER L QHJDWLYQČ L QD UR]YRM YODVWQRVWL MLQp. 3ĜHVWR NDåGi ] WČFKWR SRK\ERYêFK
YODVWQRVWt Pi ] I\]LRORJLFNpKR KOHGLVND VYp VSHFLILFNp ]YOiãWQRVWL NWHUp VH SURMHYXMt
]HMPpQDY rozGtOQpPIXQNþQtP]DWtåHQtRUJDQLVPXDY HQHUJHWLFNpbilanci:
Rychlost MH UR]YtMHQD RSDNRYDQêPL U\FKOêPL VYDORYêPL kontrakcemi s Y\VRNêP
SRGtOHP VtO\ D PD[LPiOQtP ]DWtåHQtP V DQDHUREQt ~KUDGRX HQHUJLH EH] Y\ããtFK
QiURNĤQDWUDQVSRUWQtV\VWpPN\VOtNX
StOD MH UR]YtMHQD PRKXWQêPL VYDORYêPL NRQWUDNFHPL EH] ]DWČåRYiQt
WUDQVSRUWQtKRV\VWpPXN\VOtNXDSĜLDQDHUREQtP]SĤVREX~KUDG\HQHUJie.
Vytrvalost MHUR]YtMHQDVWĜHGQt~URYQtGORXKRGREêFKNRQWUDNFt SĜLSOQpPUR]YRML
DHUREQtFKGČMĤV Y\VRNêPLQiURN\QDNUHYQtREČKDGêFKiQt.
Obratnost MH QHMYtFH UR]YtMHQD YêFYLNHP NRQČ NG\ Y]QLNDMt QRYp SRK\ERYp
QiY\N\ D NGH MH QHMYtFH ]DWČåRYiQ FHQWUiOQt QHUYRYê V\VWpP D QHUYRVYDORYi
koordinace.
71
3.2.2.1. 7UpQLQN]DPČĜHQêQDUR]YRMU\FKORVWL
5\FKORVW SRK\EX NRQČ ]iYLVt QD QHUYRVYDORYp NRRUGLQDFL VWĜtGiQt U\FKOêFK
NRQWUDNFtDU\FKOêFKXYROQČQtVYDOĤQDVFKRSQRVWLU\FKOpKR]tVNiQtYHONpKRPQRåVWYt
HQHUJLH D QD REVDKX DQDHUREQtFK ]GURMĤ (ATP, CP a glykogenu) v SĜtVOXãQêFK
VYDORYêFKYOiNQHFKWHG\YHYOiNQHFKU\FKOêFKþHUYHQêFKLrychlêFKEtOêFK,,$,,%.
Rychlost NRQČUHSUH]HQWXMtintenzity ]iWČåH 90 - 100% max. a 70 - PD[=iWČåH
50 - 70% max. U\FKORVWMLåQHUR]YtMtDOHMVRXVFKRSQ\ v WUpQLQNXrozvinutou rychlost
SR QČMDNRX GREX XGUåHW 3UR U\FKORVWQt SUiFH MVRX QHMYKRGQČMãt URYQp GUiK\
s WUDYQDWêP SRYUFKHP QHER PČONêP StVNHP 5\FKORVWQt ]iWČåH VH GR þOHQLWpKR
WHUpQXQHKRGt
(QHUJHWLFNêP ]GURMHP SĜL UR]YRML U\FKORVWL NRQČ MVRX SĜHGHYãtP HQHUJHWLFNp
IRVIiW\$73D&3= QLFKVHHQHUJLHXYROĖXMHYåG\QDSRþiWNX]iWČåHSRGREXFca
VHNXQG 3URWR WDNp MVRX YêNRQ\ v PD[LPiOQt U\FKORVWL - 100% maxima) a
WUYDMtFtGRVHNXQGNRRUGLQDþQČQHVPtUQČQiURþQp. JVRXUHDOL]RYiQ\SĜHGHYãtPQD
SRGNODGČ REUDWQRVWL ± ]iWČåH REUDWQRVWQČ U\FKORVWQt 1D RVWDWQtFK U\FKORVWQtFK
YêNRQHFK SĜHVDKXMtFtFK GREX WUYiQt V VH NURPČ ãWČSHQt $73 D &3 XSODWĖXMH
YHONRXPČURXDQDHUREQtãWČSHQtVYDORYpKRJO\NRJHQX- JO\NROê]D6RXKUQQČMVRXWR
YêNRQ\ R PD[LPiOQt inten]LWČ (90 - 100% max.) a objemu 25 s Då 1 minuta.
2]QDþXMHPH MH MDNR YêNRQ\ VLORYČ U\FKORVWQt QHERĢ MVRX UHDOL]RYiQ\ QD SRGNODGČ
G\QDPLFNpVtO\9êNRQ\RVXEPD[LPiOQt LQWHQ]LWČ- 90% max.DGREČWUYiQt 1 - 2
PLQXW\ VH UHDOL]XMt na hranici N\VOtNRYpKR VWURSX D DQDHUREQtKR SUDKX D SURWR MLå
Y\åDGXMt VSROX~þDVW i Y\WUYDORVWQt VORåN\ YêNRnu organismu (tzv. Y\WUYDORVWQt
rychlost).
Z XYHGHQp REHFQp FKDUDNWHULVWLN\ a z tabulky 8 Y\SOêYi åH YãHFKQ\ YêNRQ\
NGH MH UR]KRGXMtFtP XND]DWHOHP U\FKORVW NRQČ QDSĜ GRVWLK\ MVRX ] HQHUJHWLFNpKR
KOHGLVND ]iYLVOp SĜHGHYãtP QD ]iVREiFK DQDHUREQČ XYROQLWHOQp HQHUJLH WM QD
]iVREiFK $73 &3 D JO\NRJHQX Y U\FKOêFK þHUYHQêFK D EtOêFK VYDORYêFK YOiNQHFK
5HSUH]HQWXMt W]Y DQDHUREQt NDSDFLWX RUJDQLVPX 7UpQLQN ]DPČĜHQê QD UR]YRM
U\FKORVWLMHSURWRMHQWDNRYêWUpQLQNNWHUêPRELOL]XMHãWČSHQtEXćSĜHYiåQČMen ATP a
&3EH]WYRUE\N\VHOLQ\POpþQp± EH]ODNWiWRYê SRGtO U\FKORVWQt ]iWČåHWMLQWHQ]LWD
90 - 100% maxima po dobu 25s, nebo ATP a &3SĜLVRXþDVQpDQDHUREQtJO\NROê]H
s SURGXNFtODNWiWXODNWiWRYêSRGtO U\FKORVWQt]iWČåHWMLQWHQ]LWD- 100% max. po
dobu 25 - V-GHWHG\RW\SLFNpNUiWNRGREp]iWČåHGRPLQXW\WUYiQtSĜLY\VRNp
LQWHQ]LWČ- 100% max.).
Tabulka 8: 5\FKORVWDMHMtK\EULGQtRGYR]HQLQ\Y WUpQLQNXNRQt.
Odvozenina rychlosti
Intenzita % max
Objem
7UpQLQN
REUDWQRVWQtU\FKORVW
90 - 100%
do 25 s
PD[LPiOQtU\FKORVW
VLORYiU\FKORVW
90 - 100%
25 - 60 s
G\QDPLFNiU\FKORVW
Y\WUYDORVWQtU\FKORVW
70 - 90%
1 - 2 minuty
vytrvalost v rychlosti
3ĜL DQDHUREQt JO\NROê]H Y]QLNDMt N\VHOp PHWDEROLW\ SĜHGHYãtP N\VHOLQD POpþQi
(ODNWiW) NWHUp vedou k Y\VRNp N\VHORVWL YQLWĜQtKR SURVWĜHGt DFLGy]H SURMHYXMtFt VH
SRNOHVHPS+NUYH1DDFLGy]XMHYHOPLFLWOLYêFHQWUiOQtQHUYRYêV\VWpPDSURWRWDNp
U\FKORVWQtWUpQLQNMHSURNRQČYåG\SV\FKLFN\YHOPLQiURþQê
72
3.2.2.2. 7UpQLQN]DPČĜHQê QDUR]YRMVtO\
6tOXNRQČUHSUH]HQWXMtURYQČå]iWČåHRPD[LPiOQtDVXEPD[LPiOQtLQWHQ]LWČ(90100% max. a 70-90% max.)=iWČåH VWĜHGQtLQWHQ]LW\ (50-70% max.) VtOX MLåQHUR]YtMt
ale MVRXVFKRSQ\WUpQLQNHP UR]YLQXWRXVtOXSRQČMDNRXGREXXGUåHWSLORYp]iWČåHMH
PRåQp UHDOL]RYDW QD URYQp GUi]H V WUDYQDWêP SRYUFKHP QHER PČONêP StVNHP Pro
UR]YRM VtO\ MH YãDN PQRKHP YKRGQČMãt þOHQLWê WHUpQ NRSFRYLWê QHER KOXEãt SRYUFK
GUiK\KOXERNêStVHNPČONiRUDQLFH6LORYêPWUpQLQNHPO]HUR]YtMHWLVNRNRYRXVtOX
NRQČ QHERVtOXMLQpKRSRK\ERYpKRSUYNX.
3ĜL VLORYpP WUpQLQNX MH I\]LRORJLFNRX SRGVWDWRX DGDSWDFH N VtOH SĜHGHYãtP UĤVW
EtONRYLQQpKR]iNODGXVYDORYêFKVWUXNWXUDUR]YRMjejich HQ]\PDWLFNpDNWLYLW\SRWĜHEQp
NH ãWČSHQt HQHUJHWLFNêFK IRVIiWĤ $73 D &3 a VXEVWUiWĤ JO\NRJHQ YH VYDORYêFK
YOiNQHFK
6tOD VYDOX MH ]iYLVOi QD PQRåVWYt VYDORYêFK YOiNHQ NWHUp jsou zapojeny SĜL
VLORYpNRQWUDNFL DWDNpQDMHMLFKWORXãĢFHVtOHSUĤĜH]X9]KOHGHPN WRPXåHKODYQtP
]GURMHPHQHUJLHSURVLORYRXNRQWUDNFLMVRXSĜHGHYãtPHQHUJHWLFNp IRVIiW\ a glykogen,
MVRXSĜLUR]YRMLVtO\~þLQQiMHQWDVYDORYiYOiNQDNWHUiREVDKXMtYHONpPQRåVWYtWČFKWR
HQHUJHWLFNêFK]GURMĤKODYQČU\FKOiYOiNQDEtOi, ale i U\FKOiþHUYHQi7UpQLQNHPVtO\
se zYČWãXMH WORXãĢNDU\FKOêFKVYDORYêFKvliNHQa to W\SX,,$þHUYHQiRDW\SX
,,% EtOi Då R 1HUYRVYDORYRX NRRUGLQDFt Y SURVWRUX D þDVH VH XVNXWHþĖXMH
VYDORYêVWDK. =YČWãXMHVHVtODVYDORYpNRQWUDNFHMHMtHNRQRPLþQRVWDWHG\LYêNRQ
NRQČY SĜtVOXãQpVLORYpþLQQRVWL QHERMHMtK\EULGQtRGYR]HQLQČ.
Z KOHGLVND GUXKX VYDORYp NRQWUDNFH SRGOH WUpQRYDQpKR FtOH UR]OLãXMHPH X NRQt
WĜL VORåN\ UR]YRMH VtO\ UR]YRM VtO\ U\FKORVWQt Y\WUYDORVWQt D REUDWQRVWQt tab. 3ĜL
WUpQLQNX VtO\ G\QDPLFNp UHVS U\FKORVWQt VtO\ VH QHMYtFH UR]YLMt HQ]\PDWLFNi DNWLYLWD
SRWĜHEQiN UR]ãWČSHQtHQHUJHWLFNêFKOiWHN$73&3DJO\NRJHQXDDNWLYXMHVHYČWãt
SRþHWVYDORYêFKYOiNHQ 6tODGRVDKXMHSĜLWRPYHOPLY\VRNêFKDEVROXWQtFKKRGQRW3ĜL
WUpQLQNX Y\WUYDORVWQt VtO\ VH UR]YtMt SĜHGHYãtP EtONRYLQQê ]iNODG VYDORYêFK VWUXNWXU
YêUD]QRX K\SHUWURILt D VYDO\ MVRX VFKRSQ\ GHOãt YêGUåH Y VLORYp VYDORYp NRQWUDNFL
2EUDWQRVWQt VtOD VH XSODWĖXMH SĜHGHYãtP Y QiFYLNX VORåLWêFK QHER QDPiKDYêFK
REUDWQRVWQtFKSUYNĤQDSĜVNRNRYêFKGUH]XUQtFKZHVWHUQRYêFKDWG.).
Tabulka 9: 6tODDMHMtK\EULGQtRGYR]HQLQ\Y WUpQLQNXNRQt.
Odvozenina
VtO\
Intenzita % max
Objem
7UpQLQN
U\FKORVWQtVtOD
70 - 90% v KOXERNpPQHER
NRSFRYLWpPWHUpQX
60 - 120 s
DNFHOHUDþQtVtOD
G\QDPLFNiVtOD
Y\WUYDORVWQt
VtOD
do 70% v NRSFRYLWpPWHUpQX
QHERQDKOXERNpP povrchu
GUiK\
nad 2 minuty
vytrvalost v VLORYêFK
YêNRQHFK
REUDWQRVWQt
VtODQDSĜ
VNRNRYi
70 - VNRNRYpKRPD[LPD
þLMLQpKRREUDWQRVWQtKRSUYNX
GREDRSDNRYiQt
SUYNĤQDSĜVNRNĤ
DåPLQ
VtODY REUDWQRVWQtFK
SUYFtFKQDSĜVtOD
odrazu (skokani)
73
'UXKWUpQLQNX]DPČĜHQpKRQDUR]YRMVtO\MHQXWQpYROLWSRGOHWRKRMDNêYê]QDP
PiY GDQpPVSHFLILFNpPYêNRQXSĜtVOXãQiVORåNDVtO\3URWRåHYČWãLQDYêNRQĤNRQt
jak GRVWLKRYêFK WDN L VSRUWRYQtFK, Y\åDGXMH U\FKORVWQt VtOX MH VSUiYQp UR]YtMHW
SĜHGHYãtP WXWR VORåNX 3ĜL WUpQLQNX REUDWQRVWQt VtO\ VH ]OHSãXMH QHUYRVYDORYi
koordinace pohybu D]YČWãXMHVHtak i DEVROXWQtVtOD 1DSĜVNRNDQY\YLQHSĜLRGUD]X
YČWãtVtOXSĜLY\ããtU\FKORVWLQiMH]GXQHå] SRPDOpKRWHPSDOstatQČ, v WUpQLQNXNRQt
MVRX VYDORYp NRQWUDNFH YČWãLQRX VPČVt YãHFK VORåHN VYDORYp VtO\ D SURWR MH YKRGQp
YČQRYDW GRVWDWHN SR]RUQRVWL L UR]YRML VtO\ Y\WUYDORVWQt QDSĜ SUiFH GR Nopce,
v KOXERNpPWHUpQXDSRG
Z SUDNWLFNpKR KOHGLVND SODWt åH þtP YČWãt je YêãND VNRNX þL VtOD MLQpKR
QDFYLþRYDQpKR SUYNX -100% max. WtP PHQãt dobu pro jeho RSDNRYiQt YROtPH
(do 2 min1DRSDNþtPMHYêãNDVNRNXPHQãtWtPYČWãtSRþHWRSDNRYiQtYROtPH (tj.
VNRNRYêREMHP nad 2 min-HQXWQpYãDNYROLWV\VWpP]DWČåRYiQtWDN, aby YåG\ SĜL
SRVOHGQtPSURYiGČQt QDFYLþRYDQpKRSUYNXse GRViKORSRåDGRYDQpKRPD[LPD QDSĜ
YêãN\VNRNX.
3.2.2.3. 7UpQLQN]DPČĜHQêQDUR]YRMY\WUYDORVWL
9\WUYDORVWNRQČ]iYLVt] I\]LRORJLFNpKRKOHGLVNDSĜHGHYãtPQD~URYQLDHUREQtKR
R[LGDWLYQtKR PHWDEROLVPX NGH HQHUJHWLFNêP ]GURMHP MVRX JO\FLG\ L WXN\
5R]KRGXMtFtP IDNWRUHP SĜL Y\WUYDORVWQtP WUpQLQNX MH objem ]iWČåH WM GRED YêNRQX
NWHURX VH ĜtGt L Y\XåtYiQt HQHUJHWLFNêFK ]GURMĤ 7UpQLQN ]DPČĜHQê QD UR]YRM
vytrvalosti pak REHFQČ UHSUH]HQWXMH ]iWČå WUYDMtFt GpOH MDN PLQXW\ VH VWĜHGQt (5070% max.) nebo i Qt]NRX 30-50% max.) intenzitou, tj. ve YČWãtP REMHPX (tab. 10).
3UR UR]YRM Y\WUYDORVWL NRQČ MH YKRGQê þOHQLWê WHUpQ SODYiQt þL RSDNRYDQp VNRNRYp
SUYN\QHERMLQpQDSĜGUH]XUQt
6FKRSQRVW NRQČ SRGiYDW Y\WUYDORVWQt YêNRQ\ MH GiQD SĜHGHYãtP DHUREQt
kapacitou WM VFKRSQRVWt PD[LPiOQt VSRWĜHE\ N\VOtNX SĜL ]iWČåL WHG\ PD[LPiOQtP
DHUREQtPYêNRQHP+ODYQtPOLPLWXMtFtPIDNWRUHPPD[LPiOQtVSRWĜHE\N\VOtNXMHMHKR
transport z SOLF NUHYQtP REČKHP Då GR SUDFXMtFtFK WNiQt UHVS GR þHUYHQêFK
VYDORYêFK YOiNHQ SRPDOêFK L U\FKOêFK NGH VH DHUREQt ãWČSHQt HQHUJHWLFNêFK
VXEVWUiWĤ XVNXWHþĖXMH 9\WUYDORVWQt WUpQLQN MH WHG\ ]DPČĜHQ SĜHGHYãtP QD UR]YRM
DHUREQt NDSDFLW\ RUJDQLVPX WM QD W]Y transpoUWQt V\VWpP N\VOtNX GêFKDFt D
NDUGLRYDVNXOiUQtDSDUiWDþHUYHQiVYDORYiYOiNQD typu I a IIA.
=YČWãHQt DHUREQt NDSDFLW\ RUJDQLVPX ]YêãHQt PD[LPiOQt VSRWĜHE\ N\VOtNX tj.
]YêãHQt N\VOtNRYpKR VWURSX D ]YČWãHQt PD[LPiOQtKR DHUREQtKR YêNRQX (schopnosti
vytUYDORVWQtKR YêNRQX NRQČ MH SRGPtQČQR ĜDGRX DGDSWDþQtFK ]PČQ Y WUDQVSRUWQtP
V\VWpPX N\VOtNX D YH VYDOHFK tj. ]YČWãXMH VH PD[LPiOQt PLQXWRYi YHQWLODFH SOLFQt
SĜHGHYãtP ]YČWãHQtP GHFKRYpKR REMHPX ]Y\ãXMH VH Y\XåLWt N\VOtNX ]H
YGHFKRYDQpKR Y]GXFKX Y SOLFtFK ]YČWãXMH VH REMHP FLUNXOXMtFt NUYH KHPRJORELQX L
þHUYHQêFKNUYLQHN]YČWãXMHVHV\VWROLFNêLPLQXWRYêREMHPVUGHþQtQDUĤVWiKXVWRWD
NDSLOiU YH VYDOHFK ]Y\ãXMH VH PQRåVWYt VYDORYpKR P\RJORELQX D MHKR YD]HEQi
VFKRSQRVWSURN\VOtN]Y\ãXMHVHDNWLYLWDHQ]\PĤ]DSRMHQêFKGRR[LGDWLYQtKRãWČSHQt
FXNUĤDWXNĤVWRXSiFHONRYêREMHPHQHUJHWLFNpKRSRWHQFLiOXYHVYDOHFK
74
Tabulka 10: 9\WUYDORVWDMHMtK\EULGQtRGYR]HQLQ\Y WUpQLQNXNRQt.
Odvozenina
vytrvalosti
Intenzita v % max.
Objem /
RSDNRYiQt
7UpQLQN
U\FKORVWQtY\WUYDORVW
50 - 70%
2 - 10 minut
VSHFLiOQtY\WUYDORVWYU\FKORVWL
VLORYiY\WUYDORVW
30 - 50%
do 30 minut
REHFQiY\WUYDORVW
REUDWQRVWQtY\WUYDORVW
QDSĜVNRNRYi
do 70% max.
QDFYLþRYDQpKo
prvku
nad 2 minuty
vytrvalost v REUDWQRVWQtFK
SUYFtFK QDSĜ YHVNiNiQt
,QWHQ]LWD DGDSWDþQtFK SRGQČWĤ PDOp LQWHQ]LW\ do 30% max.) D REMHPX GHOãtP
QHå PLQXW Y\XåtYi MDNR HQHUJHWLFNêFK ]GURMĤ SĜHGHYãtP WXNĤ, reVS PDVWQêFK
kyselin. 2UJDQLVPXV VH SĜL WpWR ]iWČåL mobilizuje WXN\ ]H ]iVREiUHQ WXNRYi depa).
'R YêNRQX MVRX ]DSRMHQD SĜHGHYãtP SRPDOi þHUYHQi YOiNQD W\SX , SĜtVOXãQêFK
VYDOĤDNWLYRYDQêFKGORXKRGRERXVWHUHRW\SQt]iWČåt jako je QDSĜNURN a klus. Tento
]SĤVRE WUpQLQNX ]Y\ãXMH obecnou zdatnost organismu NRQČ 7tP åH MH VSRMHQ
s Y\VRNRX ~URYQt R[LGDWLYQtKR ãWČSHQt WXNĤ XSODWĖXMH VH WDNp MDNR SURVWĜHGHN
VQLåXMtFtPQRåVWYt]iVREQtKRWXNXY RUJDQLVPXSRGNRåQtDYQLWĜQRVWQtWXNRYiGHSD,
XSODWĖXMHVHSĜLKXEQXWtDWtPY\WYiĜtGREUêNRQGLþQtVWDY]YtĜHWH (]iWČåW\SXÄDHURELF³
nebo jogging³-RJJLQJMHXSODWĖRYiQWDNpSĜLUHGXNFLY\VRNpKPRWQRVWL jezdcĤ.
Chceme-OL]Y\ãRYDWDEVROXWQtREHFQRXY\WUYDORVWNRQČWM silovou vytrvalost),
GRSRUXþXMt VH DGDSWDþQt Y\WUYDORVWQt SRGQČW\ R Qt]Np LQWHQ]LWČ (30 - 50% max.) po
GREXGRPLQXWNRQWLQXiOQtP]SĤVREHPWUpQLQNX-DNR]GURMHQHUJLHSĜLWRPWRW\SX
]iWČåHVHXSODWĖXMHR[LGDWLYQtãWČSHQtFXNUĤDWXNĤDWRSĜtPRYHVYDORYêFKYOiNQHFK
þHUYHQêFK 3ĜL WRPWR ]SĤVREX WUpQLQNX VH v organismu sXSHUNRPSHQ]DFt KURPDGt
pohotovostQt ]iVRE\ JO\FLGĤ (VYDORYpKR JO\NRJHQX) 9H VYDOHFK VH GiOH ]PQRåXMH
P\RJORELQ ]Y\ãXMH VH DNWLYLWD R[LGDWLYQtFK HQ]\PĤ a QDUĤVWi KXVWRWD NDSLOiU YH
VYDOHFK 'R þLQQRVWL VH DNWLYXMt YHONp VYDORYp VNXSLQ\ Y\SUDFRYiYi VH G\QDPLFNê
SRK\ERYêVWHUHRW\S
Pro rozvoj VSHFLiOQt Y\WUYDORVWL, tzv. U\FKORVWQt Y\WUYDORVWL VH GRSRUXþXMt
YêNRQ\RVWĜHGQtLQWHQ]LWČ(50 -70% max.) po dobu 2 - 10 minut. Jako zdroj energie
VH ]GH XSODWĖXMH SĜHGHYãtP DHUREQt ãWČSHQt FXNUĤ D WXNĤ D byl-OL SĜHNURþHQ
DQDHUREQtSUiK WDNpþiVWHþQČDQDHUREQtJO\NROê]D0D[LPiOQČVH]Y\ãXMHV\VWROLFNê
DPLQXWRYêREMHPVUGHþQt =DMLãWČQtGRGiYN\N\VOtNXGêFKDFtPDNDUGLRYDVNXOiUQtP
DSDUiWHP MH SĜL WpWR þLQQRVWL mD[LPiOQČ HIHNWLYQt. POLFQt YHQWLODFH VH ]Y\ãXMH
SĜHGHYãtP ]YČWãHQtPGHFKRYpKRREMHPXDV\QFKURQL]DFtGêFKiQtV rytmem pohybu.
'R þLQQRVWL Y WpWR ]iWČåL MVRX ]DSRMHQD SĜHGHYãtP U\FKOi þHUYHQi YOiNQD ,,$ YH
NWHUêFK VH VXSHUNRPSHQ]DFt KURPDGt JO\NRJHQ D ]Y\ãXMH VH REVDK VYDORYpKR
P\RJORELQX =PČQDPL Y WUDQVSRUWQtP V\VWpPX VH PD[LPiOQČ ]Y\ãXMH VSRWĜHED
N\VOtNX SĜL ]iWČåL D QDUĤVWi PD[LPiOQt DHUREQt YêNRQ NRQČ ]Y\ãXMH VH N\VOtNRYê
strop), tj. SĜL ]iWČåL VH SURGOXåXMH GRED DHUREQt ~KUDG\ HQHUJLH ]PHQãXMH VH
N\VOtNRYêGHILFLWDSRGtON\VOtNRYpKRGOXKXQDFHONRYpPREMHPX]iWČåH.ĤĖGovede
tDNpSRPČUQČGORXKRXGREXSUDFRYDWY tzv. VHWUYDOpPVWDYX
75
8YČWãLQ\Y\WUYDORVWQtFKYêNRQĤse VLOQČSURGXNXMHWHSORD YRGDãWČSHQtFXNUĤ
D WXNĤ DHUREQt FHVWRX QD &22 a H22 2UJDQLVPXV WHG\ URYQČå DGDSWXMH VYRX
WHSHOQRXELODQFLYRGQtDHOHNWURO\WRYêPHWDEolismus.
.RQHþQČ VH SĜL Y\WUYDORVWQtP YêNRQX SRVLOXMH G\QDPLFNê SRK\ERYê VWHUHRW\S
NRQČ WDN DE\ NDGHQFH SURVWRUQRVW D IUHNYHQFH FYDORYpKR VNRNX X NOXViNĤ NOXVX
E\ODSURGDQêYêNRQQHMRSWLPiOQČMãt2EGREQČMHWRPXLXVNRNDQĤNGHVH Qt]NRXD
VWĜHGQt intenzitou (do 70 % maxima skoku) posiluje VNRNRYê G\QDPLFNê VWHUHRW\S
W]YVNRNRYi Y\WUYDORVWMDNR VRXþiVW REUDWQRVWQtY\WUYDORVWL 2EGREQČMHWRmu i u
MLQêFK SRK\ERYêFKSUYNĤ
3.2.2.4. 7UpQLQN]DPČĜHQêQDUR]YRMREUDWQRVWL
Obratnost je SRK\ERYi vlastnost NRQČ NG\ SĜL YêNRQHFK SĜHYOiGDMt SRåDGDYN\
na SĜHVQRX QHUYRVYDORYRX NRRUGLQDFL SRK\EX WM NRRUGLQDFL þDVRYpKR VOHGX VWDKX
UĤ]QêFKVYDORYêFKVNXSLQ-VRXWRSRK\E\SURRUJDQLVPXV]QDþQČVORåLWpDQČNG\L
]YOiãWQt YH NWHUêFK QHQt PRåQR YåG\ MHGQR]QDþQČ Y\þOHQLW MHMLFK W\SLFNRX VORåNX
VtOXU\FKORVWQHERY\WUYDORVWWMK\EULGQtRGYR]HQLQXREUDWQRVWLVLORYRXY\WUYDORVWQt
þLU\FKORVWQtREUDWQRVW2EUDWQRVWQtSUYN\MVRXSĜHGHYãtPSĜHGPČWHPYêFYLNXNRQČD
v WUpQLQNX MVRX YČWãLQRX VRXþiVWt REHFQp ]GDWQRVWL jedince. Mnohdy jde o pohyby,
NGH DQL LQWHQ]LWD D REMHP ]iWČåH QHPXVt EêW SĜtOLã YHONp 1DRSDN MVRX WR þDVWR
SRK\E\ SURYiGČQp VWHUHRW\SQČ V QHMPHQãtP YêGHMHP HQHUJLH D ]DSRMRYiQtP
MHGQRWOLYêFK VYDORYêFK VNXSLQ YH VSUiYQpP þDVRYpP VOHGX tab. 11). Na rozvoj
REUDWQRVWL MVRX QHMYKRGQČMãt ]iWČåH PDOp LQWHQ]LW\ UHDOL]RYDQp v WHUpQX QHER QD
Mt]GiUQČNGHO]HQDFYLþRYDWLUĤ]QpSRK\ERYp prvky.
3ĜL UR]YRML REUDWQRVWL NRQČ MH ]DWČåRYiQ KODYQČ FHQWUiOQt QHUYRYê V\VWpP, kde
VHY\WYiĜHMtSĜHVQpþDVRYČ i prostorovČ v]WDK\PH]LSRGUiåGČQtPD~WOXPHP5R]YRM
REUDWQRVWL NRQČ SURWR SDWĜt GR REODVWL Y\WYiĜHQt QRYêFK SRGPtQČQêFK SRK\ERYêFK
VWHUHRW\SĤ WHG\ SĜHGHYãtP GR YêFYLNX NRQČ 1HXVWiOêP RSDNRYiQtP XUþLWêFK
SRK\ERYêFK SUYNĤ Y]QLNDMt QRYp SRK\ERYp QiY\N\ QRYi UHIOH[Qt VSRMHQt PH]L
MHGQRWOLYêPLRUJDQ\DRUJiQRYêPLV\VWpP\XYQLWĜorganismu, ale WDNpPH]LMH]GFHPD
NRQČPNWHUpSRGVWDWQČUR]ãLĜXMtSRK\ERYRXPRåQRVWRUJDQLVPXD HNRQRPLFNêYêGHM
energie W]Y SĜLMHåGČQRVW NRQČ) 2EUDWQRVW MH WDNp VFKRSQRVW NRQČ SRKRWRYČ D
okDPåLWČĜHãLWQRYpQHþHNDQpDQiKOHY]QLNDMtFtVLWXDFHD UHDJRYDWQDQČU\FKOêPLD
SĜHVQêPL SRK\E\ 2EUDWQRVW MH WHG\ SRGPtQČQD YHONRX ]iVRERX UĤ]QRURGêFK
SRGPtQČQČ UHIOH[QtFK SRK\ERYêFK VSRMHQt SĜHVQRVWt UHDNFH D SURWR YHOPL ~]FH
VRXYLVtV rozvojem rychlosti, reVSUR]YRMU\FKORVWLSĜtPRSRGPLĖXMH
76
Tabulka 11: 2EUDWQRVWDMHMtK\EULGQtRGYR]HQLQ\Y WUpQLQNXNRQt.
Odvozenina obratnosti
7\S]iWČåH
7UpQLQN
Y\WUYDORVWQtREUDWQRVW
VWHUHRW\SQt]iWČåGRPD[. a
objemu nad 30 minut (krok klus)
oEHFQi]GDWQRVW
VLORYiREUDWQRVW
pUiFHYHþOHQLWpPWHUpQXQDG
minut WUYiQt
REHFQivytrvalost
U\FKORVWQtREUDWQRVW
jt]GiUHQVNiSUiFHQDGPLQut
WUYiQt
QiFYLNVORåLWČMãtFK
REUDWQRVWQtFKSUYNĤ
Rozvoj obratnosti konČ D MHMLFK K\EULGQtFK RGYR]HQLQ harmonicky posiluje
VYDOVWYRFHOpKRWČOD]OHSãXMHIXQNþQtVWDYREČKRYpDGêFKDFtVRXVWDY\. ZSĜHVĖXMH
VH þLQQRVW UĤ]QêFK YMHPRYêFK þLGHO D ]OHSãXMt VH L Y]iMHPQp Y]WDK\ YQtPDQêFK
VLJQiOĤRGMH]GFHD ]H]HYQtKRLYQLWĜQtKRSURVWĜHGt 3RK\ERYpUHDNFHMVRX SĜHVQpD
U\FKOp VQDGQR VH Y\WYiĜHMt GDOãt QRYp SRGPtQČQp UHIOH[\ 9\WYiĜt VH YãHREHFQi
VFKRSQRVW NRQČ UHDJRYDW MHPQČMãtPL SRK\E\ QD VORåLWp VLWXDFH QDSĜ VWDUW QRYp D
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Metoda kontinuální
Metoda opakovaná
Metoda stĜídavá
a) kontinuální
b) intervalová
VysvČtlivky:
intenzita
objem
81
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WUpQLQNRYêFKSRGPtQHNNWHUpPiN dispozici.
8YãHFK WUpQLQNRYêFK PHWRG MH UR]KRGXMtFt YåG\ VWDQRYLW FR MH FtOHP WUpQLQNX
7DNRYêWR UDFLRQiOQt WUpQLQN SDN PĤåH PtW QiVOHGXMtFt NRPSRQHQW\ I\]LRORJLFNêFK
PHFKDQLVPĤNWHUpSĜLVStYDMtN rozvoji SRåDGRYDQpWUpQRYDQRVWL:
I. k rozvoji PD[LPiOQtU\FKORVWL NRQČW]Y REUDWQRVWQtU\FKORVWL) vedou LQWHQ]LYQt
]iWČåH- 100% max.SRGREXQČNROLNDVHNXQGGRVWMDVLQDP.
II. k rozvoji DQDHUREQtFKSURFHVĤ v organismu, rozvoji G\QDPLFNpVtO\, rychlosti
a vytrvalosti v PD[LPiOQt U\FKORVWL (tzv. VLORYp U\FKORVWL YHGRX LQWHQ]LYQt
]iWČåH- 100% max.) po dobu 25 - 60 sekund.
III. k rozvoji PD[LPiOQtKR DQDHUREQtKR YêNRQX, G\QDPLFNp U\FKORVWQt VtO\ D
VSHFLiOQt U\FKORVWL NRQČ (tzv. Y\WUYDORVWQt U\FKORVWL) vedou ]iWČåe (70 - 90%
max.SĜL]DSRMHQtYHONêFKVYDORYêFKVNXSLQSRGREX- 120 sekund.
IV. k rozvoji PD[LPiOQtKR DHUREQtKR YêNRQX Y\WUYDORVWQt VtO\ D VSHFLiOQt
vytrvalosti NRQČW]YU\FKORVWQtY\WUYDORVWL) vedou ]iWČåe VWĜHGQtLQWHQ]LW\50 70% max.) SĜL]DSRMHQtYHONêFKVYDORYêFKVNXSLQSRGREX- 10 minut.
V. k rozvoji REHFQp Y\WUYDORVWL a rozvoji velikosti REMHPX DHUREQtKR YêNRQX tj.
YČWãtPX Y\XåLWt PD[LPiOQt VSRWĜHE\ N\VOtNX YHGou ]iWČåe Qt]Np intenzity a
YHONpKRREMHPX(30 - 50% max.) WUYDMtFtGR0 minut.
VI. k rozvoji REHFQp]GDWQRVWLNRQČvedou ]iWČåe PDOpLQWHQ]LW\SRGPD[.)
a dlRXKpKRWUYiQtQDGPLQXWWM]iWČåY kroku a klusu7\WR]iWČåHnemDMt
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MHGQRWOLYpW\S\WUpQLQNRYpKR]DWtåHQtMHMLFKHQHUJHWLFNp]GURMHRGSDGRYpSURGXNW\D
UR]YtMHQp IXQNFH -DN MH ] WDEXON\ ]ĜHMPp Y\XåtYiQt ]GURMĤ HQHUJLH MH ]iYLVOp QD
LQWHQ]LWČD GREČWUYiQt]iWČåH3URWRMHWĜHEDMHGQRWOLYpPHWRG\WUpQLQNXY\XåtYDWWDN
DE\RGSRYtGDO\SRåDGRYDQpPXYêNRQXNRQČ-LQêPLVORY\YHVSHFLiOQtPWUpQLQNXE\
PČO\ SĜHYDåRYDW WDNRYp ]iWČåH NWHUp MVRX VYRMt VWUXNWXURX YHOPL EOt]Np
SRåDGRYDQpPX YêNRQX GRVWLKX þL MLQpPX ]iYRGX 7R VH WêNi ]HMPpQD KODYQtKR
WUpQLQNRYpKR REGREt tzv ]DPČĜRYDFtKR WUpQLQNX NGH SĜL YêEČUX ]iWČåH KUDMH
KODYQt UROL SĜHGHYãtP MHMt LQWHQ]LWD 3RX]H Y REGREt SĜtSUDYQpP E\ VH PČO WUpQLQN
]DPČĜRYDW QD UR]YRM RVWDWQtFK I\]LRORJLFNêFK PHFKDQLVPĤ YêNRQX YH NWHUêFK
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SRåDGRYDQêYêNRQDWRMDNQD~URYQLV\VWpPĤDRUJiQĤWDNLWNiQtDEXQČN7tPVH
UR]YLMt VFKRSQRVW Y\GiYDW YČWãt PQRåVWYt HQHUJLH D SRGiYDW Y\ããt YêNRQ QD VWUDQČ
MHGQp D HNRQRPL]RYDW YãHFKQ\ NRPSRQHQW\ SĜtVOXãQpKR YêNRQX GRNRQDOHMãt
NRRUGLQDFtSRK\EXDSRWĜHEQêFKIXQNFtQDVWUDQČ GUXKp
82
Tabulka 12: =GURMHHQHUJLHSĜL]iWČåtFKUĤ]QpLQWHQ]LW\DWUYiQt
'RED]iWČåH
Intenzita
]DWtåHQt
Zdroje energie
Tvorba kyseliny 5R]YtMHQiIXQNFH
POpþQp
a amoniaku (*)
90 - 100%
max.
do 25 s
90 - 100%
max.
25 - 60 s
ATP, CP
**
ATP, CP,
glykogen
PD[LPiOQČ
DQDHUREQČ
++++
60 - 120 s
glycidy SĜHYiåQČ +++
DQDHUREQČ
**
50 - 70%
max.
2 - 10 minut
glycidy
DQDHUREQČL
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do 30% max. nad 30 minut
VLORYiU\FKORVWG\QDPLFNi
VtODY\WUYDORVWYPD[LPiOQt
rychlosti
***
70 - 90%
max.
30 - 50%
max.
PD[LPiOQtU\FKORVWVtOD
++
VSHFLiOQtU\FKORVWY\WUYDORVWQt
rychlost) SĜLPD[LPiOQtP
DQDHUREQtPYêNRQX
VSHFLiOQtY\WUYDORVWU\FKORVWQt
Y\WUYDORVWSĜLPD[LPiOQtP
DHUREQtPYêNRQX
*
glycidy a
SĜHYiåQČWXN\
DHUREQČ
+
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-
REHFQi]GDWQRVW
3.2.3.1. Metoda kRQWLQXiOQtKRWUpQLQNX
0HWRGDNRQWLQXiOQtKRMHXQiVY WUpQLQNXNRQtQHMþDVWČMLSRXåtYiQD]HMPpQDX
GRVWLKRYêFK NRQt L NG\å MHMt WUpQLQNRYê HIHNW MH ]H YãHFK ]iNODGQtFK WUpQLQNRYêFK
PHWRGQHMPHQãt-HYãDNþDVRYČDWHFKQLFN\QHMPpQČQiURþQi
Tato metoda je FKDUDNWHUL]RYiQD NRQWLQXiOQtP D QHSĜHUXãRYDQêP WUpQLQNRYêP
]DWtåHQtP Y FHOp WUpQLQNRYp MHGQRWFH 'pOND WUpQLQNRYpKR ]DWtåHQt GpOND WUDWL GRED
]iWČåHWMREMHP]iWČåHMHXNRQWLQXiOQtKRWUpQLQNXXUþRYiQDSRGOHFtOHWUpQLQNXWM
objemem SRåDGRYDQpKR YêNRQX ýtP GHOãt MH WUYiQt SRåDGRYDQpKR ]iYRGQtKR
YêNRQX WtP YČWãt MH REMHP WUpQLQNRYp ]iWČåH $YãDN þtP MH YČWãt REMHP SĜtVOXãQp
]iWČåH WtP PHQãt MH MHMt LQWHQ]LWD QHERĢ Y\VRNê WUpQLQNRYê REMHP DQL Y\VRNRX
LQWHQ]LWX QHGRYROXMH 7UpQXMH-OL VH NĤĖ YêKUDGQČ YHONêPL REMHP\ NRQWLQXiOQtKR
WUpQLQNX Y\WYiĜt VH Y organismu YêNRQQRVWQt ³EDULpUD´ SUR RVWDWQt SRK\ERYp
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YêNRQX.
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koQtXUþLWpRPH]HQtUHVSY\PH]HQt~þLQQRVWL. )\]LRORJLFNRXSRGVWDWRXNRQWLQXiOQtKR
WUpQLQNXMHYODVWQČUR]YRMVFKRSQRVWLRUJDQLVPXXGUåHWSĜL]iWČåLD ]iYRGQtPYêNRQX
83
FR QHMYČWãt SRGtO DHUREQtKR PHWDEROLVPX WM FR QHMYČWãt VSRWĜHEX N\VOtNX D SR FR
nejdelãt GREX ]iWČåH QHER YêNRQX .RQWLQXiOQt REMHPRYRX ]iWČåt VH WUpQXMH KODYQČ
tUDQVSRUWQt V\VWpP N\VOtNX GêFKDFt D NDUGLRYDVNXOiUQt DSDUiW D WHQWR WUpQLQN YHGH
YHOPLHIHNWLYQČNH]Y\ãRYiQtW]YDHUREQtNDSDFLW\RUJDQLVPX.
7ČPWRI\]LRORJLFNêPSRåDGDYNĤPQHMYtFHRGSRYtGi]iWČåPDOp DQt]Np intenzity
do 50% max. DYHYČWãtPREMHPX-PLQXWSĜtSDGQČLQDGPLQXW= WČFKWR
GĤYRGĤ Pi PHWRGD NRQWLQXiOQtKR WUpQLQNX YêVDGQt SRVWDYHQt MHQ Y SĜtSUDYQpP
WUpQLQNRYpP REGREt 3DWĜt QHVSRUQČ N ~þLQQêP PHWRGiP UR]Yoje tzv. REHFQp
vytrvalosti a REHFQp zdatnosti 3ĜtþLQRX MHMt PDOp WUpQLQNRYp ~þLQQRVWL Y KODYQtP
REGREt MH SĜHGHYãtP YHONê REMHP D Qt]Ni LQWHQ]LWD ]DWtåHQt V KODYQtP WUpQLQNRYpP
REGREtWpPČĜXYãHFKNDWHJRULtNRQtVYêMLPNRXGLVWDQþQtFKY\WUYDOFĤ se koQWLQXiOQt
PHWRGDRPDOpLQWHQ]LWČQHPĤåHXSODWQLWMDNRWUpQLQNRYêDGDSWDþQtSRGQČW. 3URWRMHMt
]DĜD]RYiQt GR WUpQLQNX KODYQtKR REGREt MH WUpQLQNRYêP ³EDODVWHP´ D PĤåH YpVW NH
Y]QLNXU\FKORVWQtQHERVLORYpEDULpU\]HMPpQDXGRVWLKRYêFKNRQt
=D MLVWêFK RNROQRVWt YãDN NRQWLQXiOQt PHWRGD ]iWČåH PĤåH EêW SRXåLWD L
v KODYQtPREGREtDWRMDNRtzv. YêMLPHþQêDGDSWDþQtSRGQČW a to v XUþLWpPþDVRYpP
SĜHGVWLKX QČNROLNDGHQQtP Då QČNROLNDWêGHQQtP SĜHG YODVWQtP ]iYRGQtP YêNRQHP
7HQWRYêMLPHþQêSRGQČWPiSDNLQWHQ]LWXDREMHPYHOPLEOt]NRXYODVWQtPX]iYRGQtPX
YêNRQXW]YÄGRPiFt³]iYRGQHERGRVWLK). Z I\]LRORJLFNpKRKOHGLVNDPiWHQWRSRGQČW
vyvolat dlouhodobou QDYêãHQRXREQRYX HQ]\PĤDVWUXNWXUiOQtFKEtONRYLQNWHUi]Yêãt
YêNRQQRVWNRQČve YODVWQtP ]iYRGQtPYêNRQu.
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]PČQMHKRVWUXNWXU\. -LQêPLVORY\WUpQLQNRYiMHGQRWNDMHUR]GČOHQDGRQČNROLND ~VHNĤ
R VWHMQp LQWHQ]LWČ D REMHPX SĜLþHPå LQWHUYDO\ RGSRþLQNX MVRX ]SUDYLGOD VWDQGDUGQt
Z KOHGLVND I\]LRORJLFNpKR ~þLQNX YHGH iQWHUYDORYi PHWRGD WUpQLQNX NH ]OHSãHQt
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ke ]YêãHQt PD[LPiOQtKR IXQNþQtKR ]DWtåHQt RUJDQLVPX D OHSãtPX SUĤEČKX
]RWDYRYDFtFKSURFHVĤ. 3DWĜtSURWRN QHMKRGQRWQČMãtPPHWRGiPSRXåtYDQêPYHVYČWČ
nejen u VSRUWRYFĤ DOH L X ãSLþNRYêFK NRQt MDN GRVWLKRYêFK ]HMPpQD NOXViNĤ WDN i
VSRUWRYQtFK ]HMPpQD PLOLWDULVWĤ -H KRGQRWQRX PHWRGRX L X GLVWDQþQtFK Y\WUYDOFĤ
(WUpQLQNR]QDþRYDQêMDNRtzv. ³fartlek³).
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bylo ]YêãHQRX REQRYRX HQHUJHWLFNpKR SRWHQFLiOX ]DMLãWČQR NYDOLWQt SURYHGHQt
QiVOHGXMtFtKR YêNRQX. 2EHFQČ ĜHþHQR SĜL ]iWČåtFK R Y\VRNp LQWHQ]LWČ -100%
max.D PDOpP REMHPX VH Y\XåtYi superkompenzace HQHUJHWLFNêFK IRVIiWĤ $73 D
&3DSURWRSĜHVWiYN\ mohou EêWNUDWãt- 5 min.) PĜL]iWČåtFKRYČWãtPREMHPXD
QLåãt LQWHQ]LWČ ]iWČåH - 90% max.) PDMt EêW SĜHVWiYN\ GHOãt FFD - 10 min.).
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84
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V GDOãtQiVOHGQp]iWČåLPĤåH ]QRYXOppe a KORXEČMLY\XåtWDQDHUREQtJO\NROê]XSUR
]DMLãWČQt SĜHGHYãtP U\FKORVWL QHER VtO\ YêNRQX D QiVOHGQČ SDN YH YČWãtP UR]VDKX
glykogen obnovovat (obr. 32). ,QWHUYDORGSRþLQNXVHYãDNGi]NUiWLW QDSĜ XU\FKOHQtP
]RWDYRYDFtFK SURFHVĤ DNWLYQtP SRK\EHP PtUQp LQWHQzity (klus $NWLYQt SRK\E
v SUĤEČKXLQWHUYDOXRGSRþLQNXPiVRXþDVQČ ]DQiVOHGHNWDNpU\FKOHMãtRGVWUDĖRYiQt
N\VOtNRYpKR GOXKX Z I\]LRORJLFNpKR KOHGLVND WHG\ pĜHVWiYN\ PDMt PtW charakter
DNWLYQtKR RGSRþLQNX 2EHFQČ ĜHþHQR SĜHVWiYND by þDVRYČ PČOD EêW PLQLPiOQČ WDN
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QiYUDWGHFKRYpD]HMPpQDWHSRYpIUHNYHQFHGRYêFKR]tFKKRGQRW7HQVH SURMHYtWzv.
ÄRGIUNQXWtPNRQČ³ v pauze po intervalu a je YêUD]em VSODFHQtYHONpþiVWL]iWČåRYpKR
N\VOtNRYpKRGOXKX
Obr. 32: ýHUSiQt]iVRE glykogenu SĜL]NUiFHQpm LQWHUYDOXRGSRþLQNXa jeho
QiVOHGQi]YêãHQiREQRYD SĜLLQWHUYDORYpm WUpQLQNX.
Pauza
glykogen
100%
50%
Ämetabolická
sebevraåda³
zotavení
90-100%
1 min
90-100%
1 min
Z XYHGHQpKR Y\SOêYi åH LQWHQ]LWD D REMHP ]iWČåH MHGQRWOLYêFK LQWHUYDOĤ QD
VWUDQČ MHGQp D GpOND SĜHVWiYHN PH]L LQWHUYDO\ QD VWUDQČ GUXKp PXVt EêW YROHQD
s RKOHGHPQDFtOWUpQLQNRYpKRSURFHVX3ĜLSRåDGDYNXQD UR]YRMDQDHUREQtNDSDFLW\
organismu, PD[LPiOQtKRDQDHUREQtKRYêNRQXU\FKORVWLDVtO\NRQČEXGH]DWtåHQtL
]RWDYHQt NUDWãt. PĜL SRWĜHEČ UR]YRMH DHUREQt NDSDFLW\ organismu, PD[LPiOQtKR
DHUREQtKRYêNRQX DVSHFLDOL]RYDQpY\WUYDORVWLNRQČEXGH]DWtåHQtL ]RWDYHQtGHOãt
85
3ĜHKOHGDGDSWDþQtFKSRGQČWĤSURUR]YRMPD[LPiOQtKRDQDHUREQtKRDDHUREQtKR
YêNRQXNRQČ ]Qi]RUĖXMHREUi]HN
Obr. 33: 3ĜHKOHGDGDSWDþQtFKSRGQČWĤSURrozvoj
PD[LPiOQtKRDQDHUREQtKRD DHUREQtKRYêNRQXNRQČ
PD[LPiOQtDQDHUREQtintenzita
(90-100% max. intenzity a objem do 25 s)
0D[LPiOQtDQDHUREQtYêNRQ
PD[LPiOQtDQDHUREQtobjem
(90-100% max. intenzity a objem 25 s - 1 minuta)
PD[LPiOQtDHUREQtintenzita
(70 - 90% max. intenzity a objem do 2 min)
0D[LPiOQtDHUREQt YêNRQ
PD[LPiOQtDHUREQtobjem
(50-70% max. intenzity a objem nad 2 minut)
IQWHQ]LWRXDREMHPHPWUpQLQNRYpKR]DWtåHQtLGpONRX]RWDYHQtPH]LLQWHUYDO\ je
WHG\PRåQpvyvROiYDWQiVOHGXMtFt WUpQLQNRYpHIHNW\
I. ]Y\ãRYDW PD[LPiOQt U\FKORVW D VtOX NRQČ WM PD[LPiOQt LQWHQ]LWX Y DQDHUREQtP
YêNRQXEH]Y]HVWXSXPD[LPiOQtVSRWĜHE\N\VOtNX]iWČåHPL- 100% max. po
GREXVFFDP~VHNRSDNRYDQČV SĜHVWiYNDPL- PLQXW\DE\QDSĜ
GRVWLKRYêNĤĖ]Y\ãRYDOVYRMLPD[LPiOQtU\FKORVWDVNRNRYêNĤĖPD[LPiOQtYêãNX
skoku)
II. ]Y\ãRYDW U\FKORVW G\QDPLFNRX VtOX D YêGUå v PD[LPiOQt U\FKORVWL VLORYRX
rychlostWM]Y\ãRYDWPD[LPiOQtREMHPY DQDHUREQtPYêNRQXSĜHGHYãtPWtPåH
VH ]Y\ãXMH NDSDFLWD DQDHUREQtKR PHWDEROLVPX 8SODWĖXMH VH ]GH RSDNRYDQi
]iWČå PD[LPiOQtintenzity 90 - 100% max. po dobu 25 - 60 sekund s intervalem
RGSRþLQNX- PLQXWDE\QDSĜGRVWLKRYêNĤĖGRNi]DOMtWY PD[LPiOQtU\FKORVWL
GHOãt GREX QHER VNRNRYê NĤĖ GRNi]DO RSDNRYDW SR VREČ YtFH PD[LPiOQtFK
VNRNĤ.
III. ]Y\ãRYDWY\WUYDORVWQtU\FKORVWDVtOXNRQČVSHFLiOQtU\FKORVWDVtOD tj. ]Y\ãRYDW
PD[LPiOQt LQWHQ]LWX Y DHUREQtP YêNRQX WtP åH VRXþDVQČ ]Y\ãXMH ~URYHĖ MDN
DQDHUREQtFKWDNLDHUREQtFKSURFHVĤY organismu. K WRPXWRHIHNWXVHSRXåtYDMt
]iWČåHRLQWHQ]LWČ- 90% max. a objemu 60 - 120 sekunGDRGSRþLQNHP10 minut (aby SĜLDHUREQt~KUDGČHQHUJLH QDSĜGRVWLKRYêNĤĖGRNi]DOMtWY\ããt
U\FKORVWtDVNRNRYêNĤĖVNiNDOY\ããtVNRN\
IV. zvyãRYDW VSHFLiOQt Y\WUYDORVW NRQČ QDSĜU\FKORVWQt QHER VNRNRYRX Y\WUYDORVW
WM ]Y\ãRYDW PD[LPiOQt REMHP DHUREQtKR YêNRQX NRQČ a DHUREQt NDSDFLWX
organismu tj. ]Y\ãRYDW VO2 max. DE\ QDSĜ GRVWLKRYê QHER VNRNRYê NĤĖ
GRNi]DO DEVROYRYDW FR QHMYČWãt þiVW ]iYRGQtKR YêNRQX DHUREQČ. =iWČåH R
LQWHQ]LWČ- 70% max. a objemu 2 - 10 minut s SĜHVWiYNDPLVWHMQpKRWUYiQt5
- 10 minut) vedou k SRWĜHEQpPXHIHNWX
86
3UDNWLFNê SRVWXS SĜL LQWHUYDORYpP WUpQLQNX SUR GDOãt ]YêãHQt ~þLQQRVWL
WUpQLQNRYpKRHIHNWX MH]iVDGQČGYRMt
x
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x
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9H YãHFK SĜtSDGHFK WR Pi ]D QiVOHGHN åiGRXFt I\]LRORJLFNê HIHNW - YČWãt
DGDSWDFLQDWNiĖRYêQHGRVWDWHNN\VOtNXDY\ããtKODGLQXODNWiWXREUDQiVOHGQČ
YČWãtKURPDGČQtHQHUJHWLFNpKRSRWHQFLiOX v organismu. 7tPMHXPRåQČQY\ããtYêNRQ
NRQČ D SR GHOãt GREX ]HMPpQD Y U\FKORVWL VtOH QHER VSHFLiOQt Y\WUYDORVWL 3URWR Pi
EêW PHWRGD RSDNRYDQpKR LQWHUYDORYpKR WUpQLQNX QHGtOQRX VRXþiVWt SĜHGHYãtP
KODYQtKRWUpQLQNRYpKRREGREt
Obr. 34: 5ĤVWKODGLQ\VYDORYpKRlaNWiWX (mmol/kg)
SĜLLQWHUYDORYpPWUpQLQNXNOXViNĤUĤ]QRXU\FKORVWtDPLQXWRYêPLSDX]DPL
ZmČny svalového laktátu (mmol/kg) pĜi intervalovém tréninku rĤznou
rychlostí a 5 minutovými pauzami mezi intervaly
.
(Lindholm a Saltin,1974)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
l
l
6.
in
te
rv
a
l
te
rv
a
5.
in
te
rv
a
l
660 m/min
4.
in
l
te
rv
a
3.
in
te
rv
a
2.
in
te
rv
a
l
0
1.
in
.
750 m/min
87
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WR SULQFLS\ YãHVWUDQQRVWL V\VWHPDWLþQRVWL, postupnosti a dlouhodobosti, F\NOLþQRVWL
a individualizace.
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QHKDUPRQLFNêP YêYLQHP RUJDQLVPX V ĜDGRX SDWRORJLFNêFK VWDYĤ ]HMPpQD QD
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Obr. 35: 1iUĤVWYêNRQQRVWLSĜLSRVWXSQpPDIRUVtURYDQpPWUpQLQNX
A ± trénink forsírovaný
B ± postupný trénink
výkonnost
B
A
roky tréninku
89
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3.2.4.2. Princip c\NOLþQRVWi WUpQLQNX
Princip F\NOLþQRVWL WUpQLQNX MH EOtåH ]SUDFRYiQ Y kapitole o VWUXNWXĜH
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makrocyklus).
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3.2.4.3. Princip postupnosti a dlouhodobosti WUpQLQNX
3ULQFLS SRVWXSQpKR D WtP L GORXKRGREpKR ]Y\ãRYiQt ]DWČåRYiQt NRQČ SDWĜt
k GDOãtP]iNODGQtPI\]LRORJLFNêPSRåDGDYNĤPQDNDåGêWUpQLQNPrincip postupnosti
]DWČåRYiQtY WUpQLQNRYpPSURFHVXMHSDNLORJLFN\VSRMHQV principem dlouhodobosti,
v QČPå VH pouze princip postupnosti PĤåH XVNXWHþQLW -DNpNROLY XU\FKORYiQt
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SRåDGRYDQê WUpQLQNRYê HIHNW ýDVWR SĜLYiGt NRQČ GR Y\VRNpKR VWXSQČ DNXWQt D po
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NUiWNRGREê 'RVDåHQi ~URYHĖ YêNRQQRVWL IRUVtURYDQêP WUpQLQNHP VH SRPČUQČ EU]R
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91
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Obr.
36:jezdce
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jako funkce hmotnosti konČ
600kg kĤĖ + 10kg dítČ
= +1.7%
450kg kĤĖ + 45kg jezdec
´
= +10%
350kg kĤĖ + 70kg dospČlý
= +20%
450kg kĤĖ + 90kg jezdec
= +20%
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nDRSDNY\ããt(obr. 37).
Obr.
9OLYUĤ]QêFKSRGPtQHNYQČMãtKRSURVWĜHGt
Vliv 37:
teploty
prostĜedí na energetický výdej
EČKHPPLQ]iWČåHHQHUJHWLFNêYêGHM
Produkce metabolického tepla u koní bČhem 8 min
zátČåe v rĤzných podmínkách prostĜedíMarlin et al.
Equine Vet. J. (1996)
50
+8%
+11%
kJ/kg
45
40
35
30
Chladno
Horko
Horko a vlhko
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QDGPRĜVNRX YêãNRX VH WHG\ SR]RUXMt L YČWãt ]PČQ\ YH I\]LRORJLFNêFK IXQNFtFK
]HMPpQDWUDQVSRUWQtKRV\VWpPXN\VOtNXLYHYODVWQtYêPČQČOiWNRYp
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na vysokohorskou hypoxii je mezi 7 - 14 dnem pobytu. Adaptace organismu
k QDGPRĜVNp YêãFH QDVWiYi SR - GQHFK SRE\WX .ODGQê HIHNW K\SR[LFNpKR
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97
Vliv SĤGQtFKWUpQLQNRYêFKSRGPtQHN lze REHFQČFKDUDNWHUL]RYDWWDNåHKOXERNê
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SUiFL NRQČ GR NRSFH v þOHQLWpP WHUpQX 5\FKORVWQt ]iWČåH VH PDMt SURWR RGEêYDW QD
URYQpPDSUXåQpPWHUpQXNWHUêQHMYtFHRYOLYĖXMHUR]YRMWUpQRYDQRVWL v rychlosti. Vliv
SRYUFKXWHUpQX]Qi]RUĖXMHREUi]HN þ 38.
Obr. 38: 9OLYSĤGQtFKSRGPtQHNQDHQHUJHWLFNêYêGHMDU\FKORVW
Vliv pĤdních podmínek na energetický výdej Erickson et al.
NRQČ
(1986)
7,0
reprezentuje
~19% zvýãení
energetického
výdeje
V140 (m/s)
6,5
6,0
5,5
5,0
SUXåQR
blátivo
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PtU\ i UR]YRMREUDWQRVWLNRQČ(QHUJHWLFNpQiURN\SĜLSUiFLY NRSFRYLWpPWHUpQX jsou
SRGVWDWQČY\ããtDWRWDNåHGRFKi]tSĜLEOLåQČNe 12 QiUĤVWXHQHUJHWLFNpKRYêGHMH
QDNDåGp]YêãHQtJUDGLHQWXMDNGHPRQVWUXMHQiVOHGXMtFtREUi]HNþ
Obr. 39: 9OLYSUiFH] NRSFHDGRNRSFHQDHQHUJHWLFNêYêGHMNRQČ
RSURWLSUiFLQDURYLQČ
Vliv stoupání (svahu) na energetický výdej
Schroter & Marlin: Equine Vet. J. (2002)
Metabolic Cost of Transport
Ml O2 /kg/m
Eaton et al. J. Appl. Physiol. (1995)
0,50
0,40
0,30
0,20
0,10
0,00
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
Gradient (%)
Z kopce
~12%
Do kopce
zvýãení energetické zátČåe na
1% zvýãení gradientu
98
3.2.5.2. 7UpQRYDQRVW
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schopnost NRQČ GRVDKRYDWPD[LPiOQtKRYêNRQXv XUþLWpVSHFLDOL]DFLGRVWLKRYpnebo
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SR U\FKORVWQtP YêNRQX PHQãt VWXSHĖ QDUXãHQt VWiORVWL YQLWĜQtKR SURVWĜHGt ODNWiWHP
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99
Obr. 40 : .RQFHQWUDFHODNWiWXYNUYLSRU\FKORVWQt]iWČåLQDP
v LQWHQ]LWČ70 - PD[LPDXNRQČQHWUpQRYDQpKR(A),
WUpQRYDQpKRGRYãHVWUDQQp]SĤVRELORVWL%
a GRVWLKRYpKRNRQČ WUpQRYDQpKRQDU\FKORVW&
9êEČUHP ]iWČåt XUþLWpKR W\SX PĤåHPH DGDSWRYDW RUJDQLVPXV NRQČ N SUiFL
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WUpQRYDQRVWL. 2SDNRYiQtP NUiWNRGREp ]iWČåH SĜHYiåQČ U\FKORVWQtKR QHER VLORYpKR
FKDUDNWHUXGRFKi]tY organismu NRQČ k Y\VRNpPXN\VOtNRYpPXGHILFLWX. Organismus
VHSRVWXSQČDGDSWXMHQDWento QHGRVWDWHNN\VOtNXD roste MHKRWUpQRYDQRVWU\FKORVWQt
VLORYi 3ĜL U\FKORVWQtP D VLORYpP WUpQLQNX VH IXQNFH YQLWĜQtFK RUJiQĤ SRGVWDWQČ
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SĜtSDGQČSĜHWUpQRYiQtNRQČ
100
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k QiVOHGQpPX VQtåHQt MHKR VSHFLiOQt YêNRQQRVWL 3URWR QHVSHFLILFNp DGDSWDþQt
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v KODYQtP WUpQLQNRYpP REGREt 9 REGREt SĜtSUDYQpP YãDN PRKRX v WUpQLQNRYêch
MHGQRWNiFKQHVSHFLILFNpSRGQČW\GRPLQRYDWLYHYHONêFKREMHPHFK
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specifiNDFt MHGQRWOLYêFKWUpQLQNRYêFKDGDSWDþQtFKSRGQČWĤWUpQLQNRYêFKMHGQRWHN
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YêNRQHFK- 100% max. GRPLQSĜHYDåXMHDQDHUREQtPHWDEROLVPXVDãWČSHQt
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MHKRDQDHUREQtNDSDFLWRX.
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relaxace a NH ]GRNRQDORYiQt SRK\ERYp NRRUGLQDFH 5RYQČå X WRKRWR W\SX WUpQLQNX
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a UĤVWHPPD[LPiOQtKRDQDHUREQtKRYêNRQXY LQWHQ]LWČLREMHPXY\GUåHWY PD[LPiOQt
U\FKORVWLFRQHMGpOH).
9\WUYDORVWQt WUpQLQN UR]YLMt SĜHGHYãtP IXQNFH YQLWĜQtFK RUJiQĤ ]HMPpQD
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]YČWãXMH VH V\VWROLFNê REMHP ]Y\ãXMH VH GHFKRYê REMHP D PD[LPiOQt PLQXWRYi
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]YČWãXMHVHREVDKKHPRJORELQX9êNRQDUĤVWWUpQRYDQRVWLNRQČ ve vytrvalosti je tedy
OLPLWRYiQW]YDHUREQtNDSDFLWRXRUJDQLVPXDUĤVWHPPD[LPiOQtKRDHUREQtKRYêNRQX
(obr. 41 a tab. 13 a 14 ).
101
Obr. 41: 6FKpPD]Y\ãRYiQtPD[LPiOQtKRDHUREQtKRYêNRQXD PD[LPiOQtKR
DQDHUREQtKRYêNRQXDWtPLFHONRYpYêNRQQRVWLNRQČQD]iNODGČ
]Y\ãRYiQtREMHPXDLQWHQ]LW\]iWČåH
9êNRQQRVW
3RGtO
~KUDG\
energie
v%
DHUREQt
0D[LPiOQt
DHUREQt
YêNRQ
0D[LPiOQt
DQDHUREQt
YêNRQ
50%
DQDHUREQt
25s
100%
400m
60s
90%
900m
120s
70%
1400m
10m
in
50%
500m
30m
in
30%
9000m
o objem
o intenzita
o distance
Tabulka 13: 5Ĥ]Qp~URYQČPHWDEROLVPXY ]iYLVORVWLQDLQWHQ]LWČDREMHPX
VSHFLILFNêFKWUpQLQNRYêFKDGDSWDþQtFKSRGQČWĤ
Intenzita v %
maxima
Objem (doba
]iWČåH
7UpQLQN
Metabolismus
90 - 100%
do 1 min
DQDHUREQt
rychlost a VtOD
PD[LPiOQtDQDHUREQtYêNRQ
70 - 90%
1 - 2 min
SĜHYiåQČDQDHUREQt
VSHFLiOQtU\FKORVW
(maxLPiOQt DQDHUREQtYêNRQ
50 - 70%
1 - 10 min
DQDHUREQtLDHUREQt
VSHFLiOQtY\WUYDORVW
(PD[LPiOQtDHUREQtYêNRQ)
30 - 50%
do 30 min
SĜHYiåQČDHUREQt
REHFQiY\WUYDORVW a zdatnost
do 30%
nad 30 min
DHUREQt
zdatnost
102
Tabulka 14: 3RGtODHUREQtKRDDQDHUREQtKRPHWDEROLVPX
SĜL]iWČåtFKUĤ]Qp intenzity a objemu.
=iWČå
PD[LPiOQt
sXEPD[LPiOQt a
VWĜHGQt
Qt]NpLQWHQ]LW\
PDOi
Intenzita v % maxima
90 Då 100
Då 90
30 Då 50
do 30
Objem v PLQXWiFK
do 1
1 - 10
do 30
nad 30
% DHUREQtKR
metabolismu
0-5
10 - 50
50 - 90
95 - 100
95 - 100
50 - 90
10 - 50
0-5
rychlost a VtOD
VSHFLiOQt
vytrvalost
REHFQi
vytrvalost
REHFQi
zdatnost
CNS
tUDQVSRUWQt
V\VWpPO2
DQDHUREQtKR
metabolismu
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A ± fáze rĤstu výkonnosti, B ± fáze stabilizace výkonnosti
C ± fáze poklesu výkonnosti
výkonnost
B
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YãHVWUDQQRVWt D VSHFLDOL]DFt VH SRFKRSLWHOQČ Y MHGQRWOLYêFK HWDSiFK WUpQLQNRYpKR
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.ĜLYND YêNRQQRVWL NDåGpKR NRQČ YãDN QHSUREtKi WDN URYQRPČUQČ MDN E\ E\OR
PRåQp VH ] SĜHGFKR]t NDSLWRO\ GRPQtYDW DOH VWXSĖRYLWČ YH YOQRYFH 3ĜL WRP VH
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REGREt GRþDVQpKR SRNOHVX YêNRQQRVWL DĢ MLå ]iPČUQpKR QHER SĜLUR]HQpKR
Z KOHGLVNDGLDOHNWLFNpKRMHWRSURFHVVWXSĖRYLWpKRSĜHFKRGXNYDQWLWDWLYQtFK]PČQYH
]PČQ\NYDOLWDWLYQtRYãHPQDY\ããt~URYQL
Z KOHGLVNDWUpQLQNRYpSUD[HVHSURMHGQRWOLYiREGREtWUpQLQNRYpKRSURFHVXMHYt
MDNRQHMRSWLPiOQČMãtURþQtF\NOXV, NGHUR]OLãXMHPH obdobt SĜtSUDYQp, REGREtKODYQt a
REGREtSĜHFKRGQp6WĜtGiQtURþQtFKREGREtY QDãLFKSRGPtQNiFKse synchronizuje s
WUpQLQNRYêP makrocyklem WDN åH REGREt SĜtSUDYQp VSDGi GR PČVtFĤ ]LPQtFK Då
MDUQtFK REGREt KODYQt GR PČVtFĤ MDUQtFK D OHWQtFK D REGREt SĜHFKRGQp GR PČVtFĤ
SRG]LPQtFK RRþQt GRED QHQt YãDN EH]SRGPtQHþQČ QXWQi 0ĤåH EêW L GHOãt QHER
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REGREtDOHREVDKWUpQLQNRYpKRSURFHVXDLQGLYLGXDOLWDNDåGpKRNRQČREU
108
Obr. 43: 9]WDKPH]LLQWHQ]LWRXDREMHPHP]iWČåHY MHGQRWOLYêFKREGREtFK
URþQtKRPDNURF\NOX
Tréninkové
zatíåení
objem
intenzita
pĜechodné
pĜípravné
hlavní
Období roþního téninkového makrocyklu
A. 3ĜtSUDYQpREGREt- REGREtUĤVWXYêNRQQRVWL
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SĜtSUDYQêP -H WR REGREt WYRUE\ SĜHGSRNODGĤ UĤVWX YêNRQQRVWL NRQČ )\]LRORJLFN\
FKDUDNWHUL]RYiQR SĜHGHYãtP ]Y\ãRYiQtP IXQNþQt NDSDFLW\ MHGQRWOLYêFK RUJiQRYêFK
soustav a syVWpPĤDWtPLRUJDQLVPXMDNRFHONX9 WUpQLQNRYp praxi se proto v tomto
REGREt NODGH GĤUD] SĜHGHYãtP QD YãHVWUDQQRVW IXQNþQtKR UR]YRMH RUJDQLVPX
5R]KRGXMtFtP IDNWRUHP WUpQLQNX v WRPWR REGREt MH NYDQWLWDWLYQt VWUiQND EXGRXFt
YêNRQQRVWL 3URWR WDNp QHMEČåQČMãtP WUpQLQNRYêP SUYNHP MH objem DGDSWDþQtFK
SRGQČWĤ WM WUpQLQN REHFQp ]GDWQRVWL a REHFQp Y\WUYDORVWL ]Y\ãRYiQt IXQNþQt
~þLQQRVWL RUJiQĤ WUDQVSRUWQtKR V\VWpPX N\VOtNX D UR]ãLĜRYiQt DHUREQt NDSDFLW\
organisPX 7UpQLQNem REUDWQRVWQtFK SUYNĤ Y WRPWR REGREt MH ]DMLãWČQD QHMHQ
YãHVWUDQQRVW D SHVWURVW WUpQLQNX ale i DNWLYQt RGSRþLQHN Y tomto energeticky
QiURþQpPREGREtD UR]ãLĜXMHVHLDGDSWDELOLWDNRQČ
2EHFQČ ĜHþHQR DGDSWDþQt SRGQČW\ v WRPWR REGREt E\ PČO\ REMHPRYČ GpONRX
WUDWL GRERX YêNRQX SRþWHP RSDNRYiQt VNRNĤ þL MLQêFK QDFYLþRYDQêFK SRK\ERYêFK
SUYNĤ v NRQWLQXLWČ SĜHViKQRXW DOHVSRĖ GYRMQiVREQČ SĜHGSRNOiGDQê REMHP
]iYRGQtKR YêNRQX 3URWR MVRX W\WR WUpQLQNRYp SRGQČW\ þDVRYČ YHOPL GORXKp D
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VSHFLILFNêFKDGDSWDþQtFKSRGQČWĤRPDOpDQt]NpLQWHQ]LWČGRPD[. VHY\XåtYDMt
LQHVSHFLILFNpREMHPRYpDGDSWDþQtSRGQČW\WMWDNRYpNWHUpMVRXYHY]WDKXN rozvoji
MHGQRWOLYêFK IXQNFt ~þLQQp DYãDN VYRX VWUXNWXURX VH OLãt RG VSHFLDOL]RYDQp þLQQRVWL
QDSĜ X FYDORYêFK NRQt SUiFH Y NOXVX X NOXViNĤ SUiFH SRG VHGOHP SUiFe
v NRSFRYLWpPWHUpQXMt]GiUHQVNiSUiFHSODYiQtDSRG7tPVHWDNpGRFLOXMHYHONpKR
QHVSHFLILFNpKR~þLQNXWUpQLQNXQDSULQFLSXYãHVWUDQQRVWLDUĤ]QRURGRVWL
109
B. +ODYQtREGREt- REGREtY\ODćRYiQtYêNRQQRVWL
2EGREt Y\ODćRYiQt YêNRQQRVWL NRQČ MH ] fyziologiFNpKR KOHGLVND REGREtP
Y\ODćRYiQt IXQNþQtFK PRåQRVWt RUJDQLVPX W]Y ]DPČĜRYDFt WUpQLQN D GRODćRYiQt
IRUP\ NRQČ V WRPWR REGREt VH XSĜHGQRVWĖXMH NYDOLWDWLYQt VWUiQND WUpQLQNX WHG\
intenzita WUpQLQNRYpKR ]DWtåHQt SĜHG MHKR REMHPHP SĜL ~PČUQČ Y\ããt IUHNYHQci
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PH]L MHGQRWOLYêPL IXQNþQtPL V\VWpP\ ]DSRMHQêPL GR SRåDGRYDQpKR YêNRQX. TtP
]HIHNWLYQLWMHMLFKþLQQRVWWDNDE\] HQHUJHWLFNpKRKOHGLVNDE\ODFRQHMKRVSRGiUQČMãt
K UĤVWXSRåDGRYDQp YêNRQQRVWL v XUþLWpP ]iYRGQtm YêNRQu se dosahuje SĜHGHYãtP
cHVWRX ~]FH VSHFLDOL]RYDQpKR WUpQLQNX U\FKORVWQtKR VLORYpKR Y\WUYDORVWQtKR QHER
REUDWQRVWQtKR 9ãHREHFQi WUpQRYDQRVW Y WRPWR REGREt SĜHFKi]t Y WUpQRYDQRVW
VSHFLiOQt D WR QD ]iNODGČ SĜHYiåQČ VSHFLILFNpKR D NYDOLWDWLYQtKR WUpQLQNX 7RWR
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D NYDOLWDWLYQČ Y\ããt ~URYHĖ WUpQRYDQRVWL RGSRYtGDMtFt YUFKRORYp YêNRQQRVWL NRQČ
8GUåHQt IRUP\DWHG\LYUFKROQpYêNRQQRVWLNRQČSRGHOãtGREXMHYãDNYHOPLREWtåQp
D LQGLYLGXiOQČ ]QDþQČ UR]GtOQp 5R]KRGXMt o WRP QHMHQ YQLWĜQt DOH L YQČMãt IDNWRU\
MDNRMHQDSĜYČNSRKODYtneurotyp, VRPDWRW\S]SĤVREY\XåtYiQtNRQČMHKRYêåLYD
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VSHFLiOQtPX 9 WUpQLQNX KODYQtKR REGREt VH WRKR GRFLOXMH SUHIHUHQFt NYDOLW\ WUpQLQNX
SĜHG MHKR NYDQWLWRX 7R ]QDPHQi åH REMHP VSHFLILFNêFK WUpQLQNRYêFK SRGQČWĤ
v NRQWLQXiOQt SRGREČ MH GUDPDWLFN\ VQtåHQ Då QD SRORYLQX REMHPX ]iYRGQtKR
YêNRQX D QDUĤVWi MHMLFK intenzita (50 Då 100% max.). Vzhledem k PDOpPX REMHPX
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MHMLFK IUHNYHQFH PĤåH EêW Y\ããt )UHNYHQFH SRGQČWĤ 3 - [ WêGQČ MH GRVWDWHþQêP
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k SRGiYiQt YUFKRORYêFK YêNRQĤ N ]tVNiQt D GORXKRGREpP XGUåHQt YUFKROQp IRUP\
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MHY -HKR SRGVWDWRX MH YODVWQČ QH]E\WQČ QXWQp ]RWDYHQt SR SĜHGFKi]HMtFt Y\VRNp
~URYQL YUFKRORYpKR ]DWČåRYiQt Y KODYQtP REGREt ]HMPpQD LQWHQ]LWRX D IUHNYHQFt
DGDSWDþQtFKSRGQČWĤ=RWDYHQtorganisPXNRQČVHWêNiMDNMHKRVWUiQN\I\]LFNpWDNL
SV\FKLFNp =RWDYHQt ] SĜHGFKR]tKR GORXKRGREpKR ]iYRGQtKR Y\þHUSiYiQt
RUJDQLVPX SUREtKi v oblasti RUJiQRYp D IXQNþQt D RGHKUiYi VH Y ELRFKHPLFNêFK
GČMtFK Då QD EXQČþQp ~URYQL 1iSOQt WRKRWR REGREt MH SDN W]Y DNWLYQt RGSRþLQHN a
XGUåRYDFt WUpQLQN, v MHKRå VWUXNWXĜH VHKUiYi SULPiUQt UROL UĤ]QRURGRVW D SHVWURVW
DGDSWDþQtFK SRGQČWĤ QHERĢ ~URYHĖ YãHREHFQp WUpQRYDQRVWL NRQČ QHVPt NOHVQRXW
SRG~URYHĖREHFQp]GDWQRVWL
110
2EGREt GRþDVQpKR SRNOHVX YêNRQQRVWL NRQČ VH Y QDãLFK NOLPDWLFNêFK
SRGPtQNiFK YČWãLQRX NU\MH V REGREtP SĜHFKRGQêP 3ĜHFKRGQp REGREt MH YåG\ MDNR
VWDELOQt VRXþiVW FHORURþQtKR WUpQLQNRYpKR makrocyklu EH]SRGPtQHþQČ QXWQp.
V PDQDJHPHQWX GRVWLKRYpKR QHER VSRUWRYQtKR NRQČ YãDN YHOPL þDVWR SĜHYOiGi
VQDKD VHWUYDW YH YUFKROQp YêNRQQRVWL FR QHMGHOãt GREX WtP åH VH SURGOXåXMH KODYQt
REGREtQD~NRUREGREtSĜtSUDYQpKRDREGREtSĜHFKRGQpKR9 RERXSĜtSDGHFK se tato
chyba SURMHYtQHJDWLYQČQDYêNRQQRVWLNRQČYQiVOHGXMtFtPREGREtKODYQtP&K\Et-li
WRWRREGREtv WUpQLQNRYpPSURFHVX ~SOQČNĤĖVHQHGRVWDWHþQČ]RWDYXMH]SĜHGFKR]t
]iYRGQt VH]yQ\ 9\WYiĜejt VH WtP SĜHGSRNODG\ N YêUD]QpPX SRNOHVX YêNRQQRVWL
v QiVOHGXMtFtm KODYQtP REGREt SĜtSDGQČ GRFKi]t i k QiVWXSX cKURQLFNp ~QDY\ D
SĜHWUpQRYiQt NRQČ.
3ĜHFKRGQp REGREt Pi ] I\]LRORJLFNpKR KOHGLVND SRVN\WQRXW NRQL SĜHGHYãtP
SOQp ]RWDYHQt WDN DE\ VH QD EXQČþQp ~URYQL REQRYLO\ YãHFKQ\ VWUXNWXUiOQt
HQHUJHWLFNpDIXQNþQtPHFKDQLVP\NWHUpVHEČKHPKODYQtKRREGREtRSRWĜHERYDO\D
NWHUp MVRX QHVPtUQČ GĤOHåLWp SUR GDOãt UR]YRM DGDSWDFH RUJDQLVPX 3URWR MH QXWQp
VQtåLW QHMHQ REMHP DOH L LQWHQ]LWX ]iWČåH D SRVWXSQČ SĜHMtW QD WUpQLQN REHFQp
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]iWČåH YãDN QHVPt EêW QiKOp, DOH SRVWXSQp. MČOR E\ SRVWLKRYDW DOHVSRĖ PČVtFH
URþQtKRWUpQLQNRYpKRF\NOX1iKOpY\VD]HQtWUpQLQNRYp]iWČåHY SĜHFKRGQpPREGREt
PĤåHPtWQHJDWLYQtQiVOHGN\QD]GUDYtYUFKRORYČWUpQRYDQpKRNRQČ]HMPpQDQD stav
MHKRVYDORYpPDSDUiWXP\RSDWLH8WDNRYêFKWRNRQtPĤåHGRMtWNSRVWLåHQtLMLQêFK
RUJiQĤ D V\VWpPĤ D REMHYXMt GDOãt SĜt]QDN\ NWHUp VRXKUQQČ R]QDþXMHPH MDNR W]Y
DEVWLQHQþQtV\QGURP(viz. kapitola 5.1.4. na str. 158).
3.2.6.4. &\NO\WUpQLQNRYpKRSURFHVX
=iNRQLWRVWLDGDSWDFHN SĜtVOXãQp]iWČåLWUpQRYDQRVWLY\SOêYDMtFt] Ii]tHWDSD
REGREt YêYRMH YêNRQQRVWL NRQČ MVRX UHDOL]RYiQ\ XUþLWêPL F\NO\ YH VWDYEČ
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V WČFKWR REGREtFK URþQtKR PDNURF\NOX VH UHDOL]XMt MHGQRWOLYp VSHFLDOL]RYDQp ~NRO\
WUpQLQNX NRQČ MDN E\OR SRSViQR Y SĜHGFKR]t NDSLWROH 9 SUDNWLFNpP SOiQRYiQt
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DE\UHVSHNWRYDOSULQFLSF\NOLþQRVWLWUpQLQNX
B. 7UpQLQNRYpPH]RF\NO\
9HVWĜHGQČGREêFKF\NOHFK- PH]RF\NOHFKVHUR]SUDFRYiYDMt~NRO\MHGQRWOLYêFK
WUpQLQNRYêFK REGREt 0H]RF\NO\ WUYDMt ]SUDYLGOD NROHP 3 WêGQĤ 6NOiGDMt VH ]H
WĜt kriWNRGREêFK PLNURF\NOĤ ]SUDYLGOD WêGHQQtFK. V PLNURF\NOHFK VH UR]SUDFRYiYDMt
GtOþt ~NRO\ PH]RF\NOĤ YåG\ YãDN SRGOH SRåDGRYDQêFK WUpQLQNRYêFK ~NROĤ
MHGQRWOLYêFK REGREt. -LQi QiSOĖ PH]RF\NOĤ MH Y REGREt SĜtSUDYQpP MLQi Y REGREt
KODYQtPDMLQiY REGREtSĜHFKRGQpP
111
V NDåGpPPH]RF\NOXtedy VWDQRYtPHVSHFLILFNpPLNURF\NO\NWHUpVHRGVHEH
OLãtYHOLNRVWt]iWČåH
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x
mikrocyklus stabilizDFHYHOLNRVWL]iWČåH,
x
PLNURF\NOXVGRþDVQpKRSRNOHVXYHOLNRVWL]iWČåH.
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z þLQQRVWL SĜHGFKR]tFK GYRX PLNURF\NOĤ -H WHG\ ]ĜHMPp åH L ]iWČå Y WUpQLQNRYêFK
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WêGQHP DNWLYQtKR RGSRþLQNX -DNR WUpQLQNRYpKR HIHNWX VH Y PH]RF\NOHFK Y\XåtYi
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C. 7UpQLQNRYpPLNURF\NO\
7UpQLQNRYp PLNURF\NO\ MVRX ]SUDYLGOD WêGHQQt F\NO\ 9 mikrocyklech se jako
WUpQLQNRYpKRHIHNWX Y\XåtYi SĜHGHYãtP ]YêãHQp VWĜHGQČGREp obnovy HQHUJHWLFNêFK
VXEVWUiWĤ JO\NRJHQX 3URWR MH N GRVDåHQt WUpQLQNRYpKR HIHNWX Y mikrocyklech
QHMSRGVWDWQČMãtfrekvence SĜtVOXãQêFKDGDSWDþQtFKSRGQČWĤ
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NG\NROL]SČWQČ analyzovat. Z QČKRSDNPXVtEêWLMDVQpåHHQHUJHWLFNêYêGHM]DWtåHQt
NRQČ VH UHDOL]XMH YH Y]HVWXSQêFK YOQRYNiFK WM F\NOLFN\ VH VWĜtGi ]DWtåHQt VH
]RWDYHQtP D WR MDN Y PDNURF\NOX WDN PH]RF\NOHFK PLNURF\NOHFK L WUpQLQNRYêFK
MHGQRWNiFK = QČKR PXVt EêW L MDVQp MDN VH PČQt NYDQWLWDWLYQt VWUiQND WUpQLQNX QD
VWUiQNXNYDOLWDWLYQČGDOHNRY\ããt± na WUpQRYDQRVWDYêNRQQRVW.
112
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U\FKORVW D VtOD MVRX QLåãt - OHW QHå SUR YêNRQ\ NGH je UR]KRGXMtFtP IDNWRUHP
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s Y\VRNêPL QiURN\ QD NUHYQt REČK D GêFKiQt obratnost je spojena s YêNRQ\ Qt]Np
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=iWČå
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v % maxima
2EMHP]iWČåH
v minXWiFK
0D[LPiOQt
90 - 100%
do 1 min
6XEPD[LPiOQt
70 - 90%
1 ± 2 min
6WĜHGQt
50 - 70%
2 ± 10 min
1t]Ni
30 ± 50%
do 30 min
0DOi
do 30%
nad 30 min
5RYQČå dostiKRYê þL VSRUWRYQt MH]GHF YH VYp SRGVWDWČ URYQČå Y\XåtYi þW\ĜL
]iNODGQt SRK\ERYp YODVWQRVWL, z QLFKå QD SUYQtP PtVWČ VWRMt MHKR REUDWQRVW GDQi
WDOHQWHPSURMH]GHFWYtFLWHPSURNRQČDRGKDGem QDSĜWHPSDUR]ORåHQtVLONRQČ
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113
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a SRK\ERYêUHåLP KĜtEDWDĢMLåSĜLUR]HQêQHERQXFHQê
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UĤ]QRURGêFK SRK\ERYêFK SUYNĤ D SĜLUR]HQp obratnosti KĜtEDW 7D VHKUiYi SRWRP
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YêNRQX. V iQWHQ]LWČ SRK\ERYp DNWLYLW\ QD SDVWYLQiFK VH MHGQRWOLYi KĜtEDWD ]QDþQČ
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114
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s NOLGQêP UR]YiåQêP D Y\URYQDQêP WHPSHUDPHQWHP 8 VSRUWRYQtFK NRQt O]H
v SUĤEČKXSRK\ERYiQtUR]YtMHWLQČNWHUpSUYN\REUDWQRVWLMDNRMHQDSĜSĜHFKRGSĜHV
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kapacita organismu jako celku.
115
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116
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se tedy jeho adaptabilita, tj. schopnost k adaptaci - SĜL]SĤVREHQt
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119
Obr. 44: 'RVWLKRYêVHGMH]GFHY WČåLãWLWČODNRQČ (foto Dr. Olehla).
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QHUYRVYDORYiNRRUGLQDFHSRK\EĤ]Y\ãXMHVHQHUYRVYDORYiGUiåGLYRVWDNFHOHUDFHD
SRVWXSQČ VH WDNp ]Y\ãXMH L G\QDPLFNi VtOD SĜtVOXãQêFK VYDOĤ ]DSRMHQêFK GR
U\FKORVWQtFK ]iWČåt 9H VYDOVWYX GRFKi]t N K\SHUWURILL RERX W\SĤ U\FKOêFK YOiNHQ
þHUYHQêFK L EtOêFK 9 nich se KURPDGt YČWãt PQRåVWYt HQHUJHWLFNpKR SRWHQFLiOX
SĜHGHYãtP PDNURHUJQtFK IRVIiWĤ $73 D &3 ]Y\ãXMH VH L HQ]\PDWLFNi DNWLYLWD
121
V\VWpPĤ SRWĜHEQêFK N U\FKOpPX XYROĖRYiQt HQHUJLH ] WČFKWR IRVIiWĤ 9 organismu
SDN GRFKi]t NH ]YêãHQt VFKRSQRVWL XYROĖRYDW YHONp PQRåVWYt HQHUJLH Y þDVRYp
MHGQRWFHEH]SĜtOLãQpDNWLYDFHDQDHUREQtKRXYROĖRYiQtHQHUJLHJO\NROê]\V SURGXNFt
ODNWiWX 9ãHFKQ\ W\WR DGDSWDþQt ]PČQ\ MVRX I\]LRORJLFNêP SRGNODGHP SUR ]GiUQê
UR]YRMG\QDPLFNpVtO\GYRXOHWpKRGRVWLKRYpKRNRQČQDSRGNODGČU\FKORVWLW]YVLORYp
U\FKORVWL UHVS SUR UR]YRM PD[LPiOQt U\FKORVWL NRQČ D Y\WUYDORVWL Y WpWR PD[LPiOQt
rychlosti.
7UpQLQN W]Y VLORYp U\FKORVWL MH MLå VNXWHþQêP U\FKORVWQtP WUpQLQNHP SĜL NWHUpP
VH UR]YtMt G\QDPLFNi VtOD NRQČ 7D YHGe pak k UR]YRML MHKR PD[LPiOQt U\FKORVWL D
YêGUåH v WpWR PD[LPiOQt U\FKORVWL 9H VWUXNWXĜH VLORYČ U\FKORVWQtKR WUpQLQNX KUDMt
SULPiUQtUROLSĜHGHYãtPW\]iWČåHNWHUpU\FKORVWDVtOXUR]YtMHMtWM ]iWČåHPD[LPiOQt
intenzity (90 - 100% max.) a objemu 25 - VHNXQGDVXEPD[LPiOQtLQWHQ]LW\ (70 90% max.) SR GREX GR PLQXW SĜtSDGQČ L ]iWČåH NWHUp XYHGHQp YODVWQRVWL SR
QČMDNRXGREXXGUåXMtWM]iWČåHVWĜHGQtLQWHQ]LW\± 70% max.), ale po dobu pouze
jen 2 minut. , ]GH MH PtVWR NRQWLQXiOQt PHWRG\ WUpQLQNX SUHIHURYiQD PHWRGD
RSDNRYDQiQHERVWĜtGDYi/pSHQHå]Y\ãRYDWFHONRYêREMHP]iWČåHYNRQWLQXLWČQDG
XYHGHQpKUDQLFHMHYêKRGQČMãtXYHGHQp]iWČåHRSDNRYDWY LQWHUYDORYpSRGREČ Tyto
]iWČåH W]Y VSHFLILFNp DGDSWDþQt SRGQČW\ SUR UR]YRM U\FKORVWL D VtO\ Y\YROiYDMt
SRåDGRYDQê I\]LRORJLFNê WUpQLQNRYê HIHNW 5R]YtMt DQDHUREQt NDSDFLWX RUJDQLVPX D
PD[LPiOQt DQDHUREQt YêNRQ WM VFKRSQRVW NRQČ SUDFRYDW QD YHONê N\VOtNRYê GHILFLW
3ĜL QČP GRFKi]t N DQDHUREQtPX ãWČSHQt QHMHQ $73 D &3 DOH SĜHGHYãtP JO\FLGĤ
(glykogenu) s GUDVWLFNRX SURGXNFt N\VHOLQ\ POpþQp 6RXþDVQČ VHUR]YtMt LVFKRSQRVW
RUJDQLVPX RGROiYDW VWiOH YČWãtPX VWXSQL QDUXãHQt VWiORVWL YQLWĜQtKR SURVWĜHGt
N\VHOêPLSURGXNW\QDNWHUpMHRE]YOiãWČFLWOLYêFHQWUiOQtQHUYRYêV\VWpP-GHWHG\ o
WUpQLQNSURGYRXOHWpNRQČPLPRĜiGQČSV\FKLFN\QiURþQê
Vzhledem k WRPX åH Y\VRNi IUHNYHQFH U\FKORVWQtFK WUpQLQNRYêFK SRGQČWĤ je
z KOHGLVNDUDFLRQDOLW\WUpQLQNXGYRXOHWêFKNRQtREHFQČQH~QRVQiMHQXWQpGRVLORYČ
U\FKORVWQtKRWUpQLQNXFtOHYČGRPČ]DĜD]RYDWW]Y]iWČåHXGUåRYDFt- 70% max. SĜL
REMHPXGRPLQXWNWHUpVLFHQHYHGRXN rozvoji rychlosti, ale adaptace pro rychlost
SĜL QLFK SĜHWUYiYi 7tP MH SDN PRåQp VQtåLW IUHNYHQFL VSHFLILFNêFK U\FKORVWQtFK
DGDSWDþQtFKSRGQČWĤ QDRSWLPXPSURGYRXOHWpNRQČWMQDIUHNYHQFL- NUiWWêGQČ
1Hå VH SĜLVWRXSt N UR]YRML G\QDPLFNp VtO\ GYRXOHWêFK NRQt VLORYČ U\FKORVWQtP
WUpQLQNHP PXVt EêW Y SĜHGFKR]tP WUpQLQNX VSOQČQ\ QČNWHUp ]iVDGQt I\]LRORJLFNp
SRGPtQN\
x
5R]YRMU\FKORVWLNRQČQDSRGNODGČREUDWQRVWLPXVtGRViKQRXWSRNXGPRåQR
FRQHMY\ããtKRVWXSQČWMNĤĖPXVtY\YLQRXWQDNUiWNpP~VHNXU\FKORVW
PPLQþDVQDP~VHNX VQDP~VHNXVDWRQDWUiYČQHER
v PČONpPStVNX
x
5R]YtMHW G\QDPLFNRX VtOX YH YČWãtP UR]VDKX MH PRåQp Då WHKG\ NG\å WR
GRYROt PRUIRORJLFNp D IXQNþQt SĜHGSRNODG\ RUJDQLVPX PODGpKR NRQČ .
]iPČUQpPX UR]YRML G\QDPLFNp VtO\ NRQČ MH PRåQp SĜLVWRXSLW Då Y REGREt
GRNRQþHQpKRYêYLQXSRK\ERYpVRXVWDY\WMSRX]DYĜHQtHSLI\ViUQtFKãWČUELQ
D UĤVWRYêFK SORWpQHN Y NRVWHFK ]MLVWt VH UHQWJHQRORJLFN\ VQtPNHP SDWQtKR
hrbolu nebo metakarpu). U SOQRNUHYQtNĤ EêYi XNRQþHQ UĤVW GORXKêFK NRVWt
PH]LDPČVtFHPVWiĜtXSRORNUHYQtNĤPH]LDURNHP
122
9ODVWQt VWUXNWXUD WUpQLQNRYpKR SURFHVX SĜL UR]YRML VLORYp U\FKORVWL GYRXOHWêFK
GRVWLKRYêFKNRQtPXVtGEiWQDUDFLRQiOQtY\XåtYiQt YãHFKHIHNWĤ superkompenzace
$73 &3 JO\NRJHQX HQ]\PDWLFNêFK D EtONRYLQQêFK VWUXNWXU NWHUêPL VH ]Y\ãXMH
~þLQQRVW WUpQLQNX 7R ]QDPHQi åH MDN Y mezocyklech a mikrocyklech, tak i ve
YODVWQtFK VSHFLILFNêFK WUpQLQNRYêFK MHGQRWNiFK VH PXVt YKRGQČ VWĜtGDW ]DWtåHQt
s REGREtPDNWLYQtKR]RWDYHQt
V WUpQLQNRYêFK MHGQRWNiFK VSHFLILFNêFK DGDSWDþQtFK SRGQČWĤ U\FKORVWQtFK VH
XSODWĖXMtSĜHGHYãtPPHWRG\RSDNRYDQpKRDVWĜtGDYpKRWUpQLQNX,QWHUYDO\RGSRþLQNX
1 - PLQXWPH]L]iWČåHPLLQWHQ]LW\- 100% max. a objemu do 60 s nebo intervaly
SĜHFKRGQpKR]YêãHQtLQWHQ]LW\]iWČåH- 100% max.) po dobu 25 sekund (cca 400
P ~VHN\ Y\XåtYDMt NUiWNRGREp VXSHUNRPSHQ]DFH $73 D &3 ýtP WUpQRYDQČMãt MH
MHGLQHFWtPMVRXLQWHUYDO\DNWLYQtKRRGSRþLQNXSĜLRSDNRYDQpPHWRGČWUpQLQNXNUDWãt
2EGREQČMHWRPXSĜL]iWČåtFK- 90% max. a objemu 60 - VNGHSĜHVWiYN\10 minut vedou i ke ]YêãHQpREQRYČ glykogenu.
V WêGHQQtFKPLNURF\NOHFKVHVSHFLILFNpWUpQLQNRYpMHGQRWN\Då 100% max.)
DSOLNXMt YH IUHNYHQFL - NUiW WêGQČ Y NRPELQDFLVH ]iWČåHPLXGUåRYDFtPL (50-70%
max., 2 min) DDNWLYQtPRGSRþLQNHPY\FKi]NDYêEČK]iWČåPtUQpLQWHQ]LW\DSRG
-H YKRGQp YåG\ SR NDåGp VSHFLILFNp U\FKORVWQt ]iWČåL YČQRYDW MHGHQ GHQ DNWLYQtPX
RGSRþLQNX7tPVHGRVDKXMHQHMHQGRNRQDOHMãtKRSUĤEČKX]RWDYRYDFtFKSURFHVĤDOH
QDYêãHQp REQRY\ glykogenu. Ke Y]HVWXSX YêNRQQRVWL SR U\FKORVWQČ VLORYp ]iWČåL
GRFKi]t Y UR]PH]t GQĤ Då WêGQĤ QD SRGNODGČ ]YêãHQp obnovy IXQNFt
s GORXKRGREêPQiYUDWHP (po dostihu GYRXOHWpKRNRQČ.
=iWČåQDUR]YRMU\FKORVWLDG\QDPLFNpVtO\R VXEPD[LPiOQtLQWHQ]LWČ(70 - 90%
max.) v REMHPXGRPLQXWRSDNRYDQRXQHERVWĜtGDYRXPHWRGRXVWHMQČMDNR]iWČåH
XGUåRYDFtD]RWDYRYDFtMHPRåQpSURYiGČWY KOXEãtPWHUpQXStVNX1DGUXKpVWUDQČ
]iWČåH R Y\VRNp LQWHQ]LWČ (90 - 100% max.) MH YåG\ WĜHED SURYiGČW QD WDNRYpP
WHUpQXQDMDNpPSUREtKiYODVWQtYêNRQGRVWLKWMY QDãLFKSRGPtQNiFKQDWUDYQDWp
GUi]H3RXåtYiQt]iWČåtRLQWHQ]LWČY\ããtMDNPD[. v KOXERNpPQHERQHURYQpP
WHUpQX QHVH VHERX ]D QiVOHGHN SRUXFKX G\QDPLFNpKR SRK\ERYpKR VWHUHRW\SX
a QHHNRQRPLFNRX PHFKDQLNX SRK\EX NRQČ PiOR SURVWRUQê NĜHþRYLWê FYDORYê VNRN
s Y\VRNRXNDGHQFt- ÄFYiOiGRYUFKX³
6LORYČ U\FKORVWQtP WUpQLQNHP GYRXOHWêFK GRVWLKRYêFK NRQt VH ]YČWãXMH
DQDHUREQt NDSDFLWD RUJDQLVPX URVWH L PD[LPiOQt DQDHUREQt YêNRQ NRQČ
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a VYDORYi K\SHUWURILH =YČWãXMH VH SORFKD ~SRQĤ VYDOĤ ]SHYĖXMt VH YD]\ D ãODFK\,
PČQt VH DUFKLWHNWRQLND NRVWt. H\SHUWURILt se zYČWãXMH SUĤĜH] U\FKOêFK þHUYHQêFK
a EtOêFK VYDORYêFKYOiNHQ=PQRåXMHVHYD]LYRPH]LVYDORYêPL DãODFKRYêPLYOiNQ\D
W\WRVWUXNWXU\VHWtPVWiYDMtSHYQČMãtPL
123
9ãHFKQ\W\WRSRSVDQp]PČQ\Y\YRODQpVLORYČU\FKORVWQtPWUpQLQNHPGYRXOHWêFK
NRQtDUR]YRMHPG\QDPLFNpVtO\NRQČY\WYiĜtSĜHGSRNODG\SURUR]YRMY\WUYDORVWQtVtO\
DWtPLVSHFLiOQtY\WUYDORVWL-LQêPLVORY\U\FKORVWQt]DWČåRYiQtRUJDQLVPXGYRXOHWpKR
NRQČY\WYiĜtRSWLPiOQtSRGPtQN\SURGDOãtUR]YRMVSHFLiOQtY\WUYDORVWLSDNMDNRNRQČ
WĜtOHWpKR 5\FKORVWQt ]iWČå DSOLNRYDQi PHWRGRX LQWHUYDORYRX RSDNRYDQRX YHGH
VRXþDVQČLN MLVWpPXVWXSQLUR]YRMHY\WUYDORVWQtU\FKORVWLDU\FKORVWQtY\WUYDORVWL7\WR
SRK\ERYp YODVWQRVWL YãDN Y\åDGXMt VSHFLiOQtKR WUpQLQNX Y SĜtSUDYQpP REGREt
QiVOHGXMtFtKRroku (u WĜtOHWêFKNRQt3URWRWUpQLQNGYRXOHWêFKNRQtNRQþtSĜHFKRGQêP
REGREtPY SRG]LPQtFKPČVtFtFKURNX
Tabulka 16: 7UpQLQNGYRXOHWêFKGRVWLKRYêFKNRQtY WDEHOiUQtPSĜHKOHGX.
)i]H
)i]HYêNRQQRVWQtKRY]HVWXSX
Etapy
(WDSD]iNODGQtKRYêFYLNXDYãHREHFQpKR
WUpQLQNX
(WDSDVSHFLDOL]RYDQpKRWUpQLQNX
3ĜtSUDYQp
2EGREt
YHWDSČVSHFLDOL]RYDQpKRWUpQLQNX)
+ODYQt
3ĜHFKRGQp
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Intenzita
Objem
do 30% max. (klus)
30-50% max.
WĜtWDNWQtFYDO
+ODYQtREGREt
Intenzita
Objem
90-100% max.
25 s
90-100% max.
do 1 min
70-90% max.
1-2min
50-70% max.
do 2 min
do 30 min
do 10 min
0D[LPiOQtobjem v NRQWLQXLWČ
0D[LPiOQtREMHPY NRQWLQXLWČ
2000 ± 3000 m
500 ± 1000 m
Frekvence
2 ± [WêGQČ
Frekvence
.RQWLQXiOQt
3UHIHURYDQiPHWRGD
2SDNRYDQi
6WĜtGDYi
2 ± [WêGQČ
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124
4.3.1.3. 3ĜHFKRGQpREGREt GYRXOHWêFKGRVWLKRYêFKNRQt
&tOHP SĜHFKRGQpKR WUpQLQNRYpKR REGREt GYRXOHWêFK GRVWLKRYêFK NRQt MH
SRVN\WQRXW RUJDQLVPX GRVWDWHN þDVX SUR ]RWDYHQt ] etapy VSHFLDOL]RYDQpKR
U\FKORVWQtKR WUpQLQNX 1D EXQČþQp ~URYQL VH PXVt REQRYLW YãHFKQ\ VWUXNWXUiOQt
energeWLFNpDIXQNþQtPHFKDQLVP\NWHUpMVRXGĤOHåLWpSURGDOãtUR]YRMDGDSWDFHNH
VSHFLiOQt U\FKORVWL D Y\WUYDORVWL Y EXGRXFtP URþQtP PDNURF\NOX WĜtOHWpKR NRQČ WM
v HWDSČ YUFKRORYpKR WUpQLQNX ]DPČĜHQpKR N GRVDKRYiQt PD[LPiOQtFK YêNRQĤ QD
XUþLWêFK GLVWDQFtFK -HGQi VH WHG\ R REGREt GRþDVQpKR D ]iPČUQpKR SRNOHVX
YêNRQQRVWL NWHUp E\ PČOR ]DKUQRYDW DOHVSRĖ SRVOHGQt PČVtFH URNX OLVWRSDG
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Z I\]LRORJLFNpKRKOHGLVNDMHYãDNSĜL]DĜD]HQtSĜHFKRGQpKRREGREtX GYRXOHWêFK
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VQtåHQt LQWHQ]LW\ D IUHNYHQFH DGDSWDþQtFK SRGQČWĤ QHVPt EêW QiKOp DOH MH
WĜHED ]DFKRYiYDW L Y WRPWR VPČUX I\]LRORJLFNê SULQFLS SRVWXSQRVWL 3ĜL
QiKOpPY\VD]HQtNRQČ] WUpQLQNXGRFKi]tN KOXEãtPX]iVDKXGRQHUYRYêFK
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vyvolat vznik tzv. DEVWLQHQþQtKRV\QGURPXYL]kapitola 5.1.4. na str.158).
125
4.3.2. FYZ,2/2*,&.e35,1&,3<75e1,1.87ěË/(7é&+$ 67$5âË&+
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7UpQLQNHP WĜtOHWêFK D VWDUãtFK GRVWLKRYêFK NRQt MH YODVWQČ UHDOL]RYiQD Ii]H
YêNRQQRVWQt VWDELOL]DFH v XUþLWp GLVWDQþQt GLVFLSOtQČ OHWRXQ PtODĜ VWĜHGRWUDĢDĜ
Y\WUYDOHF SĜHNiåNRYê NĤĖ SUR NWHURX MH MHGLQHF JHQHWLFN\ GLVSRQRYiQ D VSHFLiOQČ
WUpQRYiQ
Z KOHGLVND I\]LRORJLFNp SRGVWDW\ WUpQLQNRYpKR SURFHVX WĜtOHWêFK D VWDUãtFK
GRVWLKRYêFK NRQt PĤåHPH SRGOH MHKR FtOH Y ]iVDGČ UR]OLãRYDW GYČ ]iNODGQt HWDS\
WUpQLQNXHWDSXGRVWLKRYpKRWUpQLQNXVSHFLDOL]RYDQpKRD HWDSXGRVWLKRYpKRWUpQLQNX
YUFKRORYpKR
&tOHP HWDS\ VSHFLDOL]RYDQpKR GRVWLKRYpKR WUpQLQNX MH YKRGQČ QDYi]DW QD
GRVDåHQê VWXSHĖ UR]YRMH G\QDPLFNp VtO\ NRQČ ] SĜHGFKR]tKR URþQtKR PDNURF\NOX
]HMPpQD X WĜtOHWêFK NRQt D QD MHKR ]iNODGČ SDN UR]YtMHW GDOãt SRK\ERYp YODVWQRVWL
SRWĜHEQp SUR SRåDGRYDQê YêNRQ -GH ]HMPpQD R UR]YRM Y\WUYDORVWL NRQČ N XUþLWpPX
VSHFLDOL]RYDQpPX YêNRQX 7D MH ]iYLVOi SĜHGHYãtP QD ~URYQL DHUREQtKR
R[LGDWLYQtKRPHWDEROLVPXUHVSQDDHUREQtNDSDFLWČRUJDQLVPXNWHURXMHPRåQRSR
XNRQþHQtWČOHVQpKRYêYLQXWĜtOHWêFKDVWDUãtFKSOQRNUHYQtNĤSOQČUR]YtMHWQHERĢMVRX
SURMHMtUR]YRMY\WYRĜHQ\YãHFKQ\QHMRSWLPiOQČMãtI\]LRORJLFNpSĜHGSRNODG\6RXþDVQČ
FtOHP WpWR HWDS\ je ]YêãLW REHFQRX ]GDWQRVW MHGLQFH D ]YOiGQRXW ĜDGX VSHFLiOQtFK
SRGPtQČQêFK SRK\ERYêFK UHIOH[Ĥ ]HMPpQD SRNXG MGH R UHIOH[Qt VSRMHQt IXQNFt
WUDQVSRUWQtKR V\VWpPX V PHFKDQLNRX SRK\EX NRQČ QDSĜ VNRNX 3URWR SĜL UR]YRML
vytrvalosti hraje v WpWR HWDSČ KODYQt ~ORKX REMHP WUpQLQNX Tato etapa se pak
v SUĤEČKXURþQtKRWUpQLQNRYpKRmakrocyklu kryje s REGREtPSĜtSUDYQêP.
&tOHP HWDS\ YUFKRORYpKR WUpQLQNX MH GRVDKRYiQt PD[LPiOQtFK YêNRQĤ Y XUþLWp
GLVFLSOtQČ = KOHGLVND VSHFLILW\ DGDSWDþQtFK WUpQLQNRYêFK SRGQČWĤ WM MHMLFK LQWHQ]LW\
REMHPX D IUHNYHQFH VH OLãt WUpQLQN OHWRXQĤ D PtODĜĤ RG WUpQLQNX VWĜHGRWUDĢDĜĤ D
Y\WUYDOFĤQHERSĜHNiåNRYêFKNRQt9UFKRORYê WUpQLQNN XUþLWpWUDĢRYpGLVFLSOtQČMHSDN
VWČåHMQt QiSOQt KODYQtKR WUpQLQNRYpKR REGREt. ÒNROHP WRKRWR REGREt WUpQLQNX MH
]HMPpQD ]GRNRQDOLW SURSRMHQt PH]L MHGQRWOLYêPL IXQNþQtPL V\VWpP\ ]DSRMHQêPL GR
SRåDGRYDQpKR YêNRQX D WtP ]HIHNWLYQLW MHMLFK þLQQRVW Wak, aby byla z HQHUJHWLFNpKR
KOHGLVND FR QHMKRVSRGiUQČML 9ãHREHFQi WUpQRYDQRVW ] HWDS\ VSHFLDOL]RYDQpKR
GRVWLKRYpKR WUpQLQNX SĜHFKi]t Y HWDSČ YUFKRORYpKR WUpQLQNX GR VSHFLILFNp
WUpQRYDQRVWL QD XUþLWRX GLVWDQFL D WR QD ]iNODGČ SĜHYiåQČ VSHFLILFNpKR D
kvaliWDWLYQtKR WUpQLQNX 6SHFLILFNi WUpQRYDQRVW SDN YUFKROt GRVDåHQtP D XGUåHQtP
GRVWLKRYpIRUP\
126
Tabulka 17: 7UpQLQNWĜtOHWêFKDVWDUãtFKGRVWLKRYêFKNRQtv WDEHOiUQtP SĜHKOHGX.
)i]H
)i]HYêNRQQRVWQtVWDELOL]DFH
Etapy
(WDSDVSHFLDOL]RYDQpKR
GRVWLKRYpKRWUpQLQNX SĜtSUDYQp
REGREt
(WDSDYUFKRORYpKRGRVWLKRYpKR
WUpQLQNXKODYQtREGREt
2EGREt
3ĜtSUDYQp± WUpQLQNREMHPRYê
YHWDSČVSHFLDOL]RYDQpKRD
YUFKRORYpKRWUpQLQNX)
+ODYQt± WUpQLQNYUFKRORYê
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V URþQtP WUpQLQNRYpP PDNURF\NOX WĜtOHWêFK D VWDUãtFK GRVWLKRYêFK NRQt MH
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REGREtP UĤVWX YêNRQQRVWL NRQČ. +ODYQt WUpQLQNRYp REGREt MH REGREtP Y\ODćRYiQt
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A. 3ĜtSUDYQpREGREt
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hlediska jsou kryty ãWČSHQtP WXNĤ~E\WNHP WXNX WXNRYêFK ]iVRE a ve svalstvu jeho
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127
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glycidy. Schopnost vytrvalosti v MDNpPNROLY GRVWLKRYpP YêNRQX NRQČ MH GiQD
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organismu. 5R]YRM DHUREQt NDSDFLW\ RUJDQLVPX MH SURWR ]iNODGQt I\]LRORJLFNRX
SRGVWDWRXNYDQWLWDWLYQtKRWUpQLQNXWĜtOHWêFKDVWDUãtFKGRVWLKRYêFKNRQt
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Gi VH REHFQČ ĜtFL åH REMHP ]iWČåH SĜtSUDYQpKR REGREt Y SRPDOpP FYDOX E\ PČO
SRVWXSQČ GRViKQRXW ]KUXED GYRMQiVRENX Y]GiOHQRVWL GRVWLKX QD NWHUê MH NĤĖ
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132
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dostihy cross-country).
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133
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vytrvalosti je intenzita 30 - 50% max. a objemu do 10 minut.
134
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a Y\ããtVNRN\SĜtSGHOãtVNRN\QHåSĜLWUpQLQNXY\WUYDORVWQtVNRNRYp VtO\7DNQDSĜ
SĜL SĜHNiåNiFK R 70 - PD[LPiOQtKR VNRNRYpKR YêNRQX NRQČ P\ PČOD VNRNRYi
]iWČå v NRQWLQXLWČ WUYDW PD[LPiOQČ PLQXW\. PĜL PD[LPiOQtKR VNRNRYpKR
YêNRQX E\ VNRNRYi ]iWČå PČOD WUYDW 25 s aå do 1 minuty. S QiUĤVWHP PD[LPiOQt
VNRNRYpVtO\NOHViVRXþDVQČVNRNRYiY\WUYDOost.
Z WUpQLQNRYêFK PHWRG MH Y KODYQtP REGREt YUFKRORYpKR WUpQLQNX QDSURVWR
MHGQR]QDþQČ SUHIHURYiQD PHWRGD RSDNRYDQpKR WUpQLQNX D ]HMPpQD SDN PHWRGD
WUpQLQNXVWĜtGDYpKR]DWtPFRNRQWLQXiOQtPHWRGDMHXWĜtOHWêFKDVWDUãtFKGRVWLKRYêFK
NRQtY KODYQtPREGREt, DåQDXUþLWpYêMLPN\, WUpQLQNRYêPÄEDODVWHP³YHGRXFtPþDVWR
NHY]QLNXU\FKORVWQtEDULpU\6 SRXåLWtPMHGQRWOLYêFKWUpQLQNRYêFKPHWRG~]FHVRXYLVt
UDFLRQiOQtY\XåtYiQtHIHNWĤ]YêãHQpREQRY\ HQHUJHWLFNpKRSRWHQFLiOXY WUpQLQNRYêFK
MHGQRWNiFK, tak jak b\ORSRSViQRY kapitole o superkompenzaci.
2SDNRYDQRXLQWHUYDORYRXPHWRGRXWUpQLQNXVHSĜL]iWČåtFKRY\VRNpLQWHQ]LWČ
(90 - PD[LPD D PDOpP REMHPX GR V Y\XåtYi ]YêãHQp REQRY\
HQHUJHWLFNêFK IRVIiWĤ $73 D &3 D SURWR SĜHVWiYN\ PH]L LQWHUYDO\ PDMt EêW NUDWãt
zhruba 1 ± 5 PLQXW3ĜL]iWČåtFKRLQWHQ]LWČ- PD[LPDDYČWãtPREMHPX PLQXW NGH VH Y\XåtYi ]YêãHQp REQRY\ JO\NRJHQX MVRX SĜHVWiYN\ GHOãt - 10
PLQXW 8YHGHQp LQWHUYDO\ RGSRþLQNX VH YãDN GDMt ]NUiWLW XU\FKOHQtP ]RWDYRYDFtFK
SURFHVĤ ]HMPpQD DNWLYQtP SRK\EHP PtUQp LQWHQ]LW\ NOXV 7R Pi ]D QiVOHGHN
U\FKOHMãt RGVWUDĖRYiQt N\VOtNRYpKR GOXKX z SĜHGFKR]tKR LQWHUYDOX ]iWČåH D ]YêãHQt
UHDNWLELOLW\NRQČ2SDNRYDQiPHWRGDWUpQLQNXPiSURWRãLURNpXSODWQČQtSĜHGHYãtPX
WČFKYêNRQĤNGHMHSĜL]iWČåLY\VRNi~URYHĖ DQDHUREQtKR]SĤVREX]tVNiYiQtHQHUJLH
s YHONêP N\VOtNRYêP GOXKHP =GH MH PRåQp LQWHQ]LWRX D REMHPHP WUpQLQNRYpKR
]DWtåHQt L GpONRX ]RWDYHQt PH]L LQWHUYDO\ Y\YROiYDW UĤ]Qp WUpQLQNRYp HIHNW\
,QWHUYDORYê WUpQLQN SDWĜt SURWR N QHMKRGQRWQČMãtP PHWRGiP UR]YRMH U\FKORVWL D
G\QDPLFNpVtO\LVSHFLiOQtY\WUYDORVWLWĜtOHWêFKDVWDUãtFKdostihovêFKNRQt.
6WĜtGDYiPHWRGDWUpQLQNXPĤåHEêWRSDNRYDQiUĤ]QpLQWHUYDO\ ]iWČåHUĤ]QRX
LQWHQ]LWRX D UR]GtOQêP WUYiQtP SĜHVWiYHN QHER NRQWLQXiOQt Y SUĤEČKX XUþLWpKR
REMHPX ]iWČåH VH PČQt MHMt LQWHQ]LWD 9 RERX SĜtSDGHFK se SĜHFKRGQêP ]YêãHQtP
LQWHQ]LW\ ]iWČåH EČKHP WUpQLQNRYp MHdnotky v RUJDQLVPX KURPDGt N\VHOp produkty
YêPČQ\ OiWNRYp W]Y SĜHFKRGQp ]DN\VHOHQt RUJDQLVPX) 7\WR N\VHOp SURGXNW\ D
KURPDGČQt&22 SĜL]iWČåLVWLPXOXMtGêFKiQtNRQČSURKOXEXMtGêFKiQtD]Y\ãXMtSOLFQt
135
YHQWLODFL D WtP Y\WYiĜHMt SUR GDOãt SUĤEČK ]iWČåH SĜt]QLYČMãt SRGPtQN\ Y N\VOtNRYp
bilanci organismu - ]Y\ãXMtPD[LPiOQtDHUREQtYêNRQ6RXþDVQČYČWãtSOLFQtYHQWLODFH
D ]YČWãHQt GHFKRYpKR REMHPX QXWt NRQČ upravit L SURVWRUQRVW D GpONu FYDORYpKR
skoku SĜL WpWR ]iWČåL SURGOXåXMH VH FYDORYê VNRN DE\ V\QFKURQQČ V GêFKiQtP VH
]YČWãLOGHFKRYêREMHP= DVSHNWXHQHUJHWLFNpKRGRFKi]tSRSĜHFKRGQpP]YêãHQtD
QiVOHGQpP VQtåHQt LQWHQ]LW\ ]iWČåH NH NUiWNRGREp REQRYČ HQHUJHWLFNêFK IRVIiWĤ
(ATP a CP) i glykogenu&HONRYêHIHNWVHSDNSURMHYXMHYH]YêãHQpPYêNRQXNRQČ.
6WĜtGDYê ]SĤVRE WUpQLQNX SDWĜt SURWR k QHMKRGQRWQČMãtP PHWRGiP UR]YRMH VSHFLiOQt
Y\WUYDORVWL ]HMPpQD X SĜHNiåNRYêFK NRQt - W]Y U\FKORVWQt Y\WUYDORVWi. 8 URYLQRYêFK
Y\WUYDOFĤ D VWĜHGRWUDĢDĜĤ VH WDNWR WUpQXMH W]Y Y\WUYDORVWQt U\FKORVW D X OHWRXQĤ D
PtODĜĤ- W]YVLORYiU\FKORVWYêGUå v PD[LPiOQtU\FKORVWL
.RQWLQXiOQt PHWRGu WUpQLQNX v KODYQtP WUpQLQNRYpP REGREt O]H SRXåtW Y XUþLWp
GREČ SĜHG SRåDGRYDQêP YêNRQHP GRVWLKHP RYãHP MHQ MDNR YêMLPHþQpKR
DGDSWDþQtKRSRGQČWX (tzv. GRPiFtGRVWLK. Objem WpWR]iWČåHXUþXMHGRVWLKQDNWHUê
MH NĤĖ SĜLSUDYRYiQ, intenzitu ]iWČåH XUþXMH SDN SĜHGSRNOiGDQi U\FKORVW Y dostihu.
2ERMtSDNXUþXMtWHUPtQSRXåLWt WpWR]iWČåHSĜHGYODVWQtPGRVWLKHPWDNDE\PRKOREêW
XVNXWHþQČQRGRNRQDOp]RWDYHQtD Y\XåLWDSĜHGHYãtm zvêãHQiREQRYD HQHUJHWLFNêFK
VXEVWUiWĤHQ]\PDWLFNêFKD EtONRYLQQêFKVWUXNWXU.
NHM~þLQQČMãtPDGDSWDþQtPSRGQČWHPSURUR]YRMSRåDGRYDQpKRYêNRQXMH YãDN
DEVROYRYDQê YODVWQt dostih. Je-li tento dostih z hlediska managementu NRQČ GR
GDOãtFK GRVWLKĤ SRYDåRYiQ ]a W]Y SĜtSUDYQê ÄNĤĖ VH QHFKDO MHQ SUREČKQRXW³ SDN
GDOãt GRVWLK PĤåH EêW RSDNRYiQ Då SR XUþLWpP þDVRYpP LQWHUYDOX NWHUê MH WtP GHOãt
þtPYČWãtE\OREMHPGRVWLKX 2EMHPDEVROYRYDQpKRGRVWLKXMHWHG\XUþXMtFtSURGDOãt
management NRQČ LQWHQ]LWD MH Då VHNXQGiUQt -GH WHG\ RSČW R GRNRQDOê SUĤEČK
]RWDYRYDFtFK SURFHVĤ D obnovy HQ]\PDWLFNêFK D EtONRYLQQêFK VWUXNWXU SR GRVWLKX
DDOãt GRVWLK YH NWHUpP PĤåHPH SRþtWDW VH ]YêãHQRX YêNRQQRVWt NRQČ, je
QHMYKRGQČMãt ]DĜDGLW X OHWRXQVNêFK D PtODĜVNêFK GRVWLKĤ ]D - WêGQ\ X
Y\WUYDOHFNêFK URYLQRYêFK GRVWLKĤ D GRVWLKĤ SĜHNiåNRYêFK ]D - WêGQ\ D X FURVVFRXQWU\ ]D D YtFH WêGQĤ 'HOãt WHUPtQ\ Ve s RKOHGHP QD GRNRQDOê SUĤEČK
]RWDYRYDFtFK SURFHVĤ ]DĜD]XMt po GRVWLKX R YHONp LQWHQ]LWČ ]iWČåH SĜL Y\VRNpP
VWXSQL DNXWQt ~QDY\ NRQČ ] SĜHGFKR]tKR GRVWLKX D V RKOHGHP QD GDOãt LQGLYLGXiOQt
YODVWQRVWLNRQČW\SY\ããtQHUYRYpþLQQRVWL]GUDYRWQtVWDYDSRG
S GRVWLKRYRX ]iWČåt ~]FH VRXYLVt W]Y ]DPČĜRYDFt WUpQLQN s FtOHP GRVDåHQt D
XGUåHQt GRVWLKRYp IRUP\ NRQČ 'RVDåHQt D XGUåHQt GREUp IRUP\ NRQČ MH YãDN
]iOHåLWRVWtSRPČUQČNUiWNRGRERX-HMtWUYiQtMHWtPGHOãtþtPSR]YROQČMãtE\OY]HVWXS
YêNRQQRVWL NRQČ. 9\VRNi LQWHQ]LWD ]iWČåH XU\FKOXMH GRVDåHQt YUFKRORYp IRUP\ Dle
VRXþDVQČ]NUDFXMHGREXMHMtKRWUYiQt ]HMPpQDXIRUVtURYDQpKRWUpQLQNX7RMHWĜHED
UHVSHNWRYDW YH VWDYEČ WUpQLQNRYpKR SURFHVX X MHGQRWOLYêFK GLVWDQþQtFK GLVFLSOtQ 8
OHWRXQĤ D PtODĜĤ NGH Y WUpQLQNRYpP SURFHVX SĜHYOiGDMt ]iWČåH R Y\VRNp LQWHQ]LWČ
a frHNYHQFL VH VLFH Y\WYiĜt YUFKROQi IRUPD NRQČ SRPČUQČ U\FKOH VRXþDVQČ YãDN MH
YHOPL NUiWNRGREi 8 Y\WUYDOHFNêFK GLVFLSOtQ YþHWQČ NRQt SĜHNiåNRYêFK SĜHYOiGi
v WUpQLQNXYČWãtREMHP]iWČåHSĜLQLåãtLQWHQ]LWČDIUHNYHQFLVSHFLILFNêFKDGDSWDþQtFK
SRGQČWĤDSURWRVHYUFKROQiIRUPDGRVWDYXMHSR]YROQČMLSR]GČML DPiSRPČUQČGHOãt
WUYiQt
136
Pro tyto ]YOiãWQRVWL WUpQLQNRYpKRSURFHVXMHWĜHEDY\XåtYDWY ]iVDGČQiVOHGXMtFt
varianty NĜLYN\YUFKRORYpGRVWLKRYpIRUP\. 3UROHWRXQ\DPtODĜHMHYêKRGQČMãtdvou a
YtFH vrchRORYi NĜLYND IRUP\ Y SUĤEČKX URNX SUR URYLQRYp Y\WUYDOFH D NRQČ
SĜHNiåNRYpMHGQRQHERGYRXYUFKRORYi NĜLYNDIRUP\= XYHGHQpKRY\SOêYiSDNLGRED
D FKDUDNWHU WUpQLQNX ]DPČĜHQpKR QD GRVDåHQt D Y\ODGČQt YUFKRORYp IRUP\ NRQČ 8
OHWRXQĤ D PtODĜĤ E\ PČO ]DPČĜRYDFt WUpQLQN REVDKRYDW WêGHQQt PLNURF\NO\ SĜHG
SRåDGRYDQêP YUFKROQêP YêNRQHP NRQČ GRVWLKHP X Y\WUYDOFĤ jeden FHOê
PH]RF\NOXVWêGQ\D u SĜHNiåNRYêFKNRQt- WĜtWêGHQQtPH]RF\NO\- WêGQĤ
V WRPWRREGREt]DPČĜRYDFtKRDY\ODćRYDFtKRWUpQLQNXVHMHGQR]QDþQČ]GĤUD]ĖXMHD
SUHIHUXMH NYDOLWD QDG NYDQWLWRX WHG\ LQWHQ]LWD ]iWČåH QDG MHMtP REMHPHP SĜL
VRXþDVQpP SR]RUQpP VOHGRYiQt LQWHUYDOĤ RGSRþLQNX JH WĜHED YČQRYDW pozornost i
DNWLYQtP ]RWDYRYDFtP ]iWČåtP D ]iPČUQpPX YêEČUX XUþLWêFK WUpQLQNRYêFK PHtod
NRQWLQXiOQt MDNR YêMLPHþQê DGDSWDþQt SRGQČW LQWHUYDORYi D VWĜtGDYi SĜtSDGQČ
i GYRXIi]RYi PHWRGD MDNR VWDELOQt VRXþiVW VSHFLILFNêFK DGDSWDþQtFK SRGQČWĤ
6SHFLILFNp DGDSWDþQt SRGQČW\ VH X MHGQRWOLYêFK VNXSLQ NRQt SRXåtYDMt V ohledem na
FtOHQêLQGLYLGXiOQtUR]YRMXUþLWp GRVWLKRYp vlastnosti a VFKRSQRVWLNRQČWDE8).
Tabulka 18: 6SHFLILFNpDGDSWDþQtSRGQČW\VH]DPČĜHQtPQDUR]YRMXUþLWêFK
K\EULGQtFK RGYR]HQLQU\FKORVWLVtO\DY\WUYDORVWLGRVWLKRYêFKNRQt.
Objem
7HUpQ
&tOHQêUR]YRMIXQNFH~þHO
25 s
WUiYD
REUDWQRVWQtDmaxLPiOQt rychlost, akcelerace XYãHFK
NDWHJRULtGRVWLKRYêFKNRQt
25 - 60 s
WUiYD
G\QDPLFNiVtODVLORYiU\FKORVWYêGUå v maxLPiOQt
U\FKORVWLXYãHFKNDWHJRULtGRVWLKRYêFKNRQt
1 - 2 min.
WUiYD
Y\WUYDORVWQtU\FKORVWSĜLPD[LPiOQtP DQDHUREQtP
YêNRQXu YãHFKNDWHJRULtGRVWLKRYêFK NRQt
1 - 2 min.
StVHN
G\QDPLFNiVtODSĜLPD[LPiOQtP DQDHUREQtPYêNRQXX
YãHFKNDWHJRULtGRVWLKRYêFK NRQt
50 - 70% max.
VWĜHGQt ]iWČå
2 - 10 min. WUiYD
U\FKORVWQtY\WUYDORVWSĜLPD[LPiOQtP DHUREQtPYêNRQX
XYãHFKNDWHJRULtGRVWLKRYêFKNRQt
50 - 70% max.
VWĜHGQt ]iWČå
2 - 10 min. StVHN
Y\WUYDORVWQtVtODSĜLPD[LPiOQtP DHUREQtPYêNRQXu
oranice Y\WUYDOFĤDSĜHNiåNRYêFKNRQt
50 - 70% max.
do 2 min.
Intenzita
90 - 100% max.
PD[LPiOQt
90 - 100% max.
PD[LPiOQt
70 - 90% max.
VXEPD[LPiOQt
70 - 90% max.
VXEPD[LPiOQt
StVHN
XGUåRYDFtD]RWDYRYDFt]iWČåSĜLUR]YRMLU\FKORVWL
2 - 10 min. ptVHN
WUiYD
WHUpQ
XGUåRYDFtD]RWDYRYDFt]iWČåSĜLUR]YRMLVSHFLiOQt
vytrvalosti u NRQtSĜHNiåNRYêFK
sWĜHGQt intenzita
30 - 50% max.
nt]Ni intenzita
do 30% max.
PDOi]iWČå
do 10 min.
StVHN
WUiYD
WHUpQ
]iWČåXYROĖRYDFtD]iWČåDNWLYQtKRRGSRþLQNX
v LQWHUYDORYpPQHERGYRXIi]RYpPWUpQLQNX
137
Z XYHGHQp WDEXON\ Y\SOêYi åH NDåGi NDWHJRULH GRVWLKRYêFK NRQt GLVSRQXMH
v WUpQLQNX KODYQtKR REGREt D ]HMPpQD SDN Y ]DPČĜRYDFtP WUpQLQNX QD GRVDåHQt
GRVWLKRYpIRUP\XUþLWRXSDOHWRXVSHFLILFNêFKDGDSWDþQtFKSRGQČWĤ. Z QLFKMHPRåQp
]NRPELQRYDW FHORX ĜDGX YDULDQW VWUXNWXU\ WUpQLQNRYêFK MHGQRWHN, PLNURF\NOĤ D
PH]RF\NOĤ Y ]iYLVORVWL QD SĜtVOXãQp GLVWDQþQt GLVFLSOtQČ 9 nich se WDNp realizujt
]iNODGQt fyziologickp principy, tj. princip SRVWXSQRVWL F\NOLþQRVWL V\VWHPDWLþQRVWL D
LQGLYLGXDOL]DFHWUpQLQNX
9UFKRORYê WUpQLQN OHWRXQĤ D PtODĜĤ ]HMPpQD SDN WUpQLQN ]DPČĜRYDFt MH
MHGQR]QDþQČXUþHQUR]YRMLU\FKORVWLNRQČREUDWQRVWQtDVLORYpU\FKORVWL6SHFLILFNêP
DGDSWDþQtP SRGQČWHP SUR UR]YRM U\FKORVWL MVRX REHFQČ ]iWČåH o mD[LPiOQt D
VXEPD[LPiOQtLQWHQ]LWČ(70 - 100% max.), PDOpPobjemu (25 sekund DåPLQD Då
2 minuty) a SĜL Y\ããt frekvenci (3 - NUiW WêGQČ) -DNR RSWLPiOQt MVRX SUHIHURYiQ\
]iWČåH - 100% maxima a objemu 25 - 60 s. 8GUåRYDFt D ]RWDYRYDFt ]iWČåe pro
rozvoj rychlosti jjsou v LQWHQ]LWČ- 70% max. DREMHPXGRPLQXW=iWČåHGR
max. MH PRåQR SURYiGČW Y KOXERNpP StVNX ]iWČåH QDG PD[LPD QD WUDYQDWp
GUi]H
Z WČFKWRVSHFLILFNêFKDGDSWDþQtFKWUpQLQNRYêFKSRGQČWĤVHVHVWDYXMHVWUXNWXUD
WUpQLQNRYêFK MHGQRWHN PLNURF\NOĤ LPH]RF\NOĤ YUFKRORYpKR WUpQLQNX V WUpQLQNRYêFK
MHGQRWNiFK VH XSODWĖXMH SĜHGHYãtP PHWRGD RSDNRYDQpKR WUpQLQNX LQWHUYDORYi DOH
WDNp WUpQLQNX VWĜtGDYpKR D YH YêMLPHþQêFK SĜtSDGHFK L PHWRGD NRQWLQXiOQt D
GYRXIi]RYi 3ĜL LQWHUYDORYpP WUpQLQNX VH ]DĜD]XMt SĜHVWiYN\ GR PLQ ]iWČåH
PD[LPiOQtLQWHQ]LW\QHER± PLQ]iWČåHVXEPD[LPiOQtLQWHQ]LW\). 3ĜLVWĜtGDYpP
WUpQLQNX VH SRXåtYi SĜHFKRGQpKR ]YêãHQt LQWHQ]LW\ ]iWČåH QD - 100% max. po
GREXDVLVP~VHN3ĜLNRQWLQXiOQtPHWRGČVHY\XåtYi]iWČåLQWHQ]LW\ 100% max. QDSĜLEOLåQRXY]GiOHQRVWGRVWLKXY GREČasi GQtSĜHGGRVWLKHP.
Tabulka 19: 7UpQLQNOHWRXQĤDPtODĜĤY WDEHOiUQtPSĜHKOHGX.
3ĜtSUDYQpREGREt
Intenzita
Objem
do 30% max. (klus)
do 30 min
30-50% max.
WĜtWDNWQtFYDO
do 10 min
+ODYQtREGREt
Intenzita
Objem
90-100% max.
25 s
90-100% max.
do 1 min
70-90% max.
1 ± 2 min
50-70% max.
do 2 min
2000 ± 3000 m FFDGYRMQiVREHNdostihu)
500 ± 1000 m (cca polovina dostihu)
Frekvence
3 ± 4[WêGQČ
Frekvence
2 ± [WêGQČ
2 ± [WêGQČ
.RQWLQXiOQt
3UHIHURYDQiPHWRGD
2SDNRYDQi
6WĜtGDYi
3 ± 4[WêGQČ
2SDNRYDQi
3UHIHURYDQiPHWRGD
6WĜtGDYi
.RQWLQXiOQt
138
V WêGHQQtFK mikrocyklech sH ]HMPpQD SĜL ]DPČĜRYDFtP WUpQLQNX DSOLNXMt
MHGQRWOLYpVSHFLILFNpWUpQLQNRYpMHGQRWN\YHIUHNYHQFL- NUiWWêGQČY kombinaci se
]iWČåHPL XGUåRYDFtPL D DNWLYQtP RGSRþLQNHP Y\FKi]ND YêEČK ]iWČå PtUQp
intenzity). 3ĜL IUHNYHQFL NUiW WêGQČ MH YKRGQp SR NDåGp VSHFLILFNp ]iWČåL YČQRYDW
MHGHQ GHQ XGUåRYDFt ]iWČåL QHER DNWLYQtPX RGSRþLQNX 3ĜL IUHNYHQFL NUiW WêGQČ
]YOiãWČ u specLILFNêFK ]iWČåt Y\ããt LQWHQ]LW\ D s Y\VRNRX ~URYQt DQDHUREQtKR
PHWDEROLVPX N\VHOLQD POpþQi MH WĜHED Y\XåtW GYRXIi]RYpKR WUpQLQNX WDN DE\
v RGSROHGQt SUiFL E\O ]DĜD]HQ DNWLYQt RGSRþLQHN Y\FKi]ND YêEČK NRORWRþ NOXV PLQXWDSRG 7tP VHGRVDKXMH QHMHQ GRNRQDOHMãtKR SUĤEČKX ]RWDYRYDFtFK SURFHVĤ
ale i obQRYQpKR HIHNWXIXQNFtVHVWĜHGQČGREêPQiYUDWHPJO\NRJHQX
9H VWUXNWXĜH PH]RF\NOĤ PXVt EêW YåG\ SR PLNURF\NOHFK VSHFLILFNêFK
DGDSWDþQtFK SRGQČWĤ YČQRYiQ PLNURF\NOXV DNWLYQtP SURFHVĤP ]RWDYRYDFtP
XGUåRYDFt ]iWČåH - NUiW WêGQČ Y kombinaci s DNWLYQtP RGSRþLQNHP Y QČPå VH
realizuje efekt obnovy IXQNFt V GORXKRGREêP QiYUDWHP HQ]\PDWLFNp D EtONRYLQQp
VWUXNWXU\ 3R GRVDåHQt YUFKROQp IRUP\ VH GDOãt ]iWČå SRGĜL]XMH IUHNYHQFL GRVWLKĤ
s WtP åH X OHWRXQĤ D PtODĜĤ MH PRåQR SRþtWDW Y SUĤEČKX KODYQtKR REGREt
s YtFHYUFKRORYRX dostihovou formou.
9UFKRORYê WUpQLQN VWĜHGRWUDĢDĜĤ D Y\WUYDOFĤ SĜtSDGQČ L SURXWČQNiĜĤ
]HMPpQD WUpQLQN ]DPČĜRYDFt MH MHGQR]QDþQČ XUþHQ UR]YRML U\FKORVWL D Y\WUYDORVWL
v WpWR U\FKORVWL - W]Y Y\WUYDORVWQt U\FKORVWi 6SHFLILFNêPL DGDSWDþQtPL SRGQČW\ SUR
UR]YRMWpWR VSHFLiOQt YODVWQRVWL NRQČ MVRX REHFQČ VXEPD[LPiOQtD PD[LPiOQt ]iWČåH
(70 - 100% max) a objemu do 2 min SĜL IUHNYHQFL 2 - NUiW WêGQČ WM U\FKORVWQt
]iWČåH SĜtSDGQČ L ]iWČåH VWĜHGQt LQWHQ]LW\ 50 - 70% max) a objemu nad 2 minuty
XUþXMH Y]GiOHQRVW GRVWLKX SĜL IUHNYHQFL - NUiW WêGQČ WM Y\WUYDORVWQt ]iWČåH),
QHMOpSHLQWHUYDORYRXQHERVWĜtGDYRXPHWRGRX.
-DNRRSWLPiOQtMVRXSUHIHURYiQ\]iWČåH VXEPD[LPiOQtLQWHQ]LW\ (70 - 90% max.
a objemu 1 ± 2 min) SĜL IUHNYHQFL 2 - NUiW WêGQČ 8GUåRYDFt D ]RWDYRYDFt ]iWČåH
reprezentuje VWĜHGQtintenzita (50 - 70% max.) a objem do 2 minut. =iWČåHGR%
max. (klus) a objemu do 10 PLQXW MVRX XUþHQ\ pro XYROQČQt NRQČ SĜHG ]iWČåt D pro
DNWLYQtRGSRþLQHN 5RYQČå ]GHMHPRåQp]iWČåHGR PD[LPDSURYiGČWY StVNX
]iWČåHQDG PD[LPDMHQQDWUDYQDWpGUi]H
Z WpWR SHVWUp SDOHW\ VSHFLILFNêFK DGDSWDþQtFK SRGQČWĤ SUR UR]YRM U\FKORVWL
a vytrvalosti v WpWRU\FKORVWLVHVHVWDYXMHVWUXNWXUDWUpQLQNRYêFKMHGQRWHNPLNURF\NOĤ
D PH]RF\NOĤ NWHUi MH SRGVWDWQČ ERKDWãt D VORåLWČMãt QHå X SĜHGFKR]t NDWHJRULH
GRVWLKRYêFK NRQt 2 WR YtFH MH ]GH QXWQp SHþOLYČ VOHGRYDW NYDOLWX ]RWDYRYDFtFK
SURFHVĤV WtPREHFQêPIDNWHPåHþtPMHYČWãtREMHPWČFKWRVSHFLILFNêFK]iWČåtWtP
GHOãt Me doba SRWĜHEQi QD ]RWDYHQt -HQ WDN O]H GRViKQRXW UDFLRQiOQtKR Y\XåtYiQt
YãHFK SRWĜHEQêFK HIHNWĤ obnovy HQHUJHWLFNpKR SRWHQFLiOX L HQ]\PDWLFNêFK D
EtONRYLQQêFKVWUXNWXU
139
V WUpQLQNRYêFKMHGQRWNiFK MGHSĜHGHYãtPUDFLRQiOQtY\XåtYiQtHIHNWXQDYêãHQp
obnovy $73 &3 D JO\NRJHQX PHWRGD WUpQLQNX VWĜtGDYpKR RSDNRYDQpKR D
GYRXIi]RYpKR. 6WĜtGDYi PHWRGD WUpQLQNX MH SUHIHURYiQD ]HMPpQD SĜL ]iWČåtFK
YČWãtKR REMHPX D QLåãt LQWHQ]LW\ - 70% maxima, nad 2 minuty). ÒURYHĖ
SĜHFKRGQpKR]YêãHQtLQWHQ]LW\]iWČåHSDNPĤåHEêWQDGREXVPY LQWHQ]LWČ
90 - 100% max. ,QWHUYDORYi PHWRGD MH QDRSDN SUHIHURYiQD SĜL ]iWČåtFK Y\ããt
LQWHQ]LW\ D PHQãtKR REMHPX QDG PD[. GR PLQ SĜLþHPå SĜHVWiYND PH]L
MHGQRWOLYêPL~VHN\ ]iWČåHPXVtEêW - 5 min. (obnova ATP a CP) nebo 5 - 10 min.
(obnova JO\NRJHQX3ĜLRSDNRYiQt~VHNĤY LQWHQ]LWČ- 70% max. a objemu nad 2
minuty ~VHN\ QHPDMt SĜHVDKRYDW Y]GiOHQRVW SRORYLQ\ GRVWLKX a SĜHVWiYN\ YHVPČV
VWHMQpKRQHERYČWãtKRWUYiQtMDNE\ORWUYiQt]iWČåHWM - 10 min. (]YêãHQiobnova
JO\NRJHQX3ĜLNRQWLQXiOQtPHWRGČVHY\XåtYiMDNRÄGRPiFtGRVWLK³]iWČåLQWHQ]LW\
- 90% max. QDSĜLEOLåQRXY]GiOHQRVWGRVWLKXY GREČ- GQtSĜHGGRVWLKHP.
V WêGHQQtFK mikrocyklech ]HMPpQD SĜL ]DPČĜRYDFtP WUpQLQNX VH MHGQRWOLYp
specifickp WUpQLQNRYp MHGQRWN\ DSOLNXMt YH IUHNYHQFL - NUiW WêGQČ. 6SHFLILFNp
WUpQLQNRYp MHGQRWN\ VH SDN NRPELQXMt V XGUåRYDFtPL D ]RWDYRYDFtPL ]iWČåHPL SUR
U\FKORVWQt DGDSWDþQt SRGQČW\ - 70% max. GR PLQ 3UR ]GiUQê SUĤEČK
]RWDYRYDFtFK SURFHVĤ ]YOiãWČ SĜL ]iWČåtFK QDG PD[LPD V Y\VRNRX ~URYQt
DQDHUREQtFK SURFHVĤ D SURGXNFt N\VHOLQ\ POpþQp MH YKRGQp Y\XåtW i GYRXIi]RYpKR
WUpQLQNX 3ĜL QČP E\ po NDåGp UDQQt ]iWČåL Y\VRNp LQWHQ]LW\ E\O Y RGSROHGQt SUiFL
]DĜD]HQDNWLYQtRGSRþLQHNY\FKi]NDGRWHUpQXYêEČK NRORWRþklus 10 min. apod.),
DE\ VH GRViKOR RGSODYHQt N\VHOêFK ]SORGLQ DQDHUREQtKR PHWDEROLVPX ]H VYDOĤ D
VRXþDVQČLGRNRQDOpREQRY\ glykogenu.
9H VWUXNWXĜH PH]RF\NOĤ PXVt EêW YåG\ SR PLNURF\NOHFK VSHFLILFNêFK
DGDSWDþQtFK SRGQČWĤ PLNURF\NOXV YČQRYiQ SURFHVĤP ]RWDYRYDFtP XGUåRYDFt
]iWČåH - NUiW WêGQČ Y kombinaci s DNWLYQtP RGSRþLQNHP 9 mikrocyklech
VSHFLILFNêFK DGDSWDþQtFK SRGQČWĤ REHFQČ SODWt åH þtP MH PLNURF\NOXV EOtåH
k SOiQRYDQpPX GRVWLKX WtP YtFH Y WUpQLQNRYêFK MHGQRWNiFK PXVt EêW SUHIHURYiQD
LQWHQ]LWD ]iWČåH SĜHG MHKR REMHPHP WM W]Y U\FKOp SUiFH ]DPČĜRYDFtKR WUpQLQNX
S RKOHGHP QD GRVDåHQt MHGQR QHER GYRXYUFKRORYp GRVWLKRYp IRUP\ VH SDN XUþXMH L
frHNYHQFHGRVWLKĤDVWDYEDGDOãtFKWUpQLQNXSRGOHWRKRMH-OLWĜHED]YêãLWG\QDPLFNRX
VtOX D U\FKORVW NRQČ SĜLEêYi SRGQČWĤ Y\ããt LQWHQ]LW\ D PHQãtKR REMHPX QHER
Y\WUYDORVWQtVtOXD VSHFLiOQtY\WUYDORVW]iWČåHPHQãtLQWHQ]LW\DYČWãtKRREMHPX
140
Tabulka 20: 7UpQLQNVWĜHGRWUDĢDĜĤDY\WUYDOFĤ v WDEHOiUQtPSĜHKOHGX
3ĜtSUDYQpREGREt
Intenzita
do 30% max. (klus)
30-50% max.
WĜtWDNWQtFYDO
Objem
+ODYQtREGREt
Intenzita
Objem
90-100% max.
25 s
90-100% max.
do 1 min
70-90% max.
1 ± 2 min
50-70% max.
do 2 min
do 30 min
10 ± 15 min
4000 ± 6000 m FFDGYRMQiVREHNGRVWLKX
Frekvence
3 ± [WêGQČ
2 ± [WêGQČ
Frekvence
.RQWLQXiOQt
3UHIHURYDQiPHWRGD
2SDNRYDQi
6WĜtGDYi
3 ± [WêGQČ
2 ± [WêGQČ
2SDNRYDQi
3UHIHURYDQiPHWRGD
6WĜtGDYi
.RQWLQXiOQt
9UFKRORYê WUpQLQN SĜHNiåNRYêFK NRQt ]HMPpQD VWHHSOHUĤ D NRQt do crossFRXQWU\ MH MHGQR]QDþQČ XUþHQ UR]YRML Y\WUYDORVWL D U\FKORVWL Y WpWR vytrvalosti - tzv.
U\FKORVWQt Y\WUYDORVWi 'iOH SDN L UR]YRML VNRNRYp REUDWQRVWL QD SRGNODGČ U\FKORVWQt
REUDWQRVWLVNRNRYiU\FKORVWDREUDWQRVWQtVtO\VNRNRYiVtOD
2SWLPiOQt VSHFLILFNêPL DGDSWDþQtPL SRGQČW\ SUR UR]YRM VSHFLiOQt Y\WUYDORVWL
NRQČ MVRX ]iWČåH VWĜHGQt intenzity 50 - 70% max. a objemu nad 2 minuty XUþXMH
Y]GiOHQRVW SĜLEOLåQČ SRORYLQ\ SOiQRYDQpKR dostihu) SĜtSDGQČ L RSDNRYDQČ SĜL
frekvenci 2 - NUiW WêGQČ. 3UR ]YêãHQt U\FKORVWL Y WpWR VSHFLiOQt Y\WUYDORVWL VH
SRXåtYDMt U\FKORVWQt DGDSWDþQt SRGQČW\ R VXEPD[LPiOQt LQWHQ]LWČ (70 - 90% max.) a
objemu do 2 minut.
PRGQČW\ VWĜHGQt intenzity (50 - 70% max.) a objemu v NRQWLQXLWČ QDG 2 minuty
(asi QDSRORYLQXSOiQRYDQpKRGRVWLKX) PRKRXEêWSURYiGČQpY KOXERNpPStVNXQHER
oranici a vedou k rR]YRML Y\WUYDORVWQt VtO\ NRQČ -DNR XGUåRYDFt D ]RWDYRYDFt ]iWČåH
SUR U\FKORVWQt Y\WUYDORVW D Y\WUYDORVWQt VtOX MH PRåQp Y\XåtW i SUiFH Y WHUpQX RUDQLFL
QHER StVNX R Qt]Np LQWHQ]LWČ - 50% max. a objemu SĜLEOLåQČ QD Y]GiOHQRVW
SRORYLQ\SOiQRYDQpKRGRVWLhu. =iWČåHGRPD[. (klus) a objemu do 10 minut jsou
XUþHQ\SURXYROQČQtNRQČ SĜHG]iWČåta pro DNWLYQtRGSRþLQHN
141
V WUpQLQNRYêFKMHGQRWNiFK VHQHMOpSHXSODWĖXMHPHWRGDWUpQLQNXVWĜtGDYpKR, ale
WDNp PHWRGD WUpQLQNX RSDNRYDQpKR GYRXIi]RYpKR D YH YêMLPHþQêFK SĜtSDGHFK L
NRQWLQXiOQtKR &tOHP WČFKWR PHWRG MH GRNRQDOê SUĤEČK obnovy HQHUJHWLFNpKR
SRWHQFLiOX NRQČ.
3ĜLVWĜtGDYpPHWRGČ WUpQLQNXVHSĜHFKRGQêP]YêãHQtPLQWHQ]LW\ ]iWČåHEČKHP
WUpQLQNRYp MHGQRWN\ VOHGXMH XUþLWp SĜHFKRGQp ]DN\VHOHQt RUJDQLVPX QH~SOQČ
R[LGRYDQêPL SURGXNW\ YêPČQ\ OiWNRYp NWHUp VWLPXOXMt GêFKiQt D ]Y\ãXMt PD[LPiOQt
DHUREQt YêNRQ NRQČ 6RXþDVQČ SĜL SRNOHVX LQWHQ]LW\ GRFKi]t N ]RWDYRYDFtP
SURFHVĤP Y\SODYHQt N\VHOLQ\ POpþQp ]H VYDOĤ a ke ]YêãHQp REQRYČ HQHUJHWLFNêFK
IRVIiWĤ L JO\NRJHQX). 7RWR SĜHFKRGQp ]YêãHQt LQWHQ]LW\ ]iWČåH PXVt EêW GR LQWHQ]LW\
90% maxima po dobu DVLPLQXW\FFDPSĜLLQWHQ]LWČ± 100% max. DOHVSRĖ
25 s (cca 400 m)
2SDNRYDQi PHWRGD WUpQLQNX SĜL ]iWČåtFK GR % maxima a objemu nad 2
minuty Y\åDGXMH SĜHVWiYN\ DNWLYQtKR RGSRþLQNX R VWHMQpP nebo GHOãtP WUYiQt MDNR
E\ODYODVWQt]iWČåtj. 5 - PLQSĜLQLFKåGRFKi]tN REQRYČ JO\NRJHQX3ĜL]iWČåtFK
QDGPD[LPDDREMHPXGRPLQXWMVRXSĜHVWiYN\DNWLYQtKRRGSRþLQNXNUDWãtPLQXWDPĤåHVHSRþtWDWWDNpVH]YêãHQou obnovou HQHUJHWLFNêFKIRVIiWĤ$73D
&33ĜLNRQWLQXiOQtPHWRGČ ÄGRPiFtKRGRVWLKX³ VHY\XåtYi]iWČåe intenzity 50 - 70%
PD[LPD QD SĜLEOLåQRX Y]GiOHQRVW GRVWLKX Y GREČ - 21dQt SĜHG SOiQRYDQêP
dostihem. 'YRXIi]RYi PHWRGD MH YKRGQi Y WČFK SĜtSDGHFK NG\ VH Y UDQQt SUiFL se
SRXåLMH ]iWČåH s Y\VRNRX LQWHQ]LWRX DQDHUREQtKR PHWDEROLVPX D SURGXNFt N\VHOLQ\
POpþQp ]iWČåH QDG PD[LPD 9 RGSROHGQt ]iWČåL MH SDN YKRGQp ]DĜD]RYDW
akWLYQt RGSRþLQHN Y\FKi]ND GR WHUpQX YêEČK PLQXW NOXV DE\ VH GRViKOR
GRNRQDOpKR ]RWDYHQt RGSODYHQt N\VHOêFK SURGXNWĤ PHWDEROLVPX ]H VYDOĤ D
VRXþDVQČL GRNRQDOpREQRY\glykogenu.
V WêGHQQtFK mikrocyklech VH MHGQRWOLYp VSHFLILFNp WUpQLQNRYp MHGQRWN\ DSOLNXMt
SĜL IUHNYHQFL - NUiW WêGQČ Y NRPELQDFL VH ]iWČåHPL XGUåRYDFtPL D ]RWDYRYDFtPL
v WHUpQX DNWLYQtP RGSRþLQNHP YêEČK Y\FKi]ND GR WHUpQX, SODYHQt DWG) a
s UR]YRMHPMHGQRWOLYêFKSUYNĤVNRNRYpREUDWQRVWL
9H VWUXNWXĜH PH]RF\NOĤ PXVt EêW YåG\ SR - PLNURF\NOHFK VSHFLILFNêFK
DGDSWDþQtFK SRGQČWĤ YČQRYiQ PLNURF\NOXV ]RWDYRYDFtP SURFHVĤP XGUåRYDFt
]iWČåH- NUiWWêGQČY NRPELQDFLVHVNRNRYRXSĜtSUDYRXDDNWLYQtPRGSRþLQNHP
V QiSOQL PLNURF\NOĤ VSHFLILFNêFK DGDSWDþQtFK SRGQČWĤ i zde oEHFQČ SODWt åH þtP MH
mikrocyklus EOtåH k WHUPtQX SRåDGRYDQpPX YêNRQX GRVWLKX WtP YtFH je
v WUpQLQNRYêFK MHGQRWNiFK zY\ãRYiQD LQWHQ]LWD ]iWČåH D UHGXNRYiQ MHMt REMHP
)UHNYHQFHGDOãtFKGRVWLKĤXUþXMHLVWDYEXGDOãtFKWUpQLQNX podle toho, zda MHXNRQČ
WĜHED ]Y\ãRYDW U\FKORVW D G\QDPLFNRX VtOX QDSĜ SUR NUDWãt VWHHSOH-chase ]iWČåH
Y\ããt LQWHQ]LW\ D PHQãtKR REMHPX QHER Y\WUYDORVWQt VtOX D VSHFLiOQt Y\WUYDORVW
]HMPpQD SUR GHOãt VWHHSOH-chase typu cross-FRXQWU\ ]iWČåH R PHQãt LQWHQ]LWČ D
YČWãtP REMHPX 7R YãH MH QXWQp Y SĜtSDGHFK MHGQRYUFKRORYp GRVWLKRYp IRUP\ 3ĜL
GYRXYUFKRORYp IRUPČ VH PXVt SRþtWDW DOHVSRĖ s MHGQtP WêGHQQtP PH]RF\NOHP
WUpQLQNXXGUåRYDFtKRD]RWDYRYDFtKRPH]LREČPDYUFKRO\GRVWLKRYpIRUP\
142
6NRNRYi SĜtSUDYD SĜHNiåNRYêFK GRVWLKRYêFK NRQt YH YUFKRORYpP WUpQLQNX
KODYQtKRREGREtMH]DPČĜHQDQDY\SUDFRYiQtGRNRQDOpKR VNRNRYpKRstereotypu pro
VNiNiQtY U\FKOpPWHPSX$E\E\OVNRNGRVWDWHþQČY\VRNêGORXKêDU\FKOêMHQXWQp
VH ]DPČĜLW SĜHGHYãtP QD UR]YRM VNRNRYp U\FKORVWL D VNRNRYp VtO\ VtO\ RGUD]X D
G\QDPLN\ VNRNX GR SRWĜHEQp YêãN\ D GiON\ 6NRNRYp SRGQČW\ SUR UR]YRM VNRNRYp
VtO\ D U\FKORVWL Y\åDGXMt SR GRNRQDOpP UR]FYLþHQt XYROQČQt SURKĜiWt VNRNRYp
UR]FYLþHQt VXEPD[LPiOQt VNRNRYRX LQWHQ]LWX - 90% max. 3ĜLEOLåQČ VWHMQi je
intenzita rychlosti QiMH]GX na skok a VNRNRYi SĜtSUDYD PĤåH EêW Y PLQXWRYpP
objemu v NRQWLQXLWČ SĜtSDGQČ RSDNRYiQtP WpWR ]iWČåH SR SĜHVWiYFH - 5 minut.
)UHNYHQFHWČFKWRDGDSWDþQtFKVNRNRYêFKSRGQČWĤMHSRGOHSRWĜHE\ - NUiWWêGQČ
YČWãLQRX Y koPELQDFL VH VSHFLILFNêPL ]iWČåHPL 8GUåRYDFt VNRNRYp SRGQČW\ MVRX
v LQWHQ]LWČVtO\- PD[LPDSĜLU\FKORVWLVWHjQpLQWHQ]LW\SĜtSDGQČSĜHNRQiYiQt
UĤ]QêFKWHUpQQtFKQHURYQRVWtVYDK\SĜtNRS\YHVWHMQpU\FKORVWLY NRQWLQXLWČSRGREX
QDGPLQXW\DSĜtSDGQČLRSDNRYiQtSRSĜHVWiYFHFFD - 10 minut.
Tabulka 21: 7UpQLQNNRQtSĜLSUDYRYDQêFKGRNODVLFNpVWHHSOHFKDVH
v WDEHOiUQtPpĜHKOHGX
3ĜtSUDYQpREGREt
Intenzita
Objem
do 30% max. (klus)
do 30 min
30-50% max.
WĜtWDNWQtFYDO
15 ± 20 min
+ODYQtREGREt
Intenzita
Objem
90-100% max.
25 s
90-100% max.
do 1 min
70-90% max.
1 ± 2 min
50-70% max.
do 2 min
6000 ± 8000 m FFDGYRMQiVREHNGRVWLKX
2 ± [WêGQČ
Frekvence
3 ± [WêGQČ
2 ± [WêGQČ
Frekvence
.RQWLQXiOQt
3UHIHURYDQiPHWRGD
2SDNRYDQi
6WĜtGDYi
3 ± [WêGQČ
2SDNRYDQi
3UHIHURYDQiPHWRGD
6WĜtGDYi
.RQWLQXiOQt
143
Tabulka 22: 7UpQLQNNRQtSĜLSUDYRYDQêFKGRFURVV-country v WDEHOiUQtP SĜHKOHGX
3ĜtSUDYQpREGREt
Intenzita
Objem
do 30% max. (klus)
do 30 min
30-50% max.
WĜtWDNWQtFYDO
15 ± 20 min
+ODYQtREGREt
Intenzita
Objem
90-100% max.
25 s
90-100% max.
do 1 min
70-90% max.
1 ± 2 min
50-70% max.
do 2 ± 10 min
0D[LPiOQtREMHP v NRQWLQXLWČ
10000 ± 14000 m
FFDGYRMQiVREHNGRVWLKX
Frekvence
[WêGQČ
[WêGQČ
2 ± [WêGQČ
Frekvence
2SDNRYDQi
.RQWLQXiOQt
3UHIHURYDQiPHWRGD
2SDNRYDQi
6WĜtGDYi
3 ± [WêGQČ
3UHIHURYDQiPHWRGD
6WĜtGDYi
.RQWLQXiOQt
C. 3ĜHFKRGQpREGREt
3ĜHFKRGQpREGREtWUpQLQNXWĜtOHWêFKDVWDUãtFKGRVWLKRYêFKNRQtMHMHGQR]QDþQČ
XUþHQRGRNRQDOpPXRGSRþLQNXD]RWDYHQtSRSUREČKQXWp QiURþQpGRVWLKRYpVH]yQČ
-HKR SRGVWDWRX X WĜtOHWêFK D VWDUãtFK NRQt MH SĜHGHYãtP QH]E\WQČ QXWQp ]RWDYHQt ]
SĜHGFKi]HMtFt Y\VRNp ~URYQL WUpQLQNRYpKR ]DWČåRYiQt D WR QHMHQ SR VWUiQFH
ELRFKHPLFNpDIXQNþQtDOHLSRVWUiQFHSV\FKLFNpV SĜHFKRGQpPREGREtVHUHDOL]XMH
SRVOHGQt þiVW URþQtKR WUpQLQNX NWHURX PĤåHPH QD]YDW MDNR WUpQLQN ]RWDYRYDFt.
0ČORE\ tedy zahrnovat 6 - WêGQĤz URþQtKRWUpQLQNRYpKRPDNURF\NOX
9H VWUXNWXĜH ]RWDYRYDFtKR WUpQLQNX SĜHFKRGQpKR REGREt GRFKi]t SRVWXSQČ NH
VQLåRYiQt LQWHQ]LW\ REMHPX D IUHNYHQFH DGDSWDþQtFK WUpQLQNRYêFK SRGQČWĤ
VSHFLILFNpKR FKDUDNWHUX WM SUHYHQFH DEVWLQHQþQtKR V\QGURPX D ]DþtQDMt VH
XSODWĖRYDW QHVSHFLILFNp SRGQČW\ DNWLYQtKR RGSRþLQNX MHKRå QiSOQt MH SĜHGHYãtP
YãHVWUDQQRVW D UĤ]QRURGRVW SRGQČWĤ Y\FKi]N\ GR WHUpQX YêEČK NOXVRYi SUiFH
SUiFHQDORQåLDMt]GiUQČDSRG6RXþDVQČVHXSUDYXMHLNUPQiGiYND (redukuje se
PQRåVWYtHQHUJHWLFNêFKVORåHN v GLHWČ9HONRXSR]RUQRVWMHWĜHEDYČQRYDWLGROpþHQt
QHMUĤ]QČMãtFKWUDXPDWDSRãNR]HQtY]QLNOêFKY SUĤEČKXKODYQtKRGRVWLKRYpKRREGREt
Z XYHGHQp REHFQp I\]LRORJLFNp FKDUDNWHULVWLN\ WUpQLQNX GRVWLKRYêFK NRQt MDVQČ
Y\SOêYi åH MH PRåQp ]NRPELQRYDW YHONp PQRåVWYt YDULDQW WUpQLQNRYpKR procesu
v MHGQRWOLYêFK REGREtFK WUpQLQNX VH ]ĜHWHOHP N ]DPČĜRYDFtPX WUpQLQNX Y KODYQtP
REGREt D QD GRVDåHQt D XGUåHQt YUFKRORYp GRVWLKRYp IRUP\ NRQČ Y XUþLWp GLVWDQþQt
GLVFLSOtQČ
144
4.3.3. FYZIO/2*,&.e35,1&,3<75e1,1.8./86È.ģ
)\]LRORJLFNi SRGVWDWD WUpQLQNX NOXViNĤ MH Y ]iVDGČ REGREQi MDNR SĜL WUpQLQNX
FYDORYêFK GRVWLKRYêFK NRQt MHQ V WtP UR]GtOHP åH ]iWČå Y klusu MH SUR NOXViN\
VSHFLILFNêP DGDSWDþQtP WUpQLQNRYêP SRGQČWHP D FYDORYi ]iWČå SRGQČWHP
QHVSHFLILFNêP 'iOH SDN MH WĜHED VL XYČGRPLW åH NOXV MH SUR NRQČ SĜHFKRGQêP
ruchem LSURNOXViND6WXSĖRYiQtU\FKORVWLSRK\EXv klusu QXWtNRQČN SĜHFKRGXGR
cvalu, ktHUê MH SUR YêNRQ NOXViND UXFKHP QHåiGRXFtP 9\VRNi U\FKORVW v klusu je
SURWRSRK\EHPQHSĜLUR]HQêPE\ĢMHNOXViNSRPQRKROHWSURWXWRYODVWQRVWãOHFKWČQ
REGREQČMDNRDQJOLFNêSOQRNUHYQtNSURU\FKORVWSĜLUR]HQpKRFYDOX=QDPHQiWRåHL
NG\å MH VFKRSQRVW GRVDKRYDW Y\VRNp U\FKORVWL Y NOXVX SUR NOXViFNpKR NRQČ MLå
JHQHWLFN\ IL[RYDQi MH QXWQp Y WUpQLQNX vypracovat D QHXVWiOH SRVLORYDW G\QDPLFNê
SRK\ERYêVWHUHRW\SSURVWRUQpKR]iYRGQtKRNOXVX.OXVMHSRK\EHPYHOPLQiURþQêP
na nervosvalovou koordinaci jednotliYêFK SDUWLt SRK\ERYpKR DSDUiWX 7UpQLQN
NOXViFNpKRNRQČSURWRY NDåGpWUpQLQNRYpMHGQRWFHY\åDGXMHSRPČUQČYHONêþDVRYê
prostor na XYROQČQt a SĜHGHKĜiWt NRQČ UR]FYLþHQt PQRKHP YČWãt QHå MH WRPX X
cvDORYêFKNRQt. Z WRKRWRDVSHNWXVHSDNVSHFLILFNpNOXVRYp]iWČåHSĜtVOXãQpLQWHQ]LW\
a objemu, s FtOHQêP]DPČĜHQtPQDXUþLWêI\]LRORJLFNêHIHNWWUpQLQNXRGEêYDMtDåSR
UR]FYLþHQtY NOXVXDWXGtåobjem NOXVRYpSUiFHY WUpQLQNRYêFKMHGQRWNiFKMHSRPČUQČ
YHONê
-HGQRWOLYpIi]HHWDS\DREGREtWUpQLQNRYpKRSURFHVu v URþQtPPDNURF\NOXVHX
GYRXOHWêFKDWĜtOHWêFK DVWDUãtFKNOXViNĤNU\MtV HWDSDPLIi]HPLDREGREtPLFYDOiNĤ
s WtP åH GRVWLKRYi VH]yQD (KODYQt REGREt) je SUR NOXViFNp NRQČ SRGVWDWQČ GHOãt,
v QČNWHUêFK ]HPtFK dokonce L FHORURþQt 1LFPpQČ YãDN MH WĜHED YåG\ Y\KUDGLW
v URþQtP WUpQLQNX DOHVSRĖ - WêGQĤ SUR REGREt SĜHFKRGQp NWHUp PXVt EêW
YČQRYiQR RGSRþLQNX D ]RWDYRYDFtP SURFHVĤP SR QiURþQp VH]yQČ KODYQtKR
GRVWLKRYpKR REGREt 3RFKRSLWHOQČ SDN QD SĜHFKRGQp REGREt PXVt ]iNRQLWČ
navazovat u WĜtOHWêFK D VWDUãtFK NOXViNĤ QČNROLN WêGQĤ REGREt SĜtSUDYQpKR Då PČVtFHNWHUpSĜHFKi]tRSČWGRREGREtKODYQtKR
3RNXG MGH R LQWHQ]LWX D REMHP MHGQRWOLYêFK WUpQLQNRYêFK ]iWČåt Y WUpQLQNRYêFK
MHGQRWNiFK PLNURF\NOHFK PH]RF\NOHFK D REGREtFK PDNURF\NOX MH QXWQR
konVWDWRYDW åH intenzita Y\MDGĜRYDQi Y PD[LPiOQt U\FKORVWL NRQČ Y klusu,
QH]QDPHQi MHKR PD[LPiOQt U\FKORVWL Y SĜLUR]HQpP FYDOX (V% max). 3URWR WDNp
PD[LPiOQt LQWHQ]LW\ U\FKORVWL Y NOXVX QH]QDPHQDMt PD[LPiOQt U\FKORVWQt PRåQRVWL
NRQČ. Z WRKRWR GĤYRGX L REMHP\ VSHFLILFNêFK NOXVRYêFK ]iWČåt PRKRX EêW QD Y\ããt
KUDQLFL I\]LRORJLFNêFK UR]PH]t SĜtVOXãQp LQWHQ]LW\ 9]KOHGHP N I\]LRORJLFN\ UHODWLYQČ
QLåãt LQWHn]LWČ D YČWãtPX REMHPX ]iWČåH X NOXViNĤ VH SĜL WUpQLQNX SĜtPR QDEt]t
PHWRG\ RSDNRYDQpKR D VWĜtGDYpKR WUpQinku v tzv. heatech. )UHNYHQFH MHGQRWOLYêFK
VSHFLILFNêFK DGDSWDþQtFK SRGQČWĤ MH QLåãt SĜL YČWãtP REMHPX ]iWČåH SUR UR]YRM
Y\WUYDORVWLNOXViND- NUiWWêGQČDY\ããtSĜLYČWãtLQWHQ]LWČDPHQãtPREMHPXSUR
UR]YRM U\FKORVWL NOXViND - NUiW WêGQČ 8GUåRYDFt D ]RWDYRYDFt ]iWČåH MVRX SDN
YHVPČVWRWRåQpVH]iWČåHPLUR]FYLþRYDFtPL
'R WpWR REHFQp FKDUDNWHULVWLN\ WUpQLQNX NOXViNĤ VH SDN SURPtWDMt MHGQRWOLYp
FtOHQp etapy ]DPČĜHQp QD UR]YRM XUþLWêFK SRK\ERYêFK YODVWQRVWt NOXViND 2EHFQi
]GDWQRVW NOXViND vyWYiĜt SĜHGSRNODG\ SUR MHKR obratnost 2EUDWQRVW MH GĤOHåLWêP
145
SĜHGSRNODGHP SUR UR]YRM GDOãtFK SRK\ERYêFK YODVWQRVWt NOXViND, tj. pro rozvoj
U\FKORVWL D G\QDPLFNp VtO\ NWHUp Y\WYiĜHMt SRGPtQN\ SUR UR]YRM VSHFLiOQt Y\WUYDORVWL
s DVSHNWHPQDGLVWDQþQtRSWLPDMHGQRWOLYêFKNRQt-LåVDPRWQpU\FKORVWQt]DWČåRYiQt
v KHDWHFK MH YODVWQČ RSDNRYDQRX nebo VWĜtGDYRX PHWRGRX WUpQLQNX NWHUi YHGH
k UR]YRMLY\WUYDORVWQtU\FKORVWL
7\WR YãHFKQ\ SRK\ERYp YODVWQRVWL NOXViND VH YãDN PRKRX UR]YtMHW MHQ ]D
SĜHGSRNODGX GRNRQDOpKR ]YOiGQXWt NOXVRYpKR G\QDPLFNpKR VWHUHRW\SX NWHUê VH
Y\WYiĜt MLå Y HWDSČ ]iNODGQtKR YêFYLNX D YãHREHFQpKR WUpQLQNX 9 HWDSČ
VSHFLDOL]RYDQpKRDYUFKRORYpKRWUpQLQNXVHSDNMLåĜHãtVSHFLILFNp~NRO\WUpQLQNRYpKR
SURFHVX NOXViNĤ NWHUp MVRX VWHMQČ MDNR X cvDORYêFK NRQt ]DPČĜHQ\ QD UR]YRM
MHGQRWOLYêFK SRK\ERYêFK YODVWQRVWt D MHMLFK K\EULGQtFK RGYR]HQLQ -VRX ]DPČĜHQ\ L
QD UR]YRM XUþLWêFK I\]LRORJLFNêFK IXQNFt RUJDQLVPX ]Y\ãXMtFtFK DHUREQt L DQDHUREQt
YêNRQ NRQČ D WtP L FHONRYRX dRVWLKRYRX YêNRQQRVW NOXViND V QiVOHGXMtFtP EXGRX
SURWR SUREUiQ\ MHQ ]iNODGQt FKDUDNWHULVWLFNp U\V\ MHGQRWOLYêFK HWDS V WtP åH EOLåãt
I\]LRORJLFNi DSOLNDFH E\OD SUREUiQD Y NDSLWROiFK YãHREHFQp þiVWL D Y NDSLWROiFK
o WUpQLQNXFYDORYêFKGRVWLKRYêFKNRQt
&tOHPHWDS\]iNODGQtKRYêFYLNX DYãHREHFQpKRWUpQLQNX GYRXOHWêFKNOXViNĤMH
QHMHQ RVYRMRYiQt D ]GRNRQDORYiQt SRK\ERYêFK QiY\NĤ SĜL PDQLSXODFL VH ]YtĜHWHP
DOHSĜHGHYãtPY\SUDFRYiQtNOXVRYpKRG\QDPLFNpKRSRK\ERYpKRVWHUHRW\SXV velkou
SURVWRUQRVWt NOXVX D WR QD ãLURNpP SRGNODGČ UR]YRMH REHFQp ]GDWQRVWL D REHFQp
Y\WUYDORVWL=iNODGQtYêFYLNSOQtSĜHGHYãtP~NRO\VSRMHQpVH]DSĜDKiQtPGYRXOHWNĤD
MHMLFK SUiFL Y NOXVX 9ãHREHFQê WUpQLQN SDN ~NRO\ VSRMHQp V UR]YRMHP FHONRYp
]GDWQRVWL D REHFQp Y\WUYDORVWL 6XPiUQČ O]H WXWR HWDSX FKDUDNWHUL]RYDW Y\XåtYiQtP
]iWČåt PDOp D Qt]Np intenzity (do 50% max.). K UR]YRML YãHREHFQp ]GDWQRVWL MVRX
~þLQQp ]iWČåH GR PD[. D REMHPX QDG PLQXW =iWČåH R LQWHQ]LWČ - 50%
max. a objemu do 30 minut (tzv. jogging - PLQXWRYp WHPSRNP X GYRXOHWêFK
NOXViNĤ SĜLVStYDMt k rozvoji obHFQp Y\WUYDORVWL 5HDOL]XMt VH YČWãLQRX PHWRGRX
opakovanou (heaty).
&tOHP HWDS\ VSHFLDOL]RYDQpKR WUpQLQNX MH X GYRXOHWêFK NOXViNĤ SĜHGHYãtP
UR]YRM U\FKORVWL D WR QHMGĜtYH QD SRGNODGČ REUDWQRVWL KUD V U\FKORVWt D SR]GČML QD
SRGNODGČ UR]YRMH VtO\ REUDWQRVWQt U\FKORVW D VLORYi U\FKORVW 8 WĜtOHWêFK D VWDUãtFK
NRQtMHUR]YRMVLORYpU\FKORVWLDQDHUREQtKRYêNRQX~]FHspojen s UR]YRMHPVSHFLiOQt
Y\WUYDORVWLDHUREQtKRYêNRQX6SHFLiOQt Y\WUYDORVW NOXViNĤ MHSĜHGHYãtP ]iYLVOi QD
DHUREQt NDSDFLWČ RUJDQLVPX UHVS QD PD[LPiOQtP DHUREQtP YêNRQX NRQČ = tohoto
DVSHNWX MH QXWQp Y WpWR HWDSČ QDFYLþLW D ]YOiGQRXW ĜDGX SRGPtQČQêFK SRK\ERYêFK
UHIOH[Ĥ ]HMPpQD SRNXG MGH R UHIOH[Qt VSRMHQt IXQNFt WUDQVSRUWQtKR V\VWpPX N\VOtNX
s PHFKDQLNRXNOXVRYpKRG\QDPLFNpKRSRK\ERYpKRVWHUHRW\SXQDSĜU\WPXVGêFKiQt
D YHOLNRVW GHFKRYpKRREMHPX v klusu, akcelerace apod.). Proto REHFQČ v WpWRHWDSČ
SĜHYOiGDMt ]iWČåH VWĜHGQt LQWHQ]LW\ WM nad 50% max. a objemu do 10 minut
RSDNRYDQČQHERVWĜtGDYČYHIUHNYHQFL- NUiWWêGQČ5R]FYLþRYDFtPL]RWDYRYDFtPL
a XGUåRYDFtPL]iWČåHPLMVRXSDNLQWHQ]LW\GRPD[. a objem nad 10 minut. Vliv
MHGQRWOLYêFKW\SĤ]iWČåtQDGPD[LPDQDUR]YRMSĜtVOXãQêFKI\]LRORJLFNêFKIXQNFt
MHVWHMQêMDNRXFYDOiNĤ.
146
&tOHPHWDS\YUFKRORYpKRWUpQLQNXNOXViNĤ, zHMPpQDSDNWUpQLQNX]DPČĜRYDFtKR
MH GRVDKRYiQt PD[LPiOQtFK YêNRQĤ QD XUþLWp WUDĢRYp GLVWDQFL QD SRGNODGČ ~]FH
VSHFLDOL]RYDQpKR WUpQLQNX 9 QČP SĜHYOiGi SĜHGHYãtP NYDOLWDWLYQt VWUiQND
VSHFLILFNêFKWUpQLQNRYêFKDGDSWDþQtFKSRGQČWĤYHIUHNYHQFL- NUiWWêGQČÒNROHP
WpWRHWDS\MH]GRNRQDOLWSURSRMHQtPH]LMHGQRWOLYêPLIXQNþQtPLV\VWpP\]DSRMHQêPLGR
SRåDGRYDQpKR YêNRQX WDN DE\ MHMLFK þLQQRVW E\OD ] KOHGLVND HQHUJHWLFNpKR FR
QHMHIHNWLYQČMãt-GHYODVWQČRGRVDåHQtMHGQRQHERYtFH YUFKRORYpGRVWLKRYpIRUP\ tj.
VFKRSQRVWL PRELOL]RYDW YãHFKQ\ YQLWĜQt a SRK\ERYp IXQNFH N PH]QtP KRGQRWiP
Proto v WpWR HWDSČ VHKUiYDMt Yê]QDPQRX UROL ]iWČåH VXEPD[LPiOQt D PD[LPiOQt
intenzity, tj. nad 70% max. a objemu do 2 minut v KHDWHFKRSDNRYDQiQHERVWĜtGDYi
PHWRGDWUpQLQNXNWHUpYHGRXN rozvoji rychlosti a vytrvalosti v U\FKORVWLY\WUYDORVWQt
U\FKORVW -DNR ]iWČåH UR]FYLþRYDFt D ]RWDYRYDFt VH XSODWĖXMH LQWHQ]LWD 30 - 50%
maxima a objemu do 30 minut. Intenzity 50 - 70% maxima a objemy do 10 minut
v KHDWHFKSĜHGVWDYXMt]iWČåHXGUåRYDFt
4.4.
FYZ,2/2*,&.e35,1&,3<75e1,1.863257291Ë&+.21Ë
7UpQLQN VSRUWRYQtFK NRQt MH ] KOHGLVND VYp I\]LRORJLFNp SRGVWDW\ WM FtOHQpKR
UR]YRMHDDGDSWDFHXUþLWêFKI\]LRORJLFNêFKIXQNFtSĜHGHYãtPIXQNFtYQLWĜQtFKRUJiQĤ
OLPLWXMtFtFK SRK\ERYRX YêNRQQRVW NRQČ ]DPČĜHQ SĜHGHYãtP GR REODVWL ]Y\ãRYiQt
~URYQČ REHFQp zdatnosti RUJDQLVPX X NRQt GUH]XUQtFK D SDUNXURYêFK D REHFQp
vytrvalosti X NRQt YãHVWUDQQp ]SĤVRELORVWL D YR]DWDMVNêFK VRXWČåt ,QWHQ]LWD
NRQGLþQtFK]iWČåtSĜLIUHNYHQFL - NUiWWêGQČVHSURWRREHFQČSRK\EXMHY UR]PH]t
30 - 50% maxima, tj. v klusu a SRPDOpP WĜtWDNWQtP FYDOX Y objemu do 30 minut (u
SDUNXURYêFKNRQtQHERQDGPLQXWXPLOLWDULVWĤ9ČWãtþiVWWUpQLQNXVSRUWRYQtFK
NRQt MH ]DPČĜHQD GR REODVWL QHUYRVYDORYêFK D SV\FKLFNêFK IXQNFt WM YêFYLNX NRQČ
VSHFLiOQČ SDN ]DPČĜHQpKR QD UR]YRM SĜHGHYãtP VNRNRYêFK VFKRSQRVWt NRQČ nebo
MLQêFK SRK\ERYêFK SUYNĤ. Z SRK\ERYêFK YODVWQRVWt VH SĜL WČFKWR YêNRQHFK XSODWĖXMH
SĜHGHYãtPobratnost NRQČDMHMtK\EULGQtRGYR]HQLQ\- REUDWQRVWQtVtODDREUDWQRVWQt
Y\WUYDORVWVNRNRYiVtODD VNRNRYiY\WUYDORVW5R]YRMWČFKWRVNRNRYêFKVFKRSQRVWtMH
z I\]LRORJLFNpKRKOHGLVNDPRåQêMHQQDSRGNODGČY\VRNp~URYQČREHFQp]GDWQRVWLWM
Y\WUYDORVWQtREUDWQRVWLU\FKORVWQtREUDWQRVWLDVLORYpREUDWQRVWLXPLOLWDULVWĤSDNLQD
SRGNODGČ Y\VRNp ~URYQČ REHFQp Y\WUYDORVWL WM VLORYp Y\WUYDORVWL 9 UR]YRML WČFKWR
K\EULGQtFK RGYR]HQLQ SRK\ERYêFK YODVWQRVWt VSRþtYi SDN YODVWQt I\]LRORJLFNi
SRGVWDWDWUpQLQNXVSRUWRYQtFKNRQt.
V WUpQLQNXVSRUWRYQtFKNRQtPĤåHPHUR]OLãRYDWKODYQtVORåN\NWHUpMVRXVWiORX
VRXþiVWt SĜtSUDYQpKR KODYQtKR L SĜHFKRGQpKR REGREt URþQtKR WUpQLQNRYpKR
PDNURF\NOX YêFYLN NRQČ NRQGLþQt WUpQLQN D UR]YRM VNRNRYêFK VFKRSQRVWt þL MLQêFK
SRK\ERYêFK SUYNĤ 9]iMHPQp SRPČUQp ]DVWRXSHQt MHGQRWOLYêFK VORåHN L MHMLFK
REVDKRYi QiSOĖ MH RYãHP Y MHGQRWOLYêFK REGREtFK WUpQLQNRYpKR URþQtKR PDNURF\NOX
UR]GtOQi9 SRGVWDWČVHYãDNYåG\ĜtGt]iNODGQtPLI\]LRORJLFNêPLSULQFLS\WUpQLQNXWM
YãHVWUDQQRVWtSRVWXSQRVWtF\NOLþQRVWtV\VWHPDWLþQRVWtDLQGLYLGXDOL]DFt
147
4.4.1.1. 9êFYLNVSRUWRYQtFKNRQt
9êFYLN VSRUWRYQtFK NRQt VSDGi ] fyziRORJLFNpKR KOHGLVND GR REODVWL XþHQt o
FHQWUiOQtP QHUYRYpP V\VWpPX QHUYRYp þLQQRVWL SRGPtQČQêFK D QHSRGPtQČQêFK
reflexech a o SHVWUpP SRK\ERYpP UR]YRML VSRUWRYQtKR NRQČ GUH]XUQtKR
SDUNXURYpKR ZHVWHUQRYpKR NRQČ DWG.) 7êNi VH QHMHQ RVYRMRYiQt D zdokonaORYiQt
UĤ]QêFKSRK\ERYêFKþLQQRVWtDOHLUHIOH[QtNRPXQLNDFHNRQČV MH]GFHPQDSRGNODGČ
KODVRYêFK þL GRW\NRYêFK SREtGHN W]Y SĜLMHåGČQRVWi NRQČ. 3ĜLMHåGČQRVW SRVWXSQČ
UR]YtMt VFKRSQRVW NRQČ DGHNYiWQČ UHDJRYDW QD W\ QHMMHPQČMãt SREtGN\ D SRN\Q\
MH]GFH QD KROHQČ VHG RWČåH DSRG &tOHP RVYRMRYiQt D ]GRNRQDORYiQt QRYêFK
SRGPtQČQêFK SRK\ERYêFK UHIOH[Ĥ SRK\ERYêFK SUYNĤ MH RSWLPDOL]DFH QHUYRVYDORYp
koordinace v SUĤEČKX SRåDGRYDQp SRK\ERYp ]iWČåH 9 WRPWR VHKUiYi KODYQt ~ORKX
FHQWUiOQt QHUYRYê V\VWpP UHVS SUĤEČK SURFHVĤ SRGUiåGČQt D ~WOXPX Y CNS
PR]NRYp NĤĜH )\]LRORJLFNêP SRGNODGHP QRYêFK SRK\ERYêFK SUYNĤ MH Y]QLN
G\QDPLFNpKR SRK\ERYpKR VWHUHRW\SX VNRNRYpKR VWHUHRW\SXGUH]XUQtKR VWHUHRW\SX
ZHVWHUQRYêFK SUYNĤ DSRG -GH R VRXVWDYX GRþDVQêFK UHIOH[QtFK VSRMĤ PH]L
SRK\ERYêP ~VWĜHGtP Y PR]NRYp NĤĜH VP\VORYêPL RUJiQ\ ]UDNRYê þLFKRYê
FKXĢRYê GRWHNRYê DWG ~WUREQtP QHUYRYêP V\VWpPHP KRUPRQiOQtP V\VWpPHP
YQLWĜQtPL RUJiQ\ D SRK\ERYêP DSDUiWHP 9\WYiĜHQt G\QDPLFNpKR SRK\ERYpKR
VWHUHRW\SXSUREtKiYHþW\ĜHFK]iNODGQtFKIi]tFKYL]NDSLWROD3.1.MHMLFKåYêVOHGNHP
MH Y]QLN VSHFLiOQtFK SRK\ERYêFK Y]RUFĤ Y PR]NRYp NĤĜH NWHUp MVRX SRGNODGHP
GRNRQDOpDXWRPDWL]DFHQDFYLþHQpKRSRK\ERYpKRSUYNX
9\WYRĜHQi UHIOH[Qt NRPXQLNDFH V MH]GFHP L Y\WYRĜHQê G\QDPLFNê SRK\ERYê
stereotyp se X MHGQRWOLYêFK SUYNĤ PXVt SUDYLGHOQČ SRVLORYDW RSDNRYiQtP MLQDN
GRFKi]t N jeho SRVWXSQpPX Y\KDVtQiQt =QDPHQi WR WHG\ åH YêFYLN NRQČ PXVt EêW
VWiORX D QHRGGČOLWHOQRX VRXþiVWt YãHFK REGREt WUpQLQNRYpKR roku 1HMYČWãt þiVW
YêFYLNX VH SRFKRSLWHOQČ RGHKUiYi Y ]LPQtP SĜtSUDYQpP REGREt NG\ MH QHMYtFH
þDVRYpKR SURVWRUX QD Y\WYiĜHQt MHGQRGXFKêFK L VORåLWêFK SRK\ERYêFK SUYNĤ L QD
SĜLMHåGČQtNRQČ2SWLPiOQtIUHNYHQFHWČFKWRWUpQLQNRYêFKSRGQČWĤMH3 - 4 NUiWWêGQČ
Vzhledem k WRPX åH VH MHGQi YHVPČV R ]iWČåH YHOPLPDOp LQWHQ]LW\ REMHP WRKRWR
YêFYLNXPXVtSĜHVDKRYDWPLQXW
V KODYQtP WUpQLQNRYpPREGREt MHSUiFHQDSĜLMHåGČQtVWiORXVRXþiVWtUR]FYLþHQt
NRQČ SĜHG NDåGRX WUpQLQNRYRX MHGQRWNRX 6RXþDVQČ YãDN PXVt EêW WDWR SUiFH
QHXVWiOH ]GRNRQDORYiQD SRGREQČ MDNR Y\WYRĜHQê G\QDPLFNê SRK\ERYê VWHUHRW\S
=GRNRQDORYiQt G\QDPLFNpKR SRK\ERYpKR VWHUHRW\SX QD NYDOLWDWLYQČ VWiOH Y\ããt
~URYni MH SDN YODVWQt REVDKRYRX QiSOQt WUpQLQNRYêFK MHGQRWHN KODYQtKR REGREt
V SĜHFKRGQpP REGREt NWHUp MH Y\þOHQČQR I\]LFNêP L SV\FKLFNêP ]RWDYRYDFtP
SURFHVĤP SR QiURþQp VSRUWRYQt VH]yQČ MH SĜLMHåGČQt NRQČ D RSDNRYiQt XUþLWêFK
SRK\ERYêFKSUYNĤ YH IUHNYHQFL - NUiWWêGQČDREMHPXGR 30 minut GRVWDWHþQêP
SURVWĜHGNHP SUR DNWLYQt ]RWDYHQt D VRXþDVQČ L SUR XGUåHQt Y\SUDFRYDQêFK
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148
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21 SRK\ERYiYODVWQRVW± viz kap. 2.3.3, str. 34 a kap. 3.2.2, str. 69
22 REHFQi]GDWQRVW± viz kap. 1.1, str. 7
23 obratnost ± viz kap. 2.3.3, str. 34 a kap. 4.2, str. 114
24 X]DYĜHQtNRVWQtKRYêYRMH± viz kap. 4.3.1.2, str. 112
25 REUDWQRVWQtU\FKORVW± viz kap. 3.2.2.5, str. 78 a kap. 4.3.1.2, str. 121
26 kardiovaskuOiUQtV\VWpP± WČOQtVRXVWDYDWYRĜHQiVUGFHPDFpYDPLUR]YiGČMtFtRN\VOLþHQRXNUHYGR
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åOi]DPL V YQLWĜQt VHNUHFt RGSRYČGQi ]D UHJXODFL SURFHVĤ SUREtKDMtFtFK Y RUJDQLVPX Wpå YL] NDS
2.4, str. 37 ± 39
28 metakarpus ± NRVWL]iSUVWtNRQČXNRQČMHPtQČQDSĜHGHYãtPWĜHWtNRVW]iSUVWQtNWHUiMHQHMYtFH
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33 intenzita ± viz kap. 3.2.1.1, str. 61
34 WUpQLQNRYpPHWRG\± viz kap. 3.2.3, str. 81
35 frekvence ± viz kap. 3.2.1.3, str. 65
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36 ATP a CP ± viz kap. 2.2.1, str. 23
37 N\VHOLQDPOpþQiODNWiW± viz kap. 2.2.2.1, str. 24
38 akcelerace ± QiKOp]U\FKOHQt
39 VLORYiU\FKORVW± viz kap. 3.2.2, str. 71, 72, 78 a kap. 3.2.2.5, str. 78
40 DQDHUREQtNDSDFLWD± viz kap. 2.1.1.1, str. 10 a kap. 2.1.1.2, str. 18
41 VSULQWHUVNêOHWRXQVNêGRVWLK± URYLQRYêGRVWLKQDY]GiOHQRVW900 ± 1400 m.
42 ÄIRUVtURYDQê³WUpQLQN± viz kap. 3.2.4.3, str. 91
43 KODYQtREGREt± viz kap. 3.2.6.3, str. 109
44 debutovat ± SRSUYpVWDUWRYDW
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45 ]DPČĜRYDFtWUpQLQN± viz kap. 3.2.3, str. 82 a kap. 3.2.6.3, str. 110 a kap. 4.3.2, str. 132
46 ÄJDORS³ ± v þHVNp WHUPLQRORJLL VODQJRYê YêUD] SUR SUiFL Y U\FKOpP FYDOX NWHUi MH SĜtSUDYRX QD
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MANAGEMENT48 '928/(7e+2.21ċ'2'267,+ģ
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nastat RWi]ND ]GD Pi Y UXNRX NRQČ UDQpKR NWHUê WČåt VH VYp YUR]HQp REUDWQRVWL D
SĜHGþDVQpzralosti (ÄHDUO\FRPHU³) 49nebo jde RNRQČV vysokou GRVWLKRYRXWĜtGRX50
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k DEVWLQHQþQtPXV\QGURPX53.
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GRVWLKXXUþLWpYêNRQQRVWQtNDWHJRULH.
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52 SĜHFKRGQpREGREt± viz kap. 3.2.6.3, str. 110
53 DEVWLQHQþQtV\QGURP± viz kap. 5.14, str. 158
188
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RANOST A OBRATNOST
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]UDORVWt 6RXþDVQČ VRXYLVt L V REUDWQRVWt Obratnosti je URYQČå vrozeni vlastnost a
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Ranost a obratnost NRQČjsme schopni posoudit MLåXGYRXOHWpKRNRQČ.
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ranosti v WDNRYpPtĜHåHQHMVRXVFKRSQLVH~þDVWQLWGRVWLKĤ V ]DKUDQLþtMVRXWDNRYt
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VYTRVALOST
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v rychlosti. V URYLQRYêFKGRVWL]tFKVHXSODWĖXMH Y\WUYDORVWQtU\FKORVW 55 (kombinace
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URYLQRYpKR NRQČ 5R]YRM vytrvalosti je proces YHOPL QiURþQê QD VSRWĜHEX HQHUJLH a
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55 Y\WUYDORVWQtU\FKORVW± viz kap. 3.2.2.1, str. 72
56 GLVWDQþQtRSWLPXP± Y]GiOHQRVWGRVWLKXQDNWHURXNĤĖSRGiYiQHMOHSãtYêNRQ\
57 U\FKORVWQtY\WUYDORVW± viz kap. 3.2.2.3, str. 75
58 WUpQRYDWHOQRVW± viz kap. 3, str. 57
59 SĜHGVWDUWRYQtVWDY\± viz kap. 2.6.2, str. 48
60 supra-PD[LPiOQtYêNRQ± viz kap. 3.2.1.3, str. 70
190
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BOJOVNOST
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Pi SUR NRQČ PDOpKR Y]UĤVWX MHãWČ MHGQX VWUiQNX YČFL %Xć SRVDGtPH QD PDOpKR
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v FtORYpURYLQČ
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SĜHGHYãtP SURMHY\ QHUYR]LW\ D SRGOH WRKR XSUDYXMHPH WUpQLQNRYp SOiQ\ L YêEČU
SUYQtKRGRVWLKXY VH]yQČ
D. 'RPiFtGostih
3UYQt GRVWLK Y VH]yQČ PĤåHPH SRMPRXW UĤ]QČ -VRX ]HPČ NGH NRQČ Y SUYQtP
SĜHNiåNRYpP GRVWLKX VH]yQ\ MVRX FHONHP þDVWR Y SRORYLQČ ]DGUåHQL -VRX WUHQpĜL
NWHĜt Y SUYQtP GRVWLKX VH]yQ\ QHGRYROt MH]GFL SRXåtW ELþtN QHER NRQČ MH]GLW QDSOQR
1iãGRVWLKRYê ĜiGWDNRYêSĜtVWXSQHGRYROXMH
V praxi jsou SĜtSDG\ åH ãSLþNRYê NĤĖ Y SURSR]LFtFK QHQDMGH YKRGQê SĜtSUDYQê
dostih QHERKR]UĤ]QêFKGĤYRGĤQHDEVROYXMHDMHQXFHQQDVWRXSLWGRMDUQtKRYUFKROX
EH] SĜtSUDYQpKR GRVWLKX = WHRULH R GORXKRGREp VXSHUNRPSHQ]DFL HQ]\PDWLFNêFK D
VWUXNWXUiOQtFKEtONRYLQYtPHåHPiSURWLVRXSHĜĤP]ĜHMPRXQHYêKRGX
V ~YDKX SURWR SĜLFKi]t ÄGRPiFt GRVWLK³72 WM YêMLPHþQê DGDSWDþQt SRGQČW
v NRQWLQXiOQt SRGREČ QD Y]GiOHQRVW GRVWLKX, intenzitu ]iWČåH XUþXMH pak
SĜHGSRNOiGDQiU\FKORVWY dostihu.
ýDVRYê SĜHGVWLK NG\ E\ PČO EêW ÄGRPiFt GRVWLK³ SĜHG VH]yQQtP GHEXWHP
]DĜD]HQVHĜtGtY]GiOHQRVWtGRVWLKX: XOHWRXQVNêFKDPtODĜVNêFKGRVWLKĤto jsou 1 - 2
WêGQ\ X Y\WUYDOHFNêFK URYLQRYêFK GRVWLKĤ D GRVWLKĤ SĜHNiåNRYêFK - WêGQ\ D X
cross-country 3 ± WêGQ\. 3R WpWR SUiFL ]DĜDGtPH WêGHQ DNWLYQtKR RGSRþLQNX D
QiVOHGXMH ]DPČĜRYDFtWUpQLQNQDSUYQtGRVWLK VH]yQ\.
69 ÄFYiOiGRYUFKX³- viz kap. 4.3.2, str. 135
70 GYRXIi]RYêWUpQLQN± viz kap. 3.2.3.4, str. 88
71 NYDOLWDWLYQtWUpQLQN± viz kap. 3.2.6.3, str. 110
72 ÄGRPiFtGRVWLK³± viz kap. 3.2.3.1, str. 84
196
E. ZDPČĜRYDFtWUpQLQNDGRVWLKRYêmanagement
V QČNROLND SRVOHGQtFK WêGQHFK SĜHG SUYQtP GRVWLKHP Y VH]yQČ NG\ SUR NRQČ
]DþtQiREGREtKODYQtSĜLVWRXStPHN WUpQLQNX]DPČĜRYDFtPX. Jeho ctOHPjHGRVDåHQt
DY\ODGČQtGRVWLKRYpIRUP\.
3RNXG NĤĖ DEVROYRYDO Y SĜHGFKi]HMtFtFK REGREtFK URNX NYDOLWQt SĜtSUDYX a je
GREĜHSĜLSUDYHQQDSUYQtGRVWLKSDNSRMHKRDEVROYRYiQtPĤåHPHRþHNiYDWQiVWXS
dlRXKRGREpVXSHUNRPSHQ]DFHDGiOHÄXåMHQ³ ĜHãtPHGRVWLKRYêPDQDJHPHQWNRQČ
9 GRVWLKRYpP PDQDJHPHQWX QDVD]RYiQt NRQČ GR GRVWLKĤ VH ĜtGtPH GpONRX
distance dostihu. Interval mezi dostihy (PH]RF\NOXV ]DPČĜRYDFtKR WUpQLQNX E\ PČO
EêW prR OHWRXQ\ D PtODĜH GORXKê QHMPpQČ - WêGQ\ SUR VWĜHGRWUDĢDĜH Y\WUYDOFH D
SURXWČQNiĜH± WêGQ\SURVWHHSOHU\DNRQČEČKDMtFtFKFURVV-country 3 - WêGQ\.
V mezocyklu ]DPČĜRYDFtKR WUpQLQNX pak v MHGQRWOLYêFK WêGQHFK PLNURF\NOHFK
]DĜD]XMHPHDNWLYQtRGSRþLQHNSRGRVWihu, v GDOãtFKWêGQHFKSDN]DĜDGtPH WUpQLQNRYp
SRGQČW\ SUiFH QD UR]YRM U\FKORVWL ]DPČĜRYDFt D WUpQLQNRYp SRGQČW\ QD XGUåHQt
rychlosti (XGUåRYDFt7\VWĜtGiPHV DNWLYQtPRGSRþLQNHPS SĜLEOLåXMtFtPVHGRVWLKHP
URVWH LQWHQ]LWD D NOHVi GpOND ~VHNĤ FYDORYp SUiFH K HIHNWLYQtPX Y\XåLWt metod
]DPČĜRYDFtKRWUpQLQNXMHSRWĜHEQiGREUi]QDORVW~þLQNĤsuperkompenzace73. Tento
WUpQLQNSURYiGtPHQDNYDOLWQtPQHMOpSHWUDYQDWpPSRYUFKX
V REGREtSĜtSUDYy na GDOãtGRVWLKSRXåtYiPHW\WRSRGQČW\SUiFH
I. zamČĜRYDFt SRGQČWy na rozvoj rychlosti ÄU\FKli SUiFH³, ÄJDORS³):
x QD Y]GiOHQRVW 800 - 1000 m (do 60 sekund) o rychlosti 90-100 % i
RSDNRYDQČ 7R MVRX ]iWČåH SUiFH ]DPČĜHQp QD UR]YRM VLORYp U\FKORVWL SĜL
NWHUêFK VH Y\WYiĜt YH VYDOHFK N\VHOLQD POpþQi 3Uoto je obvykle SRXåtYiPH
QHMSR]GČMLSiWêGHQSĜHGGRVWLKHP
x QD Y]GiOHQRVW 400 - P PD[ GR VHNXQG R PD[LPiOQt U\FKORVWL. To
MVRX]iWČåHSUiFHQDUR]YRMDNFHOHUDþQtU\FKORVWLDQD ERXUiQt U\FKORVWQt
EDULpU\3ĜLQLFKVHN\VHOLQDPOpþQiYHVYDOHFKQHWYRĜtproto je PĤåHPH
SRXåtYDWLQČNROLNGQĤSĜHGGRVWLKHPQHERLRSDNRYDQČ v jednom dni.
II. XGUåRYDFt SRGQČW\QDXGUåRYiQtU\FKORVWQtWUpQRYDQRVWLÄSUiFHQDUXFH³), tedy
o rychlosti 70 ± PD[LPD -HMLFK MHGQRWOLYi GpOND E\ QHPČOD SĜHNURþLW minuty a v NRQHþQpP VRXþWX E\ QHPČOD SĜHNURþLW GpONX GRVWLKX 3ĜL MHMLFK
UR]GČOHQtQDNUDWãt~VHN\O]HURYQČåY\XåtWHIHNWXVXSHUNRPSHQ]DFH
III. XYROQČQtDSĜHGHKĜiWt 74 NRQČSĜHGYêNRQHPv SRGREČNOXVXDSRPDOpho cvalu
do 50 % maxima7\WRSRGQČW\ QHSĜLVStYDMt k UR]YRMLQHERNXGUåRYiQtU\FKORVWL
DMVRXLVRXþiVWtGQĤDNWLYQtKRRGSRþLQNXNRQČ
IV. aNWLYQt RGSRþLQek v SRGREČ Y\FKi]HN GR WHUpQX SRE\WX YH YêEČKX QHER QD
NRORWRþL SURYiGČQt D SDVHQt. CtOHP MH XYROQČQt D SURNUYHQt NRĖVNêFK VYDOĤ D
WHG\ OHSãt RGSODYHQt D ]SUDFRYiQt PHWDEROLFNêFK SURGXNWĤ Y]QLNOêFK SĜL
SĜHGFKR]t ~QDYČ NRQČ V PD[LPiOQt PRåQp PtĜH SRXåtYiPH SURVWĜHGN\
73 superkompenzace ± viz kap. 3.2.1.3, str. 66
74 XYROQČQtDSĜHGHKĜiWt± viz kap. 2.6.1.1. a kap. 2.6.1.2, str. 46
197
k RGVWUDQČQt~QDY\DN ]RWDYHQtNRQt (rehabilitace). NHMEČåQČMãtPSURVWĜHGNHP
MHVWĜtNiQtQRKRXSURXGHPYRG\P\WtNRQtFKOD]HQtQRKRXFKODGLYêPLSDVWDPL,
EDQGiåHPL, pobytem v WHNRXFtP SRWRNX þL ĜHFH 'iOH SDN PDViåH D
EDQGiåRYiQt QRKRX ÄWHSOp³ EDQGiåH 1HO]H RSRPLQRXW SRXåtYiQt
RGSRFRYDFtFK SĜLNUêYHN SR SUiFL D SR P\Wt NRQt V SpþL R NRS\WD SDN DSOLNDFi
ÄQiERMĤ³N hydrataci rohoviny QHERPD]iQtNRS\WSURVWĜHGN\V REVDKHPROHMHþL
vosku k RPH]HQt PDFHUDFH Y\PiþHQt. K rehabilitaci SĜLVStYi L SRXåLWt VROiULD
VQiVOHGQêP]DORåHQtPSĜLNUêYN\DPDJQHWRWHUDSLH nebo SRXåLWtODVHUu. 6WiOH
ãLUãt XSODWQČQt VL Y UHKDELOLWDFL NRQt ]tVNiYi FKLURSUDNWLFNp RãHWĜHQt Do oblasti
YêåLY\ VSDGi SRXåtYiQt LRQWRYêFK QiSRMĤ GR QDSiMHþN\ QHER SĜtPR GR ~VWQt
GXWLQ\NRQČ).
V WDEXONiFK ± 26 jsou XYHGHQ\ SĜtNODG\ VHVWDYHQt WUpQLQNRYpKR SOiQX
v ]DPČĜRYDFtFK PLNURF\NOHFK SUR SĜtSUDYX QD OHWouQVNê PtODĜVNê D Y\WUYDOHFNê
GRVWLK =DPČĜRYDFt SRGQČW\ QD UR]YRM U\FKORVWL MVRX ]YêUD]QČQ\ þHUYHQČ XGUåRYDFt
SRGQČW\MVRX]YêUD]QČQ\þHUQČ
Tabulka 24: 3ĜLNODG ]DPČĜRYDFtKRPH]RF\NOXQDOHWRXQVNê dostih
IV.
III.
II.
I.
PO
AO
1400 (70)
1200 (70)
Ò7
1400 (70)
1200 (80)
2 x 500 (100)
ST
AO
1000 (90±100)
AO
ý7
1200 (80-90)
AO
1200 (70)
3È
AO
1200 (70)
2 x 400 (100)
SO
1400 (70-80)
1000 (90-100)
AO
AO
AO
Dostih 1200 (100)
NE
Dostih 1200 (100)
Tabulka 25: 3ĜLNODG ]DPČĜRYDFtKRmezocyklXQDPtODĜVNêGRVWLK
IV.
III.
II.
I.
PO
AO
1600 (70)
1600 (70)
Ò7
1600 (70)
1400 (80)
2 x 500 (100)
ST
AO
2 x 800 (90±100)
AO
ý7
1400 (80-90)
AO
1500 (70)
3È
AO
1200 (70)
2 x 400 (100)
SO
1600 (70-80)
1000 (90-100)
AO
AO
AO
Dostih 1600 (99)
NE
Dostih 1600 (98)
198
Tabulka 26: 3ĜLNODG]DPČĜRYDFtKR mezocyklu na Y\WUYDOHFNê dostih
IV.
III.
II.
I.
PO
AO
2400 (70)
2200 (70)
Ò7
2200 (70)
2200 (80)
2 x 500 (100)
ST
AO
2 x 1000 (80±90)
AO
ý7
2 x1200 (70-90)
AO
2000 (70)
3È
AO
2200 (70)
2 x 400 (100)
SO
2400 (70-80)
1000 (90-100)
AO
AO
AO
Dostih 2400 (96)
NE
Dostih 2200 (95)
F. 2EGREtSĜHFKRGQp
3ĜHFKRGQp REGREt MH XUþHQR N RGSRþLQNX ]RWDYHQt þL SĜtSDGQpPX GROpþHQt
]UDQČQt. 3R VNRQþHQt GRVWLKRYp VH]yQ\ SRVWXSQČ VQLåXMHPH U\FKORVW REMHP D
IUHNYHQFLDGDSWDþQtFKSRGQČWĤDåQD~URYHĖDNWLYQtKRRGSRþLQNXY\FKi]N\YêEČK
NRORWRþV WRPWRREGREtGRFKi]tN YêPČQČOHWQtVUVWL]D]LPQt
3RG]LPQt SĜHOtQiQt MH HQHUJHWLFN\ QiURþQê SURFHV =YOiãWČ v SUĤEČKX jednoho
Då GYRX WêGQĤ NG\ NRQL LQWHQ]tYQČ URVWH ]LPQt VUVW O]H SRþtWDW V poklesem formy.
1HMFLWOLYČMãt MVRX QD WHQWR SURFHV NOLVQ\ 3RNXG FKFHPH V NRQČP QDGiOH SUDFRYDW
QHERVH~þDVWQLWGRVWLKĤMHWĜHEDMHMRVWĜtKDWD]DNUêWSĜLNUêYNRXMHMtåWORXãĢNDVHĜtGt
SRFLWHPWHSHOQpSRKRG\NRQČQHPiSRFLWFKODGXDOHDQLVHSRGSĜLNUêYNRXQHSRWt
199
7.4.2. =9/Èâ71267,75e1,1.8 32'/('e/.<'267,+8
7.4.2.1. /HWRXQVSULQWHUDPtODĜ
2EMHPRYê tUpQLQN Y SĜtSUDYQpP REGREt QH]DEHUH WROLN þDVX MDNR X Y\WUYDOFĤ
WDNåH VSULQWHĜL D PtODĜL PRKRX VYRML GRVWLKRYRX VH]yQX ]DKiMLW QHMGĜtYH .YDOLWDWLYQt
WUpQLQNMH]DPČĜHQQDSRVWXSQêUR]YRMDXGUåRYiQtVLORYpDREUDWQRVWQtU\FKORVWL.ĤĖ
VH PXVt DGDSWRYDW QD WYRUEX Y\VRNp KODGLQ\ N\VHOLQ\ POpþQp NWHUi GRSURYi]t
U\FKORVWQt YêNRQ\ 3URWR MH QH]E\WQp GR ]DPČĜRYDFtKR WUpQLQNX ]DĜD]RYDW ]iWČåH
rychlosti 90 ± PD[LPD SR GREX VHNXQG 5R]YRM DNFHOHUDþQt U\FKORVWL
SRGSRUXMt ]iWČåH R PD[LPiOQt U\FKORVWLSR GREX VHNXQG LRSDNRYDQČ 5\FKORVWQt
WUpQLQN PXVt SUREtKDW QD NYDOLWQtP SRYUFKX 3UR NYDOLWQt YêNRQ\ QD NUiWNêFK
GLVWDQFtFK MH URYQČå QH]E\WQp DE\ NĤĖ GRNRQDOH ]YOiGO U\FKOê VWDUW ]H VWDUWRYDFtFK
ER[Ĥ 6SULQWHĜL D PtODĜL MVRX VFKRSQL EČåQČ GRViKQRXW QČNROLND YUFKROĤ IRUP\
v SUĤEČKXGRVWLKRYpVH]yQ\
7.4.2.2. 6WĜHGRWUDĢDĜDY\WUYDOHF
9SĜtSUDYQpPREGREtMHWUpQLQN]DPČĜHQQDUR]YRMPD[LPiOQtDHUREQtNDSDFLW\
SRUFH REMHPRYpKR WUpQLQNX MH YČWãt SURWR WUYi GpOH QHå VH N jeho vrcholu
GYRMQiVREHN Y]GiOHQRVWL GRVWLKu o rychlosti 50 % maxima) dopracujeme. Proto
VWĜHGRWUDĢDĜL D Y\WUYDOFL ]DKDMXMt GRVWLKRYRX VH]yQX SR]GČML 5RYQČå NYDOLWDWLYQt
WUpQLQN PXVt EêW UR]ORåHQ GR GHOãtKR þDVRYpKR REGREt 1HMGĜtYH UR]YtMtPH DHUREQt
NDSDFLWX ]iWČåHPL R U\FKORVWL 50 ± 70 %, po vzeVWXSX WUpQRYDQRVWL SDN ]iWČåHPL R
rychlosti 70 ± RREMHPXGRPLQXW3ĜLþHPåRSČWSODWtY]WDKþtPY\ããtintenzita
WtPPHQãtREMHPDQDRSDN3RXåtYiQtPUĤ]QêFKLQWHQ]LWDREMHPĤ]DEUiQtPHWYRUEČ
U\FKORVWQtEDULpU\NWHUiKUR]tSĜLVWHUHRW\SQtPWUpQLQku.
V praxi ruskêFK WUHQpUĤ MH SĜL WUpQLQNX Y\WUYDOFĤ KRMQČ Y\XåtYiQD PHWRGD
SĜHFKRGQpKR ]DN\VHOHQt v SRGREČ VWĜtGDYpKR WUpQLQNX &YDORYi SUiFH ]DþtQi
U\FKOêP~VHNHP± RGpOFHGRPSDNMHU\FKORVWVQtåHQDQD± 80
D QD ]iYČU RSČW ]YêãHna na 90 ± 7HQWR WUpQLQN Y\XåtYi Y]WDKX PH]L
KORXENRX GHFKX D GpONRX FYDORYpKR VNRNX PR U\FKOpP ~YRGQtP ~VHNX FYDORYp
SUiFH dojde v RUJDQLVPX NRQČ ke N\VOtNRYpPu dluhu a k SĜHFKRGQpPX ]DN\VHOHQt
organismu (Ä]DONQHVH³75. Po ]SRPDOHQtPiNĤĖtendencLKOXERFHGêFKDWDWtPse
GRViKQH protDåHQt cvalovpKR skoku 7tPWR WUpQLQNHP VH GRVDKXMH GRNRQDOpKR
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QDGORXKpRWČåL
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V QiVOHGQpP]DPČĜRYDFtPWUpQLQNXSRXåtYiPHSRGQČW\QDUR]YRMU\FKORVWLERXUiQt
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v SUiFL3UR]YêãHQtU\FKORVWLDERXUiQtU\FKORVWQtEDULpU\MHOpSHSRXåtWDGDSWDþQtFK
SRGQČWĤEH]UL]LNDWYRUE\N\VHOLQ\POpþQpWM~VHN\RU\FKORVWL± 100 % maxima o
GpOFH± PRSDNRYDQČ
75 SĜHFKRGQp]DN\VHOHQtRUJDQLVPX± viz kap. 3.2.3.3, str. 88
200
7.4.2.3. 'LVWDQþQtVFKRSQRVWLDIHQRPpn derby
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GLVWDQþQt VFKRSQRVWL URGLþĤ QHER VRXUR]HQFĤ MH RYČĜHQ Då Y VDPRWQpP GRVWLKX D
SRþHW GRVWLKĤ NWHUp VWLKQH WĜtOHWê NĤĖ DEVROYRYDW Y SUYQt SRORYLQČ VH]yQ\ QHPXVt
k GHILQLWLYQtPX VWDQRYHQt GLVWDQþQtFK VFKRSQRVWt NRQČ VWDþLW 1DYtF WĜtOHWt NRQČ VH
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Z tohoto pohledu je v QDãLFK SRGPtQNiFK GHILQLWLYQtP PLOQtNHP Då VDPRWQp
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GRVWLKĤ MH GHUE\ SUHIHURYDQêP GRVWLKHP D ]iMHP R VWDUW Y WRPWR GRVWLKX SUDYLGHOQČ
SĜHNUDþXMH SRþHW PRåQêFK ~þDVWQtNĤ 2 PRåQRVWL VWDUWX Y GHUE\ WHG\ UR]KRGXMt
SĜHGFKR]t YêVOHGN\ NRQČ 6\VWpP NODVLFNêFK GRVWLKĤ MH KLVWRULFN\ SRVWDYHQ WDN åH
WHVWXMHNRQČQHMSUYHQDPtODĜVNpWUDWL-GHYãDNSĜHGHYãtPRWHVWUDQRVWLDU\FKORVWL
nikoliv o test vytrvalosti. Z I\]LRORJLFNpKR KOHGLVND QHQt VYi]iQD UDQRVW D U\FKORVW
s Y\WUYDORVWt 1DRSDN Y\WUYDORVW MH VYi]iQD V SR]GČMãtP YêYLQHP NRQČ -H WHG\
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NWHUpKRNHVWDUWXY GHUE\RSUDYĖXMt0iQDWRPpQČPRåQRVWtQHåMHKRSURWLSyO1D
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GČODW
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MHGQRWOLYêFK NRQt R MHMLFK UDQRVWL Y\WUYDORVWL D NRQVWLWXþQt RGROQRVWL 9 minulosti
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GRPLQDQFL QD GLVWDQFtFK RG P SĜHV GHUE\ Y]GiOHQRVW P Då SR P
v 6W /HJHU 9tWČ]Ĥ WURMNRUXQ\ YãDN QHQt PQRKR D Y SRVOHGQtFK GHVHWLOHWtFK MH MLFK
s SĜLEêYDMtFtGLVWDQþQtVSHFLDOL]DFtDURVWRXFtNRQNXUHQFtVWiOHPpQČ
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v $QJOLLMVRXNRQVWUXRYiQ\] OHKNêFKUiPĤNWHUp jsou vypleteny SURXWtP-HMLFKKRUQt
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206
7.5.3.2. 6SHFLILFNpSRåDGDYN\QDNRQČQDUĤ]QêFK]iYRGLãWtFK
V SĜHNiåNRYêFK GRVWL]tFK VH PXVt NĤĖ SĜL VWDUWX QD UĤ]QêFK ]iYRGLãWtFK
vyrovnat s YtFH RGOLãQRVWPL QHå NĤĖ URYLQRYê 7\WR UR]GtO\ MVRX VDPR]ĜHMPČ MHãWČ
YêUD]QČMãtSĜLVWDUWXY ]DKUDQLþt3RNXGQHRGKDGQHPHGREĜHQiURþQRVW]DKUDQLþQtKR
startu, riskujeme v URYLQRYpPGRVWLKX ãSDWQp XPtVWČQt Y SĜHNiåNRYpPGRVWLKX YãDN
PĤåHPtWãSDWQêRGKDGPRåQRVWt QDãHKRNRQČIDWiOQtQiVOHGN\
.ĤĖ WUpQRYDQê QD NRQWLQHQWX PĤåH PtW SUREOpP GRNRQDOH UHVSHNWRYDW
neproVWXSQp DQJOLFNpSĜHNiåN\$OH LXDQJOLFNêFKNRQtNWHĜtVWDUWRYDOL Y QDãt9HONp
SDUGXELFNp MVPH PRKOL EêW VYČGN\ WRKR åH Y GĤVOHGNX VYp YêFKRY\ VNiNDOL SĜtOLã
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Y\URYQiYDOLV SURQČNUiWNRXY]GiOHQRVWtPH]LÄ]DKUiGNDPL³
-H]ĜHMPpåHNDåGiGRVWLKRYi]HPČNDåGiGRVWLKRYiGUiKDPiVYp]YOiãWQRVWL
D VYêP ]SĤVREHP WDWR UĤ]QRURGRVW EUiQt Y ãLUãtP UR]YRML PH]LQiURGQtFK VWDUWĤ
Pokud chceme s SĜHNiåNRYêP NRQČP VWDUWRYDW Y ]DKUDQLþt MH WĜHED VH V WČPLWR
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7.5.3.3. 6NRNRYpVFKRSQRVWLD]NXãHQRVWL
2 NYDOLWČ SĜHNiåNRYpKR NRQČ UR]KRGXMH QHMHQ MHKR VSHFLiOQt Y\WUYDORVW DOH L
GRNRQDOp VNRNRYp VFKRSQRVWL 6NRNRYp VFKRSQRVWL NRQČ MVRX GiQ\ MHGQDN
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]NXãHQRVWPLNRQČNWHUpSRVWXSQČ]tVNiYiY GRVWL]tFK
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VNiNDWV QČNWHUêPLYãDNSRVWXSXMHYêFYLNSRPDOHML5R]KRGXMtFtPIDNWRUHPMHNYDOLWD
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]tVNiYiQt ]NXãHQRVWt 3RNXG NĤĖ Y WUpQLQNX D Y GRVWL]tFK VEtUi SR]LWLYQt ]NXãHQRVWL
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207
YH ]GUDYt DEVROYRYDOL VYĤMSUYQt VWDUW YH 9HONp SDUGXELFNp 9 GDOãt VH]yQČ MH X QLFK
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YtFH Y\KRYRYDW GRVWLK\ SĜHV SURXWČQp SĜHNiåN\ VWHHSOH-chase nebo cross-country,
DOH R MHKR NRQHþQpP ]DĜD]HQt UR]KRGQH VRXERU MHKR GRVWLKRYêFK YODVWQRVWt
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7.5.3.4. 'LVWDQþQtVFKRSQRVWLSĜHNiåNRYêFKNRQt
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v GLVWDQþQtFK VFKRSQRVWHFK NRQt $þNROLY VH QHMHGQi R RILFLiOQt UR]GČOHQt
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Y]GiOHQRVWL 9 SĜHNiåNRYêFK GRVWL]tFK GR Y]GiOHQRVWL P VH WDNWLND SRGĜL]XMH
U\FKORVWL GRVWLK\ RG P GR P PtYDMt UĤ]Qê SUĤEČK DOH L ]GH MH U\FKORVW
UR]KRGXMtFtP IDNWRUHP WHSUYH Y GRVWL]tFK RG GR P VH XSODWĖXMH YtFH
Y\þNiYDFt WDNWLND L NG\å L QD WpWR Y]GiOHQRVWL MH Y PRåQRVWHFK NRQČ Y\KUiW VW\OHP
start ± FtO1LFPpQČVH]GiåHSURÄWHPSDĜH³MHY]GiOHQRVWPPHWRXNG\NRQþt
se silami. V GRVWL]tFKQDGPURVWHYê]QDPWDNWLN\DKRVSRGDĜHQtVHVLODPLNRQČ
V SĜHNiåNRYêFK GRVWL]tFK VH QHVOHGXMt PH]LþDV\ D MH WHG\ QD WUHQpURYL DE\ ViP
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v SĜHNiåNRYêFKGRVWL]tFKQHMYtFHSURMHYXMtWDNRYpGRVWLKRYpYODVWQRVWLMDNRY\WUYDORVW
DOH SĜHGHYãtP SV\FKLFNi RGROQRVW D V Qt VSRMHQi RYODGDWHOQRVW NRQČ 9ROED WDNWLN\
v SĜHNiåNRYpPGRVWLKXEXGHY\FKi]HW]HVFKRSQRVWLþLQHVFKRSQRVWLNRQČY ]iYČUX
]U\FKOLWÄWHPSDĜ³YHUVXVNĤĖVHÄVSHHGHP³D] jeho bojovnosti.
1D UR]GtO RG URYLQRYêFK NRQt VH GLVWDQþQt VFKRSQRVWL X SĜHNiåNRYêFK NRQt
PRKRX PČQLW Y ]iYLVORVWL QD þDVH 9\WUYDORVW MH YODVWQRVW NWHURX O]H WUpQLQNHP
QHMYtFHUR]YLQRXWDOHMGHRSURFHVNWHUêWUYiQČNROLNOHW= SUDNWLFNêFK]NXãHQRVWtO]H
zoEHFQLW åH þW\ĜOHWê NĤĖ E\ QHPČO ]~þDVWĖRYDW GRVWLKĤ QDG P SČWLOHWê QDG
P D ãHVWLOHWê QDG P /]H Y\VOHGRYDW SĜtPRX ~PČUX PH]L GpONRX HWDS\
UĤVWX YêNRQQRVWL GRED QHå VH NĤĖ Y\SUDFXMH N ~þDVWL Y QHMGHOãtFK GRVWL]tFK D
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GRVWL]tFK SRGiYDW YUFKROQp YêNRQ\ 9]KOHGHP N WRPX åH SĜtSUDYD GR YUFKROQêFK
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208
7.5.3.5. 7UpQLQNNRQČSURGRVWLKSĜHVSURXWČQpSĜHNiåN\
1iFYLN VNRNX SĜHV SURXWČQRX SĜHNiåNX E\O REVDKHP SĜHGFKR]t NDSLWROy.
V RVWDWQtFK SDUDPHWUHFK VH WHQWR WUpQLQN QHOLãt RG WUpQLQNX URYLQRYpKR NRQČ ±
Y\WUYDOFH YþHWQČ SRXåtYiQt NUiWNêFK U\FKOêFK SUDFt R LQWHQ]LWČ ± 100 % na
Y]GiOHQRVW - PHWUĤ QD ERXUiQt U\FKORVWQt EDULpU\ 9H VNRNRYpP WUpQLQNX
VWDUãtFK ]NXãHQêFK NRQt QHPi Yê]QDP ]DĜD]RYDW Y\VRNê SRþHW PHQãtFK SĜHNiåHN
SURWRåHG\QDPLFNêSRK\ERYêVWHUHRW\SMHMLåY\WYRĜHQ8SĜHGQRVWĖXMHPHPHQãtSRþHW
VNRNĤSĜHVGRVWLKRYRXSURXWČQRXSĜHNiåNXY tempu dostihu.
7.5.3.6. 7UpQLQNNRQČSURU\FKORVWQtVWHHSOH-chase
9 SĜtSUDYQpP REGREt VH YČQXMHPH SĜHGHYãtP REMHPRYpPX WUpQLQNu na GDOãt
rozYRM DHUREQt NDSDFLW\ RUJDQLVPX =YOiãWČ þW\ĜOHWt NRQČ L VWDUãt NRQČ NWHĜt MVRX
v SĜHNiåNRYp SĜtSUDYČ SUYQt URN VH PXVHMt RSURWL GĜtYČMãtPX URYLQRYpPX WUpQLQNX
vyrovnat s YHONêP QiUĤVWHP REMHPX D WtPWR WUpQLQNHP se ]RFHOLW 2EMHPRYê WUpQLQN
NRQČ SUR SĜHNiåNRYp GRVWLK\ MH H[WUpPQČ QiURþQê QD VSRWĜHEX HQHUJLH ]DWtåHQt
NDUGLRYDVNXOiUQtKR GêFKDFtKR D SRK\ERYpKR DSDUiWX ORNiOQt ~QDYD VYDOĤ NORXEĤ
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WUpQLQNRYêPL ]iWČåHPL 7HQWR WUpQLQN QHO]H XVSČFKDW D MDNpNROLY XU\FKORYiQt
IRUVtURYiQtPi]DQiVOHGHN]GUDYRWQtSRãNR]HQt9 ]iYČUXREMHPRYpKRWUpQLQNXE\
PČOR EêW GRVDåHQR GYRMQiVRENX GpON\ GRVWLKX YH Fvalu o rychlosti 50 % maxima.
V SĜtSUDYQpPREGREtMH]DKUQXWVNRNRYêWUpQLQNWDNåHY VRXþWXYãHFKSRåDGDYNĤMH
SĜtSUDYD GR SĜHNiåNRYêFK GRVWLKĤ SUR PODGpKR NRQČ YHOPL QiURþQi 3R XNRQþHQt
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SĜHOtQiQt
V GDOãtP REGREt NYDQWLWDWLYQtKR WUpQLQNX GiOH UR]YtMtPH DHUREQt NDSDFLWX
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QHPČO SĜHNURþLW SRORYLQX GpON\ GRVWLKX 3RXåtYiPH PHWRGX LQWHUYDORYpKR QHER
VWĜtGDYpKRWUpQLQNX,]GHMHQXWQRUHVSHNWRYDWY]WDKPH]LU\FKORVWtDREMHPHPW]Q
GHOãtSUiFHMHSRPDOHMãtNUDWãtU\FKOHMãt9\KêEiPHVHVWHUHRW\SQtPXWUpQLQNXNWHUê
MH SĜtþLQRX QHåiGRXFt U\FKORVWQt EDULpU\ 9]KOHGHP N WRPX åH VWHHSOH-chase (ale i
siepi v LWDOVNêFKGRVWL]tFKVHY GQHãQtGREČEČåQČEČKDMtY tempech nad 800 m/min
QDGPD[LPDQHY\VWDþtPHY WUpQLQNXVWHHSOHUDV intenzitou 50 ± 70 %, tak jak
WRPX E\OR SĜHG QČNROLND GHVtWNDPL OHW -H WĜHED MHKR WUpQRYDQRVW SRVXQRXW GiOH D
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SRXåtYDW]iWČåtRLQWHQ]LWČ± 90 % maxima v REMHPXGRPLQXWFRåMVRX]iWČåH
SRXåtYDQp X URYLQRYêFK Y\WUYDOFĤ 6NRNRYê WUpQLQN Y WRPWR REGREt ]DPČĜXMHPH QD
DEVROYRYiQt VWHMQêFK SURILOĤ MDNR þHNDMt NRQČ Y GRVWLKX D YH VWHMQpP WHPSX -GH R
GRVDåHQtIi]HDXWRPDWL]DFHVNRNXYHY\VRNpU\FKORVWLV PLQLPiOQtPYOLYHPMH]GFH9
]iYČUXGRVWLKXPXVtY\MtåGČQêDXQDYHQêNĤĖþDVWRViPQDMtWPtVWRRGUD]X
1D ]iYČU REGREt NYDOLWDWLYQtKR WUpQLQNX PĤåHPH RWHVWRYDW NRQČ Y ÄGRPiFtm
dostihu³ s SĜHNiåNDPL R LQWHQ]LWČ 70 - 80 % nD Y]GiOHQRVW GRVWLKX Y SĜHGVWLKX WêGQĤ 9 QiVOHGQpP ]DPČĜRYDFtP WUpQLQNX SRXåtYiPH SRGQČW\ QD ERXUiQt
U\FKORVWQtEDULpU\Drozvoj rychlosti VWHMQČMDNRXURYLQRYêFKNRQt Vzhledem k tomu,
åH VH X SĜHNiåNRYpKR NRQČ QHY\åDGXMH WDNRYi DGDSWDFH N Y\VRNp KODGLQČ kyseliny
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SRXåtW]iWČåHRU\FKORVWL± PD[LPDQDNUDWãtY]GiOHQRVWGRP
3ĜL YêEČUX YKRGQpKR GRVWLKX SUR SĜHNiåNRYpKR NRQČ PXVtPH EUiW Y ~YDKX
nejen ~URYHĖ MHKR YêNRQQRVWL DOH SĜHGHYãtP ~URYHĖ MHKR VNRNRYêFK ]NXãHQRVWt
2SČW SODWt SUDYLGOR R SRVWXSX RG MHGQRGXããtKR NH VORåLWČMãtPX 0XVtPH ]QiW SURILO\
SĜHNiåHN Y SOiQRYDQpP GRVWLKX D QiURN\ QD NRQČ ]Y\ãRYDW SRVWXSQČ 9 GDOãtP
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7.5.3.7. 7UpQLQNNRQČSURFURVV-country
9H VURYQiQt V WUpQLQNHP NRQČ SUR U\FKORVWQt VWHHSOH-FKDVH QHSRWĜHEXMH NĤĖ
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SĜHFKRG\ ] WUiY\ GR RUDQLFH D QDRSDN 7R Y\åDGXMH RG NRQČ Y\ããt PtUX
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MH QH]E\WQi ]DĜDGLW GR WUpQLQNX Mt]GiUHQVNRX SUiFL 'R WUpQLQNX ]DĜDGtPH L QiFYLN
FYDOX Y RUDQLFL SURWRåH QČNWHĜt NRQČ PRKRX PtW SUREOpP GRViKQRXW Y oranici
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SURMHYtQDYêVOHGNX
7.5.3.8. =YOiãWQRVWL9HONpSDUGXELFNp steeplechase cross-country
9HONi SDUGXELFNi MH H[WUpPQČ GORXKê P D H[WUpPQČ UĤ]QRURGê GRVWLK
5Ĥ]QRURGRVW VSRþtYi QHMHQ Y FHOp ãNiOH UĤ]QêFK SĜHNiåHN DOH L YH VWĜtGiQt
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Obsah
ZĞĂŬĐĞĂĂĚĂƉƚĂĐĞŬŽŶĢŶĂƉŽŚǇďŽǀŽƵǌĄƚĢǎĂƚƌĠŶŝŶŬ................................... 3
1.
1.1.
WŽŚǇďŽǀĄǌĄƚĢǎũĂŬŽƐƚƌĞƐƐ ................................................................................... 4
&ǇǌŝŽůŽŐŝĞƉŽŚǇďŽǀĠǌĄƚĢǎĞ ............................................................................ 9
2.
2.1.
<ǇƐůşŬŽǀĄďŝůĂŶĐĞƉƎŝǌĄƚĢǎŝ ................................................................................... 9
2.1.1.
2.1.2.
2.2.
ŶĞƌŐĞƚŝĐŬĄďŝůĂŶĐĞƉƎŝǌĄƚĢǎŝ .............................................................................. 23
2.2.1.
2.2.2.
2.3.
ZĞĂŬĐĞŶĞƌǀŽǀĠŚŽĂŚŽƌŵŽŶĄůŶşŚŽƐǇƐƚĠŵƵŶĂǌĄƚĢǎ .................................................... 37
ĚĂƉƚĂĐĞŶĞƌǀŽǀĠŚŽĂŚŽƌŵŽŶĄůŶşŚŽƐǇƐƚĠŵƵŶĂǌĄƚĢǎ ............................................... 39
sŶŝƚƎŶşƉƌŽƐƚƎĞĚşŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵƵ ................................................................................ 40
2.5.1.
2.5.2.
2.6.
ZĞĂŬĐĞƉŽŚǇďŽǀĠŚŽĂƉĂƌĄƚƵŶĂǌĄƚĢǎ ............................................................................ 28
DĞĐŚĂŶŝŬĂƉŽŚǇďƵŬŽŶĢ................................................................................................. 32
WŽŚǇďŽǀĠǀůĂƐƚŶŽƐƚŝŬŽŶĢ ............................................................................................... 34
ĚĂƉƚĂĐĞƉŽŚǇďŽǀĠŚŽƐǇƐƚĠŵƵŶĂǌĄƚĢǎ........................................................................ 34
EĞƌǀŽǀĠĂŚŽƌŵŽŶĄůŶşƌĞŐƵůĂĐĞ .......................................................................... 37
2.4.1.
2.4.2.
2.5.
ĚĞŶŽƐŝŶƚƌŝĨŽƐĨĄƚ;dWͿĂŬƌĞĂƚŝŶĨŽƐĨĄƚ;WͿ ................................................................... 23
Glycidy a tuky .................................................................................................................. 24
WŽŚǇďŽǀǉĂƉĂƌĄƚʹ ƉƌĂĐƵũşĐşƚŬĄŸ ........................................................................ 28
2.3.1.
2.3.2.
2.3.3.
2.3.4.
2.4.
dƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚŶşƐǇƐƚĠŵŬǇƐůşŬƵ ................................................................................................ 9
&ĄǌĞƉŽŚǇďŽǀĠǌĄƚĢǎĞĂƐƉŽƚƎĞďĂŬǇƐůşŬƵ ....................................................................... 20
ZĞĂŬĐĞǀŶŝƚƎŶşŚŽƉƌŽƐƚƎĞĚşŶĂǌĄƚĢǎ ............................................................................... 41
ĚĂƉƚĂĐĞǀŶŝƚƎŶşŚŽƉƌŽƐƚƎĞĚşŶĂǌĄƚĢǎ ............................................................................ 44
&ǇǌŝŽůŽŐŝĐŬĠƐƚĂǀǇƉƌŽǀĄǌĞũşĐşǀǉŬŽŶŬŽŶĢ ........................................................... 46
2.6.1.
2.6.2.
2.6.3.
^ƚĂǀǇƉƎĞĚǀǉŬŽŶĞŵǌĄƚĢǎĞ ............................................................................................ 46
WƎĞĚƐƚĂƌƚŽǀŶşƐƚĂǀǇ ......................................................................................................... 48
^ƚĂǀǇƉŽǀǉŬŽŶƵǌĄƚĢǎĞ ................................................................................................... 50
&ǇǌŝŽůŽŐŝĞǀǉĐǀŝŬƵĂƚƌĠŶŝŶŬƵŬŽŶş ................................................................. 57
3.
3.1.
sǉĐǀŝŬŬŽŶş ......................................................................................................... 58
3.2.
dƌĠŶŝŶŬ ŬŽŶş ....................................................................................................... 61
3.2.1.
3.2.2.
3.2.3.
3.2.4.
3.2.5.
3.2.6.
dƎŝǌĄŬůĂĚŶşĨĂŬƚŽƌǇǀ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƵƚƌĠŶŝŶŬƵŬŽŶş ................................................................... 61
ƌƵŚǇƚƌĠŶŝŶŬƵŬŽŶş ........................................................................................................ 71
dƌĠŶŝŶŬŽǀĠŵĞƚŽĚǇ ......................................................................................................... 81
&ǇǌŝŽůŽŐŝĐŬĄƉƌĂǀŝĚůĂƚƌĠŶŝŶŬƵ ......................................................................................... 89
dƌĠŶŝŶŬŽǀĠƐĐŚŽƉŶŽƐƚŝĂĨŽƌŵĂŬŽŶĢ .............................................................................. 93
KďĞĐŶĄƐƚƌƵŬƚƵƌĂƚƌĠŶŝŶŬŽǀĠŚŽƉƌŽĐĞƐƵ ...................................................................... 105
&ǇǌŝŽůŽŐŝĐŬĠƉƌŝŶĐŝƉǇƚƌĠŶŝŶŬƵŬŽŶşĂũĞũŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝǌĂĐĞ ...............................113
4.
4.1.
^ƉĞĐŝĨŝƚǇĂǌǀůĄƓƚŶŽƐƚŝƚƌĠŶŝŶŬƵŬŽŶş ...................................................................113
4.2.
&ǇǌŝŽůŽŐŝĐŬĠƉƌŝŶĐŝƉǇƉƎĞĚƚƌĠŶŝŶŬƵŚƎşďĂƚ ..........................................................114
4.3.
&ǇǌŝŽůŽŐŝĐŬĠƉƌŝŶĐŝƉǇƚƌĠŶŝŶŬƵĚŽƐƚŝŚŽǀǉĐŚŬŽŶş .................................................117
4.3.1.
4.3.2.
4.3.3.
4.4.
&ǇǌŝŽůŽŐŝĐŬĠƉƌŝŶĐŝƉǇƚƌĠŶŝŶŬƵĚǀŽƵůĞƚǉĐŚĚŽƐƚŝŚŽǀǉĐŚŬŽŶş ....................................... 117
&ǇǌŝŽůŽŐŝĐŬĠƉƌŝŶĐŝƉǇƚƌĠŶŝŶŬƵƚƎşůĞƚǉĐŚĂƐƚĂƌƓşĐŚĚŽƐƚŝŚŽǀǉĐŚŬŽŶş .......................... 126
&ǇǌŝŽůŽŐŝĐŬĠƉƌŝŶĐŝƉǇƚƌĠŶŝŶŬƵŬůƵƐĄŬƽ ......................................................................... 145
&ǇǌŝŽůŽŐŝĐŬĠƉƌŝŶĐŝƉǇƚƌĠŶŝŶŬƵƐƉŽƌƚŽǀŶşĐŚŬŽŶş .................................................147
EĄƐůĞĚŬǇĨǇǌŝŽůŽŐŝĐŬǇŶĞĂĚĞŬǀĄƚŶşŚŽƚƌĠŶŝŶŬƵŬŽŶş .....................................153
5.
5.1.
sůŝǀŶĞĂĚĞŬǀĄƚŶşǌĄƚĢǎĞŶĂĐĞůŬŽǀǉǌĚƌĂǀŽƚŶşƐƚĂǀĂǀǉŬŽŶŶŽƐƚŬŽŶş ...................153
5.1.1.
ŬƵƚŶşƷŶĂǀĂƐƉŽũĞŶĄƐ ǀǇēĞƌƉĄŶşŵ;ƉƎĞƉĢƚşĂǌĐŚǀĄĐĞŶşͿ .......................................... 153
225
5.1.2.
5.1.3.
5.1.4.
5.2.
sůŝǀŶĞĂĚĞŬǀĄƚŶşǌĄƚĢǎĞŶĂƉŽŚǇďŽǀǉĂƉĂƌĄƚŬŽŶş ..............................................159
5.2.1.
5.2.2.
5.2.3.
5.3.
ŚƌŽŶŝĐŬĄƷŶĂǀĂ ............................................................................................................ 155
WƎĞƚƌĠŶŽǀĄŶş ................................................................................................................. 156
ďƐƚŝŶĞŶēŶşƐǇŶĚƌŽŵ .................................................................................................... 158
WŽƓŬŽǌĞŶşƐǀĂůƽǌ ŶĞĂĚĞŬǀĄƚŶşǌĄƚĢǎĞ;ǌĄƚĢǎŽǀĠŵǇŽƉĂƚŝĞͿ ....................................... 159
WŽƓŬŽǌĞŶşƓůĂĐŚŽǀĠŚŽĂƉĂƌĄƚƵǌ ŶĞĂĚĞŬǀĄƚŶşǌĄƚĢǎĞ .................................................. 160
WŽƓŬŽǌĞŶşŬŽƐƚşǌ ŶĞĂĚĞŬǀĄƚŶşǌĄƚĢǎĞ ........................................................................... 161
EĢŬƚĞƌĠƐƚĂǀǇŽŵĞǌƵũşĐşǀǉŬŽŶŬŽŶĢ ..................................................................162
5.3.1.
5.3.2.
5.3.3.
5.3.4.
ĞĐŚŽǀǉƐƚƌŝĚŽƌ ............................................................................................................. 162
ŚƌŽŶŝĐŬǉǌĄŶĢƚƉƌƽĚƵƓĞŬĂĐŚƌŽŶŝĐŬĄĚƵƓŶŽƐƚ ............................................................ 164
ĄƚĢǎşǀǇǀŽůĂŶĠƉůŝĐŶşŬƌǀĄĐĞŶŝŶǇĂŬƌǀĄĐĞŶşǌŶŽƐƵ ..................................................... 165
ĂůƵĚĞēŶşǀƎĞĚǇƵŬŽŶş .................................................................................................. 166
tĞůĨĂƌĞŬŽŶş ...............................................................................................167
6.
6.1.
EĂƉůŸŽǀĄŶşƉŽĚŵşŶĞŬƉŽŚŽĚǇǌǀşƎĂƚ..................................................................167
6.2.
^ǀŽďŽĚǇǌǀşƎĂƚ...................................................................................................169
6.3.
dƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚŬŽŶş...................................................................................................173
6.3.1.
6.4.
WŽĚŵşŶŬǇƉƎĞƉƌĂǀǇ ....................................................................................................... 173
tĞůĨĂƌĞƉƎŝƉƎĞƉƌĂǀĢĚŽƐƚŝŚŽǀĠŚŽĂƐƉŽƌƚŽǀŶşŚŽŬŽŶĢ .......................................175
6.4.1.
6.4.2.
6.4.3.
6.4.4.
6.4.5.
6.4.6.
WƎşƉƌĂǀĂƉƎĞƉƌĂǀŶşŚŽƉƌŽƐƚƎĞĚŬƵ .................................................................................. 175
WƎşƉƌĂǀĂŬŽŶĢ ................................................................................................................ 176
EĂŬůĄĚĄŶşŬŽŶĢ ............................................................................................................. 176
sůĂƐƚŶşũşǌĚĂ ................................................................................................................... 177
sǇŬůĄĚĄŶşŬŽŶş ............................................................................................................... 177
WĠēĞŽŬŽŶĢƉŽƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚƵ ............................................................................................ 177
dƌĠŶŝŶŬĚŽƐƚŝŚŽǀǉĐŚŬŽŶşǀƉƌĂǆŝ ..................................................................178
7.
7.1.
sǉĐǀŝŬĚŽƐƚŝŚŽǀĠŚŽƌŽēŬĂ ..................................................................................178
7.1.1.
7.1.2.
7.1.3.
7.1.4.
7.2.
dƌĠŶŝŶŬĚǀŽƵůĞƚĠŚŽŬŽŶĢ ...................................................................................182
7.2.1.
7.2.2.
7.2.3.
7.2.4.
7.2.5.
7.2.6.
7.2.7.
7.2.8.
7.3.
sƐƚƵƉŶşƉŽƐŽƵǌĞŶşŬŽŶĢƉŽƉƎşĐŚŽĚƵĚŽƚƌĠŶŝŶŬƵ ........................................................ 178
KďƌĂŶŶĠƉŽŚǇďǇĂƌĞĂŬĐĞ ............................................................................................. 179
KďƐĞĚŶƵƚşƌŽēŬĂ ............................................................................................................ 179
EĂũşǎĚĢŶşƌŽēŬĂ .............................................................................................................. 181
WƎĞĚƉŽŬůĂĚǇƉƌŽĚŽƐƚŝŚŽǀŽƵŬĂƌŝĠƌƵ ............................................................................ 182
ǇŶĂŵŝĐŬǉƉŽŚǇďŽǀǉƐƚĞƌĞŽƚǇƉ .................................................................................... 182
ZŽǌǀŽũƉŽŚǇďŽǀǉĐŚǀůĂƐƚŶŽƐƚş ....................................................................................... 184
ƚĂƉĂǀƓĞŽďĞĐŶĠŚŽƚƌĠŶŝŶŬƵ ........................................................................................ 185
ƚĂƉĂƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝǌŽǀĂŶĠŚŽƚƌĠŶŝŶŬƵ .................................................................................. 186
^ƚĂƌƚŽǀĂĐşďŽǆǇ .............................................................................................................. 187
DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĚǀŽƵůĞƚĠŚŽŬŽŶĢĚŽĚŽƐƚŝŚƽ .................................................................. 188
ǀůĄƓƚŶŽƐƚŝƉƎĞĐŚŽĚŶĠŚŽŽďĚŽďş .................................................................................. 188
ŽƐƚŝŚŽǀĠǀůĂƐƚŶŽƐƚŝĂũĞũŝĐŚŚŽĚŶŽĐĞŶş .............................................................189
7.3.1.
7.3.2.
7.3.3.
7.3.4.
7.3.5.
7.3.6.
7.3.7.
7.3.8.
7.3.9.
7.3.10.
Ranost a obratnost ........................................................................................................ 189
ZǇĐŚůŽƐƚĂƐşůĂ ................................................................................................................ 189
Vytrvalost ...................................................................................................................... 190
KonƐƚŝƚƵēŶşŽĚŽůŶŽƐƚ ..................................................................................................... 190
WƐǇĐŚŝĐŬĄŽĚŽůŶŽƐƚ ........................................................................................................ 190
Bojovnost ...................................................................................................................... 191
&ŝŶĄůŶşǌƌǇĐŚůĞŶş;ͣƐƉĞĞĚ͞Ϳ ............................................................................................ 191
ͣEŽƓĞŶşǀĄŚǇ͞ ............................................................................................................... 191
hĚƌǎĞŶşĚŽƐƚŝŚŽǀĠĨŽƌŵǇ .............................................................................................. 192
KďůşďĞŶǉƉŽǀƌĐŚĚƌĄŚǇ .................................................................................................. 192
226
7.3.11.
7.3.12.
7.4.
dƌĠŶŝŶŬŬŽŶşǀ ƉƌƽďĢŚƵƌŽŬƵ ..............................................................................193
7.4.1.
7.4.2.
7.5.
KďůşďĞŶĠǌĄǀŽĚŝƓƚĢ........................................................................................................ 192
ŽƐƚŝŚŽǀĄƚƎşĚĂ .............................................................................................................. 192
ZĄŵĐŽǀǉƚƌĠŶŝŶŬŽǀǉƉůĄŶ .............................................................................................. 194
ǀůĄƓƚŶŽƐƚŝƚƌĠŶŝŶŬƵƉŽĚůĞĚĠůŬǇĚŽƐƚŝŚƵ ...................................................................... 200
dƌĠŶŝŶŬŬŽŶĢƉƌŽƉƎĞŬĄǎŬŽǀĠĚŽƐƚŝŚǇ.................................................................202
7.5.1.
7.5.2.
7.5.3.
sǉďĢƌŬŽŶĢƉƌŽƉƎĞŬĄǎŬŽǀĠĚŽƐƚŝŚǇ.............................................................................. 202
ĂƐŬĂŬŽǀĄŶşǌĂēĄƚĞēŶşŬĂ ............................................................................................... 203
dƌĠŶŝŶŬƉŽŬƌŽēŝůĠŚŽƉƎĞŬĄǎŬŽǀĠŚŽŬŽŶĢ ...................................................................... 206
:ĞǌĚĞĐŬĄƚĂŬƚŝŬĂĂƚĞĐŚŶŝŬĂz pohledu ĨǇǌŝŽůŽŐŝĞǌĄƚĢǎĞ ...............................211
8.
8.1.
ĄŬůĂĚŶşƉƌŝŶĐŝƉǇ ...............................................................................................211
8.1.1.
8.1.2.
8.1.3.
8.1.4.
8.2.
dĂŬƚŝŬĂũşǌĚǇ ......................................................................................................212
8.2.1.
8.2.2.
8.2.3.
8.2.4.
8.3.
KŵĞǌĞŶĄǌĄƐŽďĂĞŶĞƌŐŝĞ .............................................................................................. 211
<ŽŸƐŬĠƐƌĚĐĞũĂŬŽŵŽƚŽƌ ............................................................................................... 211
KĚǀĂƎĞŶǉŵŽƚŽƌ ............................................................................................................ 211
ĞǌŬǇƐůşŬƵŶŝĐŶĞŚŽƎş .................................................................................................... 211
Odhad tempa ................................................................................................................ 212
WƎĞƉĄůĞŶǉĚŽƐƚŝŚ ........................................................................................................... 212
&ĂůĞƓŶǉĚŽƐƚŝŚ ............................................................................................................... 212
Jak ten dostih odjezdit? ................................................................................................ 213
dĞĐŚŶŝŬĂũşǌĚǇ ...................................................................................................215
8.3.1.
8.3.2.
8.3.3.
8.3.4.
8.3.5.
8.3.6.
8.3.7.
ŽƐƚŝŚŽǀǉƐĞĚĂƚĢǎŝƓƚĢ ................................................................................................. 215
ZŽǀŶŽǀĄŚĂǀ ƉƌƽďĢŚƵĚŽƐƚŝŚƵ ...................................................................................... 215
DŽďŝůŝǌĂĐĞŬŽŶĢǌŵĢŶŽƵƚĢǎŝƓƚĢ ................................................................................... 215
WƽƐŽďĞŶşƚĢǎŝƓƚĢĚŽƐƚƌĂŶǇ ............................................................................................ 216
WŽďşĚŬĂǀĂŚŽƵũĂŬŽǌĄŬůĂĚǀĞĚĞŶşŬŽŶĢ ....................................................................... 216
^ŬŽŬƉƎĞƐƉƎĞŬĄǎŬƵ ....................................................................................................... 216
<ŽƌĞŬĐĞŽĚƐŬŽŬŽǀĠǀǌĚĄůĞŶŽƐƚŝ .................................................................................... 216
sǇďĂǀĞŶş͕ƚƌĠŶŝŶŬŽǀĠƉŽĚŵşŶŬǇĂŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂĐĞƉƌŽǀŽǌƵƐƚĄũĞ .........................217
9.
9.1.
sǇďĂǀĞŶşĚŽƐƚŝŚŽǀĠŚŽƐƚƎĞĚŝƐŬĂ ........................................................................217
9.1.1.
9.1.2.
9.1.3.
9.1.4.
dƌĠŶŝŶŬŽǀĠƐƚƎĞĚŝƐŬŽ ..................................................................................................... 217
sǇďĂǀĞŶşƚƌĠŶŝŶŬŽǀĠŚŽƐƚƎĞĚŝƐŬĂ .................................................................................. 217
sǇďĂǀĞŶşƐƚĄũĞ ............................................................................................................... 217
sǇďĂǀĞŶşƐƚĄũŽǀĠŚŽďŽǆƵ .............................................................................................. 218
9.2.
sůŝǀƚƌĠŶŝŶŬŽǀǉĐŚƉŽĚŵşŶĞŬŶĂǌƉƽƐŽďƚƌĠŶŝŶŬƵ ................................................219
9.3.
KƌŐĂŶŝǌĂĐĞƉƌŽǀŽǌƵĚŽƐƚŝŚŽǀĠƐƚĄũĞ ...................................................................221
9.3.1.
9.3.2.
9.3.3.
9.3.4.
10.
KƌŐĂŶŝǌĂĐĞƉƌĄĐĞ........................................................................................................... 221
ĞŶŶşƌĞǎŝŵƐƚĄũĞ .......................................................................................................... 221
dƌĠŶŝŶŬŽǀǉĚĞŶşŬ ........................................................................................................... 221
KĐŚƌĂŶĂƉƎĞĚĚŽƉŝŶŐĞŵ;ǌĂŬĄǌĂŶǉŵŝůĄƚŬĂŵŝͿ ............................................................ 222
ĄǀĢƌ
227
9.2.2012
13:27
StrÆnka 1
Evropský sociální fond
Praha & EU:
Investujeme do vaší budoucnosti
FYZIOLOGIE TRÉNINKU DOSTIHOVÝCH A SPORTOVNÍCH KONÍ
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FYZIOLOGIE TRÉNINKU
DOSTIHOVÝCH
A SPORTOVNÍCH KONÍ
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