Acta Universitatis Palackianae Facultas Rerum Naturalium biologica

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L
i
I
tI
I
ACTA
983
U\IVERSITATIS
PALACKIANAE
OLOIIUCENSIS
FACULTAS
RERUM NATURALI UIvI
BIOLOGICA XXVIII
i
VOL. 93
I
zoologie' u ekologÍe člověkc pÍirodovědecké fitkulry
UiÍverzÍty.Pa|aekého v Olonnuci
,
' |,edouci katedry: Prof..RivDr'
L}itězslav Bičik, Cs(.,
Kattdra
I
I
\ ELLOW
T\ND GREEN
STICKY
FOR GLASSHOUSE
TRIALEURoDES
(HOMOPTERA,
TRAP
,l
ATTRACTIVENESS
TVHITEFLY,
\rÁP o RARIoRU}.Í
ALEYRODIDAE)
v Í T Ě z s L A v B I Č Í K 'P A v E L L Á S K A . I v A N A R Y š A V Á .
AND MARTTN FELLNER
( Receirccl,ApriÍ28, IgsT')..
.
-*
:'
INTRODUCTJON
Giasshouse \Yhitl.fly' Trialeurodes vaporarioru,,l (\Vestwood), tteing an {nrpórtant
..'s:i-touse pcst; is lery difficult to'control as its resistenceto chemical preparátiorts
_.\\a.Vsincreases:.Therefore, alternative' methods of protection such as biÓló.cical
r rnirol, plant breeding for resistance are appliertr,,.and
moreover, control by means
.-:'r r'ilow stickv traps based on attractivenessto ytllow colour for glasshouse whitefly
r used. Unlike stereotypedapplication of chemical preparation this sort of control
--i:r ensure the safety of agricultural products kecping linE witb an cnvironmental
r lliction in general.
- { s e a r l y a s l 9 2 l L l o y d , a n d T r e h a n ( 1 9 4 1 )p a i d a t t c n t i o nt o c o l o u r p e r c e p t i o r l
. glasshouse whitefly. Only recently a great nunrber o[ reports dealin-e r'.'ith this
: : : b j e c th a s a p p e a r e d .N ' Í a c d o w a | | ( | 9 1 2 ) , V a i s h a r n p a y a n e t a l . ( 1 9 7 5 a , b ) ,
f k b o m ( 1 9 8 1 )C, o o m b e ( 1 9 8 1 ,1 9 8 2 )K, i t a k a t a & Y o s h i d a ( 1 9 8 2 )A, f f e l d t
-: el. (1983)studieclthe attractivenessto various colours as rvcll a\ tlreir hucs lbr
, . . h o u s r , ' w h i t e f lFyo. r e . r a m p l eW
. e b b a n d S n r i t h ( 1 9 7 9 ) \, ' a c a n t e a n c l N u c i ;. rll (l9|i0)B
, e r l i n g e r ( l 9 8 0 ) 'V Í c C o r n t a c k ( l 9 8 l ) . Z l o b i r t a a n t j B c g l j a r o r '
I : : ' l ) , N { i t k o v e t a l . ( 1 9 8 4 ) e v a l u a t e dc o l o u r t r a p e f f i c i e n c y .N I c 1 , ' e r d i r k : r n d
\ ]rlÍi.tlo (l984) shorved
in Pqrabemi.siantyricae(Flomoptera: Aleyrorlidae)that the
'
,pe o[ prefelential a yellow sticky trap ltas no influence upon its irttractivencss.
. Sbme rěsu|t.sreporteá concerning attiaction of various y.llo'u colour hues are
:.rndto be inconsistent.Likervise, there is rro e.rplanationÍor pre|crenceoI yellorv
.
: r ť e nc o l o u r .
Irr our e,rpcrinrentswe a,inled, in particular,.to.l":ol'l}parc
thc attractivcncss cr|-trvo
and lrccn L'trlouruus
l -'lorv sticky traps. In one experimcntthc attractiorrof ;-ellc.rrv
l.ř
il
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LAYOUT
I
IN
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6l
OF
TRAPS
I
GREENHOUSE
I he c.rper
r S * ' e d i s hh y l
-scru thrvards
hich and lve
rraduallyris
Trvo type:
(Czechoslov
a part oť th.
testi---\One
Íior'.'ne scť'
diflerent plar
and placed a
Both yello
Spcctrogar:d
i n F i - g .2 . C a
s0tlt|ílA
0t IRAP.
Ii
'j
I.IGHT
YEttow
I
,1
DEEP
YE|.t0'ť
'ru
e x p .I - 5 )
GRTE}I
(erp.6)
,'jI
il5
l0
4
3l
I
I
TT-l EXP.
l: g./. - r5.i. tg85
- r 6 . 8l .9 8 5
TTI txP.
2, t2.9.
t
3l
- 30.8.
Tr-l tXP.
3' 29.8.
lg85
(
8
'
,
'
fq-l [xP.
4, 12.9.
14ool
(
g
o
o
Ts--l txP.
5, 17.9.
lloo)
t X P . 6 '5 . 9 . 6 . 9 r. g 8 5
I
wite{l|eight
slJpp0ílin8
2.3m}
lomalo
r ow
ENTRÁllcE
HH...---'---
0.8 llltl
t2:
I
!
;
j
I
Colour
pale-5.ellow
deep-yellorv
green
'lir
caledatc
llrc spr ,.irl c
parent cf rvh,
t h a n t h o s eb e
\urvey of I
I',_r
pt,r.irnett
' l , r r t rt o r v sk e
:()uSeri'hitell
,'r ló8 h in t
.\J rds.
$
I
ť
n
ř
*
f
also cotttparcd.In tltediscussiortthereis an atternptto account for a gruatcrattracti\cness of -\'ellowo!cr green.
IIATERIAL
AND
i\IETHOD
1.ltecxperitllťtlts$.erL.conducted in glass|rouseof ca. 20(]nr: rvhcre totnato plants
tS*'edislrl1vbrid.cv:'ldaFr) using h1'droponicsrveregro\l'n in rorvs arranged north-southrvardsand I m apart. During the e.rperiment.s
tomato plants rvereabout 2.3 rn
high and u'ere stron-slyintested by glasshouse whitelly, the occurrence of rvhich rvas
gradually rising. Glasshouse tetnperatureswere ranging fronr 20" to 30" C.
Tu'o types of commercially produced traps such as pale - vellorv plastic plate
(Czechoslovak production - Chenrika, Bratislava), deep - rellow cardboard bein-s
a part of the sel >>.Sot.ertt.orle<
(Celanrerck), and green plastic p|ate rvere used íor
testing.'Oneside of all tl'replates (to be easier handled) rvas sprayed by an adhesive
liomihe set Sol'eurode.Thó plates were unifornrly sizeá to be^25k1l.5cnr, ánd trvo
diflerent plates rvere positioneclin pairs near each other by theil longitudinal sides
and placed at the height o[2.0 m above the floor (Fi-u.l).
Both yellow hucs and thc green colour, were nleasurcd by means of thc devicc
.ourvcs are illustrated
S1rcctrogardco|or'.systerrrusirrg C.'.':sour'ce-i\{casureúspc.ctrat
in Fi.Íl.2. Calcul.t.teďnatura{.'.coordinates
of.c.olours,:l13.'given.
in :I]ab. l.
l
Tab. l.
Natural coorďnates of tested colours
;
5
5
5
ol
o)
5^
im)
j
I
pale-l ellorv
-,; -
velength of maximum
Wavele
reflectance r
,l.a(nm)
deep-;-.ellorv
57e.82
green
520.t2
I
II
I
aotou.brighrnes.
I
(p).
i *'l
i0s64
|
ii
|
Ii
i
0.242 I
I
Saturatiori
Pe
id
0.763
0.81
8
0.149
To calculate therrr.both data on spectral sensitivityof the human optic organ ancl
tlte spectralcurve oťC - lunrinous soutce rverc involved. The platcs werc s'.ttri.t;.ans.
pnrent of which pale-yellowones were approximately three-timesmore transpilent
than those being deep-yellorv.
S u r r c 1 ' o ť t h e e . r p e r i n r e n t sc a r r i e d o u t :
E.tpt,t,itttett|
1. Tclt paírs erťyellorvtraps tl'erespaccclotrt midrra1.lretrvecnt()tl]ato
'l'he
plurrtrrrrvskc.-'pirrg
traps *.crc cxposcd to glassspacineso[ trap pairs to be 3 rn.
house rvhiteflyalighting fioni 10.00a.-.m.on 8 July till 10.00a. nr. on l5 July, i.c.
for 168 h in total, therein 52 sunny hours. Baited trap sides lvere orientatedsouthrvards.
Experinrcnt 2. .sinrilar to ,tire previ.crusexperi.nrent.bul t.rilp-pairs were situatcd
a l c r l t gt w o r t t a r g i n a lr o r v s o f t o l n a t o p l a n t s w i t h b a i t e d s i d c s . d i r c c t c ' d " i n r v a r d ' Š , o
ic1l[;ttcdcrtstu'ardsartd ltnothcr fir'c pirirs rvcstu'urcls.
that firc trap pairs 11'1;19
1-1f
t23
ffi'
W
í
ili
100
g0
0tiPYttt01jv
BC
^
llGl]I.í'iIL0llJ
7íl
t3,u
ě=
-€ 6 0
=
Orň
t!
\!l
o
.=.4U
-
o
d.
x
írl
3iu
I
Ý |t
ol
ol
550
.450
(nm)
ri!{lltLtNGTH
o.I
xl
Fig. 2;SpecÍralr,urvesof testedcolours
I
I
ot
The traps were exposed to giassirousewhitefly alighting from 11.00 a. m. on 12
A u g u s t t i l l 1 0 . 0 0a . m . o n l 6 A u g u s t , i . e . f o r 9 5 h i n t o t a l , t h e r e i n4 8 . 4 s u n n y h o u r s .
E.t\lgyinlaúJ. Simiiar to Exp' l, but trap pairs were spaced out in trvo paths with
baited sidc'sdirected northwards. They were exposed to glasshouservhitefly alíghting
from 10.00a. m. on 29 August till 10.00 a. m. on 30 August, i.e. for f4 h in total,
therein ó.l sunny hc.urs.
Esperiment 4. Eight pairs of yellow traps were positioned similarly' to Exp. 3.
'l'hey
rvereexposed to glasshousewhitefly alighting from 8.30 a. m. till 14.00p. m.
on l2 September,and out of 5.5 h as many as 5 h were sunny.
Experitnen| 5' Eight pairs o| yellow traps wer€ positioned similarly to Exp. 2.
Traps u'ere erposed to glasshouseivhitefly alighting from 8.00 a. m. till 11.00a. ru'
on l7 Septernber(which was a cloudy day).
E-tperintent6. Ten trap piars consisting of one -ereenand one pale-1'ellow platc
weť€ SPlIcc'dout sinrilarly to Exp. 3. They were exposed to glasshousewhitefly
e l i u l , s i 1 l f. r o u r I l . 0 t )u . n r . o n 5 S e p t c m h c rt i l l 8 . 0 0 a . n ' r .o n ( r S e p t e r n t r c ri . e . 2 l l t ,
o f * l r i c h . 1 . 5r v c r es u n l l \ ' .
ol
9l
xl
t!l
in total, using 56 cctlour traps. ircre carricd
abovc'six experir.uents
r\s ntr'ntir)nccl
o u t t i t r r i I t -tgh c p c r i o t l l r o r t rl i J t r l y t i l l l 7 S e p t e r r r b e rl ,9 l J 5 . 4 ó t r i r p sw ( . r ep r e s e n t e d
irl pairs oIpale..vellolvarrddccp.yellcrwco|our (E.rps. t -5). In Exp. ó rhc pale.yc'llorv
r v a sc o r r h i n e t ln ' i t h s r e c r tc r r l o t t ri n l 0 t r a p p a i r s .
121
.'"/],.!+a'.#E:
:=..:..
..
€ . '*
I
1
I
6tl
I
I
o
'tri
a
x
í'l
o
RESIJ LTS
I
I
I
)
o
z
u
íll
á &ď
ť-:;.
,d
PlI
../
ť}..
-ílq
P-
i..
19
, , ,i,
Nunrbers of whiteflies on ir.rdividualtraps
'|
ExperirnentI
t
!lo:i:"'11
Experinrent2
l;;l ;;-l-;l;.",x,
I
I
z
3
4
5
6
7'
8
9
t0
vellow
541
1,067
569
939
493
605
500
4',13
545
229
I
paleycllow
vctlow vellow rellow
I
I
I
497
646
561
I,036
496
428
4U)
422
657
265
t,495
t,l24
2,369
2,523
3,452
I,3t9
677
I,266
614
568
908
1 , 1l 7
1,467
3,165
I,998
908
879
547
634
442
5,UZ
5,743
6,584
5,179
4,666
5,572
5,556
'1,494
7,0il
7,384
1,846
5,247.
4,134
4,124
1,257
5,245:
5,0e7
4,122
3,981
5,253
8,480
I,l 59
8,2t7
7,863
6,855
6,868
6,915
7,603
5,403
7,812
4,288
6,500
5,963
5,094
6,t00
4,551
4,460
3,435
2,308
4,258
2,502
3,555
5 , tl 9
8,904
dccpycllorv
1,92'l
3,114
80Ó
3,228
2,50',1
t,310
6,15'1
4.384
l:":i",:'lo_
paleycllorv
3,736
4,954
4,t)19
4,945
4,530
6,346
4,638
5,700
5,88i
7,069
''fi.)176
170
261
2t3
l(ll
l0.l
l2
3:l
152
f'ab. 3.
Total sunr of whitcÍliesin individuaIexperintents
I
I
1l
i
5,963
15,407
60,63r
60,960
34,541
52,722
i
d
I
i
N)
(,r
52.4
56.08
57.45
)/.t)
59.52
96.20
'5,417
t?,065
44806
.45,7tr
, 23,493
47.6:
43.9?.
42.55
42.85
40.48
o.oJr
3.80
0.005
0.r.
0.0005
I
. , \ t . l t l t l t r ť3 6 . ] . | i ! ) 7. ! | i l s i ! r t ) t t srcr l r i t . ; i ] i e s! \ ť r e c i l n t L l t ť c tl l r l i n t l i v i t l t l l l l t I i l I s d u r i n . g
t i l c . ; i - tU . \ p ! . I i l I l ť l ) lt'sI .t . . ' t t t t r r I [ .tel ir i r t c | i r i t l t t l rel .l r l l t t t I ' c \( .l , i l sc l i r . c e t I py I o p o r t í o n i l
t r r t l t c g l a : s h L r u s ew h i t c t ' l i c sd u ' n s i t - \i r' r t h e g l a s s h o u s c - .
l ' a b l o 2 q i r . e sn u n r b e r s o t ' t h e i n s e c t s c e p t n l e d o n a l l o f t h e a l a i l a b l e r r a p s ( 1 0 o r S ;
i n c r r c h o l t h e e r p e r i r n e n t s . T a b l c ' 3 . s u r n n r ; r r i z eds a t a o b t l i n e d i n i r r d i v i c l L r ael x p c r i Í )l ť l l t s .
' l - w . r-
t i L c t o ra n a l , r , ' soi sf s c u t t c - r i r rdse r r r o n s t r a t eidn t h r e c f r o m f i v e e x p c r i n r c n t s
pref-erencefor pale-yellorvcolour to deep yellorv. Also in
stetistically..significant
I ancl 2 pale-yellori colour was more attractive than deep-1'ellorv(thc
e.xpc'rinrents
how'ever,was not so significant.as the density of rvhitefliesin the green.
clítl.erence.
h o u . s ,hr 'e c l n o t y c - tc u l n r i n a t e da t t h a t t i n r e ) .T r i f a c t o r a n a l y s i so f s c a t t e r i n go I a l l
t h e f i l e e . t p c r i m e n t s( l - 5 ) s h o * e d s i _ u n i f i c a nptr e f e r e n c ef o r p a l e - l e l l o w c o l o u r
to deep-yellorr(z : 0.000-i).
G r e e t tc o l o t l r o f t r a p s i n E x p . ó a p p e a r e dt c l b e 2 5 . t i n l e sl e s s a t t r a c t i v et h a n p a l e -1'elkrrv(?-:0.0005). So there rvere substantially and significantly less number:;o[
glasshouservhitef1yďighting on grl'en plates thirn on those being pale.yellorv.
DISCUSS ION
To objectir,c'lynreasurethe characteristicsoť |ight in nlonochronlatic filterr;it is
possible to use the wavelengthwhereas it is found to be a much nrore complicated
problerrr to objectively n]easure the..'}ightreflecte<]by objects. The reflected light ís
conrposed by nreans o[ a spectral curve. Although it is possible to calculat-eand
characterizea real colour usinq natural coordinatessuch as wavelengthof ma;<imum
retlectance.colour brightnessand saturation, these values are not, however, of uninamely they are valid lbr human sense-perceptiononly, so that is
versal validit"v*,
'"vlrythev cannot srrbstitutethe spectral curve. Nevertheless,a certain corÍ.elation
br'tweenhuman and -slasshousewhitefly sight can be found as far as, e.g.real yellow
colours. is concerned. We suppose that it is of use to give the wavelen-gthof maxirnunr reflectancebut there is a need, horvever,to be alvare of its relativity.
i\,íitkovet al. (l984) observed tlle greatestco.lourattraction to deep-yellovysticky
p l a t , - ' s( L , 1: 5 t i 0 n m ) , f o l l o r v e d b y t h o s e r v i t h o r a n g e - y e l l o r v( / . a : 5 8 6 n m ) a n d
t h e r tr v i t h l e m o n - y e l l o wc o l o u r ( L q : 5 7 4 n m ) .
l n o u r e . r p e r i n r e n ttsh e p a l e - y e l l o wp l a t e s ( l . o : 5 7 4 . S 1 n m ) r v e r e f o u n d t o b e
lliL)rei]ttractiverather than deep-yellowones (l..r: 579.82nnr). Even theírincreased
tritttslucetlccnlay have contributed to a greatL.rccllour attractivenesso[ our palř.
-rcllorv platr--s.
especiallyduring sunny days, rvith baitec'lside orientatednorthrvards.
R e s u l t s r e p o r t c c lb y K i t a k a t a a n d Y o s h i d a ( 1 9 1 t 2a. 1
r e s i n r i l a rt o o u r s a n d t h e y a l s o
shorv u great inflr-rencc
ol other characteristics,L'xceptfor thc calculated rvavelength.
\\'ith colour bri-ehtnessand saturation clecrc-asir.rg
a decreasein coloirr lttrrctivcness
o c c t t r r e da s u , e l l . T h e b r i g h t n e s sÍ a c t o rr v i l l p l a y a n i n ] p o r t a n tr o l e i n t h e c o l o u r s
r L ' [ ) r e s t ' l l tbc 1
d . s i r r r i l aSrp e c t r i ]cl u ť v e sP. r e s L t n t a b l lt'h, c -$ r e a t e rb r i g h t n e s so I a c o l o u r
i s . t h e r r r e l r t . revr i l l b e i t s a t t r r r c t iern c s s .
ln our experiment green colour rvas 25-timesless attractivethan was pale-yellow.
In addition, n'ranyother authors reported the lorverattracti!enessof greencompared
to yellow colottr as to the Iight reí1ected.
O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , u s i n g m o n o c h r o n r a t i cf i l t e r s t h e g r e s t e s ta t t r a c t i v e n e sw
s ns
| ť c ( ) ť t l i!n' (gl r c c I lc c r l o t t r(sN ' [ i t c col r r ' a | | , | 9 1 2 )r l t n g i r r u
t i o r l r5 . i 0t o 5 5 0 n r r r .C o o t l r b e
t26
H
(l93l)rrls
c t r r l .1 1 9i filthcrthar
rvhile yellc
, r b t a i n e da
c h r o n r a t i c.
inte
"'ither
cr-'rndition
to relc.rt tč
tr) stlldy tl
l t ' n g t h sa n (
Let us at
icly photo
nrore cxpr(
The eye
st tivity,
tor g:reenr
in total th;
in Fig. 3 d
e)e recept(
dístributio
i n d i c a t e st
lorvertharr
of hurnan
100
90
BO
€/0
HffN
---
rebu
e
=t
Ě
Lrr'/tl
ů
iJU
on
LU
ItJ
{
I ig. -i. 5lgf
i
s.t;
--------
*
L
Čct
LJ
:d
is
ld
.Ín
( 1 9 8 1 )a l s o f i n d s t h e r v e v e l e n g t h
5 5 0 n m t o b e t h e r n o s ta t t r r c t i v e .V r i s h e r : r p a y . r n
t-trrl. (1975a, b) c'rbsr'rvc-d
thitt yellorv colour of lcur'r'saLtrrctcd r:llsshou.:ctitriiefly
rirtherthan green,e\en in the case oť-ereencolour in prel.ercntiallrtl.st.planr
1bearlj,
while yellow rvas the plant to non-host-plants (croton). Horvever, these auihors
obtained analogous results even rvhen lighting leaves oť various plants r'vithmLrno.
chrontaticyellorvlight. Thus, the whole
nroreconrplicated,arrd
.irr pro.blenris.sonre,,vlrar
either interpoputation differeňces
glasshouse rvhitefly or other speóific physical
conditions of experimentmight be, eventually,taken into account. Weplan, horvever,
to revert to these problems after accomplishing our experinrents tlre irinr oť rvhic|r ís
to study the glasshouservhiteffyresponseto nronochromatic light oť various r.',ar.e.
lengthsand intensity. r
Let us attempt,horvever,to explain the basic question as follorvs:why are posiritely ph-ototacticglasshousewhitefly responses (as to the light reflected)dc'rnonstrably
nlore expressiveto yellow over green colour if host-plants are _9reen?
The eye of glasshouse whitefly may be the rnoŠtsensitive to green colour, but this
sensitivity is líkely characterized by a wide range (simi|ar|y to e.g. hunran Íeceptor
for green colour). Physical properties of real yellow colours, reflecting more light
in total than green colours, are then a further-factor to consider. This is illustrated
in Fig. 3 demonstratingsight-perceptionoFgreon and pale-yellowcolours by human
eye receptors |or.greencolour. The spectral curve aird product valuešo[ trichromatic
distribution curves in a normal observe'r were. used to construct Fig. 3. The graph
indicates that the ent'ire.percePtionof-green (-eiverr.by,;thďarea under the cuŇe)-is
lolver.than of light (pale) " yď|ow*o|our; dcspite.the faď;that ttte.maNimum seh3itívity
of human retina for green cololtťis at 555 nm.
100
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80
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=
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550 ,
600
(nml
WAVIIINBTH
Fig' .1.Sighr . perceptionoi testedgreen and light.yellorvcolottrs by lruman eye receplorsťor
greencolour
127
I
J
'j
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Í
1
I
1
a
,l
řlcnce. if rnarrrl'erenot capltbleoIperceiving red colour, lre rvortldperceiveyellotv
c , . ) l l ) tl tťs . l g r c ' ť Ío ln c b c i n g o I l t i g h c rb r i - s h t r r c sFi .o r s i r n i l a r r e l s o r l sl l l e n t i o n e d a b o v e
tltesltnresituirtitrnnrightalsooccuritt.slasshousclvlritu'flyiťitcotrldbedemorrstrated
tlrat it has no capabílityto perceivereclcolour.
NT
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í
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I
I
SU |vÍi\,{;\R Y
B npcri
.r,)i(O-)KeJl
' í.lKc 'Í.\1y}l
3xcnepl
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..,t;ixopoB
.'i íJpa5'KBI
The e.xperinleÍrts
werL'conclrrcted
irr glasshouscrvhc.rctomato plants rverestrongly
in|estedby glasshouservhiteflies.The attractivenessoť pale-yellorv,deep.yellowancl
green sticky traps rvith wavelengthof nraximum reffectance574.81 nm, 579.82 nm,
520.12 nn) was compared and the influence of colour brightnessand saturation rvas
evaluated.
Statistically si-enificantpreferenceoÍ pale.yellorr,colour to deep yellow was prol'ed.
Green colour of traps appeared to be 25-times less attractive than pale-yellow.
There is an assumption that visual organ of glasshousewhitefly is sensitive to
green colour rvithin a wide range. As the glasshouse whiteflies do not posses the
át';tity to perceivc red colour thěy nray be e-xpectedto react to yellow co|our as to
brighter green.
ATRAKTIVÍTA
ŽtutÝcH
A ZELENÝCH
LEPoVÝCH
PRo MoLICI
SKLENÍKovoU,
TRIALEURODES
VAPORARIORUM
(HOtvÍOPTERA, ALEYRODTDAE)
B6npc
i;) K, pa;
,ierr nptr r
TC;i-rl ýÍt{HbI}
Btrna gr
t{(eJI ll,IX
JIt
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Asroprr
LAPAČÚ
-laHHoro q.
cb!u{eHHOC
Btrcragat
qyBcTBI,ÍTeJ
óelorcpurrx
ořIa ivIo)KeT
Souhrn
V přeclloŽenépráci je porovnávána účinnostsvětle žlutých,sytě žlutýcha ze|ených
lepových lapač'ů
o náhradních vlnových délkách 574,8 nm,579'8 nm, a 520,l nm.
Pokusy probíhaly r'e skleníku s hydroponicky pěstovanýmirajčaty,která byla silně
napadena molicí skleníkovou.Teplota ve skleníku o výnrěře 200 m2 se pohybovala
v rozmezi 20-30 oC.
V 6 experimentech naletělo na 56 barevných lapačůroznrís|ěných ve dvojicích
celkem 363 897 nrolic. Byla prokázána statisticky signifikantní prefercnce světle
žlutríbarvY před sytě žIutou.Ze|ená.barva lepových lapač.ribyla'pro molice 25krát
nlť'nč'
atraktivnínežsvětle žlutá.
\
barvy
Autoři potvrzujíty literárníúdaje,kteréuvádějí,že na preferencipříslušné
mii kromě její náhradní vlnové délky vliv i sytost ir činiteljasrr. .Íevysloven před.
pt.rklad,Že zrakový orgún molice sklenikovéje citliqý na zelen'Ju barvrr v širokém
rozmezí.A jelikoŽ rnolice nemajíschopnost vnímat červenoubarv,u,molrou vnímat
Žlutotrbarvu jako jasněji ze|enou.
Affeldt, H.
greenhouse ,
myzidae) to
Berlinger,.
Bentisia tah
^..'
Biůíi
S
o
u
r
. . . . yp ř l
^
ttrrch, E. J
traps. Can.
,(.rl3bretta,
Trialeurodes
(l iornate Fi
(.,ombe, p.
,HoDpplaru
( , rr nb e . P .
. f ' h )s i o l . E n t
; ..rom, B. !
'.,ssibilities.
' ,,tnosa,
Ye
. . ! p p o r t e r -A
r :akata, S
'aps. Shoku
128
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jio jjyuIEK AII'Í EEnoKPbIJIKI'íTEn .rTI
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, f| ] 'AI L E U R o D E s
V A P O R A R I o R U N {[ F I o I , Í O P T E R A ,L E Y R o D i D A E ]
Pesrcye
: !.,.'
]\ Ů!i
s thias io
q Čt :
ených
I nm.
r silně
rovai:
)Jic'
sr ěl.c
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b:rn1
p;e.1-
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nim:lt
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rcx :c!$eKT]IBHocTb cBc1..]1o.iŤ(e;tTI,Ix,
; i p i { i ) - ^ ( e ' l T b ÍIxÍ 3 e ; t c H b I X K J i c ť B b l x n o B y u e x . 1 - r x
lelorcpbIJIK}r TeIljlIt.tuoit c
\ í . 1 K C I t } I } ' . \ i o3]tls e T o B o r o o T p a x e H ý I . f ln p t t 5 7 4 , 8 g r t , 5 7 9 , 8 H . u , Í 5 2 0 , l H . u .
3xciiepli^rteHTbl npoBoAýUl,lcb B opaH)Í(epee c [o\IýÍAopa}Ir'Í,BbII)aIq'ÍBae"\IL.t.
:riIr R }.ť".IoB;:nxsoqtroti Ky.[I,T}'pbI (rl,t4ponoHltxlt). orgelrHbIe
pacTťHrt'I IIo\tjíÁopofJ ó;,t:.tlÍclI;IrřIo 3apa}I(eHbi 6erioxpu;rKr)li ten.qltrrHolI. TeirrnepaTypa
j ()l),:l:i)Kcl)ct.C il-.Iorqa.illi.orr 200 ,rt2 xoledalacj,
B npe,qeíax oT 20 4o 300 C.
B 6 npose;cnnblx
3KcllepýrlÍenTax HaneTeJIo Ha 56 qaerHltx KIeeBbIx JIo.
i;}.rrlcÍ(,I]3.].\1eil{e}lublx
napa}Í'Í, scero 363 897 óe.iroxpbrJloK. Ko,rltqecrno oco.
,-,cr'tttprI IIo"lreTe óltlo
np:rrto IIpoIIopqýÍoHaxbHo KonlÍt{ecTBy 6e,roxpluox
Te.]-'Urrli{brxts opaH)Kepee.
Esua 1ot<l:f,Ha cTaTŤrcTILtI€ c K'I:4orroÉepllaÍ npeAnoqT]ÍTerlbnocTb CIJCTJIo]ó(e!r[lLIxnoB}.IIJCK nepeA 'pKo.xoxTĎtur.
3eaentrň qser JIoByUIeK ósu g,r.t
tie.loxpslnox u 25 pa: \IeHee npýtBgEI(aTeJIr,HIJIMI{eI,I cBeTIo.>xelrltřt t1net.
Aaroplr
noATBepx(AaloT nríTepaTypHbIe AaHEbIe, qTo Ha npc$epcrlqltro
:Ia*iHofo (l]ETá:.BJlrrfler.xptilte aoIHosoň AIIíFIbI tarcxe,,larcrop'.6,recra;ifi
TIa(brUleEHocTb uBeŤa.
rITo opraH 3penýÍff 6eloxprt.lrxlÍ Tu.[JI,Í9HoiÍ
BucNagago flpeAnonoxeH}le,
tlyBCTB1ÍTe.]1eI{
K 3ene!rc.1'lJ/rIBcTy B IIrIrpoKolVI AýÍaIIa3oHe. Bepox.ruo, cc,rlt
6e.'loxplr,rxa IIe o6naAaer cnoco6nocTblo Boc[p'{HýÍMaTb xpacuuli
I{BCT, To
ořIa }toxeT pea|rÍi)oBaTb řI'] xe.'ITbIřt'qaer KaK Ha xpxo.:elerrttli.
REFERENCES
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antl the vegetable leafniner
tn1,:idae) Ío photo'spectra. J. Econ. Entomol. 76: t405- t.l09.
Berlinger,
M . J . ( l 9 3 0 ) : ' 4 7 , e l I o ws t i c k y Í r a p f t l r l . i r h i t e f l i t ' s :T r i a I e u r o d e s ý a p o I a r i l r u n d , 1 d
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/ | ( l p . ťC.a n . E n t . n l L t l . l t 7 ( l ] ) : l 5 ó 5
l5óB.
(-'i1abretta'
C . ( l 9 8 ] i : L o I t a c o n I r d l I u r n e n I i i n s e t t i c i d i e Í r a p o l e c r o n t o ! r ' l p i < ' h eg i a l l e r o n t r o
Trialeurodes va1loraritlrttm t I|,esíw') su po|,t0dof0 ilt c,oltttttt pťo!eIÍa prit'narerile.,''ttii'a. Atti
Giornate Fitopeiolcgichc. San Remo.
,.-.,ombe, P. E. (lt)l1l'. ,l''uy.length spectfic behaviour of the *'hitefly Triol.'urodes vt,Ttrariorutn
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i'oornbe,
P. E. 11982): Visual behaviour of the grrenhouse u'hitefly, Trialeutotles vuporarioruttt
'l
Physiol. EntomLrl. (3't 243-751.
. . k b o n r , B . S . ( l 9 8 l ) : I n t e g r a t e t l c o , , r t ' r o l o Í l hg
e r e e n l o u s e w h i t e f l y ,( T r i a l e u r o d e s v a p o r a r i o r u n t ) :
possibilities for edriy vurning aid the potatial of .somé::bíologícdlcontrbl methods (Encarsia
filrtnosa, |,erticiIliun kcntii, Atttltocorís nentorunt, juveniIe horntone analogue) Vaertsk1'ddsrepporter.Avhandlingirr -{:12.
' . t a k a t i r , S . & M . Y o s h i d a ( 1 9 8 ) ) : C o n t r o l o f i n s e c r si n g r e e n l n u s e s b ) , c o l o r e d r i b l t t t n
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129
!B
,{
tl
I
!
i
i
I
:!
i
*--,r-
.'l
l_,
t
yapttrttriorttttt
||,e'sttv.)
|Triuleurtltles
t, pro.
Larrdlt' Z. (l93.{l: ochrana prori ntolici.,klettikoyé
grunte<,hintegrol'dnéuchrany skleníkovýchokurek, Sborník UYTÍZ.Z'lhracinictví l l' XIV'
3:ll5--128.
t onto.
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ptera: .llelrr,tttidae)r,nd its parasite Encarsia formosa (Hyntenoptera:Aphelinitl{te)at coilstant
tentperatare.
Acta UPO, Fac. rer. nat. 67, Biologica XX: 95-106.
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(Coleoprera: CurcuDelia lDiptera: Anthontyiidae),Ceurorhynchus,fu[eligethesandPh),llotrera
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Bull. ent. Res. l2: 355-359.
]t{acctorvall, F' D. H. (|9.I2): Phototactic dctio,, speclrun Jbr whiteJ'l1,andthc question oÍ
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'
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Blattliiuse (Áphidina) unter
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Trehan, K. N. (l94l): Elfect of coloured screetuon ovipositionand developnentof some Brítish
l
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protection of cucumber from cucumber Yellowsvirus disease featuring use of yellow ribbon trap
>>Kinryu<<.
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Zaščitarastěnij l: 29.
iQ Prof.RNDr. Vítězslav Bičík. CSc.
katedJa zoologie a ekologie PřF UP
Leninova 26
771 46 Olomouc, Czechoslovakia
Ing.Pavel Láska, CSc.
Výzkumný a šlechtitelský-ústav
zelínářský
772 36 Olomouc-Holice,CSSR
RNDr. Ivana Ryšavá
RNDr. Martin Fellner
Ústav experimentálníbotaniky ČsAv
Sokolovská 6
772 0o olomouc. ČssR
130
--TF{qffi:.8
ffiř'ffiiý?li*@wtr,
AUPO, Fac. r. nat. 93, Biologica XXVIII, 121-130 (198E)
,,\CT
938
METAL
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Populationen
rufipes (De Ge
dominanter Cari
der lVegetationsz
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llánnchen und l
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den Winter iiberc
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gČberfiir u-.r En
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