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b)*:F+-+8r)9%)8;+Or)b/G+s%-+-+*0#(+F21+#6%6',+3(8I"#8+)+]'W:-:W/#/+80-+F$%2125(6^R
Hypera carinicollis septentrionalis 6&88):$)0Q3+!UK2
++++++++]-$0R+5^
Z7%)N+ !UK5;+ 15K3+ 6&88):$)0Q+ !UK2;+ 543+ >H0)b})9+ !UU5;+ !JYR
S.7+)`)/8%Fr)+e+'7/N&3+$W%W+')$0F:W+8r&+80-').#+.+8-0-'H#+-612\ 7 H2(638(23 .+8-(-rI
607%&N9l(-+>:G•:I9#+:)*7%)9-+-'7*W+E-0:I+Z-07.7 ]Z7%)N+!UK5^R+B+N&H-.7:l+80FN&+b)+#.)*):
:F%)O+*0#(#+*$%5618'85"##83+$)O+0-O%&s):I+8-**0#(#R+6&88):$)0Q+]!UK2^+H-H&•+8-8'7%+8-**0#(
*$%5618'85"##83%32/(2'(18"'6#83+H)80.)+8-O*Gb& 8-*%)+b)*&:l(-+'7/N)+'$I07:l(-+@R+Z7%N)/3+1
'7/NŽ+7+5+'7/&N+O+"-%'97+7+!+'7/N)+7+!+'7/&N)+O+a907b&:WR+B)+'$I0N)+TR+n0)/#H(7+b)+#%-•):+8-#O)
(-%-HW8+].&O+[88):*&`^R+S0#(q+)`)/8%Fr+#.F*G:q+Z7%N)/+]!UK5^+')+/&+:)8-*7r&%-+*-(%)*7HR
P):H-+8-**0#(+b)+*F%)+O:F/+8-#O)+O+"-%'97+7+a907b&:W+].&O+6&88):$)0Q+!UK2^R
@&-%-Q&)+H-(-H-+8-**0#(#+]&+:-/&:-HW8&N9l(-+8-**0#(#^+:):I+*-'#*+O:F/7+]6&88):$)0Q
!UK2^R+"-#O)+#+8-**0#(#+*$%5618'85"##83%7+#,61856+6&88):$)0Q3+!UK2+b)+•&.:F+0-'H%&:7+O:F/7;
S&)N9/7::+j+@)(:)+]!UUJ^+#.F*GbI3+•)+H):H-+8-**0#(+b)+/-:-VFQ:I+7+.W.IbI+')+:7+48#2'2
A+#,6183 ]D70W-8(W%%7N)7)^R
Hypera constans+]@-()/7:3+!K1J^
6%&/):H+ !KUU;+ M213+ 6%78F%)9+ !U44;+ !1K3+ ?)&HH)0+ !U!2;+ !4M3+ n%)&'N()0+ !U54;+ J4J3+ D'&9&+ !U5J;+ J!3+ >/0)NOW¡'9&
!U2K;+ U!3+ 6&88):$)0Q+ !UK5;+ !M13+ >H0)b})9+ !UU5;+ !JYR
LF87*-87%)709H&N9q+*0#(R+L:F/+O+[%•I0#3+b&(-OF87*:I+C.0-8W+7+b&•:I(-+?79-#'973+#*F.F:
H79l+O+Z-07.W+]>/0)NOW¡'9&+!U2K3+6&88):$)0Q+!UK5^R
6%&/):H+]!KUU^+7+6%78F%)9+]!U44^+')+O/&”#bI+-+:F%)O#+H-(-H-+*0#(#+n%)&'N()0)/+.+b70:I/
:F8%7.#+SWb)+:7+Z-07.GR+Lr)b/G+')+b)*:F+-+%-97%&H#+8-$%I•+>H07N(-HI:7+]"R+X7#H)0)03+8)0'R
N-//R^R+"07.*G8-*-$:G+.s79+b*)+-+OF/G:#+'+*0#()/+*$%5+)6'6%]ER+~&:9)%/7::3+8)0'R+N-//R^R
S-9%7*-.q+)`)/8%Fr *$%5"'3(6'3+b')/+:):7%)O%+.+,F0-*:I/+/#O)#+.+"07O)+7:&+.+Z-07.'9l/
O)/'9l/+/#O)#+.+@0:G3+9*)+b)+n%)&'N()0-.7+'$I097+#%-•):7R+T)+/-•:l3+•)+.s)N(:W+.qs)+#.)*):l
%&H)0F0:I+m*7b)+-+.q'9WH#+*$%5"'3(6'3+:7+mO)/I+‹?+7+?79-#'97+')+.)+'9#H)}:-'H&+Hq97bI+*0#(#
*$%5+)6'6+].&O+*F%)^+7+•)+*$%5"'3(6'3+:7+:7s)/+mO)/I+:)•&b)R
@&-%-Q&)+H-(-H-+*0#(#+b)+*-'#*+:)O:F/7+]6&88):$)0Q+!UK5^R
Hypera contaminata ]E)0$'H3+!YUM^
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++]-$0R+J^
6%&/):H+ !KUU;+ M243+ 6%78F%)9+ !U44;+ !1U<!543+ ")H0&+ !U4!;+ !MY3+ ?)&HH)0+ !U!2;+ !4J3+ n%)&'N()0+ !U54;+ J4J3+ D'&9&
!U5J;+ 523+ ?-#$7%+ !UJ!;+ 14K3+ >/0)NOW¡'9&+ !U2K;+ K23+ 6&88):$)0Q+ !UK5;+ !M43+ S&)N9/7::+ !UKU;+ !443+ >H0)b})9
!UU5;+ !JY3+ >H0)b})9+ 144!;+ KJR
C.0-8'9q+*0#(R+BW'9WH#b)+')+-*+,G/)N97+8-+b&•:I+}F'H+?#'97+7+:7+@7%9F:G+]>/0)NOW¡'9&
!U2K3+6&88):$)0Q+!UK5^R
Y2
PW8&N9q/+$&-H-8)/+b'-#+0#*)0F%W+]>H0)b})9+144!^R+?)%7H&.:G+(-b:q+*0#(+'+:-}:I+79H&.&H-#R
Bq.-b+b)+O:F/+8-#O)+:7+(07N(-0#3+Z6(<C1+3%(+721"3+3%]n7$7N)7)^R+"0.:I+m*7b+-+•&.:l+0-'H%&:G
H-(-H-+.)%/&+807.*G8-*-$:G+/-:-VFQ:I(-+*0#(#+b)+#.)*):+.+80FN&+6&88):$)0Q7+]!UK5^R
Hypera cumana ]")H0&3+!U4!^
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++]-$0R+5^
S0#(+b)+O:F/+O)+>%-.):'973+Z7£70'973+@7%9F:#3+67.97O#++]6&88):$)0Q+!UK5^+7+P#0)N97+]ER
~&:9)%/7::3+8)0'R+N-//R^R
"R+ X7#H)0)0+ 0-9#+ !UM4+ :7%)O%+ b)*):+ )`)/8%Fr *$% 5+)6'6% :7+ "-#O*r7:'9l+ 'H)8&+ ]#%-•):
.+OF9%7*:I+'$I0N)+Z-07.'9l(-+O)/'9l(-+/#O)7+.+@0:G^R+P):H-+:F%)O+:7+Z-07.G+b)+80.:I/+7
*-'#*+b)*&:q/+:7+mO)/I+‹)'9l+0)8#$%&9WR
@&-%-Q&)+H-(-H-+*0#(#+b)+*-'#*+:)O:F/7+]6&88):$)0Q+!UK5^R
Hypera dauci ]A%&.&)03+!K4Y^
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++]-$0R+M^
'W:R *C/216% I63585+#6(6+ ]E)0$'H3+ !YUM^
6%&/):H+ !KUU;+ M243+ 6%78F%)9+ !U44;+ !1K3+ ")H03+ !U4!;+ !1!<!113+ ?)&HH)0+ !U!2;+ !413+ n%)&'N()0+ !U54;+ J453+ D'&9&
!U5J;+ 1J<1M3+ ?-#$7%+ !UJ!;+ 14Y3+ >/0)NOW¡'9&+ !U2K;+ K!3+ 6&88):$)0Q+ !UK5;+ !J5<!JJ3+ S&)N9/7::+ !UK!;+ !!M3
S&)N9/7::+ !UKU;+ UU<!443+ >H0)b})9+ !UU5;+ !JY3+ >H0)b})9+ 144!;+ KJR
LF87*-87%)709H&N9q+*0#(R+L:F/q+b)+O)+').)0:I+[V0&9W+][%•I03+P#:&'3+X&$W)^3+O+C.0-8W+][:Q%&)3
•.l*'9-3+SF:'9-3+"-0H#Q7%'9-3+•87:G%'9-3+n07:N&)3+=HF%&)3+•.qN70'9-3+,G/)N9-3+"-%'9-3+‹)'9F
0)8#$%&973+ >%-.):'9-3+ ?79-#'9-3+ Z7£70'9-3+ @-':7+ 7+ E)0N)Q-.&:73+ [%$F:&)3+ @#%(70'9-3
A$0R+ JR+ ?-OsIr):I+ *0#(+ *C/216% 5"'(6)8'6(6% ]E)0$'H3+ !YUM^+ :7+ mO)/I+ ‹)'9l+ 0)8#$%&9WR
n&QR+ JR+ S&'H0&$#H&-:+ -V+ *C/216% 5"'(6)8'6(6% ]E)0$'H3+ !YUM^+ &:+ H()+ DO)N(+ ?)8#$%&NR
YY
?#/#:'9-3+C'H-:'9-3+X-HWs'9-3+a907b&:73+Z-%*F.&)+7+).0-8'9F+}F'H+?#'97^+7+O+['&)+]67.97O3
P#0)N9-+7+X&$7:-:^+]S&)N9/7::+!UK!^R
*$% 96+58% ')+ .W'9WH#bI+ '#N(qN(+ 8I'}&HqN(+ 8Ž*FN(3+ 9H)0l+ .W(-.#bI+ )9-%-Q&N9q/+ :F0-9Ž/
•&.:l+0-'H%&:WR+S0#(+'+:-}:I+79H&.&H-#+]S&)N9/7::+!UK!^R+B+‹)'9l+0)8#$%&N)+.)%/&+.OFN:q+*0#(
'+:G9-%&97+/F%-+O:F/W/&+%-97%&H7/&R+,7+b)*&:l+%-97%&HG3+9*)+$W%+.+/&:#%-'H&+807.&*)%:G+'$I0F:
]A%)s9-^3+$W%7+b)(-+8-8#%7N)+807.*G8-*-$:G+O*)N&/-.F:7+/07.):N&+0-*#+!"1)856+]>9#(0-.)N
144!^R
S0#( *$%96+58%b)+:G9*W+#.F*G:+b79-+/-:-VFQ+:7+&1"98+)%585+(618+)%]_)07:&7N)7)^+]P)/8•0)
!UY13+S&)N9/7::+!UKU3+P)/8•0)+j+"l0&N70H+!UKU^3+b&:*W+b79-+-%&Q-VFQ+:7+0-'H%&:FN(++0-*Ž &1"98+)
7 _216'8+) ]_)07:&7N)7)^+]S&)N9/7::+!UK!^R
Hypera denominanda ]D78&-/-:H3+!K2K^
]-$0R+M^
")H0&+ !U4!;+ !YK<!YU3+ D'&9&+ !U5J;+ J!3+ ?-#$7%+ !UJ!;+ 14U<1!43+ >/0)NOW¡'9&+ !U2K;+ KM<K23+ 6&88):$)0Q+ !UK5;
!M43+ @-0-.)N+ !UKJ;+ !MY3+ >H0)b})9+ !UU5;+ !JYR
"7%)709H&N9q+ *0#(R+ BW'9WH#b)+ ')+ .)+ >97:*&:F.&&3+ OF87*:I/+ 7+ ').)0-OF87*:I/+ ?#'9#3
b&(-.qN(-*:I }F'H&+'Hr)*:I+C.0-8W3+S7%/FN&&3+>0$'9#3+:7+67.97O)+7+b&(-OF87*:I+>&$&r&+7+.+[%•I0#
]D'&9&+!U5J3+>/0)NOW¡'9&+!U2K^R
L:F/q+b)+O)+'H)8:IN(+%-97%&HR+S0#(+'+:-}:I+79H&.&H-#+]?R+@-0-.)N3+8)0'R+N-//R^R+,7+mO)/I+‹?
.)%/&+.OFN:q3+'+.)%/&+%-9F%:I/+.q'9WH)/;+*-'#*+b)+O*)+O:F/+8-#O)+O+:G9-%&97+/F%-+%-97%&H
A$0R+ MR+ ?-OsIr):I+ *0#(Ž *C/216% 96+58% ]A%&.&)03+ !K4Y^+ ]9-%)}9-^+ 7+ *$% 92'")8'6'96+ ]D78&-/-:H3+ !K2K^
]9-'-}H.)0)N^+ :7+ mO)/I+ ‹)'9l+ 0)8#$%&9WR
n&QR+ MR+ S&'H0&$#H&-:+ -V+ *C/216% 96+58% ]A%&.&)03+ !K4Y^+ ]N&0N%)^+ 7+ *$% 92'")8'6'96+ ]D78&-/-:H3+ !K2K^+ ]0(-/$#'^
&:+ H()+ DO)N(+ ?)8#$%&NR
YK
.+"-*90#s:-(-rI+]Z-'H+e+.0N(W+•&$):I9+7+X7b':I93+"-*$-r7:W+e+S-%F:9W3+P)8%&N)^+7+-9-%I
,W/$#097R+T)*&:F+O:F/F+%-97%&H7+.+‹?3+9*)+.+'-#}7':-'H&+•&b)+8-})H:F+8-8#%7N)+7+*0#(+H#+%O)
807.&*)%:G+:7%lOH3+b)+.0N(+•&$):I9+.+&:H07.&%F:#+/G'H7+Z-'H#R
"0.:I+ O:F/q+ m*7b+ -+ •&.:qN(+ 0-'H%&:FN(+ H-(-H-+ -%&Q-VFQ:I(-+ *0#(#+ b)+ #.)*):+ .+80FN&
>/0)NOW¡'9l(-+]!U2K^R+6&88):$)0Q+]!UK5^+#.F*I+b79-+•&.:l+0-'H%&:W+:)b):+*0#(W+Z6(<C1+3
/16(2'383 7 U8586%516556%'H)b:G+b79-+>/0)NOW¡'9&+]!U2K^3+7%)+b79-+80.:I+#.F*I+&+U8586%(2'+8I"#86
].s)+n7$7N)7)^R
Hypera diversipunctata ]>N(07:93+!YUK^
]-$0R+2^
'W:R *C/216% 2#"',6(6+ ]"7W9#%%3+ !YU1^
X-97b+ !KY4;+ MK3+ 6%&/):H+ !KUU;+ M2!3+ 6%78F%)9+ !U44;+ !1U3+ ")H0&+ !U4!;+ !YM<!Y23+ ?)&HH)0+ !U!2;+ !4J<!4M3
n%)&'N()0+ !U54;+ J4J3+ D'&9&+ !U5J;+ J!<J13+ ?-#$7%+ !UJ!;+ 14U3+ >/0)NOW¡'9&+ !U2K;+ KY3+ >H0)b})9+ !UY2;+ !1U3
6&88):$)0Q+ !UK5;+ !JU3+ S&)N9/7::+ !UKU;+ !44<!4!3+ >H0)b})9+ !UU5;+ !JY3+ >H0)b})9+ !UU2;+ MU!3+ >H0)b})9+ 144!;
KMR
E-%709H&N9q+*0#(R+[0)F%+0-OsIr):I+'7(F+-*+').)0:I+[/)0&9W+8r)'+_0•:'9-+7+').)0:I+7+'Hr)*:I
C.0-8#+7•+8-+>&$&r+]>/0)NOW¡'9&+!U2K3+6&88):$)0Q+!UK5^R
œ&b)+:7+-907bIN(+/-9r7*Ž3+$r)OIN(+.-*:IN(+H-9Ž+7+%-#9FN(+]>H0)b})9+144!^R+,7+mO)/I+‹)'9l
0)8#$%&9W+8-/G0:G+.OFN:q+*0#(R
S0#(+')+.W.IbI+:7+0-'H%&:FN(+M+0-*Ž+]-2163(8+)3 B8'+61(863%BC"3"("'3%48#2'23%4(2##6186^
})%)*&+ D70W-8(W%%7N)7)+ ]>9#(0-.)N+ 1445^R+ S&)N9/7::+ ]!UKU^+ #.F*I+ 80-+ 8-8#%7N)+ •&bINI
.)+'Hr)*-).0-8'9l/+9%&/7H#+b79-+•&.:l+0-'H%&:W+8-#O)+Hr&+0-*W;+-2163(8+)3%BC"3"("'3%4(2##6186R
A$0R+ 2R+ ?-OsIr):I+ *0#(#+ *C/216% 98A2138/+'5(6(6% ]>N(07:93+ !YUK^+ :7+ mO)/I+ ‹)'9l+ 0)8#$%&9WR
n&QR+ 2R+ S&'H0&$#H&-:+ -V+ *C/216% 98A2138/+'5(6(6% ]>N(07:93+ !YUK^+ &:+ H()+ DO)N(+ ?)8#$%&NR
YU
A$0R+ YR+ ?-OsIr):I+ *0#(#+ *C/216% I"1'856(6% ]"):)N9)3+ !U1K^+ :7+ mO)/I+ ‹)'9l+ 0)8#$%&9WR
n&QR+ YR+ S&'H0&$#H&-:+ -V+ *C/216% I"1'856(6% ]"):)N9)3+ !U1K^+ &:+ H()+ DO)N(+ ?)8#$%&NR
A$0R+ KR+ ?-OsIr):I+ *0#(#+ *C/216% I+35"58'2126% ]Z70'(7/3+ !K41^+ :7+ mO)/I+ ‹)'9l+ 0)8#$%&9WR
n&QR+ KR+ S&'H0&$#H&-:+ -V+ *C/216% I+35"58'2126% ]Z70'(7/3+ !K41^+ &:+ H()+ DO)N(+ ?)8#$%&NR
K4
Hypera fornicata ]"):)N9)3+!U1K^
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++]-$0R+Y^
>H0)b})9+ 144!;+ KJR
C.0-8'9q+ *0#(+ 0-OsIr):q+ .+"-%'9#3+ :7+ >%-.):'9#3+ .+?79-#'9#3+ Z7£70'9#3+ ?#/#:'9#3
@#%(70'9#3+:7+a907b&:G+]6&88):$)0Q+!UK53+@-0-.)N+j+6-s¢F%+!UKY^+7+.+').)0:I+=HF%&&+]~&:9)%/7::
144!^R+?-OsIr):I *$%I"1'856(6+b)+Or)b/G+*7%)9-+s&0sI3+7%)+H):H-+*0#(+b)+-$HI•:G+-*%&s&H)%:q+-*+$%ION)
8rI$#O:l(- *$% )2#23$+ C`)/8%Fr)+ O+ .qN(-*:I+ }F'H&+ 70)F%#+ ]a907b&:73+ >%-.):'9-+ 7H*R^+ /7bI
b)*:-O:7}:l+*&7Q:-'H&N9l+O:79W+].&O+@-0-.)N+j+6-s¢F%+!UKY^3+'/G0)/+:7+OF87*+HWH-+O:79W
8r)'HF.7bI+$qH+H79+b)*:-O:7}:lR+,G9-%&9+b)*&:NŽ+H-(-H-+*0#(#+$W%-+:7%)O):-+&+:7+mO)/I+‹)'9l
0)8#$%&9W+]S-%:I+S#:7b-.&N)+]Y!2M^3+B%}I+]Y4Y5^+7+.0N(+œ)0-/+]Y!2U^+TR+>H0)b})9+*)HR3+TR+>9#(0-.)N
j+TR+n0)/#H(+0).&*R^R+,F%)OW+.+‹?+b'-#+-b)*&:G%lR+a+H-(-H-+*)H)0/&:7}:G+'8-0:l(-+*0#(#+$W
$W%-+ 8-Hr)$:l+ OI'97H+ 8-})H:GbsI+ /7H)0&F%+ 80-+ ON)%7+ '8-%)(%&.l+ 8-H.0O):I+ .q'9WH#+ *0#(#+ :7
'%)*-.7:l/+mO)/IR
BW'9WH#b)+')+:7+'H)8IN(+8r)N(FO)bININ(+.+%)'-'H)8&+]@-0-.)N+j+6-s¢F%+!UKY^R
S0#( *$%I"1'856(6+')+.W.IbI+:7+Y18I"#8+)%/16(2'32+]n7$7N)7)^R+T)*&:q+9-:90lH:I+m*7b+-+•&.:l
0-'H%&:G+b)+#.)*):+.+80FN&+S&)N9/7::7+j+@)(:)(-+]!UUJ^R+>H0)b})9+]144!^+#.F*I+$)O+$%&•sIN(
8-*0-$:-'HI+b79-+•&.:l+0-'H%&:W+*0#(W+0-*#+Y18I"#8+)R
Hypera fuscocinerea ]Z70'(7/3+!K41^
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++]-$0R+K^
'W:R *C/216% )+18'6+ ]n7$0&N&#'3+ !YU1^
X-97b+ !KY4;+ MK3+ 6%&/):H+ !KUU;+ M2!3+ 6%78F%)9+ !U44;+ !1U3+ ")H0&+ !U4!;+ !K4<!K!3+ ?)&HH)0+ !U!2;+ !4M3+ n%)&'N()0
!U54;+ J4J3+ D'&9&+ !U5J;+ J5<JM3+ ?-#$7%+ !UJ!;+ 1!43+ Z&%%)0+ !UM2;+ MY5<MYJ3+ >/0)NOW¡'9&+ !U2K;+ KU3+ 6&88):$)0Q
!UK5;+ !M!3+ >H0)b})9+ !UU5;+ !JY3+ >H0)b})9+ 144!;+ KMR
"7%)709H&N9q+*0#(R+Bq'9WH+b)+O:F/+O)+').)0:I+[V0&9W3+C.0-8W+/&/-+').)0:IN(+-$%7'HI3+Z7%HW3
6-0V#3+OF87*:I+['&)+7•+8-+P#09)'HF:+]D'&9&+!U5J3+>/0)NOW¡'9&+!U2K^R+,7+mO)/I+:)709H&N9l
-$%7'H&+$W%+O7.%)}):+]Z&%%)0+!UM23+>/0)NOW¡'9&+!U2K3+6&88):$)0Q+!UK5^R
PW8&N9q/+$&-H-8)/+b'-#+8-*%)+>H0)b}97+]144!^+`)0-H)0/:I+%-97%&HWR+P):H-+*0#(+$W%+*rI.)
.)%/&+ (-b:q+ ]TR+ >H0)b})93+ 8)0'R+ N-//R^3+ 7%)+ '+8-'H#8)/+ }7'#+ O7}7%+ #$q.7HR+ A*+ 8-}FH9#
')*/*)'FHqN(+%)H+14R+'H-%)HI+$W%W+:7+mO)/I+‹)'9l+0)8#$%&9W+:7%)O):W+8-#O)+*.7+)`)/8%Fr)R
"-'%)*:I+O:F/q+)`)/8%Fr+$W%+'$I0F:+.+OF87*:IN(+‹)N(FN(+]D()$^+0-9#+!UYUR
S0#( *$%I+35"58'2126%')+.W.IbI+:7+0-'H%&:FN(+O)+2+0-*Ž+]G'(<C##833%B29856,"3%B2#8#"(+33
Y18I"#8+)3%Y18,"'2##63%U8586^ })%)*&+n7$7N)7)+]>9#(0-.)N+1445^R
Hypera libanotidis ]?)&HH)03+!KU2^
]-$0R+U^
?)&HH)0+ !KU2;+ 15K<15U3+ 6%&/):H+ !KUU;+ M2!3+ ")H0&+ !U4!;+ !55<!5J3+ ?)&HH)0+ !U!2;+ !453+ n%)&'N()0+ !U54;+ J4J3
D'&9&+ !U5J;+ 5!3+ ?-#$7%+ !UJ!;+ 14K3+ "#09W:G+ !UMY;+ 5M<523+ >/0)NOW¡'9&+ !U2K;+ K53+ 6&88):$)0Q+ !UK5;+ !JM3
>H0)b})9+ !UU5;+ !JYR
Z-07.'9q+):*)/&H3+.q'9WH+*-%-•):+8-#O)+:7+*.-#+%-97%&HFN(R+@W%+'$I0F:+.)+.)%9l/+8-}H#
]'H-.9W+b)*&:NŽ^+?R+n0&H'N()/+:7+.F8):N-.l/+.0N(#+6-H-#}+#+•H07/$)09#+]2JYJ^R+"-'%)*:I
O:F/q+:F%)O+:7+HlH-+%-97%&HG+b)+O+0-9#+!U44R+@W%W+'$I0F:W+8-#O)+%70.W+7+9#9%W+.+'I¢-.7:l/
9-9-:#+]N(7079H)0&'H&N9l/+80-+H0&$#'+EW8)0&:&^R+S-'8G%N&+.)+'$I09FN(+8-N(FO)bI+O+*-N(-.7:qN(
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%70).+7+9#9)%R+*$%#876'"(8983+$W%7+Or)b/G+:7+6-H-#}&+#+•H07/$)097+.W(#$):7+]"#09W:G+!UMY^R
"-8#%7N)+*0#(#+$W%7+8-*%)+TR+>H0)b}97+]8)0'R+N-//R^+&:H):O&.:I/+'$G0)/+-'%7$):7+:7H-%&93+•)+')
.+:F'%)*#bININ(+%)H)N(+:7+%-97%&HG+:)#*0•)%7R
B+OF9%7*:I+'$I0N)+Z-07.'9l(-+O)/'9l(-+/#O)7+.+@0:G+b'-#+#%-•):W+J+)`)/8%Fr)+'+%-97%&H-#
a()0'9l+E07*&sHGR+,7+%-97%&H:I/+sHIH9#+:):I+#.)*):-+*7H#/+'$G0#+7:&+'$G07H)%R+PWH-+)`)/8%Fr)
8-N(FO)bI+O)+'$I09W+CR+T7Q)/7::7+]BR+6#$F”3+8)0'R+N-//R^R
B+-9-%I+n0q*9#<ZI'H9#+$W%7+*$%#876'"(8983+'$I0F:7+TR+E%&':&9-.'9q/+]TR+>H0)b})93+8)0'R+N-//R^R
S-9%7*-.q+)`)/8%Fr+O+H-(-H-+0)Q&-:#+')+/&+.s79+:)8-*7r&%-+Ob&'H&HR
,)%O)+H)*W+.W%-#}&H3+•)+')+b)*:F+-+*0#(+.W(W:#%q+.+N)%l/+70)F%#+.q'9WH#R
X70.W+7+9#9%W+*0#(#+*$%#876'"(8983%$W%W+'$I0F:W+:7+Z876'"(83%/C12'6856%][8&7N)7)^+]"#09W:G
!UMY^R
Hypera meles ]n7$0&N&#'3+!YU1^
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X-97b+ !KY4;+ MK3+ 6%&/):H+ !KUU;+ M243+ 6%78F%)9+ !U44;+ !1K3+ ")H0&+ !U4!;+ !MK<!MU3+ ?)&HH)0+ !U!2;+ !4J3+ n%)&'N()0
!U54;+ J4J3+ D'&9&+ !U5J;+ 5Y<5K3+ ?-#$7%+ !UJ!;+ 14K<14U3+ Z&%%)0+ !UM2;+ MYJ<MYM3+ >/0)NOW¡'9&+ !U2K;+ KY3+ 6&88):$)0Q
!UK5;+ !JK3+ @-0-.)N+ j+ 6-s¢F%+ !UKY;+ !2U<!Y43+ S&)N9/7::+ !UKU;+ !443+ >H0)b})9+ !UU5;+ !JY3+ >H0)b})9+ !UU2;+ MU!3
>H0)b})9+ 144!;+ KJR
E-%709H&N9q+*0#(R+B+87%)709H&N9l+}F'H&+70)F%#+O:F/+O)+').)0:I+[V0&9W3+C.0-8W+7+>&$&r)+]D'&9&
!U5J3+6&88):$)0Q+!UK5^R+>/0)NOW¡'9&+]!U2K^+b)+H-(-+:FO-0#3+•)+b)+H-+87%)709H&N9q+*0#(3+b):•+$W%
*-+:)709H&N9l+-$%7'H&+O7.%)}):R
A$0R+ UR+ ?-OsIr):I+ *0#(Ž *C/216% #876'"(8983% ]?)&HH)03+ !KU2^+ ]9-%)}9-^+ 7+ *$% A89+6+ _):l3+ !K5Y+ ]9-'-}H.)0)N^+ :7
mO)/I ‹)'9l+ 0)8#$%&9WR
n&QR+ UR+ S&'H0&$#H&-:+ -V+ *C/216% #876'"(8983% ]?)&HH)03+ !KU2^+ ]N&0N%)^+ 7:*+ *$% A89+6+ _):l3+ !K5Y+ ]0(-/$#'^+ &:+ H()
DO)N(+ ?)8#$%&NR
K1
A$0R+ !4R+ ?-OsIr):I+ *0#(#+ *C/216% )2#23% ]n7$0&N&#'3+ !YU1^+ :7+ mO)/I+ ‹)'9l+ 0)8#$%&9WR
n&QR+ !4R+ S&'H0&$#H&-:+ -V+ *C/216% )2#23% ]n7$0&N&#'3+ !YU1^+ &:+ H()+ DO)N(+ ?)8#$%&NR
L:F/q+b)+O+`)0-H)0/:IN(+:)%)':IN(+$&-H-8Ž+7+O+%#9+]>H0)b})9+144!^+7+(#'HG+O70-'H%qN(+$r)(Ž
]?-#$7%+!UJ!^R+@G•:q+*0#(R
S0#( *$%)2#23%')+.W.IbI+:7+0-'H%&:FN(+s)'H&+0-*Ž; -<1C363/833%]"1C5'8+)3%Z"(+33%B29856,"3
Y18I"#8+)%7%U8586%]n7$7N)7)^+]>9#(0-.)N+1445^R
Hypera nigrirostris ]n7$0&N&#'3+!YYM^
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++]-$0R+!!^
X-97b+ !KY4;+ MK3+ 6%&/):H+ !KUU;+ M213+ 6%78F%)9+ !U44;+ !1K3+ ")H0&+ !U4!;+ !2J<!2M3+ ?)&HH)0+ !U!2;+ !423+ n%)&'N()0
!U54;+ J4J3+ D'&9&+ !U5J;+ JM<J23+ ?-#$7%+ !UJ!;+ 14U3+ Z&%%)0+ !UM2;+ MY!<MY13+ >/0)NOW¡'9&+ !U2K;+ U13+ 6&88):$)0Q
!UK5;+ !JU<!M13+ S&)N9/7::+ !UKU;+ !4!3+ >H0)b})9+ !UU5;+ !JY3+ >H0)b})9+ !UU2;+ MU!3+ >H0)b})9+ 144!;+ K2R
S0#(+')+.W'9WH#b)+.+87%)709H&N9l+-$%7'H&3+b)+O:F/+O)+').)0:I+[V0&9W+7+N)%l+C.0-8W+]D'&9&
!U5J3+ 6&88):$)0Q+ !UK5^R+ ,7+mO)/I+ ').)0:I+ [/)0&9W+ $W%+ *0#(+ *$% '8,181"3(183% O7.%)}):
]>/0)NOW¡'9&+!U2K3+6&88):$)0Q+!UK53+[:*)0'-:+!UU2^R
B(-*:q/+$&-H-8)/+b'-#+8-%)3+%-#9W3+O7(07*W3+/)O)+7+87'H.&:W+]TR+>H0)b})93+8)0'R+N-//R^R
B)%/&+$G•:q+*0#(R+BW'9WH#b)+')+:7+.GHs&:G+'%)*-.7:l(-+mO)/IR
a+ *0#(#+ *$% '8,181"3(183+ 80-$I(F+ .q.-b+ :7+ 0-'H%&:FN(+ }HWr+ 0-*Ž+ ]-<1C363/833 B29856,"3
['"'833 Y18I"#8+)^ })%)*&+n7$7N)7)+]>9#(0-.)N+1445^R
*$% '8,181"3(183+ ')+ -*%&s#b)+ -*+ .GHs&:W+ *0#(Ž+ 0-*#+ $&-:-/&&+ %70).R+ X70.W+ :-'7HNŽ+ O+H0&$#
EW8)0&:&+')+.W.IbI+:7+8-.0N(#+0-'H%&:R+,7+0-'H%&:G Y18I"#8+)%12/2'3%$W%-+7#H-0)/+].&O+>9#(0-.)N
1445^+8-O-0-.F:-3+•)+%70.W+*0#(#+*$%'8,181"3(183+')+:)•&.&%W+%&'HW+:7+8-.0N(#3+7%)+.W.Ib)%W+')
#.:&Hr+:)0-O9.)H%l(-+9.GH#R+B7bI}97+b'-#+807.*G8-*-$:G+9%7*):7+:7+'8-*:I+'H07:#+9.GH:I(%Ž•97R+X70.W+!R+&:'H70#+')+*-'H7:-#+*-.:&Hr+7+H7/+')+O7}:-#+•&.&H+b)sHG+:)*-O0F%q/&+}F'H/&
K5
A$0R+ !!R+ ?-OsIr):I+ *0#(#+ *C/216% '8,181"3(183% ]n7$0&N&#'3+ !YYM^+ :7+ mO)/I+ ‹)'9l+ 0)8#$%&9WR
n&QR+ !!R+ S&'H0&$#H&-:+ -V+ *C/216% '8,181"3(183% ]n7$0&N&#'3+ !YYM^+ &:+ H()+ DO)N(+ ?)8#$%&NR
A$0R+ !1R+ ?-OsIr):I+ *0#(#+ *C/216% "'"'8983% ]D().0-%7H3+ !K25^+ :7+ mO)/I+ ‹)'9l+ 0)8#$%&9WR
n&QR+ !1R+ S&'H0&$#H&-:+ -V+ *C/216% "'"'8983% ]D().0-%7H3+ !K25^+ &:+ H()+ DO)N(+ ?)8#$%&NR
KJ
9.GH#R+X70.W+8-'%)*:I(-+&:'H70#+')+9#9%I+/&/-+9.GH:I+%Ž•9-3+.WH.FrI+'&+9-9-:+:7+'8-*:I+}F'H&
%&'H#R+ P7H-+ -*%&s:F+ $&-:-/&)+ ')+ *F+ 8r)*8-9%F*7H+ &+ #+ *7%sIN(+ OF'H#8NŽ+ 0-*#+ *C/216+ /):sI
.)%&9-'H&+]*$%5"'3(6'33%*$%5+)6'63%*$%"'"'89833%*$%A2'+3(6^+:)$-+#+Z8)"78+3%7"126#83+]"7W9#%%3
!YU1^R+P):H-+8-O:7H)9+.W.07NI+O7•&H-#+8r)*'H7.#+-+#:&V-0/:I+$&-:-/&&+OF'H#8NŽ+H0&$#+EW8)0&:&R
Hypera ononidis ]D().0-%7H3+!K25^
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++]-$0R+!1^
6%&/):H+ !KUU;+ M2!<M213+ 6%78F%)9+ !U44;+ !1U3+ ")H0&+ !U4!;+ !2J3+ ?)&HH)0+ !U!2;+ !423+ D'&9&+ !U5J;+ JY3+ >/0)NOW¡'9&
!U2K;+ U!3+ 6&88):$)0Q+ !UK5;+ !M1<!M53+ S&)N9/7::+ !UKU;+ !4!3+ >H0)b})9+ !UU5;+ !JYR
C.0-8'9q+*0#(+.W'9WH#bINI+')+:7+mO)/I+•87:G%'973+n07:N&)3+B)%9l+@0&HF:&)3+7+H79l+}F'H&
'Hr)*:I+C.0-8W+]S&)N9/7::+!UKU3+Z-00&'+!UUM^R+C`)/8%Fr) *$%"'"'8983+O+B)%9l+@0&HF:&)+7
@7.-0'97+b'-#+-*%&s:l+-*+s87:G%'9qN(+)`)/8%FrŽR+Z7bI+8r)N(-*:l+O:79W+/)O&+*$%"'"'8983+7
*$%'8,181"3(183+]NVR+Z-00&'+!UUM^R
T)*&:l+*.7+)`)/8%Fr) *$%"'"'8983+:7%)O):l+:7+mO)/I+‹)'9l+0)8#$%&9W+]"07(73+"&H9-.&N9q
8-H-9+]MUM5^3+TR+>H0)b})9+*)HR3+TR+>9#(0-.)N+j+TR+n0)/#H(+0).&*R^+.W97O#bI+O:79W+:7+0-O(07:I
*$%'8,181"3(183+ 7+ *$%"'"'8983+ ]'):'#+ Z-00&'+ !UUM^+ 7+ b)b&N(+ *0#(-.F+ 8rI'%#s:-'H+ H#*I•+ :):I
b)*:-O:7}:FR+"0-+8-H.0O):I+.q'9WH#+*0#(#+*$%"'"'8983+:7+'%)*-.7:l/+mO)/I+$W+$W%-+8-Hr)$:l
OI'97H+8-})H:GbsI+/7H)0&F%R
Ÿ*7b)+-+.q'9WH#+:7+Z-07.G+] Z-07.7f+$)O+8r)':GbsI+%-97%&O7N)^+]6%&/):H+!KUU3+6%78F%)9
!U44^3+-879-.7:l+.+*7%sIN(+807NIN(+]")H0&+!U4!3+?)&HH)0+!U!23+D'&9&+!U5J3+>/0)NOW¡'9&+!U2K3
6&88):$)0Q+!UK53+S&)N9/7::+!UKU3+>H0)b})9+!UU5^+')+/&+:)8-*7r&%-+-.Gr&H;+.)+'H#*-.7:l/
/7H)0&F%#+b')/+•F*:q+*-9%7*-.q+)`)/8%Fr+O+Z-07.W+:):7%)O%R
a+*0#(#+*$%"'"'8983%b)+O:F/+.q.-b+8-#O)+:7+0-'H%&:FN(+b)*:-(-+0-*#3+['"'83 ]n7$7N)7)^
]>9#(0-.)N+1445^R+L)+'Hr)*:I+C.0-8W+b'-#+b79-+•&.:l+0-'H%&:W+#.F*G:W+*0#(W+[$%'6(18\3%[$
12/2'3 7 [$%3/8'"36%]6&88):$)0Q+!UK5^R
Hypera plantaginis ]S)+_))03+!YYM^
]-$0R+!5^
X-97b+ !KY4;+ MK3+ 6%&/):H+ !KUU;+ M2!3+ 6%78F%)9+ !U44;+ !1U3+ ")H0&+ !U4!;+ !YU<!K43+ ?&)HH)0+ !U!2;+ !45<!4J3
n%)&'N()0+ !U54;+ J4J3+ D'&9&+ !U5J;+ JK<JU3+ ?-#$7%+ !UJ!;+ 1!43+ >/0)NOW¡'9&+ !U2K;+ KM3+ 6&88):$)0Q+ !UK5;+ !M43
S&)N9/7::+ !UKU;+ !4!3+ >H0)b})9+ !UU5;+ !JY3+ >H0)b})9+ !UU2;+ MU!3+ >H0)b})9+ 144!;+ KMR
LF87*-87%)709H&N9q+*0#(R+?-OsIr):+:7+mO)/I+').)0:I+[V0&9W+7+C.0-8W+]/&/-+').)0:IN(
-$%7'HI^+]6&88):$)0Q+!UK5^R
PW8&N9q/&+$&-H-8W+b'-#+0#*)0F%W3+/)O)3+%-#9W+]>H0)b})9+144!^R+S0#(+.W'9WH#bINI+')+8r)*).sI/
:7+H)8%)bsIN(+%-97%&HFN(R
S0#( *$%/#6'(6,8'83%')+.W.IbI+:7+0-'H%&:FN(+}HWr+0-*Ž+]G'(<C##833%-"1"'8##63%Z"(+33%[\C(1"/83^
O })%)*&+n7$7N)7)+]>9#(0-.)N+1445^R
B+/:-(7+8#$%&97NIN(+]:78rR+67%H):$7N(+!KYJ3+")H0&+!U4!3+6%)&:)+!U!43+E-VV/7::+!UMJ^+b'-#
e+ 8-*%)+ /l(-+ :FO-0#+ e+ N(W$:G+ #.F*G:W+ b79-+ •&.:l+ 0-'H%&:W+ *0#(W+ 0-*#+ H#6'(6,"
]"%7:H7Q&:7N)7)^R+ Pq9F+ ')+ H-+ *0#(Ž H#6'(6,"% #6'52"#6(63% H$% )6a"1% 7 H$% )2986R+ T)*:F+ ')
-+N(W$:-#+m.7(#3+9H)0F+:)b'8Is)+.O:&9%7+8r&+*-N(-.F.F:I+*-'8G%NŽ+O+:7%)O):qN(+'I¢-.7:qN(
9-9-:ŽR+X70.W+8-'%)*:I(-+&:'H70#+-8-#sHI+'.-#+•&.:-#+0-'H%&:#+]:78rR Z"(+3%5"1'85+#6(+3^+7
.W(%)*F.7bI+'&+.(-*:q+80-'H-0+80-+.WH.-r):I+9-9-:#R+T79-+b)*:-+O+:)b.q(-*:GbsIN(+/I'H+')
O*F+$qH+'8-*:I+'H07:7+%&'HŽ+H.-rININ(+8rIO)/:I+0Ž•&N&+]b79-#+')+.WO:7}#bI+*0#(W+0-*#+H#6'(6,"^R
L+H-(-H-+*Ž.-*#+:7%)O:)/)+9-9-:W+*0#(#+*$%/#6'(6,8'83%:7+'8-*:I+'H07:G+%&'HŽ+0-'H%&:+0-*#
KM
A$0R+ !5R+ ?-OsIr):I+ *0#(#+ *C/216% /#6'(6,8'83% ]S)+ _))03+ !YYM^+ :7+ mO)/I+ ‹)'9l+ 0)8#$%&9WR
n&QR+ !5R+ S&'H0&$#H&-:+ -V+ *C/216% /#6'(6,8'83% ]S)+ _))03+ !YYM^+ &:+ H()+ DO)N(+ ?)8#$%&NR
H#6'(6,"R+P):H-+-/W%+')+807.*G8-*-$:G+Hq9F+&+*7%sIN(+*0#(Ž+]*$%98A2138/+'5(6(63%*$%/"3(8563
*$%3+3/858"36%7 *$%3(186(6^3+#+:&N(•+')+.+%&H)07H#r)+#.F*I+b&H0-N)%+]H#6'(6,"^ b79-+•&.:F+0-'H%&:7R
C`8)0&/):HF%:G+')+/&+H-H-+H.0O):I+8-*7r&%-+8-H.0*&H+8-#O)+#+*0#(#+*$%/#6'(6,8'83+]>9#(0-.)N
1445^R+a+-'H7H:IN(+*0#(Ž+:)$W%+)`8)0&/):H+80-.)*):R
Hypera postica ]_W%%):(7%3+!K!5^
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++]-$0R+!J^
'W:R *C/216% A618678#83+ ]E)0$'H3+ !YUM^
X-97b+ !KY4;+ MK3+ 6%&/):H+ !KUU;+ M2!3+ 6%78F%)9+ !U44;+ !1U3+ ")H0&+ !U4!;+ !K!<!K53+ ?)&HH)0+ !U!2;+ !4M3+ n%)&'N()0
!U54;+ J4J3+ D'&9&+ !U5J;+ M4<M13+ ?-#$7%+ !UJ!;+ 1!43+ Z&%%)0+ !UM2;+ M2K<MY!3+ >/0)NOW¡'9&+ !U2K;+ U43+ 6&88):$)0Q
!UK5;+ !M4<!M!3+ S&)N9/7::+ !UKU;+ !4!3+ >H0)b})9+ !UU5;+ !JY3+ >H0)b})9+ !UU2;+ MU!3+ >H0)b})9+ 144!;+ KMR
•&0-N)+0-OsIr):q+87%)709H&N9q+*0#(R+[0)F%+0-OsIr):I+O7(0:#b)+67:F0'9l+-'H0-.W3+C.0-8#+/&/').)0:I(-+,-0'973+[%•I03+Z70-9-3+OF87*:I+['&&+7•+8-+›0F:+]D'&9&+!U5J3+>/0)NOW¡'9&+!U2K^R+S').)0:I+[/)0&9W+$W%+O7.%)}):+]>/0)NOW¡'9&+!U2K3+6&88):$)0Q+!UK5^R
B(-*:q/&+$&-H-8W+b'-#+8-%)3+O7(07*W3+87'H.&:W+7+%)'W+]?-#$7%+!UJ!^R
œ&.:l+0-'H%&:W+*0#(#+*$%/"3(856%87HrI+*-+})%)*&+n7$7N)7)R+P):H-+*0#(+:-'7HN)+')+.W.IbI+:7
0-'H%&:FN(+ U+ 0-*Ž; G3(16,6#+33% _6#2,63% Z6(<C1+33% Z"(+33% Z+/8'+33% B29856,"3% B2#8#"(+33
Y18I"#8+)%7%U8586+]>9#(0-.)N+1445^R
Hypera rumicis ]X&::7)#'3+!YMK^
]-$0R+!M^
X-97b+ !KY4;+ MK3+ 6%&/):H+ !KUU;+ M243+ 6%78F%)9+ !U44;+ !1K3+ ")H0&+ !U4!;+ !1U3+ ?&)HH)0+ !U!2;+ !413+ n%)&'N()0+ !U54;
J453+ D'&9&+ !U5J;+ 51<553+ ?-#$7%+ !UJ!;+ 14K3+ >/0)NOW¡'9&+ !U2K;+ K13+ 6&88):$)0Q+ !UK5;+ !JJ3+ S&)N9/7::+ !UKU;
!443+ >H0)b})9+ !UU5;+ !JY3+ >H0)b})9+ !UU2;+ MU!3+ >H0)b})9+ 144!;+ KJR
K2
A$0R+ !JR+ ?-OsIr):I+ *0#(#+ *C/216% /"3(856% ]_W%%):(7%3+ !K!5^+ :7+ mO)/I+ ‹)'9l+ 0)8#$%&9WR
n&QR+ !JR+ S&'H0&$#H&-:+ -V+ *C/216% /"3(856% ]_W%%):(7%3+ !K!5^+ &:+ H()+ DO)N(+ ?)8#$%&NR
A$0R+ !MR+ ?-OsIr):I+ *0#(#+ *C/216% 1+)8583% ]X&::7)#'3+ !YMK^+ :7+ mO)/I+ ‹)'9l+ 0)8#$%&9WR
n&QR+ !MR+ S&'H0&$#H&-:+ -V+ *C/216% 1+)8583% ]X&::7)#'3+ !YMK^+ &:+ H()+ DO)N(+ ?)8#$%&NR
KY
E-%709H&N9q+*0#(R+"7%)709H&N9F+}F'H+70)F%#+O7(0:#b)+Z70-9-+7+C.0-8#+8-+67.97O+]")H0&+!U4!3
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