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Amre6pa H norHKa, 8, N> 5 ( 1970), 530-538
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1. W. ACKERMANN, Begrundung einer strengen Implikation, J. Symb.
Logic , 21 (1 956 ) , 1 1 3-1 28.
2. A.R.AKDERSOH. N. D.BELNAP, The pure calculus of entailment.
J. Symb.Logic,27(1962),19-52.
3. K. D.BELRAP, EQ. and tbe first order functional calculus.
Zeitschr.f.math.Logik Grundl.Matb. ,6(1960), 217-218.
4. H. D.BELNAP, Intensional models for first degree formulas.
J. 3ymb. Logic, 32(1%7), 1-22.
5. /I./I.MaKCHMosa, <t>opMajibHbie Bbisoabi B »c*wcnenmi cxporoS
Anre6pa a. norHKa . CeManap, 5, M? 6 (1966), 33-39.
b, fi.K. MEYEE, J. M. DUNN. Entailment logics and material implication. Notices A.M. S.15(1968),N7, 660-46.
7. R.K. MEYER, J.M.DUim, £, & and y . J. Symb. Logic 34(1969) ,460474.
riocTynn.-io 24 fleKaSpa 1069 r.

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