ELECTRONIC Základní stavebnice A

Transkript

ELECTRONIC
Základní stavebnice A
2EMHGQDFtþtVOR19
29 61
Úvod
0LOêPODGêStWHOL
åLMHPHYGREYHNWHUpQiãåLYRWRYOLYXMHYGHFNRWHFKQLFNêUR]YRM&RE\VLDVLP\VOHOþORYN]PLQXOpKRVWROHWtNWHUêE\VHRFLWOY
GQHãQtPVYW"&RE\HNOQDEDUHYQRXtelevizi, kosmické výpravy, satelity, Jumbo-Jetty, tranzistorová rádia, laserové paprsky? On
E\DQLQHXPOW\WRYFLSRMPHQRYDWDP\VOHOE\VLåHMVRXWRNRX]ODD]i]UDN\
$YãDNW\WRGLY\MVRXSRX]HYêVOHGNHPYGHFNpKREiGiQtDUR]YRMHGRGQHãQtGRE\
7DWRH[SHULPHQWiOQtVWDYHEQLFHWLXPRåQtSUYQtNRQWDNWVHOHNWURQLNRXNWHUiWYRt]YOiã"G$OHåLWpRGYWYtStURGQtFKYGQHEXGHWR
ãHGLYiDQXGQiWHRULHDOHåLYiDSHVYGþLYiSUD[H'tN\WRPXWRQiYRGXDSRPRFtWpWRVWDYHEQLFHVHU\FKOHDEH]SHGFKR]tFK
zQDORVWtQDXþtã]QiW]iNODGQtHOHNWURQLFNpSULQFLS\9FMHYãDNMHãWPQRKHP]DMtPDYMãtSURWRåHþiVWLWpWRVWDYHEQLFHMVRXEåQ
SRXåtYDQpSU$P\VORYpVRXþiVWN\
'tN\SUiFLVWRXWRHOHNWURQLFNRXVWDYHEQLFtEXGHãSRWRPYLGWYFL]GHQQtKRåLYRWDMLQêPDRþLPD%XGHãYLGWY]iMHPQpVRXYLVORVWL
DWtPEXGHSUR7HEHRNROQtVYW]DMtPDYMãt0RåQiåHGRNRQFHX7HEHY\YROiWHQWR7Y$MSUYQtNRQWDNWVHOHNWURQLNRXFHORåLYRWQt
zájem o tento obor.
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S tímto výrobkem jste koupili velmi kvalitní produkt, NWHUêRGSRYtGiVRXþDVQpPXVWDYXWHFKQLN\DVRXþDVQêPEH]SHþQRVWQtP
SHGSLV$P
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dodávána.
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obvody a tranzistory.
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QHEH]SHþtPVH]QiPLOL
&KFHPH9iPWDNpSLSRPHQRXWåHMVWHRGSRYGQt]DSUDYLGHOQpEH]SHþQRVWQtNRQWURO\NDåGpKRRGGORYDFtKRWUDQVIRUPiWRUX
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WDNRYiWR]iYDGDQHVPtEêWKUDþNDDåGRRGVWUDQQt]iYDG\SRXåtYiQD9'(SHGSLVþiVWVWUDQD
Obsah
3
Experiment
1
2
3
6
7
11
12
13
15
16
18
20
21
22
23
26
29
33
34
35
Exp.
36
40
41
45
48
50
60
64
65
67
74
78
81
82
83
84
87
92
93
Stránka
2
3
4
5
6
8
Úvod
Obsah
(OHNWURQLFNpStVWURMH
Ahoj, já se jmenuji Tronic
6RXþiVWN\REVDåHQpYWpWRVWDYHEQLFL
&RPXVtãMHãWYGW
]DÿtQiPHVWDYWREYRG\
+OtGDþYOKNRVWLYNYWLQiþL
+OtGDþYORXSiQt
(OHNWURQLFNêSRþtWDþþDVX
+OtGDþ~URYQKODGLQ\
=NRXãHþNDVRXþiVWHN
=NRXãHþNDWUDQ]LVWRU$
%OHVNRYpVYWOR
9êVWUDåQiVYWOD
&YLþtPHPRUVHRYNX
.RQWURONDVSXãWQêFKEOLQNU$
Elektronický metronom
3RåiUQtVLUpQD
(OHNWURQLFNêKOiVLþGHãW
+ODGLQRYpþLGOR
Dvojhlasá siréna
9êVWUDåQpVYWOR
6FKRGLã"RYê automat
6LPXOiWRUGHãW
=NRXãHþNDGLRG
+OtGDþYOKNRVWLNYWLQ
Proudový obvod
Rezistory
Sériové zapojení
Paralelní zapojení
1DS"RYêGOLþ
Elektrolytický kondenzátor
Keramický kondenzátor
Cívka
Sluchátko
Dioda
Tranzistor
=HVLORYDþ
=SWQiYD]ED
6StQDþ
Multivibrátor
'YRMVWXSRYê]HVLORYDþ
3UR]NXäHQpHOHNWURQLN\]DÿiWHÿQtN\
1RYpYFL]7URQLNRY\ODERUDWRH
Potenciometr
Proud báze-emitor
Darlingtonovo zapojení
SStQDFtQDSWt
Str.
32
36
36
37
38
39
40
43
44
45
47
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
$E\]H]HPQFRURVWOR
3RSODãQp]Dt]HQt
3R]RU]DþtQiPH
-HYDQDQDSXãWQi
(OHNWURQLFNiNRQWURODVRXþiVWHN
Jako v elektrotechnické
ODERUDWRL
3R]RU9\OHWtSWiþHN
3R]RUäHOH]QLþQtSHMH]G
Kódované signály
Napravo nebo nalevo?
Tik-tak-tik-tak
3RåiUQtSRSODFK
Prší, prší, jen se leje
Zamezení záplavám
Normální jízda povolena
2EMtåNDVWDYHQLãW
7PDYpGRPRYQtVFKRGLãW
Prší v nahrávacím studiu
doopravdy?
$XWRPDWLFNpSHSyORYiQt
.YWLQ\SRWHEXMtYRGX
Exp.
94
95
99
101
102
106
109
110
111
114
122
123
124
125
126
127
129
131
132
133
=HVLORYDþVWtGDYpKRSURXGX
Monostabilní multivibrátor
Bistabilní multivibrátor (klopný obvod)
'HULYDþQtþOiQHN
,QWHJUDþQtþOiQHN
Oscilátor
Obvod AND (A)
Obvod OR (NEBO)
6HQ]RURYiWODþtWND
6StQDþDY\StQDþ
=SRåGQt]DSQXWtDY\SQXWt
Tónový generátor
Bubny
Elektronický slavík
Brambor jako baterie
3URPQQêWyQRYêJHQHUiWRU
Majáková bóje
6WPtYDþ
6WHGRYOQQêUR]KODVRYêSLMtPDþ
9êNRQQêUR]KODVRYêSLMtPDþ
9DURYQêEOLNDþ
6H]QDPVRXþiVWHN
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Str.
63
64
66
67
68
69
70
70
71
71
74
77
78
78
80
81
82
84
86
88
91
92
(OHNWURQLFNpStVWURMH
Televizor
Maják
Dopravní semafor
äHKOLþND
Telefon
Elektrický sporák
HiFi -Yå
4
Ahoj, já se jmenuji Tronic
5
7URQLFMHPRMHSH]GtYNDYODVWQVHMPHQXML(OHNWURQ0iPWDNpQHVSRþHWQPQRKREUDWU$-VPHSRUXFHYãXGHWDPNGHMHSRWHED
HOHNWULFNêSURXG6DPR]HMPåH7LSURWRPRKXtFLPQRKR]DMtPDYpKRRHOHNWULFNpPSURXGXDMHKR~þLQFtFK
Bez HOHNWULFNpKRSURXGXVLMLåQHXPtPHQiãYãHGQtåLYRWDQLSHGVWDYLW3RWHEXMPHMHMQDSSURRVYWOHQtQDãHKRGRPRYDNYDHQt
MtGODDSURSRKRQPQRKDGDOãtFKStVWURM$NWHUpXOHKþXMtD]StMHPXMtQiãPRGHUQtåLYRW1FR]WRKRXND]XMtREUi]N\QDYHGOHMãt
stránce.
(OHNWULFNpStVWURMHVHYåG\VNOiGDMt]MHGQRWOLYêFKVWDYHEQtFKþiVWt(OHNWULFNêSURXGSRWRPS$VREtYWFKWRMHGQRWOLYêFKþiVWHFKD
FK\WUêPVSRMHQtPMHMLFK~þLQN$O]HVHVWDYLWQDSHOHNWULFNê]YRQHNVSRUiNQHERåHKOLþNX
6RXÿiVWN\]WpWRVWDYHEQLFH
Základní deska
6
349.2521
0RQWiåQtStSUDYHN
349.1154
6YtWLYiGLRGD/('VSHGDGQêPUH]LVWRUHP
Pozor:
'EHMWHQDMHMtVSUiYQpSLSRMHQt
349.2547
,GQHVQiPMDNRNRX]ORP$åHSLSDGDWWRåHMVRXHOHNWURQLFNpStVWURMHLMHGQRWOLYpVRXþiVWN\VFKRSQ\VORåLWpþLQQRVWLLSHVMHMLFK
QHSDWUQRXYHOLNRVWýDVWRQHMVRXWRWLåYWãtQHåãSHQGOtNRYiKODYLþND7DNRYpWRVRXþiVWN\NWHUpMVRXSRXåtYiQ\YUR]KODVRYêFKD
WHOHYL]QtFKSLMtPDþtFKSRþtWDþtFKQHERYNDSHVQtFKNDONXOiWRUHFKMVRXYêVOHGNHP~VLOtDSUiFHYê]NXPQtN$DNRQVWUXNWpU$1\Qt
VHP$åHãViPVWiWNRQVWUXNWpUHPDVWDYWVLSRPRFtWpWRVWDYHEQLFHU$]QpH[SHULPHQWiOQtREYRG\QHQHSRGREQpWPNWHUpVH
SRXåtYDMtYWHFKQLFNpSUD[L
7HQWRQiYRGPiWDNRYRXWRRUJDQL]DFL-HãWSHGWtPQHå]DþQHãH[SHULPHQWRYDWPOE\MVLVLSHþtVWNDSLWROXÄ&RPXVtäMHäW
YGW´
V kapitole Å]DÿtQiPHVWDYWHOHNWURQLFNpREYRG\´QDMGHãDGXQiYRG$N]DMtPDYêPSRNXV$P
V kapitole „SUR]NXäHQpHOHNWURWHFKQLN\]DÿiWHÿQtN\´MVRXMHãWGYDQiYRG\NHVWDYEUR]KODVRYpKRSLMtPDþH
Pod názvem Å1\QtSLFKi]tHOHNWURQLND´E\FK7LFKWOY\VYWOLWMDNIXQJXMtHOHNWURWHFKQLFNpVRXþiVWN\
Kapitola Å.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ´7LY\VYWOtPQRKR]DMtPDYpKRRY]iMHPQpPS$VREHQtHOHNWURQLFNêFKVRXþiVWHN
1DIRWRJUDILtFKYHGOH7LSHGVWDYXMLMHGQRWOLYpVWDYHEQtGtO\VRXþiVWN\7DNpMHWDP]Qi]RUQQDMHMLFKVFKHPDWLFNi]QDþNDD
SURSRMHQt-VRXWDP]REUD]HQ\YãHFKQ\VRXþiVWN\SDWtFtGRWpWRVWDYHEQLFHNWHUpEXGHãSRWHERYDWNHVYêPH[SHULPHQW$P
6RXÿiVWN\]WpWRVWDYHEQLFH
349.1041
Sluchátko
349.2546
Tranzistor
Pozor:
-HGQRWOLYpYêYRG\QHVPMt
být ]DPQQ\
6FKHPDWLFNi]QDþNDV
propojením
349.2546
349.5015
7ODþtWNR
349.2526
Svorka
349.1004
Rezistor
EDUHYQpNURXåN\]ODWê
napravo), viz. strana 35
349.1007
Keramický kondenzátor
EDUHYQêFKNURXåN$YL]
strana 40
349.1125
Dioda
Pozor:
Zapojit se správnou
polaritou
ãLURNêEDUHYQêNURXåHN
349.1016
9RGLþGUiW
vézt pod deskou
349.1296
Clips na baterii
ýHUYHQêGUiW ýHUQêGUiW -
349.2545
Elektrolytický kondenzátor
Pozor:
Zapojit se správnou
polaritou
dráåND NURXåHN
349.2545
Cívka
Pozor:
1DþtVODMHGQRWOLYêFK
YêYRG$
349.5145
Spínací kontakt
7
&RPXVtäMVHäW]QiW
8
3RURYQHMVSRGQtREUi]HNVYUFKQtP1DYUFKQtPREUi]NXMHVNXWHþQp]DSRMHQtH[SHULPHQWXþMHKRåVFKpPDMHQDNUHVOHQRGROH
6iPYLGtãåHVRXþiVWN\LMHGQRWOLYpSURSRMN\Y\SDGDMtYHVNXWHþQRVWLLQDVFKpPDWXSRGREQ
3LVWDYEH[SHULPHQW$E\MVLPOSRVWXSRYDWQiVOHGRYQ
%DWHULHVHYæG\SLSRMXMHDæQDNRQHF
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
6FKpPD]DSRMHQtSRORåQD]iNODGQtGHVNX
9HYãHFKUR]tFKDX]OHFK]DSRMHQtSURStFKQLPRQWiåQtPStSUDYNHPGtU\
9ãHFKQ\VRXþiVWN\MVRXYåG\VHSViQ\QDVH]QDPXVRXþiVWHNNGDQpPX]DSRMHQt
3RGOHWRKRWRVH]QDPXVLSLSUDYYãHFKQ\VRXþiVWN\DVYRUN\
'RSURStFKDQêFKGU]DVWUþSURSRMRYDFtVYRUN\
3RGOHSOiQNXUR]PtVWLQD]iNODGQtGHVNXVRXþiVWN\
+RWRYêYêUREHNMHãWMHGQRX]NRQWUROXMSRGOHSOiQNX
7HSUYHQ\QtP$åHãNREYRGXSLSRMLWEDWHULL
&RPXVtäMVHäW]QiW
&RPXVtãYGWMHãWSHGWtPQHå]DþQHãVYODVWQtP]DSRMRYiQtP9ãHFKQ\H[SHULPHQW\EXGHã]DSRMRYDWQDGHVFHVPQRKD
otvory.
Tato deska se nazývá základní deska.
.XSHYQQtVRXþiVWHNQD]iNODGQtGHVFHVORXåtXSHYRYDFtVYRUN\
6YRUNX]DVWUþVPUHP]H]KRUDGRO$GRRWYRUXY]iNODGQtGHVFHDå]DFYDNQH
.QDSiMHQtREYRGXVORXåt V baterie, typ 6F22. Upevni ji do rohu základní desky.
'tURXY]iNODGQtGHVFHSURVWUþJXPRYêSiVHN
9\QHFKMHGQXDGXGtUHNDSiVHNSURVWUþRSW]SiWN\QDGUXKRXVWUDQXGHVN\
9
&RPXVtäMVHäW]QiW
*XPLþNX]DKiNQL]GUXKpVWUDQ\]iNODGQtGHVN\QDSODVWLNRYêNROtN
ýHUYHQêStYRG ýHUQêStYRG %DWHULL]DVXRGWDNWRY]QLNOpVP\þN\DQDVDQa ni kontakt.
Pozor:
1LNG\VLQHVPtãKUiWVSURXGHP]HVt"RYp]iVWUþN\ÒþLQN\WRKRWRSURXGXPRKRXEêWVPUWHOQp1HVPtãSRXåtYDWDQLQDSiMHFt
transformátorek.
7ODÿtWNR
7ODþtWNRSLSHYQLGYPLVYRUNDPLStPRQD]iNODGQtGHVNX
6StQDFtNRQWDNWSURWLSyOSLSHYQLVWHMQêP]S$VREHP
3LVWLVNQXWtVHPXVtWODþtWNRGRWêNDWSURWLSOHFKX
10
&RPXVtäMVHäW]QiW
11
Rezistory, kondenzátory, diody, propojovací dráty, konektor baterie
3UXåLQXVYRUN\VWLVNQLYåG\WDNKOXERNRDE\E\ORYLGWRþNRVSRQN\
3RWRPWtPWRRþNHPSURVWUþtãSURSRMRYDFtGUát.
1\QtP$åHãSUXåLQXSXVWLW3URSRMHQtMHKRWRYRDSHYQGUåt
Tranzistory, svítivé diody (LED)
'R]iNODGQtGHVN\PXVtã]DVWUþLWWROLNSUXåLQRYêFKVYRUHNNROLNPiGDQiVRXþiVWNDYêYRG$QDSWUDQ]LVWRUPiWLYêYRG\
'HVWLþNXVHVRXþiVWNRXQDVWDYRWYRU\WDNDE\VRXKODVLO\VSRORKRXRþHNYSUXåLQRYêFKVYRUNiFK3RWRPGHVWLþNXQDMHGQRPURKX
VWLVNQLDY\þQtYDMtFtPRþNHPSURVWUþSURSRMRYDFtGUiW
7HQWRSRVWXS]RSDNXMVRVWDWQtPLYêYRG\VRXþiVWN\
.Cívky
9LGOLFRYêNRQWDNWFtYN\SRVXQDYêYRGþþHUYHQpGHVWLþN\FtYN\
'R]iNODGQtGHVN\PXVtã]DVWUþLWWROLNSUXåLQRYêFKVYRUHNNROLNMHQDVFKpPDWXQDNUHVOHQRNtåHQt
'HVWLþNXVHVRXþiVWNRXQDVWDYRWYRU\WDNDE\VRXKODVLO\VSRORKRXRþHNYSUXåLQRYêFKVYRUNiFK
1HMSUYHPXVtãXSHYQLWYLGOLFRYêNRQWDNWGRRGSRYtGDMtFtVYRUN\'HVWLþNXVWLVNQLDY\þQtYDMtFtPRþNHPSURVWUþSURSRMRYDFtGUiW
7HQWRSRVWXS]RSDNXMVRVWDWQtPLYêYRG\VRXþiVWN\
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
12
+OtGDþYOKNRVWLYNYWLQiþL
DE\]H]HP]DþDORQFRU$VWL
=NRXãHOXåMVL]DVDGLWGRNYWLQiþHKUiãHNQHERID]ROL"8UþLWMVLSRWRPNDåGêGHQQHWUSOLYþHNDODå]DþQHU$VW.WRPXDE\
PRKOD]KUiãNXQHERID]ROHY\U$VWURVWOLQDQHSRWHEXMHãSRX]HGREURXKOtQXDOHLSUDYLGHOQêStVXQYRG\5RVWOLQNXPXVtã
SUDYLGHOQ]DOpYDW5RVWH-OLMLåWYRMHURVWOLQNDPXVtãSUDYLGHOQKOtGDWYOKNRVWS$G\YNYWLQiþL7XWRSUiFL]DWHEHXGOiQiVOHGXMtFt
REYRG$E\MVLYLGOMDNIXQJXMHWDNRYêKOtGDþYOKNRVWLSRWHEXMHãMHGHQNYWLQiþVHVXFKRXDGUXKêVPRNURXKOtQRX
3RGOHSOiQNX]DSRMHQtþVLP$åHãViPSRVWDYLWWDNRYêKOtGDþYOKNRVWL2EDQHL]RORYDQpGUiW\NWHUpYHGRXQDVWUDQXMVRXYODVWQt
þLGODStVWURMH1D]êYDMtVHVHQ]RU\
7\WRVHQ]RU\]DVWUþQHMSUYHFPKOXERNRGRVXFKpDSRWRPGRPRNUpKOtQ\0H]HUDPH]LGUiW\PXVtEêWDVL cm.
9StSDGåHMVRXGUiW\]DVWUþHQ\GRVXFKpS$G\VYtWtYREYRGXYDURYQiNRQWUROND.RQWUROND]KDVQH]DVWUþtã-li dráty do mokré
hlíny nebo zaliješ-OLNYWLQiþVHVXFKRXKOtQRXYRGRX
R1
R2
R3
D1
T1
T2
=
=
=
=
=
=
rezistor
rezistor
rezistor
svítivá dioda
bílý tranzistor
bílý tranzistor
10 kΩ KQGiþHUQiRUDQåRYi
220 kΩ þHUYHQiþHUYHQiåOXWi
4,7 kΩ åOXWiILDORYiþHUYHQi
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
+OtGDþYORXSiQt
13
6U\FKOH"XNDMtFtPVUGtþNHPVH&KULVWLDQSUREXGLOXSURVWHGQRFL1HE\OVO\ãHW]SHGVtQQMDNêKOXN"5R]UXãHQOHåHOYSRVWHOL
0iMtWY]EXGLWVYpKRRWFHQHERVHPiMtWGRSHGVtQSRGtYDWUDGãLViP"1HOtEtVHPXDQLMHGQRDQLGUXKp9SRVWHOLVHFtWt
QHMLVWMãt
6QDãtPREYRGHPSRGOHSOiQNXþtVORWREXGHãPtWVQDGQMãt&KULVWLDQH1D]NRXãNXP$åHãYp]WGYDVWHMQpGUiW\RGVYRUHN$D
%QDRNQR'RUiPXRNQD]DWOXþYHGOHVHEHGYDNRYRYpSLStQiþN\NHNWHUêPW\WRGYDGUiW\SLSHYQtã1DNtGORRNQDQDOHSSiVHN
]KOLQtNRYpIyOLHDOREDOQHERREDO]þRNROiG\MH-OLRNQR]DYHQRPXVtKOLQtNRYiIyOLHREDGYDSLStQiþN\HOHNWULFN\SURSRMRYDW
,SLVSRMHQêFKSRSODãQêFKNRQWDNWHFKP$åHSLSLSRMHQtEDWHULHVYtWLWLQGLNDþQtNRQWUROND9WRPWRStSDGVWLVNQLWODþtWNR
3LRWHYHQtRNQDMHSURSRMHQtPH]LREPDSLStQiþN\SHUXãHQRDWtPMHUR]VYtFHQDLQGLNDþQtGLRGD-HY\YROiQDODUP7DNWR
]DMLãWQpRNQRQHP$åHEêWQHSR]RURYDQRWHYHQR3tSDGQpPX]ORGMRYLQHSRP$åHDQLWRNG\åEXGHWDNFK\WUêDGUiW\QHMSUYH
SHVWtKQH9WRPWRStSDGMHREYRGWDNpUR]SRMHQDSRSODãQiNRQWURONDVYtWt3RY\YROiQtDODUPXPXVtãVWLVNQRXYåG\WODþtWNRDE\
E\ORSRSODãQp]Dt]HQtSLSUDYHQRQDGDOãtSRSODFK
3RSODãQp]Dt]HQt
R1
R2
R3
T1
T2
D1
=
=
=
=
=
=
rezistor
rezistor
rezistor
bílý tranzistor
bílý tranzistor
svítivá dioda
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
14
(OHNWURQLFNêSRþtWDþþDVX
3R]RU]DþtQiPH
.GR]QiYtFH]QDþHNDXWRPRELO$".GR]QiYtFHKODYQtFKPVW(YURS\"=QiãW\WRQHERSRGREQpYWLSQpKU\"
3UREOpPWpWRKU\VHSLUR]HQGiY\HãLWSRKOHGHPQDKRGLQ\DOHXUþLWMHHOHJDQWQMãtD]DMtPDYMãtPtWVYRMHYODVWQtHOHNWURQLFNp
KRGLQ\MHGQ\WDNRYpRGSRþtWiYDFtKRGLQ\P$åHãYLGWQDREUi]NXþ
1D]DþiWNXKU\VWLVNQHãWODþtWNR3RWRPEXGHVHNXQGVYtWtNRQWUROND
Je-OLWDWRGREDStOLãNUiWNiY\PNRQGHQ]iWRUµF za kondenzátor 100 µ)3RWRPEXGHþDVRGSRþtWiYiQtDVLVHNXQG
0LPRWRP$åHãWHQWRþDVMHãWWURFKXSR]PQLWY\PQtã-li rezistor 220 kΩþHUYHQi-þHUYHQi-åOXWiYHGRXFtNWUDQ]LVWRUX]DMLQê
UH]LVWRU3LWRPSODWtþtPPHQãtKRGQRWDUH]LVWRUXWtPNUDWãtþDV
R1 = rezistor
R2 = rezistor
R3 = rezistor
C1 = elektrolytický
kondenzátor
10 µF
T1 = bílý tranzistor
D1 = svítivá dioda
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
Je vana napuãWQi"
15
Ä-GLVHXåSRGtYDWMHVWOLPiãYDQXXåSOQRXYRG\³SLSRPtQi0DUNRYLRWHF'YDNUiWXåPDUNDYRODODOHWHOHYL]QtILOPE\OWDN
QDStQDYêåH0DUHNSURVWQHVO\ãHO$SUiYWHPXVtMtWÄ7RMHN]ORVWL³P\VOHOVLÄåHQHH[LVWXMHåiGQêStVWURMNWHUêPE\E\OR
PRåQRMHGQRGXãHVOHGRYDWVWDYYRG\]REêYDFtKRSRNRMH$åEXGXYHONê³P\VOHOVLÄSRVWDYtPVLWDNRYêStVWURM³
3RWRPFRVL0DUHNSRVWDYLOKOtGDþKODGLQ\SRGOHSOiQNXþtVORQHPXVHOMLåþHNDWDåEXGHYHONê7HQWRKOtGDþPXWRWLåHNQHNG\Me
YDQDSOQiYRG\2EDQHL]RORYDQpGUiW\]HVYRUHN$D%Y\YHGHQpYHQ]GHVN\MVRXHOHNWURQLFNpþLGORSURKOtGiQtKODGLQ\YRG\
3UR]NRXãNXSRYVREGYþLGODGRVNOHQLFH2KQHã-OLMHSRiGQQDRNUDMLVNOHQLFHSDNEXGRXGREHGUåHW3RWRPQDOpYHMSRPDOX
do sklenice vodu. Dosáhla-OLKODGLQDYRG\RERXGYRXþLGHOUR]VYtWtVHYREYRGXNRQWUROND.RQWUROND7YDUXMHåHMHQHEH]SHþt
zatopení.
R1 = rezistor
R2 = rezistor
R3 = rezistor
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
16
=NRXãHþNDVRXþiVWHN
(OHNWURQLFNiNRQWURODVRXþiVWHN
3RXåLMHã-OLSLVWDYEQNWHUpKRREYRGXYDGQRXVRXþiVWNXQHP$åHVH7LWHQWRH[SHULPHQWSRGDLW3URWRHOHNWURWHFKQLNSHG
SRXåLWtPYãHFKQ\VRXþiVWN\WHVWXMHPtFtPStVWURMHPQDSSRPRFtPLþHSU$FKRGQRVWLYRGLþ$
3RGOHSOiQNX]DSRMHQtþtVORVLP$åHãWDNRYêWRPLþSU$FKRGQRVWLViPSRVWDYLW0$åHãVQtPPLWUH]LVWRU\NRQGHQ]iWRU\D
GLRG\6YRUN\R]QDþHQpþtVO\DMVRXXUþHQ\SURSLSRMHQt]NRXãHQpVRXþiVWN\1HMSUYHY\]NRXãHMIXQNþQRVWWRKRWRStVWURMH
2EVYRUN\DSURSRMGUiWNHPGLRG\PXVtQ\QtVYtWLW
Rezistory
7\MVRXYSRiGNXSRNXGSLMHMLFKSLSRMHQtVYtWtNRQWUROND
Diody
'LRGXPXVtãSLSRMLWEDUHYQêPSURXåNHPVPUHPNHVYRUFH6YtWt-OLSRWRPNRQWUROND]QDPHQiWRåHMHGLRGDYSRiGNX'LRGX
RWRþNRQWURONDPXVt]KDVQRXW
Elektrolytické kondenzátory
3LPHQtHOHNWURO\WLFNêFKNRQGHQ]iWRU$VYtWtYStSDGåHMHNRQGHQ]iWRUYSRiGNXkontrolka jen krátce a potom zhasne. Není-li
NRQGHQ]iWRUYSRiGNXVYtWtNRQWURONDQHXVWiOH.RQGHQ]iWRUMHYDGQê
R1 = rezistor
R2 = rezistor
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
-DNRYHOHNWURWHFKQLFNpODERUDWRL
17
7DNpWUDQ]LVWRU\PRKRXEêWãSDWQêP]DSRMHQtP]QLþHQ\.DåGêStVWURMIXQJXMHSRX]HYStSDGåHMVRXYãHFKQ\VRXþiVWN\
IXQNþQt,NG\åSUDFXMtYãHFKQ\VRXþiVWN\EH]YDGQPXVtPtWVSUiYQêHOHNWURWHFKQLNSLSUDYHQStVWURMVNWHUêPE\YStSDG
SRUXFK\PRKOWUDQ]LVWRU\]NRQWURORYDW7DNRYRXHOHNWURQLFNRX]NRXãHþNXWUDQ]LVWRU$VLP$åHãSRVWDYLWSRGOHSOiQNXþtVOR2SURWL
]NRXãHþFHSU$FKRGQRVWLPiWHQWRStVWURMWLPtFtYêYRG\
3LPHQtSLSRMWUDQ]LVWRUNYêYRG$PR]QDþHQêP(-B-&3R]RUQDMHKRVSUiYQpSLSRMHQt-H-OLWUDQ]LVWRUYSRiGNXUR]VYtWtVH
kontrolka.
R1 = rezistor
R2 = rezistor
ZNRXãHþNDWUDQ]LVWRU$
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
18
%OHVNRYpVYWOR
3R]RU9\OHWtSWiþHN
ÄâNRGD³P\VOHOVL7RPiãNG\åVLSURKOtåHOREUi]N\]HVYêFKQDUR]HQLQÄYãHFKQRMHStOLãWPDYp.G\E\FKVLSiONQDUR]HQLQiP
EOHVNNIR"iNXWDNE\VHWRQHPXVHORVWiW³1\Qt]HVYp]NXãHQRVWLYtåHNGRVDåHQtGREUpIRWRJUDILHMHSRWHEDGREUpRVYWOHQt
-DNWDNRYêHOHNWURQLFNêEOHVNIXQJXMHVLP$åHãRYLWVHVYtWLYRXGLRGRXY]DSRMHQtSRGOHVFKpPDWXþtVOR
7HQWREOHVNO]HVSXVWLWVWLVNHPWODþtWND6YtWLYiGLRGDSLWRPNUiWFHEOLNQHMDNREOHVNRYiYêERMNDNDåGêPVWLVNHPWODþtWNDVHWRWR
zablýsknutí opakuje.
R1 = rezistor
22 kΩ þHUYHQiþHUYHQiRUDQåRYi
R2 = rezistor
R3 = rezistor
1 kΩ KQGiþHUQiþHUYHQi
kondenzátor
10 µF
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
3R]RUäHOH]QLþQtSHMH]G
19
Ä9ODNPiYåG\SHGQRVW³tNi3HWU$YRWHFNG\åVHSLEOtåLOLNåHOH]QLþQtPXSHMH]GX=iYRU\E\O\VSXãWQ\DYêVWUDåQiVYWOD
EOLNDOD9\SQXOPRWRUDþHNDOÄ9tãW\Y$EHFSURþYêVWUDåQiVYWODEOLNDMtNG\åE\PRKODSRX]HVYtWLW"³]HSWDOVH3HWUDRWHFÄ6WiOH
VYtWtFtVYWORE\LGLþLPRKOLSHKOpGQRXW7DNRYiWRYêVWUDåQiVYWODEOLNDMtDXWRPDWLFN\³
3RGOHSOiQNXþtVORVLP$åHãWDNpSRVWDYLWYDURYQiEOLNDMtFtVYWOD
3RSLSRMHQtEDWHULHEXGHVYtWLYiGLRGDSUDYLGHOQEOLNDW
9\PQtã-li rezistor 10 kΩKQGi-þHUQi-RUDQåRYi]DKRGQRWXNΩþHUYHQi-þHUYHQi-RUDQåRYiEXGHGLRGDVYtWLWNUDWãt
dobu, zatímco zhasnutá bude po dobu delší.
R1 = rezistor
47 kΩ åOXWiILDORYiRUDQåRYi
R2 = rezistor
R3 = rezistor
kondenzátor
100 µF
kondenzátor
10 µF
9êVWUDåQiVYWOD
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
20
&YLþtPHPRUVHRYNX
R1
R2
R3
C1
=
=
=
=
C2
=
T1
T2
O
=
=
=
rezistor
rezistor
rezistor
keramický
kondenzátor
keramický
kondenzátor
bílý tranzistor
bílý tranzistor
sluchátko
Kódované signály
100 kΩ KQGiþHUQiåOXWi
4,7 kΩ åOXWiILDORYiRUDQåRYi
47 kΩ
10 nF KQGiþHUQiRUDQåRYi
3RPDOXRWiþHO.ODXVODGtFtPNQRIOtNHPUR]KODVRYpKRSLMtPDþH1DVWDYLOVLUR]VDKNUiWNêFKYOQDQ\QtKOHGDOQMDNRXVWDQLFLV
SNQRXPX]LNRX1iKOHPOQDStMPXQMDNpStSiQt9GOåHMVRXWR]QDN\PRUVHRY\DEHFHG\ERKXåHOMLPQHUR]XPO7HQWR
SHQRV]SUiYVHQD]êYiWHOHJUDILH9ãHFKQ\StVPHQDQDãtDEHFHG\MVRXSHORåHQ\GRDEHFHG\VNOiGDMtFtVH]WHþHNDþiUHN
Takováto abeceda se nazývá morseova abeceda.
Hovor$~þDVWQtFtVHUDGLRDPDWpLPXVtVDPR]HMPGORXKRFYLþLWQHåPRUVHRYXDEHFHGXRYOiGDMtEH]FK\EQDGRVWDWHþQU\FKOH
6SRPRFtStVWURMHQDSURFYLþRYiQtPRUVHRY\DEHFHG\SRGOHSOiQNXVHP$åHã]DþtWXþLW
3LVWLVNXWODþtWNDXVO\ãtãYHVOXFKiWNXWyQWyQ]PRUVHRY\DEHFHG\
A · –
K –· –
U · · –
1· –––
6 –· · · ·
L · –· ·
V · · · – 2 · · – – – 7 – –· · ·
B –· · ·
8 – – –· ·
M ––
W · ––
3· · · –
C –· –·
–
9 – – – –·
D –· ·
N –·
X –· · –
4· · · ·
–
E ·
O –––
Y –· – –
5
0 –––––
· · · · ·
F · · –
P · – –·
Z – –· ·
·
G ––·
Q – –· –
H
R · –·
WHþND· –· –· –
· · · ·
I · ·
S · · ·
omyl · · · · · · · ·
J · ––– T –
SOS · · · – – – · · ·
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
Napravo nebo nalevo
21
0iOHPMVPHVHVUD]LOLVMLQêPDXWRPRELOHP+RQ]RYXRWFLVYtWLORGRRþtVOXQtþNRDSURWRSHKOpGONRQWURONXEOLQNUXVYpKRDXWRPRELOX
8PRGHUQtFKDXWRPRELO$SURWRQHEOLNiSLVSXãWQêFKEOLQNUHFKSRX]HNRQWURONDDOHMHVO\ãHWWDNpSHUXãRYDQêWyQ
3RGOHVFKpPDWXSURSRMHQtþtVORVLP$åHãWDNRYêWRNRQWUROQtREYRGViPSRVWDYLW
Potom coREYRGSRVWDYtãDSLSRMtãNEDWHULLEXGHEOLNDWNRQWUROND=iURYHVQtEXGHVO\ãHW]HVOXFKiWNDSHUXãRYDQêWyQ
,WRWR]DSRMHQtP$åHãSR]PQLW9\PUH]LVWRUNΩåOXWi- fialová -RUDQåRYi]DKRGQRWX kΩþHUYHQi-þHUYHQiRUDQåRYi
R1 = rezistor
R2 = rezistor
R3 = rezistor
kondenzátor
100 µF
kondenzátor
10 µF
O
= sluchátko
.RQWURONDVSXãWQêFKEOLQNU$
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
22
Elektronický metronom
Tik-tak-tik-tak
8PtãKUiWQDQMDNêKXGHEQtQiVWURM"1HERVHXþtãKUiW"3RWRPMLVWYtãåHSLKUDQtPXVtEêWGRGUåHQXUþLWêWDNW+RGQ
PX]LNDQW$VLY\"XNiYiWDNWMHGQRGXãHQRKRXRSRGODKX'DOãtDPH]LQLPLLGLULJHQWLSRXåtYDMtVSHFLiOQtStVWURMNWHUêMLPXGiYi
SHVQêWDNW'tYHE\OLSRXåtYiQ\StVWURMHSRGREQpWRPXNWHUêMHQDREUi]NXYOHYR8QLFKE\ODSHVQRVWY\"XNiYiQtWDNWX
XGUåRYiQDVHPWDPVHNêYDMtFtPN\YDGOHP7DNRYêWRStVWURMVHQD]êYiPHWURQRP
(OHNWURQLFNêPHWURQRPVLP$åHãSRVWDYLWSRGOHSOiQNXþtVOR
3RXNRQþHQtVWDYE\DSRSLSRMHQtREYRGXNEDWHULLXVO\ãtã]HVOXFKiWND"XNiQtMDNRVNXWHþQpKRPHWURQRPX-HGQRWOLYp]YXN\
budou udává takt.
7DNWP$åHãWDNpSR]PQLWY\PQtã-li rezistor 22 kΩþHUYHQi-þHUYHQi-RUDQåRYi]DKRGQRWXNΩåOXWi- fialová -RUDQåRYi
1\QtEXGHVO\ãHWU\FKOHMãt"XNiQt
R1 = rezistor
R2 = rezistor
R3 = rezistor
kondenzátor
100 µF
kondenzátor
10 µF
O
= sluchátko
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
3RåiUQtSRSODFK
23
Ä+RtKRt³VNRURVRXþDVQVWtPWRYROiQtPRSRSODFKVHUR]H]QODSRåiUQtVLUpQDNWHUiPi]~NROSLYRODWGREURYROQpKDVLþH
3RGREQpVLUpQ\MVRXXPtVWQ\SRFHOp]HPLDE\SLStSDGQpPSRåiUXQHERMLQpNDWDVWURIY\YRODO\SRSODFK3L]NRXãNiFKPRKRX
být všechny sirény zapnuty a vypnuty z jednoho místa. Sirénu sLP$åHãSRVWDYLWSRGOHSOiQNXþtVOR
3LVWLVNXWODþtWNDVH]HVOXFKiWNDUR]H]QtWyQNWHUêVHEXGHQHXVWiOH]Y\ãRYDW3XVWtã-OLQ\QtWODþtWNREXGHWyQSRPDOXXEêYDW
EXGHSR]YROQKOXEãtDKOXEãt3RXUþLWpPþDVHPXVtãWODþtWNRRSWVWLVNQRXW6WtGDYêPWLVNQXWtPDXYRORYiQtPWODþtWNDP$åHã
XGODWVLUpQXVNROtVDYêPWyQHP1HPXVtãYåG\þHNDWDåEXGHWyQ]FHODKOXERNêWODþtWNRP$åHãVWLVNQRXWNG\FKFHã
R1 = rezistor
R2 = rezistor
R3 = rezistor
R4 = rezistor
C1 = keramický
10 nF
kondenzátor
C2 = keramický
10 nF
kondenzátor
10 µF
kondenzátor
O
= sluchátko
3RåiUQtVLUpQD
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
24
(OHNWURQLFNêKOiVLþGHãW
Prší, prší jen se leje
Ä7RMHDOHSRþDVt³HNODQHã"DVWQ0DUWLQLQDPDWNDNG\åVHSRGtYDODVNU]RNQRDYLGODåHSUãtÄSUiGORMHMHãWYHQNXQDã$H³Ä$
šaty pro moje panenky budou taky mokré“, doplQLODML0DUWLQDWDNRYpWRQHãWVWtVHWYpPDWFHQHVWDQHSRVWDYtã-li ji elektronický
KOtGDþGHãWSRGOHSOiQNXþtVOR
3RWRPFRMVLREYRGSRVWDYLOSRWHEXMHãMHãWQMDNêVHQ]RUNWHUêE\StSDGQRXYOKNRVWKOiVLOStVWURML=DWtPWR~þHOHPSHYQSLSRM
NHVYRUNiP$D%GYDVWHMQGORXKpGUiW\-HMLFKGUXKpNRQFH]DStFKQLYHY]GiOHQRVWLDVLFPRGVHEHGRVDYpKRSDStUXNDåGê
GUiWYHGHFKYtOLSRGSDStUHPDFKYtOLQDSDStHWDNMDNMHYLGW]REUi]NX3RWRPP$åHãStVWURMY\]NRXãHWWtPåHQDSDStUNiSQHš
QNROLNNDSHNYRG\=HVOXFKiWHNE\VHPOUR]H]QtWSRSODãQêWyQ6DPR]HMPåHVHGUiW\QHVPMtQDY]iMHPGRWêNDWMLQDNE\MVL
QHVO\ãHOåiGQêWyQ
Postavíš-OLStVWURMQDSDUDSHWRNQDDþLGORGiãYHQSDNEXGHãYåG\RNDPåLWLQIRUPRYiQåH]DþDORSUãHW
R1 = rezistor
R2 = rezistor
R3 = rezistor
C1 = keramický
kondenzátor
C2 = keramický
kondenzátor
O
= sluchátko
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
Zamezení záplavám
25
9ODVWQQHPOD%HWLQDXåGiYQRåiGQêVWUDFK]ERXHNDOHSLWpWRERXFHVHSHFHMHQRPFtWLODQHMEH]SHþQMLYHGOHVYpKRRWFH
%OHVN\DKURP\QiVOHGRYDO\WDNU\FKOH]DVHERXåHVNRURVSOêYDO\.WRPXMHãWOLORWDNKXVWåHPiOHPQHE\ORYLGWGRP\QD
GUXKpXOLFH$SURWRMLQHFKDOMHMtWDWtQHNRSWVDPRWQRXDãHOVHSRGtYDWGRVNOHSD]GDGRQKRQHWHþHYRGD
9WDNRYêFKWRStSDGHFKSRP$åHREYRGSRGOHVFKpPDWXþtVOR
Po poVWDYHQtStVWURMHDSLSRMHQtEDWHULHVYtWtVYtWLYiGLRGDQHMSUYHVWiOH.HVSUiYQpþLQQRVWLREYRGXSRWHEXMHãMHãWþLGOR.H
VYRUNiP$D%SLSRMGYDVWHMQGORXKpGUiW\DQDGUXKpPNRQFLMHVWUþGRVNOHQLFHYRG\2KQHã-OLMHSHYQRNRORNUDMHVNOHQLFH
EXGRXYQtGREHGUåHW1\Qt]NXVQDOtWGRVNOHQLFHYRGX'RViKQH-OLKODGLQDDåNGUiW$P]DþQHVYtWLYiGLRGDEOLNDW
R1 = rezistor
R2 = rezistor
R3 = rezistor
100 µF
kondenzátor
10 µF
kondenzátor
+ODGLQRYpþLGOR
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
26
Dvojhlasá siréna
Normální jízda povolena
6KODVLWRXVLUpQRXDUR]VYtFHQêPLVYWO\KRQtSROLFHMQtDXWRLGLþHSRGH]HOpKRDXWRPRELOX9ãHFKQ\RVWDWQtYR]LGODVHXNOt]HMtQD
SUDYRXNUDMQLFLYR]RYN\7HQWRYêVWUDåQê]YXNQHO]HSHVOHFKQRXW7DNRYêWRSHUXãRYDQêWyQMHQiSDGQMãtQHåSRXKêGORXKêWyQ
0XVtXYRORYDWFHVWXSURVSFKDMtFtSROLFHMQtYR]LGODKDVLþHDVDQLWN\1DSOiQNXþtVORMHSUiYWDNRYiWRGYRMKODViVLUpQD
3RSLSRMHQtEDWHULHMH]HVOXFKiWNDVO\ãHWGORXKêWyQ6WLVNQHã-OLQ\QtWODþtWNREXGHWyQY\ããt
9êãND]iNODGQtKRWyQXWHG\WyQXSHGVWLVNQXWtPWODþtWND]iYLVtQDKRGQRWUH]LVWRUXNΩåOXWi- fialová -RUDQåRYi
9\PMHMWHG\]DUH]LVWRUVKRGQRWRXNΩþHUYHQi-þHUYHQi-þHUYHQi=iNODGQtWyQMHWHY\ããt
1\QtYêPQUH]LVWRUNΩKQGi-þHUQi-åOXWiXWODþtWND]DUH]LVWRUNΩþHUYHQi-þHUYHQi-RUDQåRYi3LVWLVNQXWpP
WODþtWNXEXGH]HVOXFKiWNDVO\ãHWMHãWY\ããtWyQ1HQtYãDNWROLNRGOLãQêRG]iNODGQtKRWyQXMDNRYSHGFKR]tPStSDG
R1 = rezistor
220Ω þHUYHQiþHUYHQiåOXWi
R2 = rezistor
R3 = rezistor
R4 = rezistor
C1 = keramický
kondenzátor
C2 = keramický
kondenzátor
kondenzátor
10 µF
O
= sluchátko
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
2EMtåNDVWDYHQLãW
27
'QHVUiQR]DþDOQDFKRGQtNXSHGWtPQRYêPGRPHPNRSDWEDJU.G\åãHO$QGUHDVSRWRPFRVLXGODOGRPiFt~NRO\YHQSHG
G$PYLGOYãXGHYDURYQpODPS\D]iYRU\/tELORVHPXMDNODPS\NUiWFH]DVYtWtDSRWRP]$VWDQRXGHOãtGREXWPDYpÄ-DNWRMHQ
P$åHIXQJRYDW³SWDOVHViPVHEH
/DPSD]DSRMHQiSRGOHVFKpPDWXþtVORIXQJXMHVWHMQMDNRW\]HVWDYHQLãW3RSLSRMHQtEDWHULHODPSDNUiWFH]DVYtWtDSRWRP
]$VWDQHWHPQiýDVSURGRE\VYtFHQtDQHVYtFHQtXUþXMtNRQGHQ]itory 100 µF a 10 µF spolu s odpory 10 kΩKQGi-þHUQiRUDQåRYiDNΩåOXWi- fialová -RUDQåRYi
=NXVY\PQLWQDY]iMHPREDGYDNRQGHQ]iWRU\1\QtMHGREDVYLWXODPS\GORXKi]DWtPFRGREDSDX]\MHNUiWNi
-LQpKRHIHNWXGRFtOtãYUiFHQtPRERXNRQGHQ]iWRU$]SWGRS$YRGQtSRORK\DYêPQRXUH]LVWRUXNΩKQGi-þHUQi-RUDQåRYi
za jiný z hodnotou 22 kΩþHUYHQi-þHUYHQi-RUDQåRYi'REDVYLWXODPS\MHGHOãt]DWtPFRGREDSDX]\]$VWDODQH]PQQD
R1 = rezistor
R2 = rezistor
R3 = rezistor
100 µF
kondenzátor
10 µF
kondenzátor
9êVWUDåQpVYWOR
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
28
6FKRGLã"RYêDXWRPDW
.UiWFHVWLVNQL]DStQDFtWODþtWNR6YtWLYiGLRGDEXGHVYtWLWDVLVHNXQGDSDNVDPD]KDVQH
7PDYpGRPRYQtVFKRGLãW
.G\å%HUQDUGYVWRXSLOQDVFKRGLãWXåVYtWLORVYWORÄ9åG\NG\åStMGXMHGHYêWDKDNRUiWQDKRUX³P\VOHOVLUR]]OREHQýHNDWVH
mu neFKWORDSURWRãHOQDKRUXSãN\0H]LWHWtPDþWYUWêPSDWUHPVHQiKOHRFLWOYHWP$XWRPDWLFNêVFKRGLã"RYêY\SLQDþVYWOR
WRWLå]KDVO
2EYRGSRGOHVFKpPDWXþtVORIXQJXMHSRGREQMDNRVFKRGLã"RYpVYWOR
'REDVYtFHQtGLRG\MHXUþHQDNRQGHQ]iWRUHPµF a rezistor 100 kΩKQGi-þHUQi-åOXWiDUH]LVWRU kΩþHUYHQiþHUYHQi-åOXWi7XWRGREXP$åHã]NXVLW]PQLW]PQRXNRQGHQ]iWRUXQHERMHGQRKR]UH]LVWRU$
Kondenzátor 100 µ)Y\]NRXãHM]DPQLW]DMLQêµ)=NXVVWLVNQRXWWODþtWNR6YtWLYiGLRGDQ\Qt]KDVQHSRNUDWãtGRE
6WHMQpKR~þLQNXGRViKQHãLNG\åQHFKiãNRQGHQ]iWRUµ)]DSRMHQêDY\PQtãUH]LVWRUNΩþHUYHQi-þHUYHQi-åOXWi]D
rezistor s hodnotou 100 kΩKQGi-þHUQi-åOXWi
R1 = rezistor
R2 = rezistor
R3 = rezistor
R4 = rezistor
R5 = rezistor
10 µF
kondenzátor
svítivá dioda
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
Prší v nahrávacím studiu opravdu?
29
6YHQVLSURKOtåHOYãH]DMtPDYpYUR]KODVRYpPVWXGLX9]DOKRWDPVVHERXMHKRVWUêFNWHUêWDPSUDFXMH=PRQLWRURYDFtKR
UHSURGXNWRUXVHQDMHGQRXUR]H]QO]YXNMDNRNG\E\VLOQSUãHOR=YXNDPXY\VYWOLOåHSRGREQp]YXN\MDNRMHWHQWRVH
QHQDKUiYDMtYHQNXYHYROQpStURGDOHMVRXY\WYiHQ\HOHNWURQLFN\
6SRPRFtREYRGXQDSOiQNXþtVORVLP$åHãWDNpY\WYRLW]YXNSLSRPtQDMtFtVLOQêGpã"
3RWRPFRNREYRGXSLSRMtãEDWHULLPXVtEêW]HVOXFKiWNDVO\ãHWGpã"
9HWYpPVLPXOiWRUXGHãWMH]YXNY\WYiHQSRPRFtWUDQ]LVWRUXXNWHUpKRMVRXY\XåLW\SRX]HGYDYêYRG\DRGSRUXNΩKQGiþHUQi-þHUYHQi-HY\WYiHQU\FKOêPVStQiQtPDUR]HStQiQtPWRKRWRWUDQ]LVWRUX3LWRPQtPSUREtKDMtSURXG\NWHUpVHYH
VOXFKiWNXMHYtMDNRãXPDU$]QpUXFK\
9UR]KODVRYpPVWXGLXMHWHQWRJHQHUiWRUSLSRMHQQDPLNURIRQ-HKR]YXNVLPXOXMHSRWRPUHiOQ]YXNVNXWHþQpKRYHOPLVLOQpKR
GHãW
R1 = rezistor
R2 = rezistor
10 µF
kondenzátor
O
= sluchátko
6LPXOiWRUGHãW
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
30
=NRXãHþNDGLRG
3UR3HSXE\ORYHOPL]GORXKDYpWHVWRYDWGLRG\StVWURMHPSRGOHSOiQNXþtVORSURWRåHSUR~SOQêWHVWE\ORQXWQRGLRGXSLPHQt
RWRþLWSHSyORYDW3URWRY\P\VOHOVFKpPDVHNWHUêPWRMGHMHGQRGXãHMLQ\QtP$åHGLRGXWHVWRYDWYRERXVPUHFKDQLåE\MLPXVHO
SHSyORYDW
=NRXãHQRXGLRGXNH]NRXãHþFHSLSRMPH]LVYRUN\$D%WDNDE\SURXåHNXND]RYDOVPUHPNHVYRUFH.
Je-OLGLRGDYSRiGNXVYtWLYiGLRGDQHVYtWtQHVPtVYtWLWDQLYStSDGåHE\ORVWLVNQXWRWODþtWNR
Vyzkratuješ-OLVYRUN\$D%QMDNêPGUiWNHPFRåRGSRYtGi]NUDWXPXVtGLRGD]DþtWVYtWLW6WLVNQHã-OLQ\QtWODþtWNRGLRGD]KDVQH
Není-OLNH]NRXãHþFHSLSRMHQDåiGQiGLRGDQHERMHGLRGDSHUXãHQDSDN/('GLRGDQHVYtWt3RVWLVNXWODþtWNDE\POD]DþtWVYtWLW
9QiVOHGXMtFtWDEXOFHMVRXSURSHKOHGQRVWY\MPHQRYiQ\YãHFKQ\PRåQRVWLMHãWMHGQRX
7ODþtWNR
Dioda
stisknuto
není stisknuto
MHYSRiGNX
LED nesvítí
LED nesvítí
je vyzkratována
LED nesvítí
LED svítí
MHSHUXãHQD
LED svítí
LED nesvítí
3LSRYROHQpPWODþtWNXQHVYtWtGLRGDSRX]HYStSDGåHMH]NRXãHQiGLRGDGREUi9WRPStSDGMHWRWLåQDVYRUFH.SHVRGSRU5
NODGQpQDSWtEDWHULH=NRXãHQiGLRGDMH]DSRMHQDY]iYUQpPVPUXSURWRVNU]QLQHP$åHWpFLåiGQêSURXGGREi]HWUDQ]LVWRUX
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
31
$YãDNGLRGDVYQLWQtP]NUDWHPMHVYtWLYRXGLRGRXLGHQWLILNRYiQDSURWRåHMHGLQSDNVHP$åHQDEi]LWUDQ]LVWoru T2 dostat
tGtFtQDSWt]H]GURMH
Stiskneš-OLQ\QtWODþtWNRGRVWDQHVHQDEi]LWUDQ]LVWRUXQDSWtNWHUpWHQWRWUDQ]LVWRURWHYH1DMHKRNROHNWRUXVHSRWRPQDFKi]t
YHOPLPDOpQDSWt=HVYRUN\$MHSHVUH]LVWRU5SLYHGHQRNODGQpQDSWtNWHUpMHRYãHPGtN\]NRXãHQpGLRGMH]NUDWRYiQD
sepnutým tranzistorem T1 omezeno na 0,7 97RWRQDSWtMHStOLãPDOpQDWRDE\VHSORWUDQ]LVWRU76YtWLYiGLRGDWHG\QHP$åH
svítit. Pouze je-OL]NRXãHQiGLRGDGHIHNWQtSHUXãHQiQHERY\KRHOiP$åH/('GLRGD svítit.
+OtGDþYOKNRVWLNYWLQ
6YHQRYLURGLþHFKWOLQDQNROLNGQtRGFHVWRYDWD6YHQGRVWDO]D~NROVWDUDWVHRG$P-HKRPDWNDPXGDODKQHGQNROLN~NRO$
NWHUpYWpWRGREPXVHOY\tGLW
=DOpYDWNYWLQ\-yMpWRMHMHKRVODEiVWUiQND-LåMHGQRXQDWR]DSRPQOåHPiSUDYLGHOQ]DOpYDWNYWLQ\.YWLQ\SLWRPYHOPL
WUSO\
6YHQ$YNDPDUiGPOGREUêQiSDG6SRPRFtKOtGDþHYOKNRVWLYNYWLQiþLPO6YHQNYWLQ\KOtGDWMH-OL]HPYNYWLQiþLStOLãVXFKi
XSR]RUXMHEOLNDMtFtNRQWURONDåHMHþDVRSW zalévat.
.YWLQ\SRWHEXMtYRGX
3RGOHSOiQNXþtVORVLP$åHãWDNRYêKOtGDþSRVWDYLW2EDVHQ]RU\PXVHMtEêWVWUþHQ\GRNYWLQiþHNWHUêPiEêWKOtGiQ-H-OLS$GD
StOLãVXFKi]DþQH/('GLRGDEOLNDW9DURYQêVLJQiOSHVWDQHDåWHKG\NG\åNYWLQX]DOHMHãYRGRX.YWLQDEXGHVSRNRMHQi
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
32
D1 = svítivá dioda (LED)
8UþLWVHWLYåG\SRYHGORXYp]WHOHNWURQLFNpStVWURMHGRFKRGX7DNMVL]tVNDO]NXãHQRVWLVHVWDYERXREYRG$SRGOHVFKpPDWXDVH
]DFKi]HQtPVHOHNWURQLFNêPLVRXþiVWNDPL-HSURWRþDVY\VYWOLWWLEOtåHMLSURFHV\NWHUpSUREtKDMtYMHGQRWOLYêFKVRXþiVWNiFKD
StVWURMtFK7tPVHVH]QiPtãVHOHNWURQLNRXWDNp]HYQLW3tVOXãQpREYRG\DSOiQN\SURSRMHQtMVRXWXXNi]iQ\]NUiFHQQHER"MVL
MLVWPH]LWtPMLå]tVNDOGRVWDWHN]NXãHQRVWtSURMHMLFKVWDYEX
2EYRGþtVORWLXND]XMHSURSRMHQtEDWHULHDVYtWLYpGLRG\=MHGQRKRNRQWDNWXEDWHULHVHMGHSHVRGSRUQD/('GLRGXDSRWRPQD
GUXKêNRQWDNWEDWHULH8GOiã-li to podle obrázku, bude dioda svítit.
-DNMVHPMLåQD]DþiWNXtNDOMVHPLVPêPLEUDWU\(/(.7521<YåG\WDNNGHMHSRWHEDHOHNWULFNêSURXG.G\åMVPHYSRK\EX
jsme elektrický proud.
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
33
0\HOHNWURQ\VHQDFKi]tPHYEDWHULLDYGUiWHFK/HåtPHYãXGHQDWVQiQLWVQXVHEH$E\PRKODVYtWLWQMDNiODPSD
PXVtPHRSXVWLWEDWHULL0$åHPHMLRYãHPRSXVWLWSRX]HÄEUiQRX³7RMHPLQXVSyOEDWHULH=NUiFHQMH]QDþHQÄ-“. Tak je to také
napsáno na baterii.
%DWHULLP$åHPHRSXVWLWMHQRPWHKG\MH-OLNHNRQWDNWXEDWHULHSLSRMHQQMDNêGUiWGRNWHUpKRP$åHPHYOp]W7HQNGRMHSLSRMHQQD
druhém konciGUiWXPXVtMtWGRYQLWGREDWHULH.WRPXSRWHEXMHPHGUXKRXÄEUiQX³NWHUiVHMPHQXMHSOXVSyO]NUiFHQÄ³
7HQWRGMMHPRåQêSRX]HWHKG\MH-OLYEDWHULLREVDåHQD]YOiãWQtHQHUJLHQHERVtOD3RGREQMDNRYHYRGQtSXPSMVPHP\
HOHNWURQ\WRXVLORXWODþHQ\GRGUiWX7HQWRWODNNWHUêQiVXYiGtGRSRK\EXVHQD]êYiHOHNWULFNpQDSWt0tVHYHYROWHFK9
3URWRåHVHQDQDãtFHVWRGPLQXVSyOXNSOXVSyOXSRK\EXMHPHSRXUþLWpPNUXKXPOXYtVHQNG\RSURXGRYpPRNUXKX1NG\VH
tNi7HþHWDPSURXG
V REYRGXþtVORSR]QiãåHREYRGHPWHþHSURXGSRGOHWRKRåH]DþQHVYtWLW/('GLRGD
Postavil-OLMVLVL]NRXãHþNXVRXþiVWHNSRGOHSOiQNXþtVORMLVWYtãåHGLRGDP$åHVYtWLWMHQRPWHKG\MH-OLYREYRGXSLSRMHQDãSLFt
NPLQXVSyOXEDWHULH'LRGDMH]DSRMHQDYSURSXVWQpPVWDYX7RVDPpSODWtLSURVYtWLYRXGLRGX]REYRGXþtVOR
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
34
7D WODþtWNR
=H]DSRMHQtþtVORMHYLGWåHGLRGDXPtX]DYtUDWSURXGMH-OL]DSRMHQDYRSDþQpPVPUXWHG\EDUHYQêPSURXåNHPVPUHPN
plus pólu baterie. Má-OLWRWLåEêWSURXGRYêRNUXKSHUXãHQVWDþtMHGQRGXãHY\WiKQRXQNWHURXGUiWRYRXSURSRMNX3RK\EHOHNWURQ$
SDNSHVWDQH
(OHJDQWQMãtHãHQtMHXNi]iQRYREYRGSURSHUXãHQtREYRGXMHSRXåLWVStQDþ=DSRMLOMVL/('GLRGXYSURSXVWQpPVPUX"
.G\åWHVWLVNQHãWODþtWNREXGHGLRGDVYtWLWQHER"MHQWDNVHPRKRXHOHNWURQ\GUiWHPSRK\ERYDW9RSDþQpPStSDGMHSURXGRYê
RNUXKXVStQDþSHUXãHQ
3RWRPFRMVLSRFKRSLOMDNêP]S$VREHPWHþHYHOHNWULFNêFKREYRGHFKSURXGP$åHã]NRXãHWFRVHVWDQHNG\åYORåtãSURXGXGR
REYRGXQMDNpSHNiåN\-HGQD]SHNiåHNVHQD]êYiHOHNWULFNêRGSRUUH]LVWRU
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
35
Rezistory
-HGQRWOLYpUH]LVWRU\MVRXR]QDþHQ\EDUHYQêPLSURXåN\SRPRFtWFKWRSURXåN\O]HXUþLWKRGQRWXGDQpKRUH]LVWRUX
-DNRVHPtY]GiOHQRVWYPHWUHFKH[LVWXMHSURRGSRUWDNpQMDNiPtFtMHGQRWND2+0=NUiFHQVHStãH]QDNΩ -SHþWLRKP
7RWRR]QDþHQtE\OR]YROHQRNXFWQtQPHFNpKRI\]LND*HRUJH6LPRQD2KPD7DNMDNRPHWU$QD]êYiãNLORPHWUtNiVHX
RGSRU$YWãtFKQHå ΩNLORRKP]NUiFHQ kΩ.
$E\MVLWRPOSLVHVWDYRYiQtSRNXVQêFKREYRG$MHGQRGXããttNDOMVHPWLXNDåGpKRUH]LVWRUXMHKREDUHYQp]QDþHQt6DPR]HMP
åHP$åHãKRGQRWXUH]LVWRUXXUþLWWDNpViP3URWRH[LVWXMHWDEXONDSRPRFtNWHUpP$åHãSHYp]WEDUHYQp]QDþHQtQDþtVOD3LWRP
QHVPtã]DSRPHQRXWåH
3UYQtEDUHYQêSURXåHN]QDPHQiSUYQtFLIUXþtVODGUXKêSURXåHNGUXKRXFLIUXDWHWtSURXåHNWLtNiNROLNQXOPiWRWRþtVOR7ROLNQXO
WHG\PXVtãSLGDW]DSUYQtGYþtVOD
Barva
3UYQtSURXåHN Druhý
7HWtSURXåHN
SURXåHN
0
0
þHUQê
0
1
1
KQGê
00
2
2
þHUYHQê
000
3
3
RUDQåRYê
0 000
4
4
åOXWê
00 000
zelený
5
5
000 000
modrý
6
6
fialový
7
7
šedý
8
8
bílý
9
9
-DNpE\WRE\ORNG\E\MVPHQ\QtVSROHþQXUþLOLMHGHQRGSRU"
=ODWêSURXåHNNWHUêSURWHEHWHQHPiYê]QDPPXVtEêWQDSUDYpVWUDQ+RGQRWXRGSRUX]DþQLþtVW]OHYDGRSUDYD
EDUHYQêSURXåHNåOXWi EDUHYQêSURXåHNILDORYi EDUHYQêSURXåHNKQGi Výsledek: 470 Ohm
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
6WLVNQLMHãWMHGHQNUiWWODþtWNRYREYRGXþtVORa pozoruj jas svítivé diody.
Do obvodu zapoj rezistor 1 kΩKQGi-þHUQi-þHUYHQiDSRWRPVLYãLPQLVMDNêPMDVHPVYtWt/('GLRGDQ\Qt9SRURYQiQtV
REYRGHPVYtWtPQRKHPVODEML
R1
D1
=
=
rezistor
svítivá dioda
36
1\QtE\FKWLFKWOWHQWRMHYY\VYWOLWSURWRåHMHYHOPLMHGQRGXFKê5H]LVWRUWRWLåS$VREtMDNR]~åHQpPtVWRQDGUiWXDSURWRVHP$åH
GR/('GLRG\GRVWDWPpQHOHNWURQ$5H]LVWRURGSRUWHG\VQLåXMHSURXG
1\QtYORåGRREYRGXþtVORPH]LUH]LVWRUNΩ KQGi-þHUQi-þHUYHQiDVYtWLYRXGLRGXMHãWMHGHQUH]LVWRUVKRGQRWRX kΩ
åOXWi- fialová -þHUYHQi
R1
R2
D1
=
=
=
rezistor
rezistor
svítivá dioda
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
37
3RWRPYH]PLNRXVHNGUiWXDSHPRVWLQtPUH]LVWRUNΩSRWRP]NXVSHPRVWLWUH]LVWRU kΩ3HPRVWQt]QDPHQiåHGUiW
VHGRWêNiRERXGYRXYêYRG$GDQpVRXþiVWN\UH]LVWRUX3LVWLVNXWODþtWND]MLVWtãåHGLRGDSLSHPRVWQpPUH]LVWRUX kΩ svítí
MDVQML9REYRGXMHWRWLå~þLnný pouze rezistor s hodnotou 1 kΩ3LSHPRVWQtUH]LVWRUX kΩVYtWt/HGGLRGDVWiOHMHãWVODE
SURWRåHYWRPWRStSDG~þLQNXMHUH]LVWRUNΩ.
Je-OLWODþtWNRVWLVNQXWRNG\åYREYRGXS$VREtREDGYDUH]LVWRU\VYtWtGLRGDYHOPLVODE-HWRSURWRåHREDUH]LVWRU\GRKURPDG\
PDMtY\VRNêRGSRU-HKRFHONRYRXKRGQRWXP$åHãVQDGQRVSRþtWDWNΩ + 1 kΩ = 5,7 kΩ.
=DSRMHQtVRXþiVWHNQHERUH]LVWRU$YDG]DVHERXVHQD]êYiVpULRYp]DSRMHQtQHERWDNpQNG\]DSRMHQtGRVpULH
=DSRMHQtVRXþiVWHNQHERUH]LVWRU$YHGOHVHEHQDVWHMQpVYRUN\VHQD]êYiSDUDOHOQt]DSRMHQtQHERVHWDNpQNG\tNiÄVRXþiVWN\
MVRX]DSRMHQ\SDUDOHOQ³
Postav si obvod podle obrázku 42. Pomocí drátku propoj nejprve kontakty A a potom kontakty B.
R1 = rezistor
R2 = rezistor
3RWRPSURSRMGUiWNHPVRXþDVQREDNRQWDNW\$L%
Jsou-OLSURSRMHQ\SRX]HNRQWDNW\$VYtWtGLRGDMDVQMLQHåNG\åMVRXSURSRMHQ\NRQWDNW\%-VRX-li propojeny oba kontakty, svítí
GLRGDRQFRMDVQMLQHåYSHGFKR]tPStSDG
3LSURSRMHQtNRQWDNW$$MHYREYRGX]DSRMHQSRX]HUH]LVWRU kΩSLSURSRMHQt%MHWDPStWRPHQUH]LVWRU kΩ3URWRMHU$]QpL
jasnost diody.
Jsou-OLYREYRGX]DSRMHQ\REDUH]LVWRU\KOHGiVLYWãLQDHOHNWURQ$SRKRGOQMãtFHVWXSHVUH]LVWRU kΩDOHStGDYQMGRXQNWHUp
HOHNWURQ\LSHVYWãtUH]LVWRU kΩ3URWRVYtWt/('GLRGDRQFRMDVQML
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
38
9REYRGþtVORMH/('GLRGDXPtVWQDSDUDOHOQNREPDUH]LVWRU$PNΩåOXWi- fialová -þHUYHQiD 10 kΩKQGiþHUQi-RUDQåRYi6YRUNDPH]LWPLWRUH]LVWRU\Pi]YOiãWQtIXQNFL
R1 = rezistor
R2 = rezistor
3URSRMQHMSUYHVYRUNX$DDSRWRPVYRUNX%D3LVWLVNXWODþtWNDEXGH/('GLRGDVYtWLWVQRUPiOQtPMDVHPSURWRåHMHQDSiMHQD
FHONRYêPQDSWtPEDWHULH
-DNIXQJXMtUH]LVWRU\YWRPWR]DSRMHQtVLP$åHãY\]NRXãHWSHSRMHQtPMHGQRWOLYêFKVYRUHN
Propoj svorku A se svorkou 2, svorku B se svorkou 3:
Svítivá diRGDEXGHSLVWLVNXWODþtWNDVYtWLWVPHQãtPMDVHP
Propoj svorku A se svorkou 1, svorku B se svorkou 2:
6YtWLYiGLRGDEXGHSLVWLVNXWODþtWNDVYtWLWMHãWVODEML
9SUYQtPStSDGREYRGMH/('GLRGDSLSRMHQDSDUDOHOQNUH]LVWRUX5NΩKQGi-þHUQi-RUDQåRYi6YtWtVODEML
SURWRåHQDWRPWRUH]LVWRUXMHMHQRPþiVWQDSWtEDWHULH V.
9GUXKpPStSDGREYRGMH/('GLRGDSLSRMHQDSDUDOHOQNUH]LVWRUX5NΩåOXWi- fialová -þHUYHQi6YtWtMHãWVODEML
SURWRåHQDWRPWRUH]LVWRUXMHMHãWPHQãtþiVWQDSWtEDWHULH V.
7DG\YLGtãåHSRPRFtGYRXUH]LVWRU$O]HUR]GOLWFHONRYpQDSiMHFtQDSWtQDGYPHQãtþiVWL7DNRYpWR]DSRMHQtUH]LVWRU$VH
QD]êYiQDS"RYêQHERQNG\WDNpRGSRURYêGOLþ1DPHQãtPUH]LVWRUXMHYåG\PHQãtQDSWt]RERXGYRXQDYWãtPUH]LVWRUXMH
YWãtQDSWt
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
39
Kondenzátor
.RQGHQ]iWRUMHHOHNWURQLFNiVRXþiVWNDVH]DMtPDYRXIXQNFt
8PRåXMHWRWLåXFKRYiYDWHOHNWLQX9REYRGþtVORMH]DSRMHQHOHNWURO\WLFNêNRQGHQ]iWRUVKRGQRWRX µF.
C1 = elektrolytický kondenzátor 10 µF
3LVWLVNXWODþtWNDEXGHVYtWLW/('GLRGDSRX]HYHOPLNUiWFH7RMHWHQþDVYHNWHUpPVHNRQGHQ]iWRUQDEtMt7XWRGREXGRQKRWHþH
nabíjecí proud. Je-OLQDELW/('GLRGD]KDVQH=$VWDQHWPDYiLYStSDGåHRSWVWLVNQHãWODþtWNR.RQGHQ]iWRUMHVWiOHQDELWD
SURWRQHP$åHREYRGHPWpFLGDOãtSURXG.RQGHQ]iWRUP$åHãY\EtWWtPåHKRSHPRVWtãSRPRFtGUiWNX7RåHMHNRQGHQ]iWRUY\ELW
SR]QiãSLVWLVNXWODþtWND'LRGDEXGHNUiWFHVYtWLW7HþHQtWRWLåQDEtMHFtSURXG
1\QtY\PNRQGHQ]iWRU µF za jiný s hodnotou 100 µ)3RWRPVWLVNQLWODþtWNR'REDSRNWHURXGLRGDVYtWtMH]QDWHOQYWãt7R
]QDPHQiåHWHQWRNRQGHQ]iWRUP$åHXFKRYDWYtFHHOHNWLQ\1DEtMHFtSURXGSURWpNiREYRGHPGHOãtGREXQHåXNRQGHQ]iWRUX
10 µF.
7DNMDNRMHREVDKQMDNpQiGRE\XGiYiQYOLWUHFKPiLYHOLNRVWNRQGHQ]iWRUXVYRMLPtUX1D]êYiVH)$5$'DMHSRMPHQRYiQDSR
DQJOLFNpPI\]LNX0LFKDHOX)DUDGD\RYL2EDNRQGHQ]iWRU\SRXåLWpYREYRGXYãDNPDMtNDSDFLWXYHOLNRVWPQRKRQiVREQPHQãt
QHåMH 1 Farad.
2]QDþHQtNRQGHQ]iWRUX µ)tNiåHNRQGHQ]iWRUPiNDSDFLWX)6\PEROµ]QDPHQiåHMHWRÄMHGQDPLOLyQWLQD³
7HQWRV\PEROVHþWHÄPLNUR³
10 µ) PLNURIDUDG$
100 µ) PLNURIDUDG$
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
40
.RQGHQ]iWRUVMHãWPHQãtNDSDFLWRXMHR]QDþHQEDUHYQêPNyGHPKQGi-þHUQi-RUDQåRYi7R]QDPHQiNDSDFLWX
10 nF = 10.000 pF. Jeden pikofarad je jedna milióntina mikrofaradu.
9ORåtã-li tento kondenzátor do obvodu 48 a stiskneš-OLWODþtWNRQHEXGHGLRGDVYtWLWýDVMHKRQDEtMHQtMHWRWLåYHOPLNUátký.
$E\E\ORNRQGHQ]iWRU\PRåQRMHGQRGXãHUR]H]QDWRGUH]LVWRU$PiMHMLFK]QDþHQtMHGQXQiSDGQRXRGOLãQRVW.RQGHQ]iWRUPiSW
EDUHYQêFKSURXåN$]DWtPFRUH]LVWRUPiSURXåN\SRX]HþW\L&KFHã-OLXUþLWMHKRKRGQRWXYH]PLMHMGRUXN\WDNDE\MVLPOQDOHYR
SURXåHNNWHUêMHQHMEOtåHNYêYRGQtPXGUiWNX3RX]HSUYQtWLEDUHYQpSURXåN\MVRXG$OHåLWp2]QDþRYiQtEDUHYDMHMLFKYê]QDPMH
VWHMQêMDNRXUH]LVWRU$
Kondenzátor
%DUHYQpSURXåN\
47 pF
åOXWi- fialová -þHUQi
100 pF
KQGi-þHUQá -KQGi
10.000 pF = 10 nF
KQGi-þHUQi-RUDQåRYi
rezistor
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
10 µF
3URFHVY\EtMHQtVLP$åHãG$NODGQMLY\]NRXãHWYREYRGþtVOR1HMSUYH]DSRMGRREYRGXNRQGHQ]iWRU µ)3LVWLVNXWODþtWND
P$åHãSR]RURYDWMDNVHGLRGDSRPDOXUR]VYtWt9WRPWR]DSRMHQtVHNRQGHQ]iWRUQDELMHRNDPåLWSRSLSRMHQtEDWHULHD]$VWiYiY
QDE\WpPVWDYX3LVWLVNXWODþtWNDMHWHQWRQDELWêNRQGHQ]iWRUSHV/('GLRGXY\EtMHQ'LRGDVYtWtGtN\Y\Eíjecímu proudu.
R1
C1
=
=
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
9\PQtã-li kondenzátor 10 µF za kondenzátor 100 µ)EXGHGREDVYtFHQtGLRG\RQFRGHOãt9WãtNRQGHQ]iWRUGRNiåH
XFKRYDWYtFHHOHNWLQ\
Kondenzátor s kapacitou 10.000 S)PiYHOPLPDORXVFKRSQRVWXFKRYiYDWHOHNWLQX7RQHVWDþtDQLNWRPXDE\VH/('GLRGD
DOHVSRNUiWFHUR]VYtWLOD
41
rezistor
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
10 µF
kondenzátor
100µF
9REYRGþtVORMVRXGRVpULH]DSRMHQ\NRQGHQ]iWRU\VU$]QRXNDSDFLWRX=NXVQ\QtSURYp]WSHþOLYQiVOHGXMtFtSRNXV\3LWRP
pozoruj svítivou diodu.
'UiWNHPSHPRVWLNRQGHQ]iWRU& µ)DVWLVNQLWODþtWNR
1\QtSHPRVWLGUiWNHPNRQGHQ]iWRU& µ)DVWLVNQLWODþtWNR
6WLVNQLWODþtWNRDQLåE\MVLSHPRVWLOQMDNêNRQGHQ]iWRU2EDGYDNRQGHQ]iWRU\MVRX]DSRMHQ\YDG]DVHERXGRVpULH
3LSRURYQiQtþDV$VYtFHQtGLRG\WLEXGHMLVWQiSDGQpåHREDNRQGHQ]iWRU\]DSRMHQpYVpULLY\WYRtSRX]HSRGREQGORXKpEOLNQXWt
jako samotný kondenzátor 10 µ)7RMH]S$VREHQRWtPåHSLVSRMHQtNRQGHQ]iWRU$GRVpULHMHFHONRYiNDSDFLWDSLEOLåQWDNYHOLNi
MDNRMHYHONiQHMPHQãt]DSRMHQiNDSDFLWD&HONRYiNDSDFLWDVH]YWãtMVRX-OLNRQGHQ]iWRU\]DSRMHQ\SDUDOHOQMDNRMHWRPXY
REYRGþtVOR
R1
C1
=
=
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
42
Srovnání doby svícení diody v následujících pokusech ti to objasní.
9REYRGQHFK]DSRMHQSRX]HNRQGHQ]iWRU& µ)DSRWRPVWLVNQLWODþtWNR
rezistor
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
10 µF
kondenzátor
100µF
7HQHFKYREYRG]DSRMHQSRX]HNRQGHQ]iWRU& µ)DVWLVNQLWODþtWNR
9\]NRXãHMGREXVYLWXYStSDGåHMVRXREDNRQGHQ]iWRU\]DSRMHQ\SDUDOHOQ
6URYQiQtþDV$VYtFHQtWLXNiåHåHREDNRQGHQ]iWRU\SDUDOHOQXPRåXMtGREXVYtFHQtQHSDWUQYWãtQHåVDPRWQêNRQGHQ]iWRU
3DUDOHOQ]DSRMHQpNRQGHQ]iWRU\PDMtWRWLåYWãtVFKRSQRVWXFKRYiYDWHOHNWLQX3URWRMHYêVOHGQiGREDVYtFHQtYåG\YWãtQHåX
samotného kondenzátoru.
-HãWWLFKFLSUR]UDGLWåHRGERUQVHVFKRSQRVWXFKRYiYDWHOHNWinu nazývá kapacita.
Má-OLWHG\NRQGHQ]iWRUR]QDþHQt µ)]QDPHQiWRYRGERUQpHþLNRQGHQ]iWRUPiNDSDFLWXPLNURIDUDG$
R1
C1
=
=
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
43
'DOãtVRXþiVWNRXNWHUiYHOHNWURWHFKQLFHQDFKi]tþDVWRXSODWQQtMHFtYND$E\MVLMLPRKO]NRXPDWSRVWDYVLREYRGSRGOH
SOiQNXþtVOX3URSRMQDY]iMHPNRQWDNW$VYêYRG\D6WLVNQHã-OLWODþtWNREXGH/('GLRGDYåG\VYtWLWDXND]RYDWWLåHMH
SURXGRYêRNUXKX]DYHQ9êYRG\FtYN\MVRXWHG\QDY]iMHPSURSRMHQ\&tYNDVHVNOiGi]GORXKpKRL]RORYDQpKRGUiWXQDYLQXWpKRQa
XPORKPRWQpNRVWLþFH8YQLWVHQDFKi]tMiGUR]HåHOH]QpKRPDWHULiOX.RQFHGUiW$MVRXSHYQSLSiMHQ\NH]YOiãWQtPYêYRG$P
/ þHUYHQiFtYND
&tYNXP$åHã]NRXPDWLYGDOãtPREYRGþtVOR6WLVNQHã-OLQ\QtWODþtWNRGLRGD]$VWDQHWPDYi2EYRGHPQHWHþHåiGQêSURXG
/ þHUYHQiFtYND
1\QtSURSRMYêYRG\DDVWLVNQLRSWWODþtWNR1\QtEXGHVYtWLYiGLRGDVYtWLW
6SRMHQtPH]LYêYRG\DRSWUR]SRMDGLRGXQHSLSRMXMQDYêYRGþtVORDOHQDYêYRGþtVOR6StQDþSLSRMPtVWRQDQDYêYRG
þtVOR
LED dioda nyní nesvítí.
6WDYHEQtGtOVHWHG\VNOiGi]HGYRXRGGOHQêFKFtYHN2EGYMVRXQDYLQXW\QDMHGQRPMiGHDWtPMVRX~]FHVSRMHQ\7DNRYiWR
VRXþiVWNDVHGYPLRGGOHQêPLFtYNDPLQDMHGQRPMiGHVHQD]êYiWUDQVIRUPiWRU
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
44
1HM]QiPMãtMHSURWHEHXUþLWWUDQVIRUPiWRUSURQDSiMHQtPRGHORYpåHOH]QLFH3RPRFtVt"RYpYLGOLFHRGHEtUiãSURXG]H
]iVXYN\DQDYêVWXSXREGUåtãSURXGSURQDSiMHQtORNRPRWLYDRVYWOHQt7DNRYêWRWUDQVIRUPiWRUYãDNSURVYRMHHOHNWURQLFNppokusy
QHVPtãSRXåtYDWDVDPR]HMPåHQHVPtãþHUYHQRXFtYNXQLNG\]DSRMRYDWGRVt"RYp]iVXYN\
7UDQVIRUPiWRU\MVRXSRXåtYiQ\]U$]QêFKG$YRG$YãXGHWDPNGHMHSRWHEDNQDSiMHQtXUþLWpKRREYRGXQLåãtQHERY\ããtQDSWtQHå
MHQDSWtQDSiMHFt1HM]QiPMãtMHWUDQVIRUPiWRUSURQDSiMHQtPRGHORYpåHOH]QLFH7HQWRWUDQVIRUPiWRUEHUHSURXG]HVt"RYp
]iVXYN\DSHPXMHMHMQDSURXGNQDSiMHQtåHOH]QLFHRVYWOHQtDHOHNWULFNêFKYêK\EHN0LPRWRQHQtWRWRQDSWtSURþORYND
QHEH]SHþQp
3URWRåHQHP$åHPHHOHNWLQXYLGWDQLVO\ãHWSRWHEXMHPHStVWURMHNWHUpQiPXPRåQt]MLVWLWStWRPQRVWHOHNWLQ\-HGHQWDNRYê
StVWURMMHVOXFKiWNR7RSHPXMHHOHNWLQXQD]YXN3RGOHSOiQNXþtVORVLP$åHãWDNRYêREYRGSRVWDYLW
O = sluchátko
Stiskneš-OLWODþtWNRVYtWtGLRGDDXND]XMHåHQtSURWpNiSURXG=iURYHVO\ãtãSL]DSQXWtDY\SQXWt]HVOXFKiWNDKODVLWpOXSQXWt
6OXFKiWNRMHWHG\WDNpStVWURMVNU]HNWHUêP$åHWpFLSURXG7RWRKODVLWpOXSQXWtP$åHãSRXåtWSL]NRXãHQtVOXFKiWND3LNDåGpP
sepnutí proudového okruhu musíš lupnutí slyšet. Není-li tomu tak, je sluchátko vadné.
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
9StVWURMtFKMVLPQRKRNUiWSRXåLOQRUPiOQtGLRGXDOHNURPWRKRMVLWDNpYPQRKDREYRGHFKSRXåLOVSHFLiOQtGLRGXVYtWLYRX
GLRGX3RXåLOMVLMDNRNRQWURONX
-DNWDNRYiGLRGDIXQJXMHVLP$åHãY\]NRXãHWSRGOHYREYRGSRGOHSOiQNXþtVOR3RWRPFRXNRQþtãVWDYEXVWLVNQLWODþtWNRD
pozoruj svítivou diodu. Jak vidíš, dioda svítí.
45
D2 = dioda
Do obvodu zapoj podle plánku 66 normální diodu, a to tak, aE\EDUHYQêSURXåHNXND]RYDOVPUHPNHãSLþFHQDGHVFHVYtWLYp
GLRG\3RWRPRSWVWLVNQLWODþtWNR1\QtVYtWLYiGLRGDQHVYtWtREYRGHPQHWHþHåiGQêSURXG
D2 = dioda
$E\MVLSRFKRSLOSURþGLRGRXSURFKi]HMtHOHNWURQ\SRX]HMHGQtPVPUHPSRP$åXWLREUi]NHP3URFHV\NWHUpVHGMtXYQLWGLRG\
MVRXYHOPLVORåLWpDOHVSRPRFtREUi]NXMHOHKFHSRFKRStã
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
46
3HGVWDYVLGLRGXMDNRGYHHNWHUpVHRWYtUDMtSRX]HVPUHPQDKRUX8ND]XMH-OLãSLþNDGLRG\VPUHPNPLQXVSyOXEDWHULHSRWRP
eOHNWURQ\SURXGtVPUHPSURWLGYHtP]HVSUiYQpVWUDQ\'YHHVHRWHYRXDHOHNWURQ\PRKRXSURMtWVNU]3URWRVYtWLYiGLRGDVYtWt
tNiPHåHGLRGDMH]DSRMHQDYSURSXVWQpPVPUX
Je-OLGLRGD]DSRMHQDRSDþQWHG\EDUHYQêPSURXåNHPVPUHPNSOXVSyOXEDWHULHSURXGtHOHNWURQ\NHGYHtP]HãSDWQpVWUDQ\
'YHHMVRXWODþHQ\QDIXWUDDHOHNWURQ\QHPRKRXSURMtWVNU]'LRGDWHG\QHVYtWttNiPHåHMH]DSRMHQDY]iYUQpPVPUX
1iVLOtPP$åXMiDPRMLEUDWLGLRGRXSURMtWLY]iYUQpPVPUX0iPH-OLWRWLåYHONRXU\FKORVWYHONpQDSWtGRNiåHPHGYHH
SURUD]LWD]QLþLW7tPMH]QLþHQDLGLRGD'LRGDMHQHXVWiOHYRGLYiQLNG\VHQH]DYH
1D]DþiWNXMVHPtNDOåHVYtWLYiGLRGDMHVSHFLiOQtSR]RUXKRGQiGLRGD=REYRG$þtVORDMVLMLå]MLVWLOåHSURXGP$åHGLRGRX
WpFLSRX]HYMHGQRPVPUX7DNpRQDPi]iYUQêDSURSXVWQêVPU=YOiãWQRVWtMHåHWDWRGLRGDYSURSXVWQpPVPUXMHãWQDYtF
svítí.
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
47
1\QtNG\åMVLVHGR]YGOQFRRGLRGEXGHPHVHEOtåHML]DEêYDWWUDQ]LVWRUHP-HMHGQRNWHUê]WFKGYRXWUDQ]LVWRU$VL
]YROtãREDMVRXWRWLåVWHMQp3RVWDYVLREYRGSRGOHSOiQNX-LVWMHWLQiSDGQpåHYWRPWRREYRGXMVRXSRXåLW\SRX]HYêYRG\
WUDQ]LVWRUX%D(3HGWtPQHåREYRGY\]NRXãtãFKWOE\FKWLMHãWU\FKOHY\VYWOLWFR]QDPHQDMtW\WLStVPHQDR]QDþXMtFtYêYRG\
WUDQ]LVWRUX3tVPHQR%]QDPHQi%DVLVStVPHQR(]QDPHQi(PLWRU7HWtYêYRGNWHUêMHSRXåLWWHSUYHXREYRGXMHR]QDþHQ&
&MHSUYQtStVPHQR]HVORYD&ROOHNWRU'QHVVHVLFHStãH.ROHNWRUDOHStVPHQR&]$VWDOR
T1 = tranzistor bílý
7HVHYãDNPXVtã]DEêYDWGiOREYRGHP6WLVNQLWODþtWNRDSR]RUXM/('GLRGX
Dioda nesvítí.
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
48
$E\MVL]REYRGXSRVWDYLOREYRGMHWHEDQDY]iMHP]DPQLWYêYRG\%D(3LVWLVNXWODþtWND]MLVWtãåHVYtWLYiGLRGDQ\Qt
svítí.
9êVOHGHNRERXGYRXSRNXV$DSLSRPtQiFKRYiQtGLRG\YSURXGRYpPRNUXKX-H-OLWUDQ]LVWRUWRWLåSLSRMHQGRREYRGXSRX]H
YêYRG\%D(FKRYiVHMDNRRE\þHMQiGLRGD-H-OLYêYRG%VSRMHQVPLQXVSyOHPEDWHULHWHþRXHOHNWURQ\]HãSDWQpVWUDQ\GYHt
Obvodem QHP$åHWpFLåiGQêSURXG/('GLRGDQHVYtWt
Je-OLQDSURWLWRPXVSRMHQVPLQXVSyOHPEDWHULHYêYRG(SRWRPVHHOHNWURQ\WODþtQDGYHH]HVSUiYQpVWUDQ\2EYRGHPWHþHSURXG
D/('GLRGDP$åHVYtWLW
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
Q\QtP$åHã]NRXPDWFRGODMtYêYRG\%D&.WRPXVLSRVWDYREYRG\þtVORD0iã-li obvod postaven, zjisti stiskem
WODþtWNDNG\GLRGDVYtWtDNG\QH
49
'LRGDVYtWtSRX]HYREYRGYREYRGQHVYtWt7DNpSLY\VYWOHQtIXQNFHWFKWRGYRXREYRG$WLSRP$åHY\VYWOHQtGLRGRX
Je-OLYêYRG%VSRMHQVPLQXVSyOHPEDWHULHWHþRXHOHNWURQ\]HãSDWQpVWUDQ\GYHt2EYRGHPQHP$åHWpFLåiGQêSURXG/('GLRGD
nesvítí. Je-OLQDSURWLWRPXVSRMHQVPLQXVSyOHPEDWHULHYêYRG&SRWRPVHHOHNWURQ\WODþtQDGYHH]HVSUiYQpVWUDQ\2EYRGHP
WHþHSURXGD/('GLRGDP$åHVYtWLW
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
3RVOHGQtGYDYêYRG\WUDQ]LVWRUXNWHUpMHãWQHE\O\]DSRMHQ\YREYRGXMVRX&D(3RVWDYVLREYRG\þtVORD9 obou
StSDGHFKVWLVNQLWODþtWNRD pozoruj svítivou diodu.
1HVPtãEêW]NODPiQNG\åDQLYMHGQRPStSDGQHEXGHGLRGDVYtWLWWR]QDPHQiMHQWRåHMHWUDQ]LVWRUYSRiGNX
50
$E\MVLUR]XPOWPWRREPDREYRG$PFKWOE\FKWLSRPRFLMHGQtPSLURYQiQtP-LVW]Qiã]iYRU\NWHUpFKUiQtåHOH]QLþQt
SHMH]G7ODþt-OLVHQD]iYRUX]MHGQpVWUDQ\GWLDE\YLGOLSURMtåGMtFtYODNWDNMH]iYRUDQHSXVWtGiO=GUXKpVWUDQ\MHWRPXWDN\
WDN'WLQHPRKRXSURMtW'RWpGRE\QHåVH]iYRUD]YHGQHQHPRKRXMtWGWLGiO
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
3RGREQMHWRLVPêPLEUDWU\HOHNWURQ\NWHtFKWMtFHVWRYDWRG&N(QHERREUiFHQ1HMSUYHPXVtQMDNiVtODNWHURXMHãW
SR]QiãRWHYtW]iYRUX
51
ÈK]WRKRWRY\VYWORYiQtMVHPVHDOH]DSRWLOMDNRE\FKVHPXVHOSURWODþLWVNU]RGSRU kΩ. Po krátké oddechové pauze ti budu
Y\VYWORYDWMDNVH]iYRUD]YHGQHDE\PRKOLPRMLEUDWLSURMtW
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
6SRPRFtREYRGXP$åHãQ\Qt]MLVWLWMDNP$åHEêW]iYRUDYWUDQ]LVWRUX]YHGQXWD3RSRVWDYHQtREYRGX/('GLRGDQHMSUYH
QHVYtWt7RMVLMLå]jistil v obvodech 71 a 72.
R2
D1
T1
=
=
=
rezistor
svítivá dioda
tranzistor bílý
52
Stiskneš-OLYãDNQ\QtWODþtWNRGLRGD]DþQHVYtWLW1\QtPXVtWHG\WUDQ]LVWRUHPWpFLSURXGRG(PLWRUX(NH.ROHNWRUX&7R]QDPHQi
åH]iYRUDMHRWHYHQD
3LVWLVNXWODþtWNDWHþHUH]LVWRUHPNΩþHUYHQi-þHUYHQi-RUDQåRYiPDOêSURXG1NWHtPRMLEUDWLMGRXVNU]%i]L%WUDQ]LVWRUX
.G\åVLSLWRPRWHYRXGYHHPH]L%D(MHDXWRPDWLFN\GtN\]YOiãWQtPXMHYXRWHYHQDL]iYRUDPH]L&D(.WRPXVWDþtSRX]H
QNROLNPiORHOHNWURQ$NWHt]iYRUXXYQLWWUDQ]LVWRUXRWHYRX1HVPtãVLYãDNP\VOHWåHSRGREQi]iYRUDQHERGYHHMVRXLY
transformátoru.
3RWRPWRSLURYQiQtNWHUêPWLE\O\GMHSUREtKDMtFtYWUDQ]LVWRUX]MHGQRGXãHQ\FKFLWLWRMHãWtFLÄRGERUQ³3RX]HNG\åEi]t
WUDQ]LVWRUXWHþHPDOêSURXGP$åHWUDQ]LVWRUHPWpFLLYHONêSURXGPH]L.ROHNWRUHPD(PLWRUHP
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
53
0H]LWtP]QiãYãHFKQ\G$OHåLWpVRXþiVWN\HOHNWURQLN\9QiVOHGXMtFtFKREYRGHFKWLFKFLSRPRFLSRFKRSLWY]iMHPQp~þLQN\
U$]QêFKVRXþiVWHN1NG\EXGHPRåQiY\VYWOHQtWURFKXVORåLWpDOHMiGRXIiPåHPiãGRVWY$OHVHWtPSURNRXVDW
1\QtE\FKWLFKWOXNi]DWMDNVHSRXåtYiWUDQ]LVWRUMDNR]HVLORYDþ3RGOHREUi]NXVLSRVWDYtãMHGQRGXFKê]HVLORYDFtVWXSH
3RSLSRMHQtEDWHULHEXGH/('GLRGDVYtWLWQDG$ND]WRKRåHWUDQ]LVWRUHPWHþHSURXG7HQWRSURXGVHQD]êYiÄ.ROHNWRURYêSURXG³
R2 = rezistor
1\QtY\PVYtWLYRXGLRGX]DUH]LVWRU kΩ (KQGi-þHUQi-þHUYHQi6YtWLYRXGLRGXSLSRMPH]L%i]L%DUH]LVWRU5NΩåOXWi
- fialová -RUDQåRYi6WLVNQHã-OLWODþtWNR]$VWDQH/('GLRGDWPDYi.RXNQHã-OLVHMHãWMHGQRXQDREYRG]SRNXVXQDSDGQHW
MLVWåHSURXGYREYRGXEXGHWtPPHQãtþtPYWãtEXGHRGSRU5H]LVWRUVRGSRUHP kΩMHStOLãYHONêSURXGMHStOLãVODEêQDWR
aby rozsvítil diodu. Tranzistor však tento slabý proud, tekoucí do báze, zesílí. Kolektorový proud je tedy násobkem proudu Báze.
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
54
Závislost kolektorového prouduQDSURXGXEi]HYREYRGXþtVORVLP$åHãRYLWNG\åY\PQtãUH]LVWRUNΩåOXWi- fialová
-RUDQåRYi]DNΩKQGi-þHUQi-åOXWi6YtWLYiGLRGDQDNROHNWRUXVYtWtQ\QtVODEML'tN\UH]LVWRUXNΩWHþHGREi]H
PHQãtSURXGQHåYSHGFKR]tPStSDG3URWRåHMHPHQãtSURXGEi]HPXVtEêWPHQãtLNROHNWRURYêSURXG
1\QtY\PUH]LVWRUNΩKQGi-þHUQi-åOXWi6YtWLYiGLRGDVYtWtQ\QtSRX]HWURFKX2SWMVL]YWãLORGSRUEi]HDGREi]H
WHþHMHãWPHQãtSURXG=WRKRWRG$YRGXMHSURXGNROHNWoru velmi malý.
7YRMHSRNXV\tNDMtýtPPHQãtEXGHSURXGEi]HWtPPHQãtEXGHWDNpNROHNWRURYêSURXG$YãDNNROHNWRURYêSURXGMHYåG\
QNROLNDQiVREQYWãtQHåSURXGEi]H
0RGHUQtWUDQ]LVWRU\PDMt]HVtOHQtWDNYHONpåHVHWUDQ]LVWRUGRVWiYiDåGRNUDMQtSRORK\9UHSURGXNWRUXMHWRSDNVO\ãHWMDNR
SUDVNiQtDãXPQt7RMHSLUR]HQYHOPLQHStMHPQpDPXVtWREêWRPH]RYiQR-DNO]HYREYRGX]DMLVWLWDE\VHWUDQ]LVWRUQLNG\
QHGRVWDOGRREODVWLQDV\FHQtWRMHXNi]iQRYREYRGXþtVOR
3RGRNRQþHQtVWDYE\VWLVNQLWODþtWNR6YtWLYiGLRGDVYtWt$YãDNQHVYtWtWDNMDVQMDNRY]DSRMHQtþtVORNG\åMVLPO]DSRMHQ
rezistor 47 kΩ.
R1 = rezistor
7UDQ]LVWRUWYRtVSROXVHVYtWLYRXDUH]LVWRUHP kΩåOXWi- fialová -RUDQåRYiQDS"RYêGOLþ1DNROHNWRUXWUDQ]LVWRUXVHSURWR
QDFKi]tSRX]HþiVWSURYR]QtKRQDSWt
Tady je zapojen rezistor 47 kΩåOXWi- fialová -RUDQåRYi1t]NpQDSWt]S$VREXMHWDNpWRåHSURXGUH]LVWRUHPMHPHQãt-ako jsi
MLå]MLVWLO]REYRG$DåSODWtýtPPHQãtEXGHSURXGEi]HWtPPHQãtEXGHWDNpNROHNWRURYêSURXG6YtWLYiGLRGDQHVYtWtWDN
MDVQMDNRSLSLSRMHQtUH]LVWRUXQDQDSWtEDWHULH
2EYRGPiDOHMHãWMHGQXYODVWQRVW1DSWtQDNROHNWRUXWUDQ]LVWRUXQHQtSRiGVWHMQp0QtVHSRGOHNROHNWRURYpKRSURXGX
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
55
9\ããtNROHNWRURYêSURXGY\YROiSU$FKRGHPUH]LVWRUHP ΩåOXWi- fialová -KQGiQDWRPWRUH]LVWRUXGRVWLY\VRNpQDSWt
1DWUDQ]LVWRUSRWRP]E\GHSRX]HPDOiþiVWQDSiMHFtKRQDSWt3URWRGRVWDQHLEi]HPHQãtSURXG.HNROHNWRUXMHWRWLåSLSRMHQ
rezistor 47 kΩ1iVOHGNHPWRKRNROHNWRURYêSURXGNOHVi=iYU9åG\NG\åVWRXSQHNROHNWRURYêSURXG]PHQãtVHSURXGEi]HDWtP
QiVOHGQLNROHNWRURYêSURXG=$VWDQHWHG\QHXVWiOHQDQDVWDYHQpKRGQRW7RWR]DSRMHQtVHQD]êYi]iSRUQi]SWQiYD]EDD
VWDELOL]XMH]HVLORYDþSLSUiFL1DV\FHQtWUDQ]LVWRUXQHQtPRåQpSURWRåHNROHNWRURYêSURXGMHNRQVWDQWQtFRåMH]S$VREHQR
rezistorem v bázi.
6QDGXåMVLViP]DåLOMDNQHStMHPQiWDNRYi]SWQiYD]EDP$åHEêW.G\åVLQFRQDKUiYiãVSRPRFtPLNURIRQXQDND]HWRYê
PDJQHWRIRQWDNQHVPtãQLNG\GiWPLNURIRQStOLãEOt]NRNUHSURGXNWRUX-LQDNXVO\ãtãVLOQpStVNiQtDQDKUiYNDVHWLQHSRYHGH
9REYRGXþtVORY\PUH]LVWRUNΩåOXWi- fialová -RUDQåRYi]DUH]LVWRU kΩKQGi-þHUQi-åOXWi
A potom za rezistor 220 kΩþHUYHQi-þHUYHQi-åOXWi6YtWLYiGLRGDXND]XMHXEêYDMtFtSURXG
2G]HVLORYDþHNHVStQDþLMHSRX]HPDOêNU$þHN-DNMVLVHX]HVLORYDþHGR]YGOMHNROHNWRURYêSURXG]iYLVOêQDSURXGXEi]H.
'$VOHGNHPPDOpKRSURXGXEi]HMHYHONêNROHNWRURYêSURXG7XWRVNXWHþQRVWO]HY\XåtWSLVStQiQtWUDQ]LVWRUXSRPRFtSURXGXEi]H
R2 = rezistor
R3 = rezistor
3RVWDYVLREYRGSRGOHSOiQNXþtVOR3LVWLVNXWODþtWNDE\PODGLRGDVYtWLW9REYRGXWHþHYHOPLYHONêSURXGEi]H-HRPH]HQ
pouze rezistorem R2, 10 kΩKQGi-þHUQi-åOXWi7HQWRUH]LVWRUKUDMHG$OHåLWRXUROL
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
56
.DåGêWUDQ]LVWRUPi]DGiQQHMYtší proud báze. Je-OLWDWRKRGQRWDSHNURþHQDYHGHWRNSRãNR]HQtWUDQ]LVWRUXSHKiWtP7DNp
SURNROHNWRURYêSURXGSODWtMLVWpRPH]HQt9êKRGDVStQiQtSURXG$WUDQ]LVWRUHPVSRþtYiYWRPåHMHYHONêSURXGVStQiQSURXGHP
PDOêP3LVStQiQtQHSHVNDNXMtMLVNU\DQHQtStWRPQRDQLMLQpUXãHQt
7HWREXGHMHãWNRPSOLNRYDQMãt&KWOE\FKWLY\VYWOLWQHMSRXåtYDQMãt]iNODGQt]DSRMHQtYHOHNWURWHFKQLFH0XOWLYLEUiWRU9QP
MVRXMDNRVStQDþSRXåLW\GYDWUDQ]LVWRU\-HGHQMHYRGLYêDGUXKêUR]HSQXW3RXUþLWpGREVHPXWOLYLEUiWRUViPSHNORSt5ROH
WUDQ]LVWRU$VHY\PQt
7RWRY]iMHPQpSHStQiQtVHGMHWDNGORXKRMDNGORXKRMHSLSRMHQRQDSiMHQt0iã-OLMLåSRVWDYHQPXOWLYLEUiWRUSRGOHSOiQNX
þtVOR VWLVNQLWODþtWNRDXYLGtãViP
6YtWLYiGLRGDWLQIRUPXMHRWRPNG\YHGHNQtStVOXãHMtFtWUDQ]LVWRU
$E\MVLSRFKRSLOþLQQRVWWRKRWRREYRGX]DþQHPHYHVWDYXNG\MHWUDQ]LVWRU7VHSQXWYRGLYê1DMHKRNROHNWRUXVHQDFKi]tYHOPL
PDOpQDSWt.RQGHQ]iWRU&µ)VHSLWRPP$åHSHVEi]RYiRGSRUWUDQ]istoru T2 nabíjet. Je-OLMLåQDSWtGRVWDWHþQY\VRNp
VHSQHWUDQ]LVWRU7VWDQHVHYRGLYêP1\QtVH]DþQHSHVUH]LVWRUEi]H7QDEtMHWNRQGHQ]iWRU&µF na kolektoru T2. Je-li
GRVWDWHþQQDELWVHSQHRSWWUDQ]LVWRU77DNWRVHQDY]iMHPREDGYDWUDQ]LVWRU\SHStQDMt
1DEtMHQtNRQGHQ]iWRUXY\åDGXMHXUþLWRXGREXNWHUi]iYLVtQDYHOLNRVWLNRQGHQ]iWRUXDUH]LVWRUXNWHUêQDEtMHQtRPH]XMHýtPPHQãt
EXGHNRQGHQ]iWRUDRGSRUWtPU\FKOHMLEXGHSURFHVSHStQiQtSUREtKDW
R1 = rezistor
R2 = rezistor
R3 = rezistor
100 µF
kondenzátor
10 µF
kondenzátor
.GRWRFKFHYGWSHVQ
57
9HYWãLQHOHNWURQLFNêFKREYRGHFKQHVWDþtSRX]H]HVtOHQtMHGQRKRWUDQ]LVWRUX3URWRPXVtEêWQDY]iMHPVSRMHQ\GYDVWXSQ
Tím je celkové zesílení vynásobeno.
2EYRGþtVORSHGVWDYXMHMHGHQWDNRYêGYRXVWXSRYê]HVLORYDþ3RWRPFRSLSRMtãEDWHULLEXGHVYtWLYiGLRGDVYtWLW=KDVQHDå
NG\åVWLVNQHãWODþtWNR-H-OLWODþtWNRYROQpMHWUDQ]LVWRU7X]DYHQSURWRåHQHGRVWiYiåiGQêEi]RYêSURXG3HVUH]LVWRU5 kΩ
KQGi-þHUQi-RUDQåRYiWHþHQ\QtSURXGGREi]HWUDQ]LVWRUX77UDQ]LVWRUVHSQHDGLRGDP$åHVYtWLW
R2 = rezistor
R3 = rezistor
R4 = rezistor
3LVWLVNXWODþtWNDGRVWDQHWUDQ]LVWRU7SURXGGREi]HD]DþQHYRGLW7HQWRWUDQ]LVWRUWYRtVSROHþQVUH]LVWRUHP5 kΩKQGi
-þHUQi-RUDQåRYiQDS"RYêGOLþ3URWRMHQDSWtQDNROHNWRUXWUDQ]LVWRUX7WDNPDOpåHMHWUDQ]LVWRU7X]DYHQ6YtWLYiGLRGD
QHP$åHVYtWLW
&LWOLYRVWGYRXVWXSRYpKR]HVLORYDþHMHPQRKHPYWãtQHåXVDPRWQpKRWUDQ]LVWRUX7RVLP$åHãYLGWQDUH]LVWRUX5 kΩ
þHUYHQi-þHUYHQi-åOXWiYEi]LWUDQ]LVWRUX72PH]XMHSURXGEi]HPQRKHPYtFHQHåUH]LVWRU kΩY]DSRMHQtþtVOR
-LVWMVLVLYãLPOåHVLJQDOL]DFHMHRSDþQiQHåYPLQXOpPStSDG3LVWLVNXWODþtWNDGLRGDQHVYtWt
1RYLQN\]7URQLFRY\ODERUDWRH
58
9HOHNWURQLFHSLEêYDMtQHXVWiOHQRYpREMHY\3URWRMVHPVPRMt7URQLF-ODERUDWRtSHPêãOHORQRYpPSRXåLWtHOHNWURWHFKQLFH
1DSDGORPSLWRPPQRKR]DMtPDYêFKYFt
9HGUXKpPGtOHE\FKWFKWOVH]QiPLWVYêVOHGN\PpYê]NXPQpSUiFH
Pozor:
Chceš-OL~VSãQVWDYWREYRG\]WpWRGUXKpþiVWLSHþWLVLMHãWMHGQRXG$NODGQNDSLWROXÄ&RPXVtPMHãW]QiW³YþiVWLþtVOR
3LVWDYEH[SHULPHQW$YGtOHþtVORWLYåG\EXGHNGLVSR]LFL]PHQãHQêSOiQHNSURSRMHQt1DQPMVRX]Qi]RUQQ\VRXþiVWN\WDN
MDNY\SDGDMtYHVNXWHþQRVWL3OiQHNSURSRMHQtMHSURWHEHYê]QDPQiSRPRFNWHUiWLPiXOHKþLW]DSRMHQtDSRFKRSHQtIXQNFH
REYRGX7DNRYêWR]S$VRE]Qi]RUQQtQHQtYãDNSURVORåLWMãtREYRG\SHKOHGQê3URWRVHSURMHGQRWOLYpVRXþiVWN\NUHVOtSRX]H
MHMLFKV\PERONWHUêVHQD]êYiVFKHPDWLFNi]QDþND
9QiVOHGXMtFtPRGVWDYFLQDMGHãV\PERO\SURYãHFKQ\VRXþiVWN\]WpWRVWDYHEQLFH
6RXþiVWND
VFKHPDWLFNi]QDþND ]Qi]RUQQtQDSOiQNXSURSRMHQt
Elektrolytický
kondenzátor
Keramický
kondenzátor
Rezistor
LED (svítivá dioda s
SHGDGQêP
rezistorem)
Cívka
7ODþtWNR
Dioda
Tranzistor
Sluchátko
3URSRMRYDFtYRGLþ
Baterie
Odporová dráha
(potenciometr)
3RPRFtMHGQRWOLYêFKV\PERO$MHSRWRPQDNUHVOHQRVFKpPD]DSRMHQt1DSUYQtSRKOHGVHWLPRåQiEXGHVFKpPD]GiWStOLã
komplikované. ale podívaš-OLVHQDQMSRGUREQ]MLVWtãåHMVRXSRXåLW\SRX]HQNWHUpVRXþiVWN\NWHUpVHSRX]HRSDNXMt
$Q\QtPQRKRUDGRVWLSLH[SHULPHQWRYiQt
59
V expHULPHQWHFKþtVORDåMVLVHGR]YGOPQRKRRUH]LVWRUHFKDMHMLFK~þLQFtFK6SHFLiOQtUH]LVWRUMHKRåKRGQRWXO]H
SO\QXOHPQLWVHQD]êYi3RWHQFLRPHWU-HNRQVWUXRYiQWDNåHUH]LVWRUMHQDQHVHQSRXUþLWpGUi]H3RåDGRYDQRXKRGQRWXRGSRUX
QDVWDYtãSRPRFtMH]GFH=NXVVLViPSRVWDYLWSRGREQêSRWHQFLRPHWU.WRPXVORXåtRGSRURYiGUiKD1DRERXNRQFtFKPiMDNR
NRQWDNW\SLSHYQQ\NDQFHOiVNpVSRQN\
Stranu s odporovou vrstvou dej nahoru.
-H]GHFY\UREtã]GUiWXNG\åKRQDNRQFLRKQHã]SiWN\2K\ESLWLskni na odporovou dráhu (viz. obrázek). Hodnotu odporu nastavíš
pohybováním jezdce po dráze napravo a nalevo.
6SRXåLWtPSRWHQFLRPHWUXSRGOHSOiQNXþtVORVLP$åHãSRVWDYLW]HVLORYDþþtVOR=HVtOHQêVLJQiOEXGHRGHEtUi]HPLWRUX
tranzistoru.
6WLVNQLWODþtWNRDSRK\EXMMH]GFHPSRWHQFLRPHWUXVHPDWDP3LWRPSR]RUXMVYtWLYRXGLRGX
G = odporová dráha
Ta WODþtWNR
LED = svítivá dioda s rezistorem
3RK\EHPMH]GFHVHPQtQDSWtNWHUpRYOiGiSURXGEi]HNWHUêVH]YWãXMHD]PHQãXMH9]iYLVORVWLQDSURXGXEi]HVHPQtL
SURXGNROHNWRUX7HQ]DVHRYOLYXMHMDVGLRG\
R1
R2
LED
T1
Ta
=
=
=
=
=
rezistor
rezistor
svítivá dioda
tranzistor bílý
WODþtWNR
60
-HãWMHGQRXSRVXMH]GHFDåQDRNUDMRGSRURYpGUiK\DSR]RUXMSLWRPVYtWLYRXGLRGX1DMHGQpVWUDQVYtWtGLRGDYHOPLMDVQQD
GUXKp]KDVQH9SUYQtPStSDGWHþHEi]tY\VRNêSURXGNWHUêMHWUDQ]LVWRUHPMHãW]HVtOHQ9HGUXKpPStSDGQHWHþHGREi]H
åiGQêSUoud, tedy i proud emitoru je nulový.
=iYLVORVW]HVtOHQpKRSURXGXQDSURXGXEi]HVLP$åHãY\]NRXãHWWDNpSRXåLWtPEi]RYêFKUH]LVWRU$VU$]QêPLKRGQRWDPL9REYRGX
þtVORWYRtUH]LVWRU\5D5QDS"RYêGOLþ3RPUWFKWRGYRXUH]LVWRU$XUþXMHSURXGEi]H
-DNR5SRXåLMUH]LVWRU kΩKQGi-þHUQi-RUDQåRYi5E\POPtWKRGQRWXNΩþHUYHQi-þHUYHQi-åOXWi
3LVWLVNXWODþtWNDVYtWtGLRGDYHOPLMDVQQHER"SLWpWRNRPELQDFLRGSRU$MHSURXGEi]HNWHUêMH]HVLORYiQGRVWDWHþQY\VRNê
RezistRU5Y\P]DUH]LVWRU kΩåOXWi- fialová -RUDQåRYiDSRWRPVWLVNQLWODþtWNR6YtWLYiGLRGDVYtWtVPHQãtPMDVHP
61
3RXåLMHã-li jako R2 rezistor 22 kΩþHUYHQi-þHUYHQi-RUDQåRYiEXGHGLRGDVYtWLWMHãWPpQ
=NXVSRXåtWUH]LVWRU kΩåOXWi- fialová -þHUYHQi'LRGDVYtWtMHãWVRWYDWURFKX
-DNRUH]LVWRU5SRXåLM kΩKQGi-þHUQi-þHUYHQiDVWLVNQLWODþtWNR'LRGDMLåQHVYtWt
=PHQãRYiQtPKRGQRW\UH]LVWRUX5VHPQtSRPUQDSWtQD5D5WDNåHMHSURXGEi]HVWiOHPHQãtDPHQãt'$sledkem toho
VHVQLåXMHLSURXGHPLWRUX7DWRVpULHSRNXV$WLXND]XMHåHþtPPHQãtMHSURXGEi]HWtPPHQãtMHLSURXGHPLWRUX
Je-OLSRWHEDGRFtOLWY\VRNpKR]HVtOHQtSRXåtYiVHþDVWR'DUOLQJWRQRYR]DSRMHQtWUDQ]LVWRUX
3RVWDYVLREYRGþtVORDVWLVNQLWODþtWNR'LRGDVYtWtDSLSRK\EXMH]GFHSRWHQFLRPHWUXVHPQtMHMtMDV
2EDGYDWUDQ]LVWRU\MVRXQDY]iMHPSURSRMHQ\WDNåHSUYQtWUDQ]LVWRUtGtSURXGEi]HWUDQ]LVWRUXGUXKpKR(PLWRURYêSURXGSUYQtKR
WUDQ]LVWRUXMH]iURYHSURXGEi]HGUXKpKRWUDQ]LVWoru.
R1
R2
LED
T1
T2
Ta
G
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
rezistor
rezistor
svítivá dioda
tranzistor bílý
tranzistor bílý
WODþtWNR
odporová dráha
R1
R2
R3
LED
T1
T2
G
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
rezistor
rezistor
rezistor
svítivá dioda
tranzistor bílý
tranzistor bílý
odporová dráha
62
9REYRGþtVORVLP$åHãSRVWDYLWQDS"RYêVStQDþ=YOiãWQRVWtWRKRWRREYRGXMHåHSLY]HVWXSXQDSWtVHREYRGSLSHYQ
QDVWDYHQpPQDSWtSHSQH3RVXQHã-OLMH]GHFSRWHQFLRPHWUXVPUHPNSOXVSyOXEDWHULHGLRGD]KDVQH%XGHã-li nyní jezdcem
SRVXQRYDWSRPDOX]SiWN\YRSDþQpPVPUXQHEXGHWR]SRþiWNXPtWåiGQê~þLQHN3RWRPYXUþLWpSROR]HMH]GFHVHVYtWLYiGLRGD
náhle rozsvítí.
Dosáhne-OLSRPDOXVWRXSDMtFtQDSWtQDEi]LWUDQ]LVWRUX7XUþLWpYêãN\SHSQHWHQWRQDS"RYêVStQDþGRRSDþQpSRORK\1DSWt
NWHUpWRKRGRFtOtVHQD]êYiVStQDFtQDSWt
63
Tranzistory nezesilují pouze stejnosPUQêSURXGDOHLSURXGVWtGDYêSRPRFtPLNURIRQXO]HSHYiGWHþPX]LNXDMLQp]YXN\
QDVWtGDYpSURXG\7\SRWRPPXVHMtEêW]HVLORYiQ\WUDQ]LVWRURYêPL]HVLORYDþL7HQWRStSDGMHXNi]iQYQiVOHGXMtFtPH[SHULPHQWX
$YãDNPtVWRPLNURIRQXSRXåLMHãNSHPQ]YXNXVOXFKiWNR0iã-OLREYRGKRWRYVWLVNQLWODþtWNRDQFRHNQLQHERStVNQL0$åHã
SR]RURYDWMDNGLRGDEOLNiYU\WPXHþL
6WtGDYêSURXGY\WYRHQêHþtYHVOXFKiWNXWHþHVNRURQHUXãHQNRQGHQ]iWRUHP&QDEi]LWUDQ]LVWRUX73HVUH]LVWRU5GRVtává
Ei]HWUDQ]LVWRUXQDSWtWDNåHMHWUDQ]LVWRUYRGLYê$E\WRWRQDSWtQH]S$VRELORSURXGRGSRUHPVOXFKiWNDQDFKi]tVHYREYRGX
NRQGHQ]iWRU&7HQVORXþtMDNR]iYRUDSURVWHMQRVPUQêSURXG6WtGDYêSURXG]HVOXFKiWNDVHNSURXGXEi]HSLþtWi7HQSDN
NROtViSDNYU\WPXHþLRNRORXUþLWpVWHGQtKRGQRW\3URXGNROHNWRUXMHt]HQSURXGHPEi]HDSURWRWDNpNROtViSRGOHU\WPXHþL
6YtWLYiGLRGDSREOLNiYiýtPKODVLWMLPOXYtãWtPYtFHMHSURXGEi]HPQQDWUDQ]LVWRUt]HQ
3LSRMHQtPUH]LVWRUX5QDNROHNWRUMHSURXGEi]HRPH]RYiQGRXUþLWêFKPH]t1iVOHGNHPMHVQtåHQt]HVtOHQt7UDQ]LVWRUPi
]SWQRXYD]EX
7UDQ]LVWRUHP7]DSRMHQêPVSROHþQV&5DVYtWLYRXGLRGRXMH]HVtOHQêVLJQiOMHãWMHGQRXVWHMQêP]S$VREHP]HVLORYiQ
3RXåLWtPGYRX]HVLORYDFtFKVWXS$VHFHONRYp]HVtOHQtQNROLNDQiVREQ]YWãt
R1
R2
R3
C1
=
=
=
=
C2
=
LED
T1
T2
Ta
O
=
=
=
=
=
rezistor
rezistor
rezistor
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
svítivá dioda
tranzistor bílý
tranzistor bílý
WODþtWNR
sluchátko
10 µF
100 µF
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
C1
=
=
=
=
=
=
LED
T1
T2
Ta
=
=
=
=
rezistor
rezistor
rezistor
rezistor
rezistor
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
svítivá dioda
tranzistor bílý
tranzistor bílý
WODþtWNR
22 kΩ
47 kΩ
4,7 kΩ
10 kΩ
220 kΩ
64
þHUYHQiþHUYHQiRUDQåRYi
åOXWiILDORYiRUDQåRYi
åOXWiILDORYiþHUYHQi
KQGiþHUQiRUDQåRYi
þHUYHQiþHUYHQiåOXWi
10 µF
9H[SHULPHQWXþtVORMVLVHVH]QiPLOVPXOWLYLEUiWRUPYHNWHUpPVHQDY]iMHPSHStQDOLGYDWUDQ]LVWRU\7DNRYêWRREYRGVH
nazývá astabilní multivibrátor.
9REYRGXSRGOHSOiQNXþtVORVHQDXþtãMLQêPXOWLYLEUiWRUPRQRVWDELOQtPXOWLYLEUiWRU
3RGRNRQþHQtVWDYE\REYRGXEXGHVYtWLW/('GLRGD3RVWLVNXWODþtWNDGLRGDQDXUþLWRXGREX]KDVQHDSRWRPVHRSWUR]VYtWt
'RNXGQHVWLVNQHãWODþtWNRMHWUDQ]LVWRU7VHSQXWSURWRåHGRMHKREi]HP$åHSHVUH]LVWRU5WpFLSURXG3URWR/('GLRGDVYtWt
6WLVNQLQDNUiWNRXGREXWODþtWNR'REi]HWUDQ]LVWRUX7WHþHSHVUH]LVWRU5SURXG1DMHKRNROHNWRUXSUXGFHNOHVQHQDSWt
SURWRåHWUDQ]LVWRUVHSQH.RQGHQ]iWRU&SHQHVHQDS"RYRX]PQXGREi]HWUDQ]LVWRUX7DWHQVH]DYH1DMHKRNROHNWRUXVH
Q\QtQDFKi]tYHOLNpQDSWtNWHUpMHSHVUH]LVWRU5SLYHGHQR]SWQDEi]LWUDQ]LVWRUX7DXGUåXMHMHMYHYRGLYpPVWDYX
.RQGHQ]iWRU&VHSRPDOXSHVUH]LVWRU5QDEtMt-H-OLQDELWVHSQHWUDQ]LVWRU7DWR]S$VREt]DYHQtWUDQ]LVWRUX7
3RNXV\]NXV]MLVWLWQDþHP]iYLVtGREDVHSQXWtPRQRVWDELOQtKRPXOWLYLEUiWRUX=DWtPWR~þHOHPY\P& µF za jiný s hodnotou
100 µ)6WLVNQLWODþtWNRDXYLGtãåHGLRGD]$VWDQHWPDYiSRGHOãtGREXQHåYH[SHULPHQWXþtVOR
8åMVLMLVWSRFKRSLOåHYþDVRY]iYLVOêFKREYRGHFKKUDMtG$OHåLWRXUROLNRQGHQ]iWRU\DRGSRU\
65
7DNMHWRPXLYWRPWRStSDG3URQDEtMHQtµ)YHONpKRNRQGHQ]iWRUXMHSRWHEDYtFHþDVXQHåSURQDEtMHQtµF. Svítivá
GLRGD]$VWDQHGHVHWNUiWGpOH]KDVQXWDQHåXNRQGHQ]iWRUX µ)9HOLNRVWNRQGHQ]iWRUXWHG\XUþXMHþDV
-LQiPRåQRVWMDNVLSRNUiWNpPVWLVNXWODþtWND]DSDPDWRYDWQDSWtMHXNi]iQDYREYRGXþtVOR3RXNRQþHQtVWDYE\VWLVNQLWODþtWNR
GLRGDEXGHQMDNRXGREXVYtWLWDSRWRP]KDVQH
-DNVLVSUiYQP\VOtãKUDMHLYWRPWRH[SHULPHQWXG$OHåLWRXUROLNRQGHQ]iWRU&3LVWLVNXWODþtWNDMHWHQWRNRQGHQ]iWRUU\FKOH
nabit. Pustíš-OLWODþtWNR]$VWDQHNRQGHQ]iWRUMHãWXUþLWRXGREXQDELW-HKRQDSWtMHSLYHGHQRQDEi]LWUDQ]LVWRUX7NWHUêMHWtP
VHSQXW.RQGHQ]iWRUVHYãDNP$åHSHVUH]LVWRU\55DWUDQ]LVWRU7SRPDOXY\EtMHW3RGOHWRKRVHWDNpPQtMDVGLRG\
-DNPLOHMHKRQDSWtSRNOHVQHSRGVStQDFtQDSWtYL]H[SHULPHQW]KDVQHGLRGD~SOQ
=NXVY\PQLWNRQGHQ]iWRU& µF za jiný 100 µ)DSRWRPNUiWFHVWLVNQLWODþtWNR
6YtWLYiGLRGD]$VWDQHVYtWLWMHãWGHOãtGREXQHåYPLQXOpPH[SHULPHQWX6DPR]HMPåHYtãSURþWRPXWDNMH.RQGHQ]iWRU& 100 µ)SRWHEXMHNHVYpPXY\ELWtYtFHþDVXQHåNRQGHQ]iWRU µF.
R1
R2
C1
=
=
=
T1
T2
Ta
LED
=
=
=
rezistor
rezistor
keramický
kondenzátor
tranzistor bílý
tranzistor bílý
WODþtWNR
svítivá dioda
R1
R2
R3
T1
T2
Ta
LED
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
rezistor
rezistor
rezistor
tranzistor bílý
tranzistor bílý
WODþtWNR
svítivá dioda
66
3DP"RYpREYRG\NWHUpMVLDåGRVXGSR]QDOSHNOiSMtSRXUþLWpPþDVHRSW]SiWN\1HXNOiGDMtWHG\LQIRUPDFLQHNRQHþQGORXKR
2EYRGNWHUêWRGRNiåHMHELVWDELOQt multivibrátor, nebo-li bistabilní klopný obvod.
3RVWDYVLREYRGSRGOHSOiQNXþtVORSRWRPGUiWNHPSHPRVWLVYRUN\$D%6YtWLYiGLRGDEXGHVYtWLW=$VWDQHWUYDOHYVHSQXWpP
VWDYX1LFVHQH]PQtDQLNG\åVYRUN\$D%]QRYXSHPRVWtã3RX]HSRPRFtWODþtWNDP$åHãREYRGSHSQRXWGRVWDYXY\SQXWRD
tím zhasnout diodu.
)XQNFHWRKRWRREYRGXQHQtVQDGQRSRFKRSLWHOQi=DþQLYHVWDYXNG\GLRGDVYtWt9WRPWRStSDGMHYRGLYêWUDQ]LVWRU7]DWtPFR
WUDQ]LVWRU7MH]DYHQSURWRåHWUDQ]LVWRU7GRVWiYiSHVUH]LVWRU\5D5SURXGGREi]H1DEi]LWUDQ]LVWRUX7MHSHRGSRU5
YHOPLPDOpQDSWtNWHUpKRQHGRNiåHRWHYtW7HQWRVWDY]$VWDQH]DFKRYiQDåGRGRE\NG\EXGHVWLVNQXWRWODþtWNR6WLVNHPWODþtWND
MHY\]NUDWRYiQRQDSWtQDEi]LWUDQ]LVWRUX7NWHUêWtPSiGHP]DYH6YtWLYiGLRGD]KDVQH
-HKRY\VRNpNROHNWRURYpQDSWtDOHSHVUH]LVWRU5S$VREtQDEi]LWUDQ]LVWRUX77HQVHSQHDMHKRQt]NpNROHNWRURYpQDSWt
SLSRMHQpQDWUDQ]LVWRU7]S$VREXMHåHMHWHQWR]DYHQ2EDWUDQ]LVWRU\VHXGUåXMtQDY]iMHm v konstantním stavu.
1DEtMHQtQHERY\EtMHQtNRQGHQ]iWRUX]S$VREXMHXRERXGYRXQiVOHGXMtFtFKH[SHULPHQW$SU$FKRGSURXGXVNU]WUDQ]LVWRU9REYRGX
þtVORVYtWtGLRGDVHVWHGQtPMDVHP
67
7RKRMHGRFtOHQRUH]LVWRU\5D5NWHUpSHGVWDYXMtQDS"RYêGOLþ3RVWLVNXWODþtWNDEXGHGLRGDQiKOHMDVQMãt-HMtMDVQRVW
EXGHSRVWXSQXEêYDWDåQDQRUPiOQtKRGQRWX3XVWtã-OLWODþtWNRGLRGD~SOQ]KDVQHDSRWRPVHEXGHSRPDOXUR]VYtFHW
9\PQtã-li v obvodu elektrolytický kondenzátor za jiný s kapacitou 10 µF, budou jednotlivé procesy v obvodu probíhat rychleji. To
]QDPHQiåHVYtWLYiGLRGDVHEXGHU\FKOHML]KDVtQDWQHERU\FKOHMLUR]VYtFHW
9RERXWFKWRREYRGHFKQHQtQHMSUYHNRQGHQ]iWRUQDELW3LVWLVNXWODþtWNDVHU\FKOHQDELMHSURWRåHGRNRQGHQ]iWRUXWHþHYHONê
QDEtMHFtSURXG3URWRåHYãDNYWRPWRRNDPåLNXWHþHEi]tWUDQ]LVWRUXWDNpYHONêSURXGVYtWtGLRGDYHOPLMDVQ3URXGWHNRXFtGR
NRQGHQ]iWRUXVHDOHQHXVWiOHVQLåXMHDWRWtPYtFHþtPYtFHMHNRQGHQ]iWRUQDELW-H-OLNRQGHQ]iWRUSOQQDELWQHWHþHGRQKRMLå
åiGQêSURXG3URWRGLRGDVYtWtVU$]QRXMDVQRVWt
3LXYROQQtWODþtWNDVHNRQGHQ]iWRUY\EtMtSHVUH]LVWRU\5D5QHMSUYHYHOPLU\FKOHSRWRPVWiOHSRPDOHMLDSRPDOHML7RRYOLYXMH
WDNpSURXGEi]H6YtWLYiGLRGDVYtWtQHMPpQSLQHMY\ããtPY\EtMHFtPSURXGX3RWRPVHSRPDOXUR]VYtWtGRQRUPiOQtKRMDVX3URWRåH
se kondenzátor 10 µF nabíjí a vybíjí rychleji, probíhají i procesy zhasínání a rozsvícení rychleji.
7DNRYpWR]DSRMHQtUH]LVWRUXDNRQGHQ]iWRUXVHQD]êYiGHULYDþQtþOiQHN
R1
R2
R3
C1
=
=
=
=
T1
Ta
LED
=
=
=
rezistor
rezistor
rezistor
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
tranzistor bílý
WODþtWNR
svítivá dioda
10 µF
R1
C1
=
=
T1
Ta
LED
=
=
=
rezistor
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
tranzistor bílý
WODþtWNR
svítivá dioda
68
10 µF
1DUR]GtORGREYRG$DMHXH[SHULPHQWX]DSRMHQNRQGHQ]iWRUµF do série s rezistorem 220 kΩþHUYHQi-þHUYHQiåOXWi3RXNRQþHQtVWDYE\GLRGDQHVYtWt3RVWLVNXWODþtWNDVHPDOLQNRUR]VYtWtDSRWRPEXGHVSLEêYDMtFtPþDVHPVYtWLWVWiOHYtFD
víc. Uvolníš-OLWODþtWNRGLRGDVHSRVWXSQ]DVH]KDVQH
5R]VYtFHQtD]KDVtQiQtGLRG\EXGHMHãWYêUD]QMãtY\PQtã-li v obvodu kondenzátor 10 µF za jiný s hodnotou 100 µF.
7DNpY\PQQtPUH]LVWRUX kΩþHUYHQi-þHUYHQi-åOXWi]DKRGQRWX kΩåOXWi- fialová -RUDQåRYiP$åHãSUiFLREYRGX
ovlivnit.
9\PNRQGHQ]iWRU]SiWN\]DKRGQRWXµF v sérii s odporem 47 kΩåOXWi- fialová -RUDQåRYi]PQDPH]LUR]VYtFHQtPD
]KDVQXWtPEXGHU\FKOHMãt6pULRYp]DSRMHQtNRQGHQ]iWRUXDUH]LVWRUXYREYRGHFKDåVHQD]êYiLQWHJUDþQtþOiQHN9WFKWR
REYRGHFKSLEêYiMDVGLRG\NG\åVHNRQGHQ]iWRUSLVWLVNXWODþtWNDQDEtMt=SRþiWNXMHQDEtMHFtSURXGYHOLNêQDSWtQD
NRQGHQ]iWRUXMHYãDNQt]Np6HVQLåXMtFtPVHQDEtMHFtPSURXGHPVH]Y\ãXMHQDSWtQDNRQGHQ]iWRUXDGLRGD]Y\ãXMHVY$MMDV
dokud není kondenzátor zcela nabit. Je-OLWODþtWNRXYROQQRVYtWt/('GLRGDQHMSUYHKRGQDSRWRPSRVWXSQ]KDVtQi-HWR
]S$VREHQRWtPMDNVHNRQGHQ]iWRUSRVWXSQY\EtMt
69
6DVWDELOQtPLPXOWLYLEUiWRU\MVLVH]iURYHVH]QiPLOVREYRG\NWHUpMVRXVFKRSQpJHQHURYDW]YXN9H[SHULPHQWXþtVORVH
GR]YtãMDNO]HY\WYRLWU$]QpWyQ\'HMSR]RUQDWRDE\MVLQDY]iMHPQH]DPQLOYêYRG\FtYN\6WLVNQHã-OLWODþtWNRR]YHVH]H
sluchátka tón.
Nyní odpoj z obvodu kondenzátor 10.000 pF = 10 Q)KQGi-þHUQi-RUDQåRYi.G\åVWLVNQHãWODþtWNREXGH]HVOXFKiWNDVO\ãHW
WyQNWHUêEXGHY\ããtQHåYPLQXOpPStSDG
=DSRMNRQGHQ]iWRURSWGRREYRGXD]NXVY\PQLWUH]LVWRUNΩþHUYHQi-þHUYHQi-åOXWi]DUH]LVWRU kΩåOXWi- fialová RUDQåRYi3LVWLVNXWODþtWNDVHUR]H]QtMHãWY\ããtWyQ
.G\åYRERXGYRXH[SHULPHQWHFKVWLVNQHãWODþtWNRWHþHVNU]FtYNXPH]LYêYRG\DVOXFKiWNRDUH]LVWRUSURXGGREi]H
WUDQ]LVWRUX7HQMHWHG\RWHYHQDYRGt6RXþDVQWHþHSURXGSHVFtYNXYêYRG\DGRNRQGHQ]iWRUXDWHQVHQDEtMt.G\åMH
QDELWWUDQ]LVWRUVHX]DYH3RWRPVHNRQGHQ]iWRURSWY\EtMtDWUDQ]LVWRURSWVHSQH7RWRVStQiQtDUR]HStQiQtWUDQ]LVWRUXSUREtKi
YHOPLU\FKOH7tPMHUR]HFKYtYiQRVOXFKiWNRDMH]QKRVO\ãHWWyQ
Takovýto generátor se nazývá oscilátor.
R1
C1
=
=
C2
=
C3
=
L
T1
Ta
=
=
=
rezistor
keramický
kondenzátor
keramický
kondenzátor
elektrolyt.
kondenzátor
cívka
tranzistor
WODþtWNR
10.000 pF KQGiþHUQiRUDQåRYi
10.000 pF KQGiþHUQiRUDQåRYi
100 µF
3UR]NXäHQpHOHNWURWHFKQLN\]DÿiWHÿQtN\
R1
R2
T1
T2
Ta
LED
=
=
=
=
=
=
rezistor
rezistor
tranzistor bílý
tranzistor bílý
WODþtWNR
svítivá dioda
70
2EYRGþtVORSHGVWDYXMHORJLFNêREYRGDWRREYRG$$1'/RJLFNpREYRG\MVRXSRXåLW\SURHãHQtORJLFNêFKSUREOpP$
=YêWDKXYtãåHNG\åYHMGHãGRYêWDKXYêWDKDXWRPDWLFN\QHMHGHDOHPXVtãQHMSUYHVWLVNQRXWWODþtWNRYROE\GRNWHUpKRSRVFKRGt
FKFHãMHW9êWDKYãDNKQHGQHMHGHþHNiDåEXGRX]DYHQ\GYHH7RWRMHMHGQRGXFKêStNODGSRXåLWtMHGQRGXFKpKRORJLFNpKR$1'
REYRGX7HQWRStNODGO]HVORYQY\MiGLWWDNWR9êWDKMHGHMHQYStSDGåHE\ORVWLVNQXWRWODþtWND$$1'GYHHMVRX]DYHQ\
9QDãHPREYRGXWLEXGHGLRGDtNDWNG\GRVWDOPRWRUSURXG3URSRMHQtVYRUN\VHVYRUNRX$SRPRFtGUiWNXtNiåHE\OR]YROHQR
SRVFKRGtNDPPiYêWDKMHW6SRMHQtVYRUN\VHVYRUNRX%tNiåHE\O\]DYHQ\GYHHYêWDKX
5\FKOH]MLVWtãåHGLRGDVYtWtSRX]HYStSDGåHMVRXSURSRMHQ\REVYRUN\$L%VHVYRUNRX
7HþH-OLGREi]tRERXWUDQ]LVWRU$SURXGMVRXYHYRGLYpPVWDYXDP$åHWDNpWpFLSURXGNGLRGNWHUi svítí.
/RJLFNêREYRG1(%225MHWL]QiP]HVFKRGLã"RYpKRRVYWOHQtYHYHONpPGRP2VYWOHQtO]H]DSQRXWEXY\SLQDþHPYSt]HPt
1(%2YQNWHUpPSDWH3URWRXWRKRWR]DSRMHQtVYtWt/('GLRGDMLåSLSURSRMHQtVYRUN\VHVYRUNRX$QHER1(%2VYRUN\VH
VYRUNRX%2VWDWQVYtWtLYStSDGåHMVRXSURSRMHQ\REVYRUN\$D%VHVYRUNRX
9WRPWRREYRGMVRXFHVW\.ROHNWRU-(PLWRURERXGYRXWUDQ]LVWRU$]DSRMHQ\SDUDOHOQ3URWRVYtWtGLRGDXåNG\åMHYRGLYêDOHVSR
jeden tranzistor.
6HQ]RURYpWODÿtWNR-VStQiQtEH]Y\SLQDÿH
R1
R2
T1
T2
Ta
LED
=
=
=
=
=
=
rezistor
rezistor
tranzistor bílý
tranzistor bílý
WODþtWNR
svítivá dioda
71
1RYêYLGHRUHNRUGpUVWiOYREêYDFtPSRNRML7RPiãFKWOStVWURMY\]NRXãHWDOHQHYGOMDNVHWDNRYêStVWURMRYOiGi.URPWRKRVH
GLYLOåHStVWURMQHPiåiGQpY\SLQDþHDOHPiSRX]HDGXWPDYêFKNUXK$VQH]QiPêPL]QDN\RNRORMHKRRWHFPXYHþHUY\VYWOLO
MDNêYê]QDPW\WRNUXK\PDMt7RMVRXVHQ]RURYiWODþtWNDNWHUêPLVHStVWURM]DStQiDY\StQiDQLåE\VHPXVHORVWLVNQRXWQMDNp
WODþtWNR1LFVHQHSRK\EXMH6QDGMVLXåWDNpQMDNpVHQ]RURYpWODþtWNRYLGOýDVWRMVRXSRXåtYiQ\XWHOHYL]RU$UDGLRSLMtPDþ$YH
YêWD]tFKQHERXYLGHRSHKUiYDþ$3URWLPHFKDQLFNêPY\SLQDþ$PPDMtWXYêKRGXåHQHREVDKXMtåiGQpSRK\EOLYpþiVWLNWHUpVH
mohou poškodit.
3RPRFtREYRGXSRGOHSOiQNX]DSRMHQtþtVORP$åHãVStQDWVYtWLYRXGLRGX3RSLSRMHQtEDWHULHVHPXVtãSUVWHPGRWNQRXW
VRXþDVQRERXVYRUHN$D%-DNGORXKRWDPGUåtãSUVWWDNGORXKRGLRGDVYtWt1HMGH-OLWRPXVtãVLWURFKXQDYOKþLWSUVW
3RPRFtREYRGXþtVORP$åHãVWiOHVYtWtFtGLRGXY\StQDW3RGUåSUVW]iURYHQDRERXVYRUNiFK$D%
9H[SHULPHQWXþtVORSRXåtYiã]DSRMHQtNWHUpVHQD]êYiSRGOHVYpKRREMHYLWHOH'DUOLQJWRQRYR]DSRMHQt.ROHNWRURYêSURXG
SUYQtKRWUDQ]LVWRUXtGtStPRSURXGEi]HGUXKpKRWUDQ]LVWRUX3LWRPMHNROHNWRURYêSURXGWUDQ]LVWRUX7RPH]HQRGSRUHP5%H]
QKRE\E\OSURXGStOLãYHONêDWUDQ]LVWRU7E\E\OSHWåRYiQ
R1
T1
T2
LED
=
=
=
=
rezistor
tranzistor bílý
tranzistor bílý
svítivá dioda
R1
R2
T1
T2
LED
=
=
=
=
=
rezistor
rezistor
tranzistor bílý
tranzistor bílý
svítivá dioda
4,7kΩ åOXWiILDORYiþHUYHQi
72
6HQ]RURYiWODÿtWND
73
3HVN$åLWHþHSLGRW\NXVHQ]RUXPDOêSURXGNWHUêMHWUDQ]LVWRU\WDN]HVtOHQDåGLRGDVYtWt
2WRþHQtIXQNFHVStQiQt]tVNiãYH[SHULPHQWXMLQêP]DSRMHQtPWUDQ]LVWRUX7'RWNQHã-OLVHVHQ]RUXWHþHGREi]HWUDQ]LVWRUX
T1 proud. Tranzistor sepne a na jeho kolektoru se objeví mDOpQDSWtNWHUp]S$VREtåHVHWUDQ]LVWRU7]DYH'LRGDWHG\]KDVQH
jakmile se dotkneš senzoru.
3RPRFtREYRGXþtVORP$åHãGLRGXVWtGDY]DStQDWDY\StQDW6WLVNQHã-li senzor ON (svorky B a C) vlhkým prstem, dioda
]DþQHVYtWLW'RWNQHã-OLVHVHQ]RUX2))VYRUN\$D%GLRGDRSW]KDVQH
9H[SHULPHQWXþtVORMVLVHVH]QiPLOVNORSQêPREYRGHP6WLVNQHã-OLVHQ]RU21REGUåtWUDQ]LVWRU7GREi]HSHVUH]LVWRU5D
WYRMLN$åLSURXG7UDQ]LVWRUVHSQHDGLRGDVYtWt0DOpQDSWtQDMHKRNROHNWRUXVHSHs rezistor R1 dostane na bázi tranzistoru T1 a
GUåtKRY]DYHQpPVWDYX3LWRPMHQDMHKRNROHNWRUXYHONpQDSWtNWHUpSHVUH]LVWRU5GUåtWUDQ]LVWRU7YRWHYHQpPVWDYX
Dotkneš-OLVHQ\QtVHQ]RUX2))GRVWDQHVHQDEi]LWUDQ]LVWRUX7QDSWtDWUDQ]LVWRUVHRWHYH-HKRPDOpNROHNWRURYpQDSWt
S$VREtSHVUH]LVWRU5QDEi]LWUDQ]LVWRUX7D]DYtUiKR'LRGD]KDVQH9HONpNROHNWRURYpQDSWtS$VREt]SWQSHVUH]LVWRU5
QDEi]LWUDQ]LVWRUX7NWHUêMHQHXVWiOHRWHYHQ
R1
R2
R3
R4
C1
=
=
=
=
=
T1
T2
LED
=
=
=
rezistor
rezistor
rezistor
rezistor
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
tranzistor bílý
tranzistor bílý
svítivá dioda
220 kΩ
100 kΩ
1 kΩ
4,7 kΩ
100 µF
KQGiþHUQiåOXWi
KQGiþHUQiþHUYHQi
R1
R2
R3
C1
=
=
=
=
T1
T2
Ta
LED
=
=
=
=
rezistor
rezistor
rezistor
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
tranzistor bílý
tranzistor bílý
WODþtWNR
svítivá dioda
74
100 µF
9DXWRPRELOHFKMHYWãLQRXYQLWQtRVYWOHQtNDELQ\]DStQiQRDY\StQiQRGYHQtPNRQWDNWHP7RMHVLFH]FHODSUDNWLFNpDOHPiWR
MHGQXQHYêKRGX9QLWQtVYWORVYtWtSRX]HGRNXGMVRXGYHHRWHYHQ\.G\åSRWRPLGLþKOHGiSRWPNOtþN\N]DSDORYiQtQHER
]iPHNEH]SHþQRVWQtKRSiVXPXVtVLEX]DSQRXWVWiOpRVYWOHQtQHERPXVtQHFKDWGYtNDSRRWHYHQ\1NWHUiYR]LGODMVRXSURWR
Y\EDYHQDþDVRYDFtPY\StQDFtPREYRGHP7R]QDPHQiåHYQLWQtRVYWOHQtVYtWtMHãWQNROLNVHNXQGSRWRPFRE\O\]DYHQ\
GYtNDYR]LGODDSRWRPVDPR]KDVQH
7DNRYêWRþDVRYDFtREYRGVLP$åHãSRVWDYLWSRGOHVFKpPDWXþtVOR
.G\åSLSRMtãEDWHULLEXGHSRVWLVNXWODþtWNDVYtWLW/('GLRGD3XVWtã-OLWODþtWNREXGHGLRGDMHãWQNROLNVHNXQGVYtWLWDSRWRPVDPD
zhasne.
Z obvodu vypoj elektrolytický kondenzátor 10 µ)D]DPKR]DMLQêVKRGQRWRX µ)3RWRPEXGH]SRåGQtVHNWHUêPGLRGD
]KDVQHMHãWGHOãt1HQt-OLWODþtWNRVWLVNQXWRWHþHSHVUH]LVWRU\5D5GREi]HWUDQ]LVWRUX7SURXG7UDQ]LVWRUMHVHSQXWDQD
jeKRNROHNWRUXVHQDFKi]tYHOPLPDOpQDSWt7RMHSLYHGHQRQDEi]LWUDQ]LVWRUX77HQWRWUDQ]LVWRUMH]DYHQDVYtWLYiGLRGD
QHP$åHVYtWLW
6WLVNHPWODþtWNDY\]NUDWXMHãNRQGHQ]iWRU&7UDQ]LVWRU7VH]DYHDY\VRNpQDSWtQDMHKRNROHNWRUXVHSQHWUDQ]LVWRU7'LRGD
]DþQHVYtWLW3XVWtã-OLRSWWODþtWNR]DþQHVHNRQGHQ]iWRU&SRPDOXSHVUH]LVWRU5QDEtMHW
6SRæGQt]DSQXWtDY\SQXWt
75
3HNURþt-OLMHKRQDSWtRWYtUDFtQDSWtWUDQ]LVWRUX7WUDQ]LVWRU7VHSQH7tPVH]DYHWUDQ]LVWRU7DVYtWLYiGLRGD]KDVQH
3URWRåHSURQDELWtNRQGHQ]iWRUXMHSRWHEDXUþLWêþDVVYtWt/('GLRGDMHãWQMDNRXGREXSRXYROQQtWODþtWND
3RGREQMDNRO]HODPSXVH]SRåGQtPY\SQRXWO]HMLLVH]SRåGQtP]DSQRXW7RVLP$åHãY\]NRXãHWY]DSRMHQtþtVOR
3RGUåtã-OLSRSLSRMHQtEDWHULHVWLVNQXWpWODþtWNREXGHWUYDWQNROLNVHNXQGQHåVHGLRGDUR]VYtWt
'REX]SRåGQtO]HSURGORXåLWNG\åY\PQtãNRQGHQ]iWRU µF za kondenzátor 100 µ)1\QtPXVtãGUåHWWODþtWNR]QDþQGORXKR
QHåVHGLRGDUR]VYtWt
3LVWLVNXWODþtWNDMHNRQGHQ]iWRU&SRPDOXQDEtMHQSHVRGSRU57HSUYHWHKG\MH-OLNRQGHQ]iWRU]FHODQDELWQHWHþHSHVUH]LVWRU
åiGQêQDEtMHFtSURXGDWtPSiGHPQHQtQDEi]LWUDQ]LVWRUX7åiGQpQDSWt7UDQ]LVWRUVH]DYH-HKRY\VRNpNROHNWRURYpQDSWt
RWHYHWUDQ]LVWRU76YtWLYiGLRGDVYtWt7HG\QHåVHNRQGHQ]iWRUQDELMH/('GLRGDQHVYtWt
R1
R2
R3
R4
C1
=
=
=
=
=
T1
T2
Ta
LED
=
=
=
=
rezistor
rezistor
rezistor
rezistor
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
tranzistor bílý
tranzistor bílý
WODþtWNR
svítivá dioda
220 kΩ
100 kΩ
4,7 kΩ
22 kΩ
100 µF
KQGiþHUQiåOXWi
R1
R2
R3
R4
C1
=
=
=
=
=
T1
T2
Ta
LED
=
=
=
=
rezistor
rezistor
rezistor
rezistor
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
tranzistor bílý
tranzistor bílý
WODþtWNR
svítivá dioda
220 kΩ
47 kΩ
1 kΩ
22 kΩ
76
KQGiþHUQiþHUYHQi
100 µF
.RPELQRYDQê]SRåRYDFtREYRGSUR]DStQiQtDY\StQiQtRVYWOHQtMHSHGVWDYHQQDSOiQNXþtVOo 118.
Je-OLSLSRMHQDEDWHULHUR]VYtWtVH/('GLRGDSLVWLVNXWODþtWNDWHSUYHSRXUþLWpGRE3RXYROQQtWODþtWNDWUYiWDNpXUþLWRXGREXQHå
dioda zhasne.
'REX]SRåGQt]DSQXWtDY\SQXWtO]HSURGORXåLWNG\åY\PQtãNRQGHQ]iWRU µF za kondenzátor 100 µF.
3LVWLVNXWODþtWNDMHNRQGHQ]iWRU&SRPDOXQDEtMHQSHVRGSRU59RNDPåLNXNG\GRViKQHQDSWtNRQGHQ]iWRUXVStQDFtKR
QDSWtWUDQ]LVWRUXVHWUDQ]LVWRURWHYH3HVVt"UH]LVWRU$555VHGRVWDQHQDEi]LWUDQ]LVWRUX7QDSWt7RSRGUåtWHQWo
WUDQ]LVWRUYRWHYHQpPVWDYXDGLRGDP$åHVYtWLW3URWRåHQHåVHNRQGHQ]iWRUQDELMHWUYiXUþLWRXGREXGLRGDVHUR]VYtWtDåSR
QMDNpGRESRSLSRMHQtQDSiMHQt3RXYROQQtWODþtWNDWUYiY\EtMHQtNRQGHQ]iWRUX&SHVUH]LVWRU\555RSWXUþLWRXGREX
7HSUYHNG\åQDSWtQDNRQGHQ]iWRUXNOHVQHSRGKRGQRWXVStQDFtKRQDSWtWUDQ]LVWRUX7GLRGD]KDVQH2EYRGVHSHNORStGR
stavu OFF.
2VYWHOQtVFKRGLã"YGRPVYtFHE\W\PXVtSR]DSQXWtVYtWLWMHãWQNROLNPLQXW3RWRPVHVDPRY\SQH3RGREQêREYRGVLP$åHã
SRVWDYLWSRGOHSOiQNXþtVOR6WLVNQHã-OLSRGRNRQþHQtVWDYE\WODþtWNRUR]VYtWtVHQDGREXDVLVHNXQGVYtWLYiGLRGD3RWRP
sama zhasne.
Elektronická muzika
77
'REDVYtFHQt/('GLRG\VH]HWHOQSURGORXåtY\PQtã-li kondenzátor 10 µF kondenzátor 100 µF. Potom bude dioda zhasínat
asi po 10 minutách.
3LVWLVNXWODþtWNDVHQDELMHNRQGHQ]iWRU&%XGHQDQPSOQpQDSWtEDWHULH7RWDP]$VWDQHXFKRYiQRLNG\åWODþtWNRSXVWtã7RWR
QDSWtEXGHSRPDOLQNXXEêYDWVWtPMDNVHEXGHNRQGHQ]iWRU&Y\EtMHW7DNGORXKRMDNGORXKREXGHWRWRQDSWtSLYHGHQpQD
Ei]LWUDQ]LVWRUXY\ããtQHåMHMHKRSUDKRYpVStQDFtQDSWtEXGHWHQWRWUDQ]LVWRURWHYHQÒE\WHNQDSWtQDUH]LVWRUX5tGtSHV
UH]LVWRU5WUDQ]LVWRU7DVYtWLYiGLRGDP$åHVYtWLW
0RGHUQtHOHNWURQLFNpYDUKDQ\NH\ERDUGQDEt]HMtYSURWLNODGXNSUYQtPStVWURM$PVYpKRW\SXãLURNpPRåQRVWLNY\WYiHQtPX]LN\
-HSRWHEDKUiWSRX]HPHORGLLYãHRVWDWQtXGODMtYDUKDQ\VDPL1DSUYQtSRKOHGVLSRWRPP$åHSRVOXFKDþP\VOHWåHWRKUDMHFHOê
RUFKHVWU/]HWRWLåVWLVNHPWODþtWHN]YROLW]iNODGQtU\WPXVDQDYROLW]YXNQNWHUpKR]PQRKD]QiPêFKLQH]QiPêFKQiVWURM$
9ãHFKQ\W\WRPRåQRVWLMVRXXPRåQQ\HOHNWURQLFNêPLREYRG\XPtVWQêPLXYQLWYDUKDQ
1DVFKpPDWXþtVORMHXNi]iQMHGQRGXFKêStNODGY\WYRHQtSRGREQpKRKXGHEQtKRQiVWURMH1DQPVLSRWRPP$åHãWUpQRYDW
MHGQRGXFKpPHORGLH3URW\WRMHGQRGXFKpYDUKDQ\VLPXVtãQD]iNODGQtGHVNXSLSHYQLWRGSRURYRXGUiKXNWHUiE\ODSRSViQDY
H[SHULPHQWXþtVOR1DVYRUNX$SLSHYQLGUiWMHKRGUXKêNRQHFRKQLGRSNQpKRRþND
R1
R2
R3
C1
=
=
=
=
T1
T2
Ta
LED
=
=
=
=
rezistor
rezistor
rezistor
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
tranzistor bílý
tranzistor bílý
WODþtWNR
svítivá dioda
100 µF
Pro zkušené elektrotechniky ]DÿiWHÿQtN\
R1
R2
R3
C1
=
=
=
=
C2
=
C3
=
T1
T2
G
O
=
=
=
=
rezistor
rezistor
rezistor
keramický
kondenzátor
keramický
kondenzátor
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
tranzistor bílý
tranzistor bílý
odporová dráha
sluchátko
78
100 µF
.G\åQ\QtSRSLSRMHQtEDWHULHVWLVNQHãWODþtWNRP$åHãYROQêPNRQFHPGUiWXMH]GLWSRRGSRURYpGUi]H=HVOXFKiWNDEXGHVO\ãHW
melodie.
8UþLWE\VQDSUYQtSRKOHGQHKiGDOåHYDUKDQ\MVRXYSULQFLSXSRX]HDVWDELOQtPXOWLYLEUiWRU$SHFHVHYWRPWRREYRGXSHStQDMt
QDY]iMHPGYDWUDQ]LVWRU\WDNU\FKOHåH]HVOXFKiWNDVO\ãtãWyQ\9êãNDWyQXMHXUþHQDKRGQRWRXUH]LVWRU$5 5DNRQGHQ]iWRU$
C1 / &3URWRåHPiãYVpULLVUH]LVWRUHP5]DSRMHQXRGSRURYRXGUiKXPiãPRåQRVWYêãNXWyQXPQLW3RGOHSRORK\GUiWNXQD
RGSRURYpGUi]HVHSURXGEi]HWUDQ]LVWRUX7]Y\ãXMHQHERVQLåXMH7tPMHRYOLYQQDGREDQDEtMHQtNRQGHQ]iWRUX&DWtPLYêãND
generovaného tónu.
2EYRGSRGOHSOiQNXJHQHUXMHSLNDåGpPVWLVNXWODþtWNDNUiWNêY\VRNêWyQMDNRXPDOpKREXEtQNX
'$OHåLWRXþiVWtWRKRWRREYRGXMHVStQDFtþiVWVWUDQ]LVWRUHP7FtYNRX/DNRQGHQ]iWRU\&D&3LVWLVNXWODþtWNDGRVWDQHEi]H
WUDQ]LVWRUX7SHVNRQGHQ]iWRU&DUH]LVWRU5QDS"RYêLPSXOV2EYRGQDNUiWNRXGREX]DNPLWiDY\WYRt]YXNQHQHSRGREQê
zvuku malého bubínku.
.i"DVHYHãNROHSUiYXþtRNRVRYLVêNRUFHãSDþNRYLDMLQêFKSWiþFtFKNWHtMLNDåGêGHQUiQR]StYDMtQiGKHUQêNRQFHUW
Tónový generátor Elektronický slavík
R1
R2
R3
C1
=
=
=
=
C2
=
C3
=
C4
=
T1
L
Ta
O
=
=
=
=
R1
R2
R3
R4
C1
=
=
=
=
=
C2
=
C3
=
C4
=
T1
L
Ta
O
=
=
=
=
rezistor
rezistor
rezistor
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
keramický
kondenzátor
keramický
kondenzátor
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
tranzistor bílý
þHUYHQiFtYND
WODþtWNR
sluchátko
rezistor
rezistor
rezistor
rezistor
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
keramický
kondenzátor
keramický
kondenzátor
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
tranzistor bílý
þHUYHQiFtYND
WODþtWNR
sluchátko
47 kΩ
10 kΩ
4,7 kΩ
22 kΩ
10 µF
100 µF
KQGiþHUQiRUDQåRYi
10 µF
100 µF
79
80
rezistor
rezistor
rezistor
rezistor
rezistor
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
10 µF
= keramický
C2
kondenzátor
= keramický
C3
kondenzátor
= elektrolytický
C4
kondenzátor
100 µF
= tranzistor bílý
T1
= tranzistor bílý
T2
= þHUYHQiFtYND
L
= WODþtWNR
Ta
= sluchátko
O
.DåGêGHQSRVORXFKDODWHQWRNRQFHUWD]YGDYSR]RURYDODMDNMVRXSWiþFLSLWRPþLOtäHE\E\ORPRåQpKODVSWiþN$JHQHURYDWL
XPOHWRVLSHGVWDYLWQHXPOD
9GQHãQtPRGHUQt]iEDYQtWHFKQLFHMVRXþDVWRSRXåtYiQ\StVWURMHWDN]YDQpV\QWHWL]pU\NWHUpXPMtJHQHURYDWQHMHQRPPX]LNX
DOHL]YXNPRHERXN\KURP$DKODV\SWiþN$
6SRPRFtVFKpPDWXþtVORVLP$åHãSRVWDYLWHOHNWURQLFNpKRVODYtND3LVWLVNXWODþtWNDVH]HVOXFKiWNDR]YHWyQNWHUêVHSRGREi
trylkování slavíka.
Postavíš-OLVLREYRGSRGOHSOiQNXþtVORDVWUþtã-li oba dva dráty do bramboru nebo jiného plodu obsahujícího vodu, rozkmitá se
krátce generátor a ty uslyšíš ze sluchátka tón. Tento jev se nazývá zpívající brambora.
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
C1
=
=
=
=
=
=
Tónový generátor
81
=iNODGWRKRWRREYRGXMHVWHMQêWyQRYêJHQHUiWRUMDNRXH[SHULPHQWXþtVOR6WUþtã-li dráty do bramboru nebo jiného plodu,
potoPP$åHSURXG]EDWHULHWpFLSHVEUDPERUXGREi]HWUDQ]LVWRUX73UXGNêQiU$VWQDSWtQDUH]LVWRUX5VHSHVNRQGHQ]iWRU
&MHYtMDNRQDS"RYêSXOV=S$VREtNUiWNp]DNPLWiQtREYRGXFRåPi]DQiVOHGHNY\WYRHQtNUiWNpKRWyQXYHVOXFKiWNX
-LQêWyQRYêJHQHUiWRUXNWHUpKRO]HPQLWYêãNX]iNODGQtKRWyQXQDMGHãQDVFKpPDWXþtVOR
3LVWLVNXWODþtWNDXVO\ãtã]HVOXFKiWNDWyQ3RKQHã-OLVMH]GFHPSRWHQFLRPHWUX]PQtVHYêãND]iNODGQtKRWyQX
6SULQFLSHPWRKRWRREYRGXMVLVHXåVH]QiPLOYH[SHULPHQWXþtVOR9\WYitWyQ\MHMLFKåYêãNXP$åHãPQLWSRK\EHPMH]GFH
potenciometru.
)XQNFLREYRGXQHMOpSHSRFKRStãSHGVWDYtã-li si nejprve tranzistor zapojený v zesilovacím stupni. Je-li z jeho kolektoru odvedena
PDOiþiVWVLJQiOX]SWQDEi]LWUDQ]LVWRUX]HVtOtMLWUDQ]LVWRURSWDVLJQiO]DþQHRVFLORYDWNPLWDW
9WRPWRREYRGXMH]SWQêVLJQiOYHGHQSHVREYRGNWHUêVHQD]êYi]SWQiYD]EDDMHWYRHQFtYNRX/5\FKORVWNPLWiQtDWHG\L
YêãNXJHQHURYDQpKR]YXNXXUþXMHYHOLNRVWEi]RYpKRSURXGX-HKRYHOLNRVWP$åHãQDVWDYRYDWSRK\EHPMH]GFHSRRGSRURYpGUi]H
R1
C2
=
=
C3
=
C4
=
T1
L
Ta
G
O
=
=
=
=
=
rezistor
keramický
kondenzátor
keramický
kondenzátor
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
tranzistor bílý
þHUYHQiFtYND
WODþtWNR
odporová dráha
sluchátko
100 µF
R1
R2
C1
=
=
=
C2
=
C3
=
C4
=
T1
L
Ta
O
=
=
=
rezistor
rezistor
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
keramický
kondenzátor
keramický
kondenzátor
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
tranzistor bílý
þHUYHQiFtYND
WODþtWNR
sluchátko
82
10 µF
100 µF
.G\åE\O3HWUVHVYêPRWFHPQDGRYROHQpãHOVQtPMHGQRXGRPDOpKRStVWDYXNGHE\ORQHXVWiOHVO\ãHWKODVLWpWURXEHQt
/RGE\O\QDNOiGiQ\DY\NOiGiQ\U\E\E\O\Y\VêSiQ\]HVtWtDE\O\EDOHQ\GRNUDELFVOHGHP
3URWLYMH]GXGRStVWDYXVWiOPDMiNNWHUêVYêPVYWHOQêPVLJQiOHPXND]XMHYQRFLORGtPVSUiYQRXFHVWXGRStVWDYX
-HGQRKRGQHOHåHODYãXGHYRNROtKXVWiPOKD3HWUVO\ãHOKODVLWê]YXNORGQtVLUpQDNWHUêVHR]êYDO]HYãHFKVWUDQ
9\FKi]NDGRStVWDYXSRWHEXMHY\VYWOHQt1DPDMiNXMHKRåVYWORQHQt]DVLOQpPOK\YLGWMHXPtVWQDLYHONiORGQtVLUpQDNWHUi
]DãSDWQpKRSRþDVtQDYLJXMHORGLPtVWRVYWOD3RGOHWRKRWRDNXVWLFNpKRVLJQiOXVHPRKRXORGLRULHQWRYDWDWDNQDMtWVSUiYQRXFHVWX
GRStVWDYX
3OiQHNþtVORXND]XMH]DSRMHQt]YXNRYpEyMH3RVWLVNXWODþtWNDEXGH]HVOXFKitka nejprve slyšet hluboký tón, který bude
SRVWXSQY\ããtDåQDNRQHF~SOQSHVWDQH6WLVNQHã-OLWODþtWNR]QRYDFHOêSRVWXSVHEXGHRSDNRYDW
Majáková bóje
Navigace do mlhy
83
=iNODGQtþiVWWRKRWRREYRGXVHVNOiGi]WyQRYpKRJHQHUiWRUX]H[SHULPHQWX3LVWLVNQXWpPWODþtWNXMHY\]NUDWRYiQ
NRQGHQ]iWRU&1DNRQGHQ]iWRUXWHG\QHQtåiGQpQDSWtDWUDQ]LVWRU7]$VWDQHX]DYHQ3XVWtã-OLWODþtWNRVWRXSiSRPDOXQDSWt
QD&SRGOHWRKRMDNVHSR]YROQQDEtMt3RGOHKRGQRW\WRKRWRQDSWtVHSRPDOXUR]NPLWiYiLWUDQ]LVWRU7ýtPY\ããtMHQDSWt
tím rychleji bude kmitat. Ve sluchátku slyšet tón sirény. Je-OLQDSWtStOLãY\VRNpWyQSHVWDQH
9REYRGþtVORP$åHãJHQHURYiQt]YXNXWDNSR]PQLWåHVHEXGHSLVWLVNXWODþtWNDY\ELWtNRQGHQ]iWRUX&WyQQHMSUYH
SRPDOX]Y\ãRYDWDSDNRSWVQLåRYDW
1DKRUXDGRO$NROtVDMtFtWyQ\MVRX]S$VREHQ\]PQRXQDSWtEi]HWUDQ]LVWRUX77RWRQDSWtMHXUþHQRQDEtMHQtPDY\EtMHQtP
NRQGHQ]iWRUX3LVWLVNXWODþtWNDVHNRQGHQ]iWRUSRPDOXSHVUH]LVWRU5QDEtMt3RWRPSLSRYROHQtWODþtWNDVHY\EtMtSHVUH]LVWRU
5DSHVWUDQ]LVWRU76WRXSi-OLQDSWtEi]HWUDQ]LVWRUX7VWRXSiLYêãNDWyQXNOHVi-li, klesá i výška tónu.
R1
R2
C1
=
=
=
C2
=
C3
=
C4
=
T1
L
Ta
O
=
=
=
rezistor
rezistor
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
keramický
kondenzátor
keramický
kondenzátor
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
tranzistor bílý
þHUYHQiFtYND
WODþtWNR
sluchátko
10 µF
100 µF
R1
R2
R3
C1
=
=
=
=
C2
=
C3
=
T1
T2
G
Ta
LED
=
=
=
=
=
rezistor
rezistor
rezistor
keramický
kondenzátor
keramický
kondenzátor
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
tranzistor bílý
tranzistor bílý
odporová dráha
WODþtWNR
svítivá dioda
84
100 µF
3URVYpKRVW\VLSLGQHãQtFKQDUR]HQLQiFKSLSUDYLOD0RQLND]YOiãWQtSHNYDSHQt0ORWREêWGLYDGHOQtSHGVWDYHQt.G\åGLYiFL
QDSMDWþHNDOLQD]DþiWHNSHGVWDYHQt]DþDORVHSRPDOX]KDVtQDWRVYWOHQt7RMVLXåMLVW]DåLOSLQiYãWYNLQD
7DNpSURRVYWOHQtREêYDFtKRSRNRMHMHGQHVþDVWRSRXåtYiQRUHJXORYDWHOQpRVYWOHQt3RGOHSOiQNXþtVORVLP$åHãViP
SRVWDYLWVYWORVHOHNWURQLFN\t]HQêPMDVHP3LVWLVNQXWpPWODþtWNXP$åHãSRPRFtSRWHQFLRPHWUXUHJXORYDWMHKRMDV3RVXQHã-li
MH]GHFVPUHPNUH]LVWRUX5EXGHMDVVYWODXEêYDWYHVPUXNUH]LVWRUX5EXGHMDVSLEêYDW
3ULQFLSHPWRKRWRVWPtYDþHMHDVWDELOQtPXOWLYLEUiWRU2EDGYDMHKRWUDQ]LVWRU\VHQDY]iMHPQHXVWiOHSHNOiSMt7HQWRREYRGO]H
QDVWDYLWWDNDE\MHGHQWUDQ]LVWRU]$VWDOVHSQXWGpOHQHåGUXKê3RPUPH]LGREDPLMHMLFKVHSQXWtQDVWDYtãSRK\EHPMH]GFHSR
odporové dráze. Je-OLSHStQiQtRERXWUDQ]LVWRU$U\FKOHMãtQHåDVLNUiW]DVHNXQGXXåWRQDãHRNRQHUR]H]QiDP\VOtVLåHVYWOR
svítí neustále. Je-OLWRWRVWiOpVYWORY\WYRHQR]NUiWNêFKGREVHSQXWtDGORXKêFKGRESDX]\MHYtVHWPDYp-H-li tomu naopak,
dlouhá doba svícení a krátká pau]\MHYtVHWRWRVYWORMDVQML
6WPtYDÿ=KDVtQiQtVYWODYGLYDGOH
85
3RPRFtSRWHQFLRPHWUX]REYRGXþtVORVLP$åHãSRVWDYLWWDNpUHJXOiWRUQDSWt-H]GHFP$åHãXPtVWLWGROLERYROQpSRORK\D
WtPP$åHãQDVWDYLWSRåDGRYDQpQDSWt1DWRPWRQDSWtMH]iYLVOêMDVGLRG\
7RWRQDVWDYHQpQDSWt]$VWDQHNRQVWDQWQtLNG\åEXGRXGRSURXGRYpKRREYRGX]DSRMHQ\GDOãtVRXþiVWN\7DNMHWRPXNG\å
VWLVNQHãWODþtWNRDGRREYRGXMHSLSRMHQUH]LVWRU5-DVVYtWLYpGLRG\VHYãDNQH]PQt
3RGOHSRORK\MH]GFHQDRGSRURYpGUi]HWHþHGREi]HWUDQ]LVWRUX7SURXGNWHUêWUDQ]LVWRUYtFHQHERPpQRWYtUi6YtWLYiGLRGD
SRWRPVYtWtVU$]QRXMDVQRVWt=DSRMtã-OLQ\QtVWLVNHPWODþtWNDGRREYRGXUH]LVWRU5MDVGLRG\VHQH]PQtDþNROLYREYRGHPWHþH
Y\ããtSURXGQDSWt]$VWiYiSRiGVWHMQp3tþLQRXMHQDSWtEi]HNWHUpQHQtY\ããtPRGHEtUDQêPSURXGHPRYOLYRYiQR
R1
C1
=
=
C2
=
T1
G
Ta
LED
=
=
=
=
rezistor
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
tranzistor bílý
odporová dráha
WODþtWNR
svítivá dioda
100 µF
10 µF
86
5R]KODVRYpSLMtPDþHMVRXYGQHãQtGREVDPR]HMPRVWt8åMVLQNG\SHPêãOHORWRPMDNVHP$åHPX]LNDSHQiãHWY]GXFKHP
VNU]]GLDGHYR"3URþQLFQHVO\ãtãNG\åVHQDFKi]tãEOt]NRUR]KODVRYpKRY\VtODþH"
=DUiGLRYêPY\VtOiQtPVHVFKRYiYiWDMHPQiHQHUJLH3RPRFtWYêFKVP\VO$MLQHP$åHã]DFK\WLWDSHVWRH[LVWXMH7RåHGRRSUDYG\
H[LVWXMHYLGtãDåNG\åMLSLMtPiãUR]KODVRYêPSLMtPDþHP
3RPRFtVWHGRYOQQpKRUR]KODVRYpKRSLMtPDþHP$åHãSLMtPDWPtVWQtUR]KODVRYRXVWDQLFL3LVWDYEXWRKRWRREYRGXSRWHEXMHãYãDN
MLåWURFKXãLNRYQRVWL
R1
= rezistor
= rezistor
R2
= rezistor
R3
= rezistor
R4
rezistor
R5
= keramický
C1
kondenzátor
47 pF åOXWiILDORYiþHUQi
= keramický
C2
kondenzátor
= keramický
C3
kondenzátor
= keramický
C4
kondenzátor
10 µF
= elektrolytický
C5
kondenzátor
100 µF
= dioda
D1
= tranzistor bílý
T1
= tranzistor bílý
T2
= þHUYHQiFtYND
L
= sluchátko
O
6WHGRYOQQëUR]KODVRYëSLMtPDÿ
87
5DGMLQHVWDYMYãHQDUi]DOHSRMHGQRWOLYêFKþiVWHFK3LVWDYEUR]KODVRYpKRSLMtPDþHVHYWãLQRX]DþtQiþiVWtNWHUi
REVDKXMHVOXFKiWNRQHERUHSURGXNWRU7DNVHSRVWXSXMHLSLKOHGiQtFK\E9HVWDYHEQtPSOiQNXMVRXW\WRþiVWLNWHUpVHQD]êYDMt
VWXSQRGGOHQ\þDURX
1HMSUYHSRVWDYSRGOHSOiQNXþtVORþiVWREVDKXMtFtVOXFKiWNR7RMH]HVLORYDFtVWXSH3LSRMNQPXLEDWHULLVSROXV
kondenzátorem 100 µF. Dotkni se vlhkým prstem jednoho vývodu kondenzátoru 10 µF. Ze sluchátka musí být slyšet brum.
Je-OLYãHYSRiGNXSRNUDþXMSRGOHSOiQNXVWDYERXVWHGQtþiVWL1H]DSRPHREDVWXSQQDY]iMHPSURSRMLW
Pro kontrolu se dotkni vývodu rezistoru 22 kΩþHUYHQi-þHUYHQi-RUDQåRYi2SWPXVtEêW]HVOXFKiWNDVO\ãHWEUXPDYãDN
WHQWRNUiWPQRKHPKODVLWMLQHåNG\åMVL]NRXãHOKROê]HVLORYDFtVWXSH
Funguje-OLStVWURMDåGRWRKRWRVWiGLDVWDYE\SRNUDþXMYHVWDYESRVOHGQtþiVWLREYRGX1DYêYRGFtYN\/SLSRMMDNRDQWpQX
dlouhý drát. Máš-OLPRåQRVWP$åHãMDNRDQWpQXSRXåtWGRPiFtUR]KODVRYRXDQWpQX3LSUYQt]NRXãFHMHQHMOHSãtSLSRMLWNSLMtPDþL
]HPQtFtYRGLþ-DNRÄ]HPL³SRXåLMNRYRYpþiVWLYRGRYRGXWRSHQtQHER]HPQtYRGLþGRPRYQtDQWpQ\
6PUPtVWQtKRY\VtODþHPXVtãQDMtWQDWRþHQtPFtYN\DNRQGHQ]iWRUXS)åOXWi- fialová -þHUQi&tYNXP$åHãQDVWDYLWQDU$]QRX
YHOLNRVWWtPåHEXGHãSRPRFtãURXERYiNXRWiþHWMHMtPMiGUHP=NXVRWRþLWVMiGUHPRG]DþiWNXDåGRNRQFH1HXVO\ãtã-OLSLWRP
QMDNRXUR]KODVRYRXVWDQLFLOHåtMHMtNPLWRþHWPLPRUR]VDK=NXVWHG\SLSRMLWSDUDOHOQNHNRQGHQ]iWRUX S)åOXWi- fialová þHUQiMHãWNRQGHQ]iWRU S)KQGi-þHUQi-KQGi=NXV]QRYDRWiþHWVMiGUHPFtYN\1HXVO\ãtã-OLRSWåiGQRXVWDQLFL
SURSRMREDGYDNRQGHQ]iWRU\GRVpULHD]NXV]QRYXRWiþHWFtYNRX
3LVSUiYQpVWDYEE\VHPOStMHPPtVWQtUR]KODVRYpVWDQLFHSRGDLW3LWURãHãWVWtP$åHãVO\ãHWGRNRQFHYtFHU$]QêFKVWDQLF
Pro zNXäHQpHOHNWURWHFKQLN\]DÿiWHÿQtN\
88
3RPRFtStVWURMH]H[SHULPHQWXþtVORP$åHãSLMtPDWVLOQêVLJQiO-H-OLY]GiOHQRVWNQHMEOLåãtPXY\VtODþLStOLãYHONiWHQWR
SLMtPDþMLåQHY\KRYXMHDSURWRVHY\SODWtSRVWDYLWSLMtPDþSRGOHVFKpPDWXþtVOR6QtPO]HSLMtPDWYtFHVWDQLFQHå]
SLMtPDþHP1HQt-OLXWHEH]G$YRGXQHSt]QLYpSRORK\GRVWDWHþQVLOQêVLJQiOSRXåLMDQWpQXGORXKRXPLQLPiOQDåPHWU\
3LSRMMLSHVNRQGHQ]iWRU S)åOXWi- fialová -þHUQiNYêYRGXþtVORFtYN\/
3URWRåHXåPiãMLVWGRVWDWHN]NXãHQRVWtVHVWDYERXHOHNWURQLFNêFKREYRG$FKWOE\FKWL na konec ukázat obvod, který od tebe
EXGHY\åDGRYDW]YOiãWQtStOL1iPDKDVHWLXUþLWY\SODWtYêVOHGHNEXGHVWiW]DWR
3LVWDYESLMtPDþHSRGOHSOiQNXþtVORSRVWXSXMNURN]DNURNHP0XVtãVL]Y\NQRXWåHVHSLVWDYEVORåLWêFKHOHNWURQLFNêFK
REYRG$PXVtãNRQFHQWURYDWYåG\SRX]HQDMHGQXþiVWREYRGX7DSRWRPPXVtIXQJRYDWDWHSUYHSDNP$åHãSRNUDþRYDWYHVWDYE
GDOãtþiVWLýiVWLSURSRMtãDY\]NRXãtãMHMLFKIXQNFL7DNWRSRVWXSQSRVWDYtãFHOêStVWURM9\VN\WQH-OLVHSLVWDYEQMDNêSUREOpP
pDNKRSLSRSVDQpP]S$VREXSUiFHVQDGQRRGKDOtãDRGVWUDQtã3RVWDYtã-li však nejprve vše naráz a potom budeš chtít hledat
FK\E\EXGHWRYHOPLQDPiKDYpDþDVWRSRP$åHMHQWRREYRGSRVWDYLW]QRYDRG]DþiWNX
R1
= rezistor
= rezistor
R2
= rezistor
R3
= rezistor
R4
= rezistor
R5
= rezistor
R6
= keramický
C1
kondenzátor
47 pF åOXWiILDORYiþHUQi
= elektrolytický
C2
kondenzátor
10 µF
= keramický
C3
kondenzátor
KQGiþHUQiRUDQåRYi
10 nF
= elektrolytický
C4
kondenzátor
100 µF
= keramický
C5
kondenzátor
KQGiþHUQiRUDQåRYi
10 nF
= dioda
D1
= tranzistor bílý
T1
= tranzistor bílý
T2
= þHUvená cívka
L
= sluchátko
O
9ëNRQQëUR]KODVRYëSLMtPDÿ
1.
2.
89
3LVWDYEWRKRWRSLMtPDþH]DþQLþiVWtNWHUiREVDKXMHVOXFKiWNR.QtSDWtNRQGHQ]iWRU\µF, 10 µF, 10.000 S)åOXWi
- fialová -þHUQiDUH]LVWRU\ kΩåOXWi- fialová -RUDQåRYiD kΩKQGi-þHUQi-RUDQåRYiWUDQ]LVWRU7DVOXFKiWNR
3LSRMEDWHULLD]NXVVHGRWNQRXWSUVWHPEi]HWUDQ]LVWRUX=HVOXFKiWNDPXVtEêWVO\ãHWEUXP7HQEXGHWDNpVO\ãHWNG\åVH
dotkneš propojky mezi kondenzátory 10 µF a 10.000 S)'iOHE\POEêWEUXPVO\ãHWSLGRWHNXYêYRGXUH]LVWRUX kΩ
KQGi-þHUQi-RUDQåRYi
1\QtP$åHãVWDYWGDOãtþiVWREYRGX7DREVDKXMHYãHFKQ\RVWDWQtSLSUDYHQpVRXþiVWN\PLPRFtYNXDNRQGHQ]iWRUS)
åOXWi- fialová -þHUQi
Dotkni se prstem ješWQH]DSRMHQpEi]HWUDQ]LVWRUX7=HVOXFKiWNDPXVtEêWRSWVO\ãHWEUXP0OE\EêWWDNpVO\ãHWNG\å
bázi tranzistoru propojíš s rezistorem 100 kΩKQGi-þHUQi-åOXWiDSRWRPVHGRWNQHãEi]HWUDQ]LVWRUX=HVtOHQtREYRGXMH
WDNYHOLNpåHYStSDGåHVHQDFKi]tãYEOt]NRVWLY\VtODþHP$åHã]HVOXFKiWNDMLåVO\ãHWQi]QDNY\VtOiQt
1. 1\QtNREYRGXSLSRMSRGOHSOiQNXFtYNXVNRQGHQ]iWRUHP S)åOXWi- fialová -þHUQi1DVYRUNXFtYN\SLSRMMDNRDQWpQX
GORXKêGUiW3LSUYQtPSRNXVXVHY\SODWtREYRGX]HPQLW=DWtPWR~þHOHPSURSRMVYRUNXFtYN\GUiWHPVQNWHURXX]HPQQRX
NRYRYRXþiVWtQDSVYRGRYRGQtPSRWUXEtP~VWHGQtPWRSHQtPQHER]HPQtFtVYRUNRXGRPRYQtDQWpQ\3LGDOãtFKSRNXVHFK
WRMLåQHEXGHWDNQXWQp3RWRP]NXVSRPRFtãURXERYiNXSRPDOXRWiþHWMiGUHPFtYN\DåQDNUDMQtGRUD]1HFK\WQHã-OLSLWRP
åiGQêY\VtODþQDFKi]tãVHSUDYGSRGREQPLPRMHKRY\VtODFtUR]VDK=NXVSURWRNHNRQGHQ]iWRUX S)åOXWi- fialová þHUQiSLSRMLWSDUDOHOQMHãWNRQGHQ]iWRU S)KQGi-þHUQi-KQGi3RWRPRWiþHMMiGUHPFtYN\
Není-OL]HVOXFKiWNDSRiGQLFVO\ãHWSURSRMREDNRQGHQ]iWRU\ S)åOXWi- fialová -þHUQiD S)KQGi-þHUQi-KQGiGR
VpULH3RWRPRSWRWiþHMMiGUHPFtYN\7HQWRMHGQRGXFKêUR]KODVRYêSLMtPDþE\WLPOXPRåQLWGREUêStMHPNWHUêWLXGOiUDGRVW
90
6WHGRYOQQêUR]KODVRYêSLMtPDþ
2EYRGWRKRWRSLMtPDþHVHVNOiGi]SLMtPDFtþiVWLGHWHNþQtþiVWLDGYRMVWXSRYpKR]HVLORYDþH
$QWpQDSLMtPiUiGLRYpYOQ\DSHPXMHMHQDVODEêVWtGDYêSURXG7HQMHSLYHGHQGRcívky.
&tYNDDNRQGHQ]iWRUS$VREtGRKURPDG\SRX]HNG\åMVRXQDVWDYHQ\QDY\VtODþ-HMLFKY]iMHPQp]DSRMHQtVHQD]êYiUH]RQDQþQt
obvod. Je-OLQDVWDYHQQDSLMtPDQRXYOQXSDNMHMt~þLQHN]HVLOXMH9OQ\YãHFKRVWDWQtFKY\VtODþ$]$VWDQRXQHWNQXW\3URXG]FtYN\VH
GRVWiYiQDGLRGX7DKRXVPUXMHDWtPQiPXPRåXMHXVO\ãHWWRFRYOQ\SHQiãHMt5H]RQDQþQtREYRGDGLRGDWYRtGRKURPDG\
GHWHNþQtþOiQHNNWHUêYOQ\GHWHNXMH
3LMtPDQêVLJQiOMHYãDNYHOPLVODEê$E\MHME\ORPRåQRSRVORXFKDWMH]DGLRGRX]DD]HQGYRMVWXSRYê]HVLORYDþ7HQE\OSRSViQY
H[SHULPHQWXþtVOR
Tranzistor T2 pracuje spolu s elektrolytickým kondenzátorem 10 µF a rezistorem 47 kΩåOXWi- fialová -RUDQåRYiMDNRQRUPiOQt
]HVLORYDþ=HVtOHQêVLJQiOMHYHVOXFKiWNXSHPQQQD]YXN
9êNRQQêUR]KODVRYêSLMtPDþ
9WRPWRREYRGXVHMHGQiRWDN]YDQêUHIOH[QtSLMtPDþ9QPMHMHGHQVWXSHY\XåLWKQHGGYDNUiW7UDQ]LVWRU7SUDFXMHMDNR
Y\VRNRIUHNYHQþQtD]iURYHMDNRQt]NRIUHNYHQþQt]HVLORYDþ-HWRPRåQpSURWRåHYODVWQRVWLRERXIUHNYHQFtMVRXU$]Qp3URWR
PRKRXEêWEH]]YOiãWQtFKSRWtåt]HVtOHQ\GRKURPDG\DWHSUYHSRWRPUR]GOHQ\
5iGLRYpYOQ\Y\WYRtQDDQWpQVODEêVWtGDYêSURXG7HQMHSLYHGHQGRFtYN\7DWYRtVSROXVNRQGHQ]iWRUHP S)åOXWi- fialová
-þHUQiVtWRSURMHGQRWOLYpIUHNYHQFH6LJQiOMHSRWRPSLYHGHQQDEi]LWUDQ]LVWRUX7DREMHYtVH]HVtOHQêQHMHKRNROHNWRUX
5H]LVWRU\5D5SURXGRPH]XMtDSLYiGMtKRSHVNRQGHQ]iWRU&QDGLRGX7DVLJQiOXVPUQtMDNRYPLQXOpPStSDG
6LJQiOMHWHG\SHYHGHQGRVO\ãLWHOQpREODVWL3HVUH]LVWRU5FtYNXYêYRG\DVHGRVWDQHQDEi]LWUDQ]LVWRUX75]DPH]XMH
SURQLNiQtY\VRNêFKNPLWRþW$6LJQiOVY\VRNêPNPLWRþWHPDVLJQiOVQt]NêPNPLWRþWHPVHYFtYFHVORXþtGRKURPDG\DOHSLWRPVH
QLMDNQHRYOLYXMt
=HVtOHQêVLJQiOMH]NROHNWRUXSLYHGHQSHVUH]LVWRU5GRGDOãtKR]HVLORYDFtKRVWXSQ.RQGHQ]iWRU&]DSRMHQêQDNROHNWRUX
WUDQ]LVWRUXSHGVWDYXMHSURVWHMQRVPUQêSURXGY\VRNêRGSRU3URY\VRNêNPLWRþHWWRPXWDNYãDNQHQt5H]LVWRU5]DEUDXMH
pronikání vyVRNRIUHNYHQþQtKRVLJQiOX2VWDWQLNRQGHQ]iWRU&RGYiGtStSDGQpY\VRNRIUHNYHQþQt]E\WN\VLJQiOX
9ëVWUDæQëEOLNDÿ
91
3RGOHSOiQNXþtVORVLP$åHãSRVWDYLWYêVWUDåQp]Dt]HQtVEOLNDMtFtPVYWOHP3RSLSRMHQtEDWHULH]DþQHEOLNDWVYtWLYiGLRGD
Stiskneš-OLWODþtWNREOLNiQtVH]U\FKOt
2EYRGWRKRWREOLNDþHMHYSRGVWDWDVWDELOQtPXOWLYLEUiWRUVHNWHUêPMVLVHXåVH]QiPLOYH[SHULPHQWXþtVOR-DNWDPE\OR
SRSViQRSHStQDMtVHQDY]iMHPGYDWUDQ]LVWRU\]RWHYHQpKRGR]DYHQpKRVWDYX.G\åMHGHQYRGtGUXKêMHX]DYHn, a naopak.
-DNU\FKOHEOLNDþEOLNi]iOHåtQDNDSDFLWiFK&D&3URWRåHGREDMHMLFKþDVHFKQDEtMHQt]iYLVtWDNpQDYHOLNRVWHFKUH]LVWRU$O]HQt
MHGQRGXãHtGLWIUHNYHQFLEOLNiQt
9WRPWRH[SHULPHQWXSLSRMtãSLVWLVNXWODþtWNDNUH]LVWRUX5SDUDOHOQMHãWUH]LVWRU57tPVH]PHQãtFHONRYiKRGQRWDRGSRUX
]DSRMHQpKRPH]LEi]tWUDQ]LVWRUX7DSOXVSyOHPEDWHULH.RQGHQ]iWRU&VHP$åHQDEtMHWU\FKOHMLDGLRGDEOLNiVYWãtIUHNYHQFt
R1
= rezistor
= rezistor
R2
= rezistor
R3
= rezistor
R4
= elektrolytický
C1
kondenzátor
10 µF
= elektrolytický
C2
kondenzátor
100 µF
= tranzistor bílý
T1
= tranzistor bílý
T2
= svítivá dioda
LED
6H]QDPVRXÿiVWHNVWDYHEQLFH
Napájení
Baterie 1 x 6F22, 275 mAh
7DWRVWDYHEQLFHVPtEêWQDSiMHQDMHQQDSWtPSURQLXUþHQêP1HQt-li
VWDYHEQLFHSRXåtYiQDGHOãtGREXRGSRMWHRGQtEDWHULH6WDUpSUi]GQp
EDWHULHSDWtGRVSHFLiOQtKRRGSDGX1HY\KD]XMWHMHGRGRPRYQtKR
odpDGX%DWHULHQLNG\QHKi]HMWHGRRKQ%DWHULHQHO]H]QRYXQDEtMHW
7DWRVWDYHEQLFHQHQtYKRGQiSURGWLGRPVtF$SURWRåHREVDKXMH
ãSLþDWpGUiW\
6RXþiVWND
Elektrolytický
kondenzátor
Keramický
kondenzátor
Rezistor
LED (svítivá dioda s
SHGDGQêP
rezistorem)
Cívka
7ODþtWNR
Dioda
Tranzistor
Sluchátko
3URSRMRYDFtYRGLþ
Baterie
Odporová dráha
(potenciometr)
VFKHPDWLFNi]QDþND ]Qi]RUQQtQDSOiQNXSURSRMHQt
92
6H]QDPVRXÿiVWHNVWDYHEQLFH
2EMHGQþtVOR
349.2546
1041
2547
1125
2545
1004
2]QDþHQt
tranzistor bílý
sluchátko
svítivá dioda
dioda
þHUYHQiFtYND
rezistory
1 kΩ
4,7 kΩ
10 kΩ
22 kΩ
47 kΩ
100 kΩ
220 kΩ
2637
odporová dráha
1006
elektrolytický
kondenzátor
10 µF
100 µF
3RþHW
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2EMHGQþtVOR 2]QDþHQt
349.1007 keramický kondenzátor
47 pF
100 pF
10.000 pF
1016 neizolovaný drát
5015 WODþtWNR
5145 spínací kontakt
2526 svorka
2521 základní deska
1154 PRQWiåQtW\þND
1296 Clip na baterii
2590 vidlicový kontakt k cívce
1028 gumový pásek
2564 plánek propojení
2565 návod
3RþHW
93
1
1
1
2m
1
1
25
1
1
1
1
1
20
1
1
1
9ãHFKQ\SRåDGRYDQpVRXþiVWN\VLP$åHãNRXSLWXWYpKRSURGHMFHQHER
REMHGQDWQDDGUHViFKXYHGHQêFKYRULJLQiOQtPQiYRGQDVWU
3HKOHGVWDYHEQLFILUP\6&+8&2
ELECTRONIC
UKW/STEREO LAB
3tGDYQêVWXSHSUR$%&'
ELECTRONIC
DIGITAL LAB
3tGDYQêVWXSHSUR%&'
94
ELECTRONIC
697/292'1È7(&+1,.$
3tGDYQêVWXSHSUR$%&'
ELECTRONIC
TV LAB
52=â,8-Ë&Ë(/(&7521,&/$%
ELECTRONIC ELECTRONIC
5R]ãLXMtFtVWXSH
PROFI LAB
0Ë&Ë
5R]ãLXMtFtVWXSH&- D
E-F
52=â,8-Ë&Ë(/(&7521,&
TECHNIKA
ELECTRONIC
LAB
OSCILOSKOP LAB
RR]ãLXMtFtVWXSH%- C
ZÁKLADNÍ
ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONIC
Základní
Základní
52=â,
=iNODGQtVWXSH(
VWXSH'
VWXSH*
5(*8/$ý1Ë
ELECTRONIC ELECTRONIC EXPERT LAB
LAB
LAB
Základní
TECHNIKA
5R]ãLXMtFt
Základní
VWXSH&
=iNODGQtVWXSH
VWXSH$-B
VWXSH%
C+
ELECTRONIC
Základní
VWXSH$
-LVWWQDSDGOLMLQpH[SHULPHQW\NWHUpE\E\ORPRåQRVHVWDYHEQLFt(/(&7521,&GODW&KFHãVHMHãWQFR]DMtPDYpKR
GR]YGW"9SHGFKR]tWDEXOFHMH]Qi]RUQQDNRPSOHWQtVDGD našich stavebnic.
95
=PQ\Y\KUD]HQ\
Všechna práva, také na SHNODG\Y\KUD]HQD5HSURGXNFHW\SXIRWRNRSLHPLNURILOPQHER]DFK\FHQtY ]Dt]HQtFKSUR zpracování dat
MHPRåQRMHQV písemným svolením CONRAD ELECTRONIC GmbH.
 Copyright 1994 by CONRAD ELECTRONIC GmbH, 92240 Hirschau

ELECTRONIC Základní stavebnice A

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