Good Practices in Environment Telematics Implementation
Transkript
Good Practices in Environment Telematics Implementation
European Commission, Directorate General: Information Society Good Practices in Environment Telematics Implementation Results of the Telematics Applications Programme Správné postupy pøi zavádì ní telematiky ž ivotního prostøedí Výsledky Programu pro aplikace telematik Rezultaty Programu Zastosowa Telematyki January 2000 THE REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CENTER for Central and Eastern Europe Editors: Martin Mudri, International Society for Environmental Protection, Austria Jerome Simpson, The Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe, Hungary Czech and Polish texts translated by: Agnieszka Kostyra ul. Bialowska 14m.6 04-063 Warsaw Poland Email: [email protected] Maria Kazmukova City Development Authority Prague Hradcanske Namesti 8 11854 Prague 1 Czech Republic Email: [email protected] ISBN: 963 8454 76 8 Acknowledgement: The CAPE project gratefully acknowledges the support of all project managers who dedicated their time to detailing the respective environment telematics applications for inclusion in this guide. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREDMLUVA SPIS TREŒCI FOREWORD 7 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 9 VYSVÉTLIVKY VÝRAZÙ 11 13 1. INTRODUCTION 17 ÚVOD 19 WPROWADZENIE 21 2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 23 2.1 Context of Environment Telematics in Europe 24 2.2 Good Practices in Environment Telematics 25 2.3 Relevance to Central and Eastern Europe 26 2.4 Environmental Benefits 28 2.5 Technical Implementation Framework 34 2.6 Lessons Learned 39 2. SHRNUTÍ 43 2.1 Kontext Telematiky pro 44 2.2 Správné Postupy v Telematice pro 44 2.3 Relevantnost Aplikací pro Støední a Východní Evropu 46 2.4 48 2.5 Technická Implementace 54 2.6 Zkuš enosti a Poznatky 60 2. SKRÓT DOKUMENTU 63 2.1 K 64 2.2 Przyk£ ady Dobrej Praktyki w Zakresie Zastosowania Telematyki w Ochronie Œrodowiska 64 2.3 U¯ ytecznoœæ z Punktu Widzenia Europy Œrodkowej i Wschodniej 66 2.4 K 68 2.5 Techniczne Ramy Realizacyjne 75 2.6 Wyci¥ 82 3. GOOD PRACTICES IN ENVIRONMENT TELEMATICS 3.1 Technologies Supporting Waste and Contaminated Sites Management 85 85 Construction &Demolition Recyclables Exchange Telematics for Waste Management in the Rhone-Alpes Region (SINDRA) Contaminated Sites Management Support System (COSIMA) 3.2 Technologies Supporting Environmental Monitoring 101 Urban Air Quality Management in Vilnius, Lithuania Joint Air Monitoring System in the Black Triangle Region (JAMS) Portuguese Water Resources Information System (SNIRH) 3.3 Technologies Supporting Emergency Management 123 Telematics Assisted Handling of Flood Emergencies in Urban Areas (TELEFLEUR) Danube Accident Emergency Warning System (DANUBE AEWS) Forest Fire Support Management (DEDICS) 3.4 Technologies Supporting Public Access to Information 137 Health and Environmental Information System of Munich (HEIS-MUC) Environmental Information System of Prague (IOZIP) Black Sea Marine Environmental Management Support System (BLACK SEA WEB) 3. SPRÁVNÉ POSTUPY V TELEMATICKE PRO ŽIVOTNÍ PROSTØEDÍ 3.1 Technologie pro Podporu Managementu Kontaminovaných Území 85 85 3.2 Technologie pro Podporu Managementu Monitorování Životního Prostøedí 101 3.3 Technologie pro Podporu Managementu Havárií a Rizikových Situací 123 3.4 Technologie pro 137 Informacím 85 3.1 Technologie Zwi¥ zane z Odpadami 85 3.2 Technologie Zwi¥ zane z Monitoringiem 101 3.3 Technologie Dotycz¥ ce Zwalczania Nadzwyczajnych Zagro¯ 123 £eczeñstwa do Technologii Informacyjnych ANNEX I: GOOD PRACTICE TEMPLATE 137 155 FOREWORD While considerable knowledge is available for transport telematics 1-related issues in the European Union (EU), in the area of environment telematics the empirical basis is unsatisfactory. For Central and East European countries (CEE), little or no information on the current status and framework of the implementation of telematics is available. CAPE (Co-ordinated Action for Pan-European Transport and Environment Telematics Implementation Support) is an EU funded project and “accompanying measure” of the Telematics Applications Programme and INCO (International Cooperation) Programme. It has been funded under the EU’s 4th Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (1994-1998). CAPE aims to encourage greater use of telematics or Information Society Technologies (IST) in the EU and CEE. The project is meant to generate a number of products that will serve local self-governments across Europe while helping the European Commission (EC) facilitate the implementation of telematics solutions at the municipal and district level. CAPE’s goals are twofold: First, the project aims to benefit local self-governing authorities in CEE and the EU by raising their awareness of telematics applications and facilitating their implementation at the local level. In CEE countries, CAPE will target those local selfgoverning authorities who have an immediate need for applying efficient and low-cost telematics systems in the areas of transport and environment. In EU countries, CAPE will focus on those authorities not yet fully aware of the potentials of advanced telematics for environmental management. Project results will be disseminated through: § completion of a good practice guide in environment and transport telematics implementation (represented by this report); § conferences serving as dissemination events; § workshops that serve as an opportunity to exchange information and experiences, and build networks between the EU and CEE; § an Internet web page which serves as part of the related dissemination activities (available at: http://www.rec.org/ist/cape). CAPE’s second goal is to extensively survey, quantitatively and qualitatively, the needs, priorities and frameworks among CEE and EU local and regional public authorities for transport and environment telematics implementation. Four reports meeting these objectives were published in August 1999. It is hoped these reports will assist in improving the understanding of telematics applications: their value to environment and transport management at national and local-self-governing level; their contribution to meeting EU Directives and policy; and their benefits to the European citizen. This increased understanding will hopefully encourage future CEE involvement in the European Union’s 5th Research and Technological Development Framework Programme, 1999-2002, and consequently a better environment. The CAPE partners 1 Telematics or Information Society Technologies (ISTs) describes the application of telecommunication technologies to the world of informatics. Products and services are intended to support the collection, storage and dissemination of information. Ultimately these benefit the decision-maker and society, and consistent with European Commission policy, contribute to realising proposals for the Creation of a User-friendly Information Society MAP OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE GLOSSARY OF TERMS ArcInfo/View - A complete software package supporting Geographic Information Systems (GIS) capacity to map and present data. The package includes ArcView, which supports the display of maps and images CD-ROM - Compact Disc Read-Only Memory. An optical disk that is physically the same as an audio CD, but contains computer data. Client-interface programme - A locally developed computer program that facilitates end-user access to, and retrieval and update of, specific data stored in different formats, for instance, HTML, GIS, and Oracle. Database software - Software (that element of computer technology that cannot be physically touched and which is therefore based on a computer programme) that is used for storing and accessing data. Examples include FoxPro, Filemaker Pro or Oracle. Decision Support System - A co-ordinated assemblage of people, devices or other resources (increasingly technology-based) that analyses business data and presents it so that people and managers can make decisions more easily. Three types of DSS can be distinguished: reporting DSS, that extracts, sorts, summarises and lists data from existing data files; analysing DSS, used to analyse data; modelling DSS, to answer “what-if” type questions. Expert System - A computer system programmed to imitate the problem-solving procedures that a human expert makes. For example, in a medical system the user might enter data like the patient's symptoms, lab reports, etc., and derive from the computer a possible diagnosis. The success of an expert system depends on the quality of the data provided to the computer, and the rules the computer has been programmed with for making deductions from that data. Front-end GIS - An interface, typically graphics-based, between a computer terminal and the user. - Geographic Information System. A computer system that contains maps and geographic information, and sometimes analyses of geographic data. Geographic information systems are applied in many sectors including government, tourism, education, environment, engineering, and marketing. GPS - Global Positioning System. A system of satellites that continually transmit data, which makes it possible to identify earth locations through a receiving unit. Incident Alert System - A warning system for used for accidents or emergencies Information Society - Telematics tools (also known as Information Society Technologies) help improve the quality and efficiency of public administrations and services, as well as their accessibility and user-friendliness, leading to better informed citizens. This contributes to realising European Union for an inclusive "User-Friendly Information Society." Integrated Environmental Data Management System goals - A system, typically technology-based, that enables the unified, combined and co-ordinated management of data concerning environmental problems. The system typically brings together the data of relevant organisations, groups, individuals and disciplines, resulting in a holistic approach toward environmental management. Internet - A global system of networked computers that allows communication between users and the transfer of data from one computer terminal to any other within that network ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network. Digital Telecommunication lines that can transmit up to 128 Kilobytes of information, including both voice and digital services, and which are much faster than traditional analogue lines. Local Area Network (LAN) - A network that connects computers, usually by cable, that are close to each other, usually in the same building Meta-information - Data about data, represented, for example, by a catalogue or an index. Often the data referred to is itself a compilation of data resources. Metadata is often stored in a meta-data information system that describes or defines other bodies of data, documents or information elements Oracle - A “relational” database management system of the Oracle Corporation. It offers a database software package that can handle and “relate” datasets of many different formats and types. Oracle’s Binary Large Object - A software developed by the Oracle Corporation for image storage Management System - A computer system that collects and analyses data from different sources, designed to provide an organisation’s management with up-to-date information (such as reports, an inventory) at any time. PERL SGML - PERL is a general-purpose programming language developed in 1987. It tends to be used for World Wide Web development, text processing, Internet services, mail filtering, graphical programming and systems administration (CC). -Standard Generic Mark-up Language which enables alternative presentations of the same information by defining the general structure and elements of a document. HTML (Hypertext Mark-up Language) commonly used for preparing websites is based on SGML. Spatial Database Engine (SDE) - An add-on tool that can be used to extend the capacity of a relational database server like Oracle to include geographic and map-based data. Sustainable Development Telematics - Development that provides economic, social and environmental benefits in the long term, in a way that meets the needs of living and future generations. - The application of telecommunications to information-related activities or informatics, resulting in technologies that support information storage, processing and transfer. UNIX workstation - A multi-user, multi-tasking computer operating system (o.s.) for use on mini-co mputers, mainframes and personal computers. The UNIX o.s. is written in the “C” computer programming language, developed by AT&T. (CC) Wide Area Network (WAN) - A network in which computers are connected to each other over a long distance, using telephone lines and satellite links. Windows NT - Windows “New Technology.” A 32-bit operating system from Microsoft for “high-end” workstations, servers, and networks. It supports the Unicode character set (larger than ASCII) and has built-in networking, memory protection and fault tolerance. POUŽITÉ VÝRAZY A JEJICH VÝZNAM ArcInfo/View - softwarový produkt pro geografické informaèní systémy(GIS) na uchovávání a prezentaci dat ve formì map. Souèástí produktu je ArcView, který umožòuje zobrazit mapy a obrazy na displeji CD-ROM - kompaktní disk s pamìtí jen pro ètení údajù. Opticky disk vypadá fyzikálnì stejnì jako CD, jenže obsahuje poèítaèová data. Databázový software - Software ( ta èást poèítaèové technologie, která není fyzicky hmatatelná a je založena na poèítaèovém programu) na uchovávání a na pøístup k údajùm, napø. FoxPro, Filemaker Pro nebo Oracle. Expertní systém - poèítaèový systém, který je naprogramován tak, že imituje procedury na øešení problému, jak to dìlá odborník-èlovìk. Napø. v lékaøském systému mùže uživatel za pomocí vstupných dat (napø. symptomù pacienta, laboratorních výsledkù atd.) urèit pomocí poèítaèe pravdìpodobnou diagnózu. Úspìšnost expertního systému závisí na kvalitì údajù vložených do poèítaèe a pravidel, které jsou v poèítaèi naprogramovány na posouzení tìchto údajù Front-end - rozhraní, vìtšinou grafické, mezi terminálem a uživatelem GIS - geografický informaèní systém: Poèítaèový systém, který obsahuje mapy a geografické informace a nìkdy analýzy geografických dat. Geografické informaèní systémy se používají v mnoha sektorech, napø. ve vládì, turistice, výchovì,v životním prostøedí, v konstrukci a v marketingu. GPS - globální systém urèování polohy. Systém satelitù, které kontinuálnì pøenášejí data a tím umožòují, aby se pomocí pøijímací jednotky stanovila zemìpisní poloha. - telematické nástroje (známé též jako technologie informaèní spoleènosti) pomáhají zlepšit kvalitu a efektivitu veøejné správy a služeb, jejich pøístupnost a pohodlné využívání. Lépe informovaní obèané pøispívají k uskuteènìní jednoho z cílù Evropské unie - uživatelsky jednoduchá a pøátelská informaèní spoleènost (User-Friendly Information Society). Integrovaný systém pro - systém, obvykle technologický, který umožòuje jednotný, propojený a management koordinovaný management dat o environmentálních problémech. Systém propojuje data rùzných organizací, skupin, jednotlivcù a oborù, které se týkají životního prostøedí a umožòuje celostní (holistický) pøístup k managementu životního prostøedí. Internet - globální systém sítì propojených poèítaèù, který umožòuje komunikaci mezi uživateli a pøenos dat z jednoho poèítaèe na druhý v této síti ISDN - integrovaná sí• digitálních služeb. Digitální telekomunikaèní linky, které pøenášejí až 128 kilobajtù informací, vèetnì zvuku a digitální služby vyšší rychlostí, než tradièní analogové linky. Local Area Network (LAN) - sí• pro propojení poèítaèù, které jsou umístìny blízko sebe, obvykle ve stejné budovì, obvykle pomocí kabelu Meta-information Oracle - údaj o údaji , napø. katalog, nebo index. Èasto se jedná o sestavení údajù o zdrojích dat Meta-data se èasto uchovávají v meta-datových informaèních systémech, které popisují, nebo definují další soubory dat, dokumentù nebo informaèních prvkù . - "relaèní" databázový systém spoleènosti Oracle Corporation. Nabízí soubor databázových programù, které mohou zpracovávat a propojovat datové soubory rùzných formátù a typù. obrazù - software, který vyvinula firma Oracle Corporation pro uchovávání PERL - PERL je všeobecnì orientovaný programovací jazyk vyvinutý v roce 1987. Používá se pro sestavení webových stránek, zpracování internetových služeb, grafické programování atd. Program pro - poèítaèový program pomocí kterého má uživatel pøístup a mùže rozhraní vyhledávat a aktualizovat specifická data uchováván v rozlièných formátech, jako napø. HTML, GIS, a Oracle. SGML - standardní generický programovací jazyk pro zpracování dokumentù, webových stránek apod. Spatial Database Engine (SDE) - pomocný nástroj, který pomáhá rozšíøit kapacitu relaèního databázového serveru pro propojení geografických a mapových informací Systém pro management - poèítaèový systém, který shromažïuje a analyzuje data z rùzných zdrojù a poskytuje vedení organizace aktuální informace (zprávy, souhrny, atd.) v libovolném èase Systém pro podporu rozhodování DSS - koordinované propojení lidí, zaøízení a dalších zdrojù (technologií), které analyzuje pøíslušná data tak, že se lidé a manažeøi mohli lépe rozhodovat. Jsou tøi typy DSS: - popisný DSS, který tj. vybírá, tøídí, shrnuje a vytváøí seznamy dat z existujících datových souborù - analytický DSS, který analyzuje data - modelovací DSS, který odpovídá na otázky typu "co když?". Trvale Telematika rozvoj - rozvoj, který poskytuje ekonomické, sociální a environmentální pøínos v dlouhodobém horizontu s ohledem na životní potøeby pøíštích generací. - aplikace telekomunikací v informaèních aktivitách, nebo v informatice, kterých výsledkem jsou technologie na uchovávání, zpracování a pøenos dat UNIX workstation - poèítaèový operaèní systém pro souèasné zpracování mnoha úkolù pro mnoho uživatelù, který vyvinul AT&T. Varovný systém pro havárie - varovný systém používaný pøi haváriích nebo mimoøádných událostech Wide Area Network (WAN) - sí•, která propojuje od sebe vzdálené poèítaèe pomocí telefonního a satelitního spojení Windows NT - Windows “Nová Technologie.” 32-bitový Microsoftu pro servery a sítì. od S£OWNICZEK TERMINÓW ArcInfo/View (GIS) do przedstawiania danych w formie map i ich prezentacji. odzwierciedlanie map i obrazów Binary Large Object CD-ROM GIS przechowywania obrazów firmy Oracle - Dysk kompaktowy tylko do odczytu. Dysk optyczny, który fizycznie jest identyczny jak dysk kompaktowy z nagraniami audio, ale zawiera dane komputerowe. - System Informacji Geograficznej. System komputerowy, który zawiera mapy i informacje geograficzne, a czasami - analizy danych geograficznych. Systemy informacji geograficznej maj¹ zastosowanie w wielu sektorach, takich jak administracja, turystyka, edukacja, ochrona œrodowiska, in¿ynieria i marketing. GPS - Globalny System Lokalizacji. System satelitów, które bezustannie przesy³aj¹ dane, co umo¿liwia okreœlanie po³o¿enia na Ziemi za poœrednictwem specjalnego odbiornika. Interfejs czo³owy a u¿ytkownikiem. Internet jednego terminala komputerowego do jakiegokolwiek innego komputera, znajduj¹cego siê w owej sieci. ISDN zarówno us³ugi g³osowe, jak i cyfrowe, które s¹ przy tym o wiele logowe. Lokalna Sieæ (LAN) - Sieæ, która ³¹czy komputery (zwykle przy pomocy kabla), które Komputerowa Metainformacje metadanych, który opisuje lub definiuje inne zestawy danych, dokumentów lub elementów informacji. Oprogramowanie bazy danych - Oprogramowanie (ten element techniki komputerowej, którego nie mo¿na fizycznie dotkn¹æ, a zatem który opiera siê na programie komputerowym), wykorzystywane do przechowywania i Filemaker Pro lub Oracle. Oracle formatach i rodzajach. PERL internetowych, filtrowania korespondencji, programowania graficznego i administrowania systemami. Program interfejsu klienta - Napisany na poziomie lokalnym program komputerowy, u³atwiaj¹cy dostêp u¿ytkownika koñcowego do konkretnych danych przechowywanych w ró¿nych formatach, na przyk³ad HTML, GIS i Oracle, a tak¿e wyszukiwanie i modyfikacjê takich Komputerowa (WAN) danych. - Sieæ, w której komputery po³¹czone s¹ ze sob¹ na du¿¹ odleg³oœæ, przy u¿yciu linii telefonicznych i ³¹czy satelitarnych. - Rozwój, który na d³u¿sz¹ metê zapewnia korzyœci gospodarcze, spo³eczne i ekologiczne, uwzglêdniaj¹c potrzeby obecnie ¿yj¹cych i SGML -Standardowy Uniwersalny Jêzyk Znakowania, który umo¿liwia ró¿ne alternatywne prezentacje tych samych informacji poprzez definiowanie struktury ogólnej i elementów dokumentu. HTML (jêzykhipertekstowego znakowania informacji), powszechnie wykorzystywany do przygotowywania witryn w sieci WWW, siê w³aœnie na SGML. Spatial Database Engine - Dodatkowe narzêdzie do bazy danych, które mo¿e byæ u¿yte do rozszerzenia mo¿liwoœci serwera relacyjnej bazy danych - takiej jak Oracle - o dane geograficzne i mapowe. opiera (SDE) dziedziny telematyki (znane tak¿e jako Technologie Spo³eczeñstwa Informacyjnego) pomagaj¹ w poprawie jakoœci i efektywnoœci administracji publicznej i us³ug, jak równie¿ ich dostêpnoœci i przyjaznoœci, co prowadzi do lepszego poinformowania obywateli. Stanowi to wk³ad w realizacjê celów Unii Europejskiej, do których nale¿y nie pomijaj¹ce nikogo przyjazne spo³eczeñstwo informacyjne. System Doradczy (Ekspertowy) - System komputerowy, który jest zaprogramowany w taki b, by naœladowaæ procedury rozwi¹zywania problemów, pacjenta, wyniki badañ laboratoryjnych itd., a nastêpnie uzyskaæ od danych dostarczonych do komputera oraz regu³, które w komputerze, by móg³ wyci¹gaæ wnioski z tych danych. zaprogramowano System Ostrzegania o Incydentach System Wspomagania (Decyzji Decision Support System - DSS) analizuje dane gospodarcze i prezentuje je w taki sposób, aby mened¿erom i innym osobom ³atwiej by³o podejmowaæ decyzje. Mo¿na wyró¿niæ trzy typy DSS: -DSS raportuj¹cy, który wybiera, sortuje, streszcza i wylicza (wymienia) dane z istniej¹cych plików danych; -DSS analizuj¹cy, wykorzystywany do analizowania danych; -DSS modeluj¹cy, którego zadaniem jest odpowiadanie na pytania - System komputerowy, który zbiera i analizuje dane z ró¿nych Ÿróde³, Danymi przeznaczony do dostarczania kierownictwu organizacji w dowolnym momencie aktualnych informacji (takich jak raporty, stan zapasów). Telematyka - Zastosowanie telekomunikacji do czynnoœci zwi¹zanych z informacji. UNIX workstation (s.o.) do wykorzystywania w minikomputerach, komputerach klasy mainframe i komputerach osobistych. S.o. UNIX napisany jest w jêzyku programowania “C”, stworzonym przez AT&T. Windows NT - “Nowa Technologia” Windows. 32-bitowy system operacyjny firmy Microsoft dla profesjonalnych stacji roboczych, serwerów i sieci. Obs³uguje on zestaw znaków Unicode (wiêkszy ni¿ ASCII) i posiada wbudowan¹ mo¿liwoœæ tworzenia sieci, ochronê pamiêci i Zintegrowany System jednolite, kompleksowe i skoordynowane zarz¹dzanie danymi dotycz¹cymi problemów ekologicznych. System ten skupia zwykle w jedno dane odpowiednich organizacji, grup, osób i dyscyplin 1. INTRODUCTION Background CAPE (Co-ordinated Action for Pan-European Transport and Environment Telematics Implementation Support) is a European Union (EU) funded project that aims to encourage the greater use of telematics or so-called Information Society Technologies (IST) in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the EU. A key objective of CAPE is to showcase telematics applications through different mechanisms in order to facilitate their uptake. These mechanisms to date have included an online website, user-fora, and technical workshops. This publication represents another of those mechanisms, namely to summarise and demonstrate in the form of a “good practice” guide those technologies supporting environment and knowledge management. Why this Guide? A clear opportunity exists for CEE countries to “leapfrog” certain western technological developments and move quickly into the realm of telematics (for instance from line-based to wireless communications), coincident with the EU enlargement process. A recent CAPE survey2 revealed that more than 70 percent of CEE local government environment experts and decisionmakers considered the use of IT/telematics applications a future priority. Some 80 percent indicated a preference for decision-making support systems and 90 percent for public information and disseminationrelated applications. Upon further examination, the key environmental areas for application were considered to be waste, environment monitoring (air and water), emergency management, and transport. Amongst the vehicles considered most useful for disseminating telematics results, 80 percent requested conferences and dissemination events, 81 percent asked for technical training sessions, and 75 percent requested on-site technical visits. In response to this, CAPE hosted the above referenced events in Munich, Prague, Warsaw and Sofia during summer and autumn 1999. Constructive dialogue and exchange of experiences was hosted during those events on a series of applications that met these priority needs. Sixty-nine percent of those surveyed also called for supporting documentation and “good practice” guides. This guide is intended to satisfy those requests and to further document and demonstrate the value and benefits of telematics applications. It specifically targets the CEE local government decisionmaker, although it may be of interest to anyone who wants to know more about implementing telematics applications. It summarises 12 innovative and proven telematics tools matching the priority areas identified. Several of the applications included were developed under the European Commission’s 4th Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development, 1994-8, and were presented at the Munich User-forum and Workshop. Others have been funded through different European Commission and international programmes. Several local initiatives are included for comparison, as well as a number developed independently in CEE. It is the goal of this guide to show the strengths of telematics applications in bettering environmental management processes, and to show how knowledge and information can be better exploited and distributed through such tools. It is also intended to complement other “good-practice” guides currently available, including the ENWAP User Forum Good Practice in Air and Water Management Systems for Europe and the CAPE project’s Good Practice in Transport Telematics Implementation. Structure of the Guide Data for the 12 surveyed applications was collected with a standard questionnaire format (included in Annex I) that examined the technical profile of the application, its background and objectives, transferability, and benefits. Questionnaire responses have been edited for clarity and are presented according to this strucure, enabling crosschecking between cases. An abstract summarises the main points of each study and serves to introduce it. Case studies are presented in sections addressing the four priority areas identified above, namely: 1) waste and contaminated sites management, 2) environmental monitoring (of air and water), 3) emergency management and 4) public access to information (this category substitutes for transport, which is dealt with in its entirety by a separate CAPE publication, entitled "Good Practices in Transport Telematics Implementation)." Three case studies have been selected for each area, and with the exception of waste management, each contain an example from the CEE region. An Executive Summary digests and summarises the information contained within the case studies and provides additional analysis. After summarising the Context of Environment Telematics in Europe, the Good Practice in Environment Telematics section introduces the 12 surveyed applications. This overviews each case-study by name, the environmental issues addressed by each project and the nature of funding. The following four sections examine key transfer-related issues, including: applications’ Relevance to Central and Eastern Europe, their Environmental Benefits, the technical frameworks required for Implementation and Lessons Learned – concerning for instance, project management and legal frameworks. Through these sections, the Executive Summary aims to demonstrate telematics’ benefits for the environment and the requirements for implementation and transfer. A Glossary of Terms is included after the Foreward in order to help explain some of the more technical terms included in the Executive Summary and case studies. An effort has been made to keep the guide as simple and straightforward as possible. It is targeted toward readers with a general understanding of information technology issues. The Introduction, Executive Summary and case study abstracts have been translated into Czech and Polish in order to promote the dissemination of results to a wider audience. Furthermore, the guide and its local language translations are available in full-text on the world wide web at: <http://www.rec.org/ist/cape>, and under the Telematics Applications Programme website: <http://www2.echo.lu/telematics/>. 2 The survey, entitled ”Status and Priorities for Telematics Applications - A Survey of Local Government in Ten Central and East European Countries” was undertaken in October 1998 and published in August 1999. It is accessible via the Internet in full under: http://www.rec.org/REC/Programs/Telematics/CAPE/quansrvy/cee/ env/env.html 1. ÚVOD Základní informace Projekt CAPE (Co-ordinated Action for Pan-European Transport and Environment Telematics Implementation Support), financovaný Evropskou unií (EU), si klade za cíl podpoøit vyšší využívání telematiky, nebo tzv. technologií pro informaèní spoleènost (IST) ve støední a východní Evropì a EU. Hlavním zámìrem projektu CAPE je poukázat na telematické aplikace pomocí rùzných mechanizmù a podpoøit jejich zavádìní. Tyto mechanizmy dosud pøedstavují webové stránky, fóra uživatelù a technické workshopy. Tato publikace ve formì prùvodce "správnými postupy” je dalším prostøedkem pro souhrn a demonstraci technologií, které podporují management životního prostøedí. Proè tento Ve støední a východní Evropì existuje reálná možnost "pøeskoèit" urèité stadium technologického vývoje na západì a posunout se rychle k telematice zároveò s procesem rozšiøování Evropské unie. Výzkum CAPE 2 odhalil, že více než 70% odborníkù a pracovníkù, odpovìdných za rozhodování v støední a východní Evropì pokládá využití IT/telematických aplikací za budoucí prioritu. Asi 80 procent preferuje pro systémy na podporu rozhodování a 90 procent aplikace, zamìøené na informování veøejnosti. Za klíèové oblasti životního prostøedí podle výsledkù výzkumu jsou pokládány odpady, monitorování životního prostøedí (ovzduší a vod), management havarijních a rizikových situací a doprava. Nejužiteènìjšími prostøedky pro rozšiøování informací a výsledkù telematiky jsou pro 80 procent dotázaných konference a jim podobné akce, 81 procent vyžaduje školení a technický výcvik a 75 procent požaduje technické exkurze na místì. CAPE proto uspoøádal v létì a na podzim 1999 setkání v Mnichovì, Praze, Varšavì a v Sofii, v rámci kterých se uskuteènil konstruktivní dialog a výmìna zkušeností z používání øady prioritních aplikací. Šedesát šest procent dotazovaných požaduje dokumentaci a prùvodce "správnými postupy." Z toho dùvodu byl zpacován tento prùvodce, který dokumentuje hodnotu a pøínos telematických aplikací. Je urèen pro øídící pracovníky místní správy, nicménì je otevøen pro každého zájemce o aplikace telematiky. Prùvodce též struènou formou podává pøehled o dvanácti inovativních a osvìdèených telematických nástrojích, které se týkají jmenovaných priorit. Nìkteré ze zaøazených aplikací byly vyvinuty v 4. rámcovém programu Evropské komise v letech 1994-98 a prezentovány na workshopu a foru uživatelù v Mnichovì. Další byly financovány rùznými mezinárodními a evropskými programy. Pro srovnání je pøipojeno nìkolik dalších programù, které jsou výsledkem místních iniciativ a programy, které byly nezávisle vyvinuty ve støední a východní Evropì. Úlohou tohoto prùvodce je poukázat na pøínosy telematických aplikací pro zlepšení životního prostøedí a ukázat, že je možné lépe využít a rozšiøovat znalosti a informace pomocí tìchto nástrojù. Dalším zámìrem je doplnit jiné dostupné prùvodce "správními postupy," vèetnì pøíruèky “Správné postupy v systémech pro management ovzduší a vod - fora uživatelù ENWAP a “Správné postupy v telematice pro dopravu” zpracovanou v rámci projektu CAPE. Struktura Údaje o dvanácti zkoumaných aplikacích byly sestaveny podle standardizovaného formuláøe (který je uveden v pøíloze II) kterým se provìøil technický profil aplikace, její základní údaje a zámìry, transferabilita (m ožnost pøevodu jinam) a pøínosy. Odpovìdi z dotazníku byly sestaveny a prezentovány podle této struktury, která umožnila provìøení a kontrolu mezi postupy. Abstrakty pøedstavují a shrnují hlavní body každého postupu. Ovìøované studie jsou prezentovány ve ètyøech oblastech, oznaèovaných jako priority: 1) management odpadù a kontaminovaných míst, 2) monitorování životního prostøedí (ovzduší a vod), 3) management rizikových a havarijních situací a 4) pøístup veøejnosti k informacím (nahrazuje dopravu, o kterých pojednává zvláštní publikace CAPE s názvem “Správné postupy pøi zavádìní telematiky v dopravì”). Pro každou oblast byly vybrány tøi aplikace a každá uvádí pøíklad ze støední a východní Evropy. Pro lepší rozlišení je každá oznaèena jinou barvou. Shrnutí zhuš•uje a shrnuje informace, které jsou uvedeny v ovìøovaných studiích a uvádí dodateènou analýzu. Po shrnutí Kontextu telematiky pro , sekce Správné postupy v telematice uvádí dvanáct zkoumaných aplikací. U každé uvádí název, oblast prostøedí, které se dotýká, a zpùsob jejího financování. Následující ètyøi sekce se provìøují hlavní otázky, které se týkají možného transferu aplikací jako relevantnost pro východní Evropu, jejich pøínosy pro životní prostøedí, zaøízení, které vyžaduje technická implementace a zkušenosti a poznatky které se týkají napø. managementu projektu a legislativy. Pomocí tìchto sekcí pomáhá Shrnutí demonstrovat pøínos telematiky pro životní prostøedí a požadavky na její transfer a implementaci. Seznam použitých výrazù je uveden pro lepší vysvìtlení nìkterých technických termínù, které se používají ve Shrnutí a v ovìøovaných studiích. Byl sestaven z nìkolika zdrojù, vèetnì tezaurù GEMET 2.0 European Environment Agency Environmental Thesaurus, EuroDicAutom a slovníku Computer Currents High Tech Dictionary Snažili jsme se, aby tento prùvodce byl pro èitatele s obecnou znalostí otázek informaèních technologií pokud možno jednoduchý a pøímý. Úvod, shrnutí a abstrakty ovìøovaných studií byly pøeloženy do èeštiny a polštiny. Doufáme, že tím se výsledky dostanou k vìtšímu poètu zájemcù. Kromì toho jsou prùvodce a pøeklady do tìchto jazykù k dispozici na webových stránkách: <http://www.rec.org/ist/cape> a na stránce programu Telematics Applications Programme: <http://www2.echo.lu/telematics/>. 2 Prùzkum s názvem "Stav a priority pro telematické aplikace - Prùzkum místní správy v deseti zemích støední a východní Evropy" byl proveden v øíjnu 1998 a publikován v srpnu 1999. Je dostupný na internetu na adrese: <http://www.rec.org/REC/programs/ telematics/cape/quansrvy/cee/env/env.html> 1. WPROWADZENIE T³o CAPE (Co-ordinated Action for Pan-European Transport and Environment Telematics Implementation Support - Skoordynowana Akcja na rzecz wdra¿ania telematyki w transporcie i ochronie œrodowiska w Europie) to projekt finansowany przez Uniê Europejsk¹ (UE), którego celem jest pobudzanie szerszego wykorzystywania telematyki czy te¿ tak zwanych Technologii Spo³eczeñstwa Informacyjnego (IST) w Europie Œrodkowej i Wschodniej oraz UE. upowszechniaj¹cych, 81 procent prosi³o o szkolenia techniczne, a 75 procent ¿¹da³o wizyt fachowców w Najwa¿niejszym celem CAPE jest zaprezentowanie poprzez ró¿ne mechanizmy zastosowañ telematyki, po to by u³atwiæ ich zrozumienie. Jak dot¹d do mechanizmów tych nale¿¹ dostêpne w trybie online witryny WWW, fora u¿ytkowników oraz specjalistyczne warsztaty. Niniejsza publikacja jest przyk³adem kolejnego z tych mechanizmów, a mianowicie syntetycznego przedstawienia w formie przewodnika po "dobrej praktyce" ("w³aœciwym postêpowaniu") techno-logii wspomagaj¹cych zarz¹dzanie œrodowiskiem i wiedz¹. Szeœædziesi¹t dziewiêæ procent ankietowanych opowiedzia³o siê ponadto za dokumentacj¹ pomocnicz¹ oraz przewodnikami po "dobrej praktyce." W rezultacie przygotowany zosta³ niniejszy przewodnik, który ma na celu dalsze dokumentowanie i Sk¹d wzi¹³ siê pomys³ tego Przewodnika? WyraŸnie widaæ, ¿e Europa Œrodkowa i Wschodnia, równolegle do procesu poszerzania UE, ma szansê "przeskoczyæ" pewne zachodnie rozwi¹zania techniczne i szybko wkroczyæ do królestwa telematyki (na przyk³ad przechodz¹c od telekomunikacji opartej na tradycyjnych liniach do bezprze-wodowej). Niedawne badanie ankietowe2 przeprowadzone w ramach projektu CAPE oraz decydentów od spraw ochrony œrodowiska uwa¿a wykorzystywanie technologii informacyjnej/aplikacji telematycznych za priorytet na przysz³oœæ. Oko³o 80 wspomagaj¹cych podejmowanie decyzji, a 90 procent aplikacji s³u¿¹cych do informowania spo³eczeñstwa i najwa¿niejsze obszary zwi¹zane z ochron¹ œrodowiska, dla których aplikacje s¹ potrzebne uwa¿a siê odpady, monitoring œrodowiska (powietrza i wody), zwalczanie rozpowszechniania osi¹gniêæ telematyki, 80 procent wspomnianych imprez w Monachium, Pradze, Warszawie i Sofii, które odby³y siê latem i jesieni¹ roku 1999. Konstruktywny dialog oraz wymiana doœwiadczeñ, które mia³y miejsce podczas tych imprez, dotyczy³y szeregu aplikacji odpowiadaj¹cych potrzebom, (wykorzystuj¹cych technologie teleinformatyczne) oraz p³yn¹cych z nich korzyœci. Adresowany jest zw³aszcza do decydentów samorz¹dowych z EŒW, choæ mo¿e te¿ z niego skorzystaæ ka¿dy, kto interesuje siê zastosowaniem aplikacji telematycznych. Przewodnik przedstawia w skrócie dwanaœcie nowatorskich i sprawdzonych narzêdzi telematycznych, odpowiadaj¹cych zidentyfiko-wanym obszarom priorytetowym. Kilka spoœród opisanych tu aplikacji powsta³o w ramach 4. Ramowego Programu Komisji Europejskiej na rzecz Badañ i Rozwoju Technicznego (1994-8) i by³o prezentowanych podczas Forum U¿ytkow-ników i Warsztatów w Monachium. Inne finansowane by³y za poœrednictwem ró¿nych programów Komisji Europejskiej oraz miêdzynarodowych. Dla porównania uwzglêdniono te¿ kilka inicjatyw lokalnych, jak równie¿ parê stworzonych niezale¿nie w Europie Œrodkowej i Wschodniej. Celem niniejszego przewodnika jest ukazanie zalet aplikacji telematycznych z punktu widzenia poprawy procesów zarz¹dzania œrodowiskiem oraz pokazanie, jak za poœrednictwem takich narzêdzi mo¿na lepiej wykorzystywaæ i rozpowszechniaæ wiedzê i informacje. Ma on ponadto stanowiæ uzupe³nienie innych aktualnie dostêpnych przewodników po “dobrej praktyce,” takich jak "W³aœciwe postêpowanie w dziedzinie systemów zarz¹dzania zasobami powietrza i wody dla Europy" (ENWAP, Forum U¿ytkowników) oraz powsta³a w ramach projektu CAPE "Good Practice in Transport Telematics Implementation" (w³aœciwe postêpowanie przy wdra¿aniu telematyki w obszarze transportu). Struktura Przewodnika zgodnie ze standardowym formu-larzem kwestionariusza (zamieszczonym w Aneksie I), który bada³ profil techniczny aplikacji, jej t³o i cele, mo¿liwoœæ przenies-ienia na inny grunt oraz uzyskane korzyœci. Odpowiedzi na ankietê poddane zosta³y dla wiêkszej jasnoœci zabiegom redakcyjnym; zaprezentowano je wed³ug tej struktury, umo¿liwiaj¹c porównywanie poszczególnych przypadków. G³ówne za³o¿enia ka¿dej analizy zawarte s¹ w streszczeniu, które s³u¿y jako wprowadzenie do niej. Analizy przypadków (case studies) przedstawione s¹ w grupach, odpowiadaj¹cych wy¿ej zidentyfiko-wanym czterem obszarom priorytetowym, którymi s¹: 1) gospodarka odpadami i zarz¹dzanie terenami ska¿onymi, 2) monitoring œrodowiska (powietrza i wody), 3) zwalczanie nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eñ œrodowiska oraz 4) dostêp spo³eczeñstwa do informacji (zastêpuj¹cy transport, który omówiony zosta³ kompleksowo w osobnej publikacji CAPE, Good Practices in Transport Telematics Implementation). Dla ka¿dego obszaru wybrano trzy case studies, przy czym z wyj¹tkiem gospodarki odpadami, ka¿dy z nich obejmuje przyk³ad z Europy Œrodkowej i Wschodniej. Dla u³atwienia dostêpu, ka¿da grupa zosta³a oznaczona innym kolorem. Skrót Dokumentu (Executive Summary) porz¹dkuje i streszcza informacje zawarte w analizach przypadków, a tak¿e zawiera dodatkow¹ analizê. Po krótkim Kontekstu telematyki w ochronie Dobra praktyka w zakresie zastosowania telematyki w ochronie w badaniu aplikacji. Dokonano w nim ogólnego przegl¹du wszystkich analiz przypadków - ich nazw, problemów ekologicznych, których dotycz¹, oraz mo¿liwoœci¹ przenoszenia aplikacji na inny grunt, w tym ich U¿ytecznoœæ z punktu widzenia Europy Œ rodkowej i Wschodniej, zwi¹zane z nimi , ramy techniczne niezbêdne dla oraz Wyci¹gniête wnioski - dotycz¹ce na przyk³ad zarz¹dzania projektami i ram prawnych. W rozdzia³ach tych Skrót Dokumentu zmierza do zademonstrowania korzyœci, jakie aplikacje telematyczne przynosz¹ œrodowisku oraz wymogów zwi¹zanych z ich wdra¿aniem i przenoszeniem na inny grunt. Po Spisie treœci zamieszczono S³owniczek terminów, który ma pomóc w wyjaœnieniu niektórych bardziej specjalistycznych terminów, wystêpuj¹cych w Skrócie Dokumentu i analizach przypadków. Starano siê, by przewodnik by³ maksymalnie prosty i jasny; adresowano go do czytelnika maj¹cego ogóln¹ orientacjê w zagadnieniach technologii informacyjnych. Wprowadzenie, Skrót Dokumentu oraz streszczenia analiz przypadków zosta³y przet³umaczone na jêzyk czeski oraz polski, co powinno sprzyjaæ dotarciu uzyskanych wyników do szerszej publicznoœci. Ponadto przewodnik ten i jego t³umaczenia na jêzyki lokalne dostêpne s¹ w ca³oœci w Internecie pod adresem <http://www.rec.org/ist/cape> i w witrynie WWW Programu Zastosowañ Telematyki (Telematics Applications Programme): <http://www2.echo.lu/telematics/>. 2 Badanie, zatytu³owane ”Stan i priorytety w zakresie aplikacji telematycznych - badanie ankietowe samorz¹dów w dziesiêciu krajach Europy Œrodkoweji Wschodniej” przeprowadzone zosta³o w paŸdzierniku 1998, a jego wyniki opublikowano w sierpniu 1999. S¹ one dostêpne w ca³oœciza poœrednictwem Internetu pod adresem: <http://www.rec.org/REC/Programs/Telematics/CAPE/quansrvy/ce e/env/env.html> G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION 2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction to Structure of the Executive Summary The Executive Summary is arranged in six sections. The first section, 2.1 Context of Environment Telematics in Europe, introduces the role of telematics and summarises the main driving forces and mechanisms leading to their use in Europe. This section is meant to “set-thescene” and define telematics’ value and role in supporting the implementation of EU policies, particularly with regard to the environment. The second section, 2.2 Good Practices in Environment Telematics, introduces, in table form, the 12 applications surveyed. The tables include the name of each application, the environmental issues the application addresses and the nature of their funding. Sections 2.3-2.7 summarise the main results, conclusions and other attributes of case-studies and provides additional ?” while the latter two consider “How to implement telematics applications.” These questions are also used to subdivide Sections 2.3-2.7 into two parts. An attempt has been made to provide as much “value-added” and useful summary information as possible. Section 2.3 examines the applications’ Relevance to Central and Eastern Europe, particularly with regard to the environmental problems of the region. Section 2.4 highlights the Environmental Benefits to be gained from the use of such specialised applications. Section 2.5 considers the Implementation Framework and addresses the technical requirements for application transfer, while Section 2.6 Lessons Learned, summarises project experiences related to their management, legal frameworks and expectations of the use of telematics. These four themes were considered to be most relevant to the target audience (public authorities in CEE), and are chosen as the best means to respond to the needs identified in CAPE’s surveys of the CEE region. Each of the above sections is arranged in a broadly similar format, and each discusses applications and issues respective to the four key priority areas identified by CAPE for environment telematics (waste and contaminated sites management tools, environmental monitoring, emergency management applications and tools facilitating public access to information). Section 2.3, on “Relevance to Central and Eastern Europe” summarises CEE environmental problems, independent of the attributes of the 12 case-studies. Sections 2.4 on “Environmental Benefits” and 2.5, on “Implementation Framework,” detail case-study attributes, according to the environmental issues they support. This means case studies are addressed by environmental theme, and in the order shown in Table One overleaf. Attributes are addressed on a project-by-project basis, largely because of their heterogeneous nature and the difficulty in summarising key issues. (It is also assumed this is the most useful means of providing access for the expert and/or decision-maker with a specific interest). Section 2.6 Lessons Learned, rather than separated by priority areas, summarises a number of key project management issues that were commonly raised amongst all projects, and therefore is issue-based. The main goal of the Executive Summary is to summarise the key results of the surveyed applications and to serve as an introduction for the reader to the more detailed information provided within the case studies themselves on the subsequent pages. 2.1 CONTEXT OF TELEMATICS IN EUROPE ENVIRONMENT Telematics tools incorporate those information technology applications developed from EC-funded 23 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION research projects. Environment telematics applications are intended to support the environmental management procedures of local governments, both within, and outside of, the EU. Through better monitoring of the local environment, telematics tools support compliance with EU Directives, and contribute to the meeting of sustainable development targets. The improved collection and storage of environmental data supports “informed” decision-making – and informed citizens – and can facilitate public involvement in the decision-making process. Telematics tools are also intended to improve the quality and efficiency of local public administrations and services, as well as their accessibility and user-friendliness. Telematics tools thereby support implementation of the EU’s “subsidiarity” principle. They also contribute to the realisation of European Union goals for an inclusive User-Friendly Information Society. APPLICATION AREAS Waste Management and Contaminated Sites 2.2 GOOD PRACTICES IN ENVIRONMENT TELEMATICS Table 1 below briefly summarises the twelve applications addressed by this guide. Four of the casestudies (including TELEFLEUR, HEIS-MUC, DEDICS, COSIMA) were co-funded by the EC’s Telematics Applications Programme (TAP), during 1994-8. Some have been funded by other international programmes and donors (such as Black Sea Web, JAMS, Danube AEWS, and the Air Quality Management System in Vilnius, Lithuania). Projects like IOZIP, SNIRH, SINDRA and the Construction and Demolition Recyclables Exchange are almost fully funded locally. CASE STUDIES Construction & Demolition Recyclables Exchange SINDRA - Telematics for Waste Management in the Rhone-Alpes Region COSIMA - Contaminated Sites Management Support System Environmental Monitoring Emergency Management Public Access to Information 24 Urban Air Quality Management System in Vilnius, Lithuania JAMS Joint Air Monitoring System in the Black Triangle Region SNIRH Portuguese Water Resources Information System TELEFLEUR - Telematics Assisted Handling of Flood Emergencies in Urban Areas Danube AEWS Danube Accident Emergency Warning System DEDICS Forest fire management support system HEIS-MUC Health and Environmental Information System Munich, Germany KEY ATTRIBUTES Re-usable building and construction waste inventory serving the whole of Austria and neighbouring countries. Waste processing and management tool applied at regional level. GIS-based contaminated sites assessment and decision support tool applied at local government level in Ireland, Germany, Italy and Amsterdam. Urban air quality modelling and monitoring system. Transboundary air quality monitoring and emergency warning system. Water quality and resource management system. Integrated management system supporting emergency services in Athens, Greece dedicated to the management of flash-floods. Pollution incident alert system operating in 11 countries, through which the Danube river runs, facilitating emergency preparedness and response. Integrated management system supporting emergency services dedicated to the management of forest fires in Crete, the French Riviera and Andalucia. Integrated environmental data management system providing improved decision-maker and public access to environmental data. G OOD P R A C T I C E S IOZIP Environmental Information System of Prague, Czech Republic Black Sea Web Black Sea Environmental Management Support System IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION Integrated environmental data management system providing improved decision-maker and public access to environmental data corresponding to environmental regulations. Regional environmental data management system for marine-related issues serving several Black Sea countries relying on Internet. Table 1: Projects and their key attributes In order to have qualified for EC co-financing, applications such as HEIS-MUC, COSIMA, and TELEFLEUR will have been shown to be central to the needs of public authorities and research centres managing and monitoring environmental issues. Having been successful in procuring funding, up to 50 percent of the project costs will have been contributed locally, clearly showing the practical value attached to such tools by the authorities implementing them. Today, financing of these applications and their management continues independent of EC support. Some applications are being further developed, for instance, DEDICS and HEIS-MUC. For other organisations implementing projects financed by foreign programmes, the development of telematics tools will have been based upon clearly identified environmental priorities, for instance, in better coordinating management of the heavily polluted Black Triangle region in Central Europe, or the effective monitoring of the Danube waterway. Other activities were initiated in order to realise commitments toward sustainable development policy – in the field of waste, for instance, within the Recyclables Exchange application. In some cases, applications have been fullyfinanced by city authorities, for instance the Prague Environmental Information System, because of the need to support decision-makers with valuable information concerning environmental pressures and threats. These examples also show the value attached to telematics tools therefore by senior decision-makers in supporting environmental policy goals and targets. 25 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION WHY IMPLEMENT TELEMATICS APPLICATIONS? 2.3 RELEVANCE TO THE CEE REGION The environment of the CEE countries is frequently cited as one of the main obstacles in their quest for EU accession. Recent CAPE surveys 3 identified the main environment priorities to be poor air quality arising from traffic emissions, noise pollution, waste problems, wastewater treatment and a keen desire among 90 percent of decision-makers to improve public access to environmental information. These priorities broadly correspond to the main priority areas identified for environment telematics applications, namely tools supporting waste management, environmental monitoring (of air and water), emergency management, and public access to environmental information. This section, based on CAPE survey results and according to the priorities identified for telematics tools, aims to detail why these environmental issues are of importance in CEE. Waste Problems and Contaminated Sites Some 25 percent of CEE public administrations and local governments identified domestic waste as their most important environmental problem, according to CAPE. Annual growth rates are around 8 percent. Among those waste-related problems most frequently cited, acute short-term problems included: increasing levels of domestic waste, illegal waste dumping, the disposal of hazardous waste, and the treatment of sludge from wastewater plants. It is not surprising that some 70 percent of surveyed authorities indicated a desire to use telematics to "support waste management." CAPE also found that, in Western Europe, around 66 percent of waste is now being landfilled, while in CEE countries, the figure stands at approximately 80 percent (and 6 percent goes uncollected). Improperly managed waste landfill sites can lead to groundwater pollution and soil contamination. This problem is of increasing 3 concern to CEE countries. Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary, and Lithuania were earmarked by CAPE as being particularly at risk from groundwater contamination. Furthermore, decades of socialist rule within the CEE region left a legacy of contaminated military installations and a landscape dominated by heavy industry. Some 275 military bases covering one percent of the country were identified as susceptible to the threat of pollution. As a consequence, contaminated site remediation was an earmarked priority among 30 percent of the public administrations surveyed. Air and Water Pollution Nearly all CEE countries have experienced reductions in the emissions of major pollutants, including sulphur dioxide and particulates, owing in part to a decline in heavy industry and the use of cleaner production technologies. However, transboundary air pollution continues to be a problem. Many CEE countries are also now experiencing increasing nitrous oxide (NOx) concentrations, ozone and noise, due to rising levels of urban traffic (see Figure 1 over). Up to 40 percent of surveyed authorities claimed long-term policies will need to be developed to tackle long-term problems such as traffic emissions, and already as many as 30 percent have policies in place. Some 40 percent considered telematics will play a major role in the future in modelling and forecasting air quality. The capital city of Lithuania, Vilnius, is a typical example of a CEE city experiencing increasing air quality problems arising from traffic pollution levels and industry. In response, the city estab-lished an entire unit devoted to air quality management, and adopted a coordinated urban air pollution management strategy. In order to support this and define future policy, monitoring and modelling equipment has been implemented and combined with a decision support system. Qualitative Survey of Ten Central and East European Countries on the Requirements and Framework for Environment and Transport Telematics Implementation, August 1999 and Quantitative survev based on questionnaire responses of the needs and policy priorities of public authorities, summarised in the report on Status and Priorities for Environment Telematics Applications - A Survey of Local Government in Ten Central and East European Countries, August 1999. Both online under: <http://www.rec.org/ist/cape>. 26 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION Figure 1: Rising levels of car ownership in Prague, Czech Republic. (Source: IOZIP) Transboundary air quality problems are common in the CEE region. Slovakia, Romania and Lithuania are known to be net-importers of atmospheric pollution and acid rain. The Black Triangle Region, which includes part of the Czech Republic, Poland and Germany is perhaps the most well-known example of pollution with no respect for borders. Decades of heavy industry in the region has had a hugely detrimental impact on the environment, with acid-rain helping to create an ecological disaster by destroying mountain forests and acidifying the soils. Some 3 million tons of sodium dioxide (SO2) and approximately 1 million tons of NOx are emitted each year. In response, international donors and governments in the region initiated the Black Triangle Programme in 1991, which included activities such as the establishment of an automated monitoring system. Much of the groundwater in CEE remains polluted by non-point sources including uncontrolled runoff, untreated sewage, contaminated soils, bacteriological pollution and nitrate excesses. In many cases these conditions are found to be worsening. Some reductions in surface water pollution have been detected across CEE. However, it is clear that measures need to be taken in order to ensure better quality control and adequate resource management. Given that only about 20 percent of households in CEE countries are connected to a sewage system, effective water resource management remains critical. For these reasons, as many as 72 percent of the surveyed public authorities indicated environmental policies are in place in order to deal with increasing levels of sewage water and some 36 percent have already begun to monitor groundwater. Environmental Emergencies The occurrence of natural emergencies has risen in recent years in the CEE region, particularly with respect to flooding. Fewer instances of forest fires were noted by CAPE, however, countries with large forested areas like Romania and Bulgaria, and those experiencing rapid urbanisation, may be threatened by such incidents. Industrial accidents and oil spills are of concern in countries like Slovenia and Latvia, and have been a major cause for concern along international waterways like the Danube for many years. The need to be better prepared for such events and to ensure their effective management, through telematics tools, appears to be already apparent. Some 46 percent of the CEE authorities surveyed expect telematics tools to have a considerable impact on the sector over the coming twoto-three years. In some places, like the town of Olomouc in the Czech Republic, the use of telematics has already begun. In 1997, Olomouc experienced its worst flood of the 20th century and in response, as was reported at the CAPE Telematics User Forum and Workshop in Munich, June 1999, the town began operating a simple emergency warning system. Flash-floods are becoming increasingly commonplace in southern European cities too, particularly those cities surrounded by steep topography and experiencing rapid urban development, deforestation and the effects of greenhouse gases. Industrial accidents and oil spills have frequently occurred along the Danube waterway during the 1980s and 1990s. These have threatened water supply and caused the shutdown of water intakes. Downstream countries, and less economically developed countries among the 13 countries in the Danube basin, are particularly threatened by such events. These countries need advance notification in order to effectively deal with spills and other accidents. In 1991, the international donor community initiated the Danube Environment Programme, which seeks to improve cooperation 27 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION among the Danube countries. This programme has also helped realise the implementation of a network of alert “centres” and an emergency warning system along the international waterway. Improving Public Access to Environmental Information Some 90 percent of self-governing public authorities in CEE indicated high interest in telematics-based, public environmental information systems. This is partly in response to legal requirements such as the EU’s Access to Environmental Information Directive 90/313/EEC and the “Aarhus” Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decisionmaking and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, signed by all CEE countries. However, in order to disseminate up-to-date environmental information, local and regional public administrations must first establish mechanisms to collect and store this data. Often this poses a significant challenge, since information is collected and stored in different locations, by a variety of organisations and in incompatible formats. According to CAPE, 8 percent of respondents store data in GIS format, while 20 percent record information in different electronic databases. Furthermore, information is often collected by different organisations and research institutes with whom effective cooperation must be developed. This often results in delays in access, for both decision-makers and the public. The Internet is an increasingly common means for disseminating environmental information. However, its use in many CEE countries is hindered by poor telecommunications networks and the high costs of access. The surveys performed by CAPE showed 40 percent of decision-makers now have access to e-mail, and 43 percent to the Internet. Nevertheless, limited technical expertise and poor quality equipment within public authorities are still major hurdles preventing public authorities from taking full advantage of the opportunities offered to disseminate information to a wide audience. 28 2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS This section builds on section 2.1 Context of Environment Telematics in Europe, which opened the Executive Summary. It summarises the benefits and relevance of the surveyed telematics tools, particularly in an environmental context and with regard to CEE countries (and also the problems outlined in the previous section). The benefits in terms of meeting of policy targets, and improvements to cost-effectiveness and efficiency are also summarised. Technologies Supporting Waste and Contaminated Sites Management Stricter sustainable development targets (aimed at ensuring the use of existing natural resources without compromising those available to future generations) are giving rise to the need to sort waste, and to increase the amounts of waste recycled and re-used. Telematics applications which support these goals can be invaluable. A unique and innovative, yet relatively simple application, is the Austrian Construction and Demolition Recyclables Exchange. This application helps to reduce the level of construction waste entering domestic landfills. By setting up an exchange system hosted and managed via the Internet (see Figure 2 below), the country’s federal governments are able to better re-use and recycle building waste. The approach has a direct impact on sustainable development policy targets and helps avoid the depletion of natural resources. It also helps to meet the requirements of strict legislation concerning landfills. Given the large number of construction and development projects now underway in CEE, and the consequent demolition of older structures, such a system could prove valuable to authorities looking to reduce building waste that is being disposed of in landfills. This would also assist the 40 percent of authorities CAPE identified who say they are looking to implement policies that promote waste reduction and recycling. The system also offers economic benefits to those who would otherwise pay for the disposal of waste, and enables the purchase of discounted building materials. G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION Figure 2: An online session from the Construction & Demolition Recyclables Exchange showing Supplies in Lower Austria. (Source: CDRE) An application like SINDRA is intended to benefit local authorities within a whole region, by improving the storage and accessibility of information related to waste and waste management. This information would cover such issues as local waste levels, collection, sorting and disposal mechanisms, treatment facilities, waste flows and so on. This tool, coupled with background information on regulations and taxation regimes, helps local authorities monitor waste management practices and prepare and assess waste policies. The tool also improves cooperation and the exchange of experiences among local and regional decision-makers. Improperly managed waste landfills or industrial process sites can cause soil and groundwater contamination. The “polluter pays” principle is increasingly being enforced and with European legislation calling for contaminated sites to be cleaned up prior to sale, telematics tools like COSIMA which support this process can offer significant cost savings. COSIMA is an application whose strengths lie in its support to contaminated site managers and the enhanced information it provides to city planners. Relying on GIS technology, it can be used to identify the nature, extent and effects of contamination arising from landfill, industrial or military activity. The COSIMA application also supports rapid decisionmaking of the most suitable clean-up mechanisms. Land can be restored ( to a level compliant with soil and remediation standards) and successfully offered to prospective investors and housing developers, thereby facilitating both economic and sustainable development. COSIMA can also be used to support risk-assessment and can help prioritise or rule out future activities which may have an impact on any given site. Technologies Supporting Environmental Monitoring Effective air quality management requires the monitoring of real-time conditions, emissions and emergency situations. Many public authorities in CEE already realise this, and some 40 percent anticipate a demand for telematics technologies in this process in the near future. Monitoring tools can help ensure compliance with legislation, including local and European laws on air quality, while modelling tools can be relied upon to prevent short-term severe deterioration of air quality. Both modelling and monitoring data can serve as a basis for defining future air-related policy, and can be invaluable in the planning of air quality management strategies. Telematics tools like AIRVIRO, which monitors and models air quality, have already been adopted by the City of Vilnius, Lithuania, as part of its Urban Air Quality Management System. The AIRVIRO system supports the collection of real-time air quality data through a network of sensors and stations, and processes this information into convenient reports for decision-makers and urban air quality managers. It also summarises air quality data for public use and makes this available via the Internet. Besides contributing to a well-informed (and environmentally conscious) society, the reports generated can be relied upon to draft urban air quality management strategies. AIRVIRO also models and simulates air quality situations and therefore serves as a decision support system, which is already being used to 29 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION help air quality managers determine traffic routes and industrial levels of permissible emissions. Tangible environmental benefits will be realised once the policies the system is helping to define are fully implemented. When this happens, the system will enable the monitoring of the effectiveness of, and compliance with, those policies. At a regional level, tools like the Joint Air Management System or JAMS are of value in dealing with transboundary air pollution problems. JAMS has been implemented in the “Black Triangle” region of CEE to provide automated monitoring of transboundary air pollution. Annual reports on the state of the Black Triangle environment, based on monitoring data, are now being generated. These reports enable air quality managers in all Black Triangle countries to draft and prepare targeted environmental strategies and policies. JAMS is also an emergency warning system that enables monitoring authorities to act quickly when emergencies arise, thus minimising the impacts of potential ecological disasters. For example, in poor weather conditions, industrial activity can be temporarily halted. JAMS also provides an effective tool for facilitating transboundary cooperation among air quality managers, enabling frequent communication and a coordinated approach to air quality management. This results in harmonised policy dealing with transboundary air quality issues. The System helps to meet the goals of respective domestic policies for managing the Black Triangle environment. Water resource managers operating at the local and national level need to effectively manage water quality and water resources, particularly since much waste water is not collected in CEE, but instead enters directly into the groundwater. Standardised information concerning the availability and quality of water resources, including hydrology data, groundwater reserves and reservoirs can be pertinent to their activities. Applications like SNIRH aim to provide exactly this kind of data. Applied in the relatively new EU member state of Portugal, SNIRH enables effective and coordinated management of water resources at the national and local level, in compliance with EU quality standards (see Figure 3 below). The system assists water resource managers in tracking water quality and resource levels at the regional, river-basin level and helps them to ensure adequate clean-water supplies. By storing all forms of water-related data (geographic, hydrographic, water-use etc.) in an information system that can be readily queried, the tool also supports the planning, development and implementation of National Water Resources and River Basin Plans. Given the EUs forthcoming Water 30 Resources Framework Directive, the system can also serve as a means to assisting in meeting EU standards. Figure 3: SNIRH system query showing water quality compliance. (Source: SNIRH) SNIRH has also assisted in optimising communication with other government institutions, and has helped to ensure internal resources at the National Institute for Water Resource Management (INAG) are effectively allocated. The system is also geared toward providing public access to information, and thus ensures the articles of the EU’s Access to Environmental Information Directive and Aarhus Convention are complied with. Technologies Supporting Emergency Management EC policy increasingly emphasises the need for preventive measures in environmental management, as opposed to remediative actions for existing environmental pollution. The environment can be better preserved without loss or damage to the existing ecosystem when the potential impact of threats is minimised. As a result, the cost of emergency expenditures can be kept low, which benefits authorities, households, insurance companies – and the environment. Applications like TELEFLEUR, funded under the EC’s Telematics Applications Programme, increase emergency preparedness among public authorities in urban areas that have been experiencing flash-floods. G OOD P R A C T I C E S The application’s main benefit is its ability to serve as an alarm system that warns of potential flash-floods and gives support to the coordination of emergency services such as the police and fire deptartments, public works, etc. In the event of a flash-flood, a decision support system assists public adminstration in identifying and coordinating the necessary manpower and equipment required to minimise flood damage, not only during, but also prior to its occurrence. It also details the most effective emergency measures, and the required restorative actions. Thus, the application helps minimise environmental impacts and reduce the costs of flood damage – a prioirty issue according to public authorities surveyed by CAPE. The Danube Accident Emergency Warning System is used by the riparian countries along the Danube basin in Western, Central and Southern Europe. Today it is being relied upon to reduce the risks of spills of hazardous substances and support water quality managers to control these areas. Using a network of IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION sensors throughout the river basin, up-to-date monitoring information is collected, enabling water quality managers to take timely preventive measures to minimise impacts and environmental threats. The Systems’ main strength is its ability to rapidly provide information on pollution-related incidents, through a network of Principal International Alert Centres (PIACs – see Figure 4 below). The benefits have already been realised. For instance, during October 1997, an accidental oil spill was successfully contained and the transboundary impacts prevented. Eight other pollution incidents have been detected since the system’s implementation in 1997, ensuring limited environmental impact. Other benefits of the system include the way it helps participating countries comply with international conventions concerning the Danube, as well as agreements on transboundary waters and emergency management. But perhaps most importantly, this telematics tool has helped to bring about the international cooperation of a region, traditionally polarised as East and West. GERMANY CZECH REPUBLIC PIAC-01 Passau PIAC-03 Brno PIAC-11 Uzgorod PIAC-05 Budapest PIAC-06 Ljubljana 0 PIAC-07 Zagreb state boundary catchment boundary 250 km PIAC-10 Kishinev PIAC-12 Izmail PIAC-08 Bucharest PIAC-09 Bucharest Figure 1. PIACs of the Danube AEWS Figure 4: The Danube Accident Emergency Warning System (Source: DAEWPS) The strengths of a disaster management tool like DEDICS lies in its usefulness to minimise the potential impacts of forest fires in natural areas, particularly those bordering on urban areas or adjacent to industrial activity. DEDICS can benefit locations in drier, mediterranean-like regions. Like TELEFLEUR, this application improves communication and coordination between all main public service actors, including fire patrol vehicles (through the use of radio communication systems and Global Positioning System tools), a command center, and networks of watchtowers. The main results are the better coordination of emergency efforts and improved communication, resulting in better use of human and financial resources, and mimimised environmental damage. The strength of the system is the way it can process different environmental monitoring data and present this in a format that is useful to both public administration and emergency services. Technologies Supporting Public Access to Information Ensuring citizens’ access to environmental information, either upon request or on an on-going basis is required under national, European and international laws. Providing the public with access to environmental information helps to raise their awareness and understanding of environmental concerns, which in turn can contribute to better acceptance of tough environmental policy and sustainable development 31 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION targets. Public involvement in decision-making can also ensure a more informed, cooperative and participatory process. HEIS-MUC and IOZIP will be jointly summarised because of their similarities. Both applications store, process and disseminate valuable environmental information for the benefit of urban (and international) communities. Their target audiences are the cities of Munich and Prague respectively. Both tools offer the ability to manage, store and process data collected through different independent sources – and through different technical equipment. The systems can handle data on air quality, noise pollution, water resources (see Figure 5 below) and traffic levels, stored in media such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), databases and the Internet. Figure 5: Air quality indicators. (Source: IOZIP) These applications’ end-products include useful and presentable environmental information, both for the public and decision-makers. For instance, public access to data is provided via the Internet, public-accessterminals, City Info Columns and InfoKiosks in Munich – and via the Internet, CD-ROM, Yearbooks and Atlases in Prague. The end-user benefits through improved access to data in several different user-friendly formats. And by enabling widespread public access at relatively low cost, the systems help officials meet many of the public information requirements of domestic and international legislation. The easy availability of data also saves time and money for those complying with public requests for information. There are also extra benefits for decision-makers: Public administration policy-makers are faced with information “overload,” yet they are expected to absorb and understand many different critical environmental issues, ranging from air quality to traffic data, noise emissions and weather patterns, water quality and waste levels etc. Knowledge of these issues is essential in developing policy, facilitating development and planning and conducting environmental impact assessment. Electronic tools like HEIS-MUC and IOZIP help streamline the acquisition and storage of information. The valuable data that is reported at the end of the line can better contribute to informed decision-making. The Black Sea Web offers similar benefits to HEISMUC and IOZIP. The difference is that, instead of serving a single city, the Black Sea Web is oriented toward an entire region (incorporating the Black Sea, Ukraine, Romania, and Russia). The application is a regional Environmental Management Support System that benefits local and national decision-makers, citizens non-governmental organisations and other interested parties, such as the media, experts and academia. The application provides user-friendly access to marine data regarding the Black Sea environment using the Internet. Much of the data is actually stored in country-specific and differently formatted marine databases (located at separate sites). The advantage, however, is that the diverser sources of information is never apparent to the user. A key strength of the Black Sea Web is in the way it promotes regional cooperation and exchange of information among Black Sea environmental decisionmakers. Environmental problems are often not limited to one country, and in the case of marine areas, they often cross boundaries. The Black Sea Web and Marine Environmental Mangement Support System helps different environmental managers work together to preserve the environment of the Black Sea as a whole. THE GROWTH OF THE INFORMATION SOCIETY Surveys performed by CAPE showed 40 percent of decision-makers now have access to email, and 43 percent to the Internet. The last three applications referenced above rely on the Internet to provide public access to information. The Internet offers several advantages: It is simple to use, it is internationally accepted as a tool to access and disseminate information, it serves as a valuable means of overcoming geographical and social barriers and it grows increasingly less expensive to access. Internet use is becoming more commonplace: Schools and universities, working environments, homes, libraries, Internet cafes, etc. enable Internet access from many diverse locations. The growth of the “information society,” is very much driven by tools like the Internet. Other issues are driving this growth too. The case studies 32 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION presented above show how monitoring tools, data storage and processing equipment and decision support systems are contributing to the growth of the information society. And the private sector is increasingly being dominated by “knowledge-based” enterprises, which are storing, trading, compiling, selling and disseminating information – typically in electronic format. These trends, coupled with legislation, increase the need to improve information dissemination capacity at the local administrative level, and to rely on information technology and telematics in order to achieve this need. Many local governments within the EU are already doing so, through their own initiative and mechanisms like “governments online.” Clearly the IT revolution is upon us, and as Markus Spring, project manager at HEIS-MUC notes, “telematics tools will offer the most common, comfortable and cheapest means for enabling public access to environmental information in the future.” 33 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION TELEMATICS TECHNOLOGIES IMPLEMENTATION Section 2.5 Technical Implementation Framework aims to illustrate the main technical requirements for implementing any of the surveyed telematics applications. End-user requirements, costs for set-up and management issues related to maintenance are also discussed where this information is available. Section 2.6 highlights some of the “lessons learned” by project managers of the respective applications, specifically in transferring a system from a research environment to actual implementation. 2.5 TECHNICAL IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK The minimum technical requirements for the implementation of the surveyed telematics applications are summarised in Table 2 below. The table highlights the options available for technical transfer, the software and hardware requirements, and actions required for implementation. It also summarises the geographical scope of the applications and target users. Project Name Geographical Implementation National Application Characteristics and Transferability Hardware Requirements Software Requirements Target Groups A well-established Internetbased system which requires some reprogramming and costs of software licenses. Personal Computer and Internet Web Server. Oracle database, Internet access. SINDRA Regional Internet Server and hardware capacity to host a large database that can be accessed regularly by as many as 15-20 local users at once. Database management software for the host provider. Internet access and browser for the user. COSIMA Urban GIS technology, UNIX platform and /or NT Serrver. Local Area Network. Oracle database, ARC/Info, ARC/View for data presentation and MapInfo. Contaminated site managers and land-use planners within public administration. Urban Air Quality Management System in Vilnius, Lithuania Urban The conceptual data model is ready, however, the harmonisation and standardisation of waste definitions, calculation methods, and presentation of information in order to achieve compatibility with local approaches will require considerable time. The architecture and framework is based around a socalled Uniform Data Model. This must be tailored to local conditions, including different data structures and public administration procedures. A well-established package based upon the AIRVIRO system. Local calibration of data required. Construction and demolition companies, municipal authorities, waste associations. Regional and local authority decisionmakers responsible for waste management. AirWeb, Air quality management software including emissions database, dispersion modelling tools, Internet access. Urban air quality managers and policy-makers. JAMS Transboundary AIRVIRO System, air quality monitors and sensors, UNIX workstation, computer server and workstations, Internet access, reliable telecommunications infrastructure. Reliable telecommunications infrastructure, wide area network, satellite transmitters and receivers, monitoring stations/sensors, and analysers. ENVISAT CAS software. Air quality managers and policy-makers. Construction and Demolition Recyclables Exchange 34 The concept and methodology can be applied anywhere, with technical requirements tailored to some degree to local conditions. Data calibration of local inputs is necessary. G OOD P R A C T I C E S SNIRH National The framework including its functional analysis and theoretical concepts has been successfully transferred to the Azores, Madeira, and elsewhere. However, it must be tailored to local circumstance and access to local data collection networks is a pre-requisite. Local Area Network Spatial Database Engine (SDE) enabling database server to include geographic data. ALPHA 4000 UNIX, ALPHA 600 Web Server Workstations with Win95/Win98/ Win NT PC’s. TELEFLEUR Urban UNIX workstation, PC, Command Centre receiving and storing data, sensors (e.g. surface meteo stations, water level-meters), satellite receivers. Danube AEWS Transboundary DEDICS Urban The Decision Support System (DSS) can be customised by tailoring its rules and procedures to those of urban administrations. Communication protocols and interfacing software must be fine-tuned to the requirements of the individual tasks. The System’s underlying operational principle is based on the Rhine and Elbe International Alert and Warning Systems. This methodology can be tailored to any transboundary river basin, given the existence of data supply mechanisms. DEDICS relies on five separate applications, and integrates, together based on local conditions. System transfer must be performed with careful consideration and on a case-by-case basis, because of the many different data components. HEIS-MUC Urban IOZIP Urban Black Sea Web Transboun dary The application offers a working framework and system that relies, where possible, on public domain software and tools. It must be tailored, however, to the special environmental needs and datasets of any administration. The principles and methodologies can be applied, however, adaptation to individual data sets, formats and requirements is needed. The necessary architecture for linking remote and disparate databases together is offered. The data must ensure only a meta-data description and user familiarity with the Internet. IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION Oracle database software, Oracle’s Binary Large Object software for image storage, Apache Web Server ARC/Info and ARC/View for data presentation. GIS software and original software developed by Chiron. Decision Support System, and Expert System. Water resource and water quality managers at national, regional and local level, as well as environment agencies. Network of “principal international alert centres,” water quality monitoring networks and sensors. Telecommunication system, satellite transmitters and receivers. Hazardous substances information system, “Danube Basin Alarm Model,” Information Processing System. Surface water resource managers, public authorities. Spatial Decision Support System; Network of automated monitoring terminals “Firefighter Command Center.” Satellite transmitters and receivers. Access to meteorological networks, Database Management System, GIS and GPS capacity. UNIX server, Windows NT platform, GIS, PC workstations, Local Area Networks, Map server, Info-kiosks, and public terminals. DEDICS “software layer” or other similar package Emergency managers within public administration, fire-fighting patrols, and other emergency services. Intranet and Internet, PERL and SGML editing and programming tools, ArcInfo, MapObjects, ArcView. Environmental managers and policy-makers, administration at urban, regional, international level. GIS, Local Area Network, Internet server and MapObjects Internet Server. Oracle and FoxPro, database, MapInfo, ArcView, Internet browser and editor. Environmental managers and policy makers at urban level. GIS, Internet Server. Central Meta Directory, Electronic Sounding Board, Management Support System, Remote Data Access and Application Layer Modules. Water managers and policy makers. Public authorities dealing with emergency flooding incidents. Table 2: Geographical and technical requirements among the surveyed telematics applications Technologies Supporting Waste and Contaminated Site Management The Construction and Demolition Recyclables Exchange and SINDRA rely heavily on Internet communication technologies and database software. The Recyclables Exchange application utilises Oracle database software to store construction waste inventory information. This is mounted on an Internet website using a webserver. The update of the system is largely left to the users – construction and demolition 35 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION companies. The host of the system, the “RecyclingPlatform for Construction” is an association of six federal regions and several associations of the construction industry. The organisation relies on a single PC for database maintenance, updating the website, managing membership and public relations. Exchange users require Internet access and a membership password, but a fax-on-demand service caters to those without Internet access. The system can be applied at any level (the case study portrays national level application). The more users and greater geographic spread the system has, the greater its impact. The system costs approximately EUR 100,000 to implement. However, costs can be offset by launching system development as part of an academic research assignment. A small membership fee and the sale of advertising space subsidises the maintenance of the Exchange. Organisations looking to establish such a system might also look to guarantee its use by lobbying municipal authorities to embody its use within all municipal tenders and contracts concerning construction and/or demolition. The operator of the Exchange is willing to make further technical information available in order to support its transfer. SINDRA is an application that relies solely on a database management system to store and manage waste related data. The database is made available over the Internet, which means the host provider must also be able to offer an Internet website and have server capacity for this. Users also need the same software as that in which the database is hosted as well as Internet access. The development of a waste management information system requires the input of related information acquired from local authorities. This information must then be harmonised. For instance, waste-related definitions, calculation methods, and presentation of information compatible with independent local approaches should be standardised. Some of the mechanisms used by SINDRA in overcoming these challenges are highlighted below in “Project Management.” The COSIMA application largely relies on GIS technology for operation and data management. Oracle database software is used to store site data, while ARC/Info is the software relied on for data presentation, and to provide a user-friendly, graphical user interface. The database may reside within a Local Area Network, and can also be operated from Windows NT and UNIX workstations. COSIMA has already developed a base architecture and framework that combines different data models into one Unified Data Model. COSIMA has been applied in several European cities and its strength lies in its ability to adapt to different IT-infrastructures 36 and legal conditions. COSIMA requires considerable expertise in the field of contaminated sites and GIS, and anticipates several experts with skills in these fields are required to implement successfully. The cost of implementing COSIMA will depend on local circumstances. Approximately EUR 500,000 was required to implement the application in Cologne, Germany. Funds should also be earmarked for an analysis of existing data infrastructures, staff training, and for the purchase of software components. The City of Cologne co-financed the application with EC support and offers consultancy services and system demonstrations as a means to support implementation/uptake. Technologies Supporting Environmental Monitoring Air quality monitoring tools such as those used by the City of Vilnius and the Black Triangle Region (JAMS) require a number of technical conditions be met. The Joint Air Monitoring System of the Black Triangle Region requires PC workstations, modem, data analysts and a reliable telecommunications infrastructure upon which to establish a wide area network and Internet services. (One of the obstacles faced by the project team was the insufficient capacity and reliability of the telecommunications network in the region when the system was first implemented). The AIRVIRO System requires a UNIX workstation, computer server, individual workstations and Internet access in order to be fully implemented. Both AIRVIRO, of the City of Vilnius, and JAMS rely on a series of automated air quality monitoring stations and meteorological sensors. In the Black Triangle (transboundary) Region, these must be operated according to jointly agreed data calibration standards. The cost of installing AIRVIRO was approximately EUR 750,000. These were borne by both domestic and international sources, including the Swedish International Development Agency and the Lithuanian government. In the Black Triangle Region, equipment costs of EUR 2.2 million were offset by the PHARE Programme, while all other costs were borne by the countries involved. The hosts of both systems highlighted the importance of obtaining the right technical support and the need to give careful consideration in the selection of technical equipment suppliers. References should therefore always be checked carefully. G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION Water resource and/or environment agencies dealing with the management of drinking water resources would be target users. The application hosts – the Portuguese Water Resources Institute or INAG – has considerable documentation on SNIRH and its procedures. It has also organised explanatory sessions and country-wide present-ations. The technical partner, Chiron, has also been involved in this process, and has supported transfer to Madeira, the Azores and Mozambique. UNIX server with ORACLE DBMS Local network Data Servidor NT Windows client applications Internet Web server CGI, Java, ActiveX Figure 6: SNIRH Framework. (Source: SNIRH) The SNIRH water resources management information system is designed around a database server that continuously receives data from many different sources, and simultaneously replies to requests from different clients. It depends on a variety of software and hardware applications. In terms of software, Oracle is used for data storage and Arc/ Info for data presentation. ORACLE's Binary Large Object, BLOb application is used to support image storage, while client interface programmes enable user-query mechanisms. A Local Area Network (LAN) supports data access, and a so-called Spatial Database Engine (SDE) enables the database server to include geographical data. The SNIRH framework (shown in Figure 6), including its functional analysis and theoretical concepts can be transferred to practically any region, after relatively simple tailoring to local circumstances and local data sets. Technologies Supporting Emergency Management Emergency warning systems rely on local data collection networks and mechanisms. This involves the use of monitoring tools and sensors. Data is stored within databases that are part of decision-support systems. The exchange of data throughout regions or urban areas (seen in both the Danube emergency warning system as well as DEDICS) is increasingly supported by satellite. Satellite receivers and transmitters are increasingly prerequisites while software tools are commonly required for impact assessment modelling. Both TELEFLEUR and DEDICS require a network of remote sensors that feed dynamic data into respective decision support systems. The TELEFLEUR floodwarning system (see Figure 7 below) requires sufficient ground-based, surface water, meteorological and hydrological sensors – as well as satellite and radar receivers and transmitters – to collect data on a continuous basis. This data is analysed by modelling tools, which can simulate meteorological and hydrological conditions to forecast flash-flood scenarios. The modelling tools operate within a central computing facility. A so-called Command Center must also be established to host a Decision Support System (DSS) that acts as a repository for the acquired data. An expert system within the DSS provides data assessment and displays data and potential courses of action. Based on these decisions, the DSS coordinates and informs the relevant emergency public services. 37 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION Fig. 7: Schematic Diagram for TELEFLEUR. (Source: TELEFLEUR) TELEFLEUR can be customised to any urban area, provided the existence of the necessary data components and data collection mechanisms. New geo-morphological and local data standards must be defined, and the system’s procedures tailored to those of urban administrations. Communication protocols must be tailored to the appropriate hardware platforms (UNIX and PC). The Danube Accident Emergency Warning System requires a framework of “principal international alert centres or PIACs” to alert countries to emergency incidents. Such centres must be supported by a reliable data supply and exchange chain that incorporates each country’s water quality monitoring networks and sensors. A reliable telecommunication system is required in order to ensure emergency messages can be received and handled on a 24-hour basis. Satellite transmitters and receivers can support this process. Among the software requirements are an information system on hazardous substances, and a model under which the propagation of pollutants can be simulated. This is known as the “Danube Basin Alarm Model.” The System’s underlying operational principle is similar to that of the Rhine and Elbe International Alert and Warning Systems, and can be tailored to any similar region’s circumstances and needs. Funding of the system was contributed by a number of international and domestic sources. 38 The DEDICS forest fire management support system relies on five separate telematics applications that form part of a “Spatial Decision Support System or SDSS.” The system relies on a network of automated terminals that provide early warning detection and are linked through satellite communication connection to a Firefighter Command Centre. A meteorological monitoring system is also necessary, to feed real-time weather data into the SDSS. A Database Management System monitors and stores the data received from these sources, while a fourth GIS-based system provides model-based assessments of climate and land-use risk. These latter tools are also located within the Firefighter Command Centre. A fifth application, called “FLORINUS,” uses a Global Positioning System to support communication about emergency incidents (including maps and location) to different fire-fighter patrols. The information from these sources are linked together through DEDICS application’s “software layer” that simplifies information exchange and communication. The DEDICS application must be transferred on a case-by-case basis, because of its reliance on different data management tools. It must also be tailored according to local emergency needs, a task which will require further software development. Technologies Supporting Public Access to Information G OOD P R A C T I C E S One of the main obstacles in CEE to establishing more sophisticated telematic based systems is the cost of new software and hardware. A reliance on disparate and obsolete equipment can also be a challenge when implementing sophisticated tools that integrate different data-sets. IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION databases hosted by the Black Sea Web (see Figure 9 below). This module helps to formulate queries using menus and forms. Finally, an Application Layer Module (based on GIS) presents information for the user, who can access it via the Black Sea Web homepage. These tools are an integral part of the system, however, and need not be acquired separately. Munich’s HEIS-MUC application, however, relies as much as possible on public domain software and free hardware in order to limit the costs of implementation. Among the technical tools required for the operation of HEIS-MUC (see Figure 8 below), Arc/ Info software is required for data presentation, while Oracle database software is used for information storage. The Internet and appropriate web software is required for the dissemination of information. GIS hardware, a Local Area Network, Internet and Intranet servers, and mapserver tools are among the hardware that is required. Reliable telecommunications connections to monitoring stations (ISDN-preferred) is also necessary for information transfer. Applications like HEIS-MUC are not classical “install and run” packages, and will require considerable expertise and knowledge to implement. The labour costs required are estimated at around EUR 150,000. Technical expertise is also required for different computer programming languages (including SGML and PERL). Hardware costs amount to approximately EUR 10,000. IOZIP relies on a framework of GIS hardware and software tools, like MapInfo and ArcView. Oracle software hosts a central database of 11 data files. Further hardware includes PC and UNIX servers, a local area network, and Internet capacity. The operational costs of HEIS-MUC is around EUR 25,000 annually, while IOZIP costs approximately EUR 150-200,000 to run. Like the City of Munich, the City of Prague pledges its technical knowledge to any party interested in adopting such applications. IOZIP and HEIS-MUC are tools targeting city or town administrations, though they can be applied regionally or internationally. These tools are intended to support collection, processing and dissemination of environmental information. The Black Sea Web application requires an Internet server and GIS hardware, which are used for to exchange environmental data from different origins. Knowledge of the European Environment Agency (EEAs) Catalogue of Data Sources is required, because the Black Sea Web uses this data for its Central Meta-Directory, which describes the information available. A Data Access Module is needed for end-user searches of the different Fig. 9: Screenshot of a Dataset query. (Source: Black Sea Web) The Black Sea Web concept targets government bodies that are responsible for the marine environment. It could also be applied in other regions including the Volga, Vistula Delta, Danube, or Lake Balaton. Approximately EUR 365,000 was required to establish the system and operate it over two years time. Any organisation looking to participate or add to the system must have an Internet connection and their own (database) server. The data contributed must only include a meta-data description (thereby simplifying the process of storing further data within the system). 2.6 LESSONS LEARNED The section summarises a number of key project management issues commonly raised amongst many of the surveyed projects and applications. It differs, therefore, from previous sections in that it is structured by “issue,” rather than according to telematics application priorities and specific applications. Project Management Project Preparation Projects like TELEFLEUR, the Construction and Demolition Recyclables Exchange, SINDRA and IOZIP demonstrate the importance of reviewing needs and conducting user assessments prior to the implementation of the application. DEDICS, SNIRH and the Black Sea Web show how vital it is to clearly define goals and objectives. DEDICS, SNIRH and the Black Sea Web also teach the value of establishing 39 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION an advisory panel, composed of different institutions involved, to support eventual deployment and adoption. Projects like COSIMA, IOZIP and JAMS outlined the need to review technical capacity, including infrastructures and data formats. It is also important to consider carefully how best to integrate these elements. Project Development Some projects – such as Danube AEWS, SINDRA, and the City of Vilnius – demonstrate the importance of ensuring the participation of various project team members. The definition of roles and responsibilities are considered important in realising the full potential of the application, as was learned in projects like the Black Sea Web. If one partner within an emergency warning system, like the Danube AEWS for instance, does not participate or provide the necessary information in the data supply chain, all parties involved have a harder time managing the trans-boundary impact of any pollution incident. Thus, one weak link effectively handicaps the entire system. Another lesson learned from the Black Sea Web project is that a cooperative atmosphere is essential to being ready for unforeseen problems. The IOZIP and Vilnius case studies outlined the value of communication between institutions collecting environmental data and city administrations. Successful negotiation can lead to mutually beneficial cooperation. This will depend on the clear indication of benefits. This will help ensure participation of the key players, their resulting commitment (in some cases financial) and contribute to the overall value of the system. The benefits of any system must be illustrated from an early stage in development to users and senior management (according to SNIRH), while SINDRA indicated the value in relying on a presentation model. User Acceptance In order to facilitate the uptake of telematics tools, the value of training users, preferably by technical experts who developed the application is important, as is reliable documentation, and clear definition of responsibilities. The value of training and documentation was made clear during the development of several projects, especially DEDICS, IOZIP, COSIMA and SNIRH. It is important to earmark project resources for this purpose and vital to keep training aids easy to understand. Projects like SINDRA indicated the need to allow an adequate period for would-be users to become accustomed with the tools that will form part of their daily work. This is especially true because that project incuded many risks involved in implementing complex tools “overnight.” 40 Before participating in any co-operative research and development activities, to strengthen technical capacity, to build up in-house knowledge and qualified manpower equivalent to the level of technical work being undertaken. This was the lesson learned from projects like HEIS-MUC and SNIRH. Poorly trained or ill-informed experts can hinder progress, which in turn can influence the profitability of any activity. Furthermore, relying on a small nucleus of devoted promoters of digital information systems, it is possible to convince internal administration of the benefits of such a system and win the necessary financial backing. User Feedback Finally, several projects (IOZIP, COSIMA, SNIRH) demonstrated the need to solicit feedback from users, in order to ensure needs are constantly met, and modifications are made where needed. The COSIMA project showed how a so-called “spiral” management model can assure that application development goes hand-in-hand with user-feedback. Legislative Frameworks Several projects brought home the importance of considering legal requirements, because these can steer application development or govern the implementation and actual use of any application. The experience of those involved in IOZIP showed the need to consider the background of national legislation, such as the standards for monitoring or the requirements regarding public access to environmental information. Indeed, strengthening (and lobbying for) legal rules that govern the provision of raw and processed data can further serve as a driving force governing the development and implementation of such applications. HEIS-MUC highlighted the need for legislation that considers the recoverable costs for providing access to environmental data. These projects also brought up issues of ownership rights of processed environmental data as well as regulations governing pollutant release and transfer registers. Further concerns that arose involved widespread publication of detailed information on the emissions of industry, by industry. In fact, legislation governing public access is increasingly being adopted, while rules already exist on air and water quality standards and monitoring within the EU. The EU’s Access to Environmental Information Directive 90/313/EEC entitles public authorities to recover the reasonable costs of providing environmental data to the public. Internationally, the G OOD P R A C T I C E S recently adopted "Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decisionmaking and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters” (Denmark, June 1998) calls for the public availability of environmental status reports. The so-called Aarhus Convention also requires public authorities to take steps to establish a coherent, nationwide system of pollution inventories, increasingly in electronic form. The Convention will begin to be ratified by many European countries toward the end of 2000. Telematics for Decision Support or Decision-making? It is clear from the case studies presented that telematics applications can significantly support the decisionmaking processes. In emergency management, the applications can advise mitigation strategies; in monitoring they can help define air quality management policy and traffic routes; and in site remediation they can advise on clean-up actions. However, it is important to remember that these tools represent only a support to the decision-maker, and are not intended to substitute his/her role – or provide all IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION necessary solutions to environmental management. At the end of the day, it is the environmental manager who represents the real expert in the field, and who must decide on a given course of action. This principle can be applied to all telematics tools, which are highlighted in this guide as a means to support environmental management and not to manage it directly. Furthermore, it is vital to remember that, while many of the applications reviewed may be considered proven solutions that support decision-making, they nevertheless typically only offer a framework for aiding environmental management. Telematics applications must still be tailored to local circumstances, including data collection mechanisms, formats, standards, software and hardware. Any desire to implement such an application will require technical understanding, positive commitment, coordination, time and financial resources to ensure maximum benefit. It is hoped this guide has helped further improve understanding and clarify any questions decision-makers may have in deciding whether to allocate funds and financial resources for telematics tools. 41 G OOD P R A C T I C E S 42 IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION 2. SHRNUTÍ Shrnutí - úvod a struktura je sestaveno do 6 sekcí, ve kterých se uvádí význam telematiky a ovìøované studie s popisem jejich hlavních První sekce 2.1 Kontext telematiky pro životní prostøedí v Evropì opisuje úlohu telematiky a shrnuje hlavní hnací síly a mechanizmy, které vedou k jejímu využívání v Evropì. Zámìrem je pøedstavit a definovat pøínos telematiky pøi zavádìní politiky Evropské Unie, pøedevším s ohledem na životní prostøedí. Druhá sekce 2.2 Správné postupy v telematice životního prostøedí uvádí v tabulkové formì dvanáct zkoumaných Sekce 2.3 -2.7 shrnují hlavní výsledky, závìry a jiné atributy ovìøovaných studií a uvádí dodateènou analýzu. První dvì sekce se snaží odpovìdìt na otázku: "Proè zavádìt telematické aplikace?" zatímco poslední dvì zvažují: "Jak zavádìt sekce 2.3-2.7 na dvì èásti. Pokusili jsme se rovnìž poskytnout co relevantnost aplikací pro støední a východní Evropu, zvláštì s ohledem na problémy životního prostøedí v tomto regionu. Sekce 2.4 zdùrazòuje Sekce 2.5 Technická implementace se sekce 2.6 zkušenosti a poznatky zemích støední a východní Evropy), pokládaly tyto ètyøi témata za nejdùležitìjší a nejvhodnìjší prostøedky, které odpovídají potøebám identifikovaným prùzkumem CAPE v regionu støední a východní Evropy (CEEC). Každá z výše uvedených sekcí je sestavena v podobném formátu. Popisuje aplikace a oblasti podle ètyø stanovených priorit, které CAPE identifikoval pro telematiku pro životní prostøedí (nástroje na pro odpadù a kontaminovaných území, monitorování životního prostøedí, aplikace pro management havarijních a rizikových situací a nástroje na ulehèení pøístupu veøejnosti k údajùm o životním prostøedí). Sekce 2.3 o relevantnosti pro zemì støední a východní zemích CEEC, nezávisle na atributech 12 ovìøovaných studií. Sekce 2.4 Pøínosy pro životní prostøedí a 2.5 technická implenetntace se podrobnì zabývá vlastnostmi ovìøovaných studií podle oblastí životního prostøedí, kterým pomáhají. To znamená, že ovìøované studie jsou adresovány podle tìchto oblastí v poøadí, které je uvedeno v tabulce 1. Atributy jsou adresovány postupnì podle projektù, vzhledem k jejich heterogenní povaze a obtížnosti shrnutí hlavních bodù. (Pøedpokládáme také, že to je nejužiteènìjší nástroj pro zabezpeèení pøístupu pro experty a øídící pracovníky se specifickým zájmem). Sekce 2.6 Poznatky a zkušenosti, spíše než rozdìlena podle prioritních oblastí, shrnuje klíèové otázky managementu projektù, které se objevily pøi aplikaci projektù a je tedy orientovaná na tyto otázky. Hlavním cílem tohoto Shrnutí je uvedení klíèových výsledkù aplikace zkoumaných projektù a úvod k podrobnìjším informacím, které èitatel mùže nalézt v samotných ovìøovaných studiích na následujících stránkách. 2.1 KONTEXT TELEMATIKY Nástroje telematiky uvádìjí ty aplikace informaèních technologií, které byly vyvinuty z výzkumných projektù financovaných EU. Úèelem aplikací telematiky 43 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION životního prostøedí je podpora postupù managementu životního prostøedí pro místní správu uvnitø i vnì Evropské unie. Pomocí lepšího monitorování lokálního životního prostøedí, tyto nástroje podporují dodržování evropských smìrnic, pøispívají k dosažení cílù trvale udržitelného rozvoje. Lepší sbìr a ukládání dat o životním prostøedí podporuje "lépe informované" rozhodování a informované obèany, což ulehèuje úèast veøejnosti na rozhodovacím procesu. Nástroje telematiky jsou zamìøeny také na zlepšení kvality a efektivnosti místní veøejné správy a služeb, stejnì jako jejich pøístupnosti a uživatelské jednoduchosti. Nástroje telematiky tím podporují zavedení EU principu subsidiarity. Pøispívají také k realizaci cíle EU - vytvoøení uživatelsky jednoduché a pøátelské informaèní spoleènosti. OBLAST APLIKACE HLAVNÍ CHARAKTERISTIKY Management odpadù a kontaminovaných území Construction & Demolition Recyclables Exchange recyklovatelného stavebního a demolièního odpadu SINDRA – Telematika pro management odpadù v regionu Rhone-Alpes COSIMA – systém pro podporu managementu kontaminovaných území Urban Air Quality Management System, Vilnius, Litva Management pro kvalitu Monitoring životního prostøedí Management havárií rizikových situací 44 2.2 SPRÁVNÉ PØÍSTUPY V TELEMATICE ŽIVOTNÍHO PROSTØEDÍ Tabulka 1 uvádí struènì dvanáct aplikací, kterými se zabývá tento prùvodce. Ètyøi ovìøované studie (vèetnì TELEFLEUR, HEIS-MUC, DEDICS, COSIMA) byly spolufinancovány Programem pro aplikace telematiky (PAT) Evropské komise EC v letech 1994-98. Nìkteré další financovaly jiné mezinárodní projekty a dárci (Black Sea Web, JAMS, Danube AEWS, a Air Quality Management System - Systém managementu kvality ovzduší ve Vilniusu, Litva). Projekty jako IOZIP, SNIRH, SINDRA a Construction and Demolition Recyclables Exchange jsou témìø plnì financovány z a Litva JAMS Joint Air Monitoring System – Spojený systém pro monitorování ovzduší v regionu Èerného trojúhelníku SNIRH Portugalský informaèní systém vodních zdrojù TELEFLEUR povodòových situací na urbanizovaných územích pomocí telematiky /Telematics Assisted Handling of Flood Emergencies in Urban Areas Inventura recyklovatelného stavebního a konstrukèního odpadu pro Rakousko a sousední zemì Nástroj na zpracování a management odpadù na regionální úrovni GIS-nástroj na podporu pøi rozhodování a vyhodnocení kontaminovaných území na místní úrovni v Irsku, Nìmecku, Itálii a Amsterdamu Systém pro modelování a monitorování kvality ovzduší v urbanizované oblasti Monitorovací a varovný systém kvality ovzduší pøes Systém pro management vodních zdrojù a kvality vod Integrovaný systém pro management a podporu havarijního servisu v Øecko, zamìøený na management pøívalových povodní G OOD P R A C T I C E S Pøístup veøejnosti k informacím Danube AEWS Danube Accident Emergency Warning Systém Varovný havarijní systém pro Dunaj DEDICS Forest fire management support systém Systém pro podporu managementu lesních požárù HEIS-MUC Health and Environmental Information System Munich, Germany Informaèní systém o životním prostøedí a zdraví v Mnichovì IOZIP Environmental Information System of Prague, Czech Republic Informaèní systém o životním prostøedí v Praze IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION Výstražný systém pro havarijní zneèištìní, který operuje v 11 zemích, pøes které Dunaj protéká, a který usnadòuje pøípravu a odezvu na mimoøádné situace Integrovaný systém pro management a podporu havarijního servisu urèeného pro management lesních požárù na Krétì, francouzské Riviéøe a vAndalusii. Integrovaný systém pro management údajù o životním prostøedí, který zabezpeèuje lepší pøístup øídících pracovníkù a veøejnosti k údajùm o životním prostøedí Integrovaný systém pro management údajù o životním prostøedí, který zabezpeèuje lepší pøístup øídících pracovníkù a veøejnosti k údajùm o životním prostøedí, který odpovídá environmentálním regulacím Black Sea Web Regionální systém pro management údajù o životním Black Sea Environmental prostøedí moøe, který slouží pro nìkolik Èernomoøských Management Support Systém státù na Internetu. Systém pro podporu managementu životního prostøedí Èerného moøe Tabulka 1: Projekty a jejich hlavní charakteristiky Aplikace jako HEIS-MUC, COSIMA a TELEFLEUR, aby se mohly kvalifikovat pro spolufinancování z prostøedkù Evropské komise, musely prokázat centrální potøebnost pro místní veøejnou správu a výzkumné ústavy, které øídí a monitorují oblast životního prostøedí. Když bylo financování úspìšnì provìøeno, pøíspìvek na místní úrovni dosáhl až 50% nákladù na projekt. Tím se prokázala prakticky hodnota, kterou tìmto nástrojùm pøiradila veøejná správa, která je zavádìla. Dnes pokraèuje financování tìchto aplikací a jejich provozu úplnì nezávisle na podpoøe EC. Nìkteré aplikace, DEDICS a HEIS-MUC jsou dále vyvíjeny. Jasnì identifikované priority životního prostøedí, napøíklad lepší koordinace øízení silnì zneèištìného PROÈ ZAVÁDÌT APLIKACE TELEMATIKY? 2.3 RELEVANTNOST PRO STÀEDNÍ VÝCHODNÍ EVROPU regionu Èerného trojúhelníku ve støední Evropì, anebo efektivnìjší monitorování Dunajské vodní cesty byly podmínkou pro vývoj projektù financovaných ze zahranièních zdrojù. Další aktivity byly iniciovány legislativními požadavky a zámìrem realizovat politiku udržitelného rozvoje, v oblasti odpadù napø. aplikace Recyclables Exchange. V nìkterých pøípadech byly Informaèní systém životního prostøedí IOŽIP, což vyvolala potøeba podpory rozhodování podle kvalitních informací o environmentálních hrozbách a tlacích. Tyto pøíklady ukazují, jakou mají nástroje telematiky hodnotu pro øídící orgány pøi podpoøe cílù a zámìrù environmentální politiky. A hlavním prioritním oblastem pro aplikace telematiky v životním prostøedí, jmenovitì nástrojùm na podporu 45 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION managementu odpadù, monitorování životního prostøedí (ovzduší a vod), managementu rizikových a havarijních situací a pøístup veøejnosti k informacím o životním prostøedí. Tato sekce, na základì výsledkù CAPE a podle priorit identifikovaných pro nástroje telematiky má za cíl podrobnì popsat, proè mají tyto environmentální otázky význam v zemích støední a Pøibližnì 25% orgánù veøejné a místní správy, podle CAPE, identifikovalo místní odpad jako jejich nejvýznamnìjší environmentální problém. Roèní pøírùstky jsou pøibližnì 8%. Mezi nejvíce uvádìnými akutními krátkodobými problémy z oblasti odpadù jsou: zvyšující se objem domácího odpadu, nelegální skládkování a využívání kalù z èištìní odpadních vod. Následnì asi 70% dotázaných vyjádøilo pøání používat telematiku na "podporu managementu odpadù". CAPE také zjistil, že také v západní Evropì je pøibližnì 66% odpadù ukládáno na skládky, zatímco v zemích CEEC je to pøibližnì 80% (šest procent odpadù vùbec není odváženo na skládky). Nevhodnì provozované skládky odpadù mohou vést ke zneèištìní podzemních vod a ke kontaminaci pùdy, což podporuje rostoucí obavy v zemích støední a východní Evropy. Zvláštì Bulharsko, Estonsko, Maïarsko a Litvu oznaèil CAPE jako zemì, kde jsou mimoøádná rizika pro kontaminaci podzemních vod. Pozùstalostí desetiletí socialistického režimu jsou kontaminovaná území vojenských zaøízení a tìžkého prùmyslu. Kolem 275 vojenských základen, které pøestavují 1% území tìchto státù bylo identifikováno jako pro zneèištìní. Následkem toho oznaèilo 30% dotázaných orgánù vyèištìní kontaminovaných území za prioritu. Zneèištìní ovzduší a vod Pøibližnì všechny zemì CEEC dosáhly snížení emisí hlavních škodlivin, vèetnì oxidu siøièitého a prašného spadu, èásteènì následkem útlumu tìžkého prùmyslu a zavádìní èistìjších výrobních technologií. Avšak 46 problém pøenosu zneèištìní za hranice ještì pøetrvává. V mnohých zemích CEEC teï dochází ke zvyšování koncentrací NOx, ozonu a hluku, jako dùsledek zvýšení místní dopravy (viz obr. 1). Více než 40% orgánù prohlásilo, že na øešení dlouhodobého problému emisí z dopravy bude nutno stanovit dlouhodobé strategie, a více než 30% je již zavedly. Asi 40% pøedpokládá, že telematika bude mít hlavní roli pøi modelování a pøedpovídání kvality ovzduší v budoucnosti. Hlavní mìsto Litvy, Vilnius, je typickým pøíkladem mìsta ve støední a východní Evropì, ve kterém se problém kvality ovzduší zvyšuje s objemem emisí z dopravy a prùmyslu. Mìsto zøídilo oddìlení, které se zabývá managementem kvality ovzduší a které pøijalo a koordinovala strategii managementu kvality ovzduší ve mìstì. Pro podporu svých akcí a pro definování odezvy pøíští politiky, byly zavedeny monitorovací a modelovací nástroje, které jsou kombinovány se systémem pro podporu rozhodování. Pøenos zneèištìní ovzduší pøes hranice je problémem spoleèným pro zemì støední a východní Evropy. Slovensko, Rumunsko a Litva se pokládají za importéry atmosférického zneèištìní a kyselých deš•ù. Region Èerného trojúhelníka na hranicích Èeské republiky, Polska a Nìmecka je snad nejznámìjším pøíkladem. Desetiletí pùsobení tìžkého prùmyslu v regionu mìlo znièující vliv na pøírodní prostøedí, kdy kyselé deštì pøispìly k vytvoøení ekologické katastrofy a znièení lesních porostù v horách a acidifikaci pùdy. Pøibližnì 3 milióny tun SO2 a asi 1 milión NOx byly zde roènì vypouštìny. Proto mezinárodní dárci monitorovacího systému. G OOD P R A C T I C E S Slovensko, Rumunsko a Litva se pokládají za importéry atmosférického zneèištìní a kyselých deš•ù. Region Èerného trojúhelníka na hranicích Èeské republiky, Polska a Nìmecka je snad nejznámìjším pøíkladem. Desetiletí pùsobení tìžkého prùmyslu v regionu mìlo znièující vliv na pøírodní prostøedí, kdy kyselé deštì pøispìly k vytvoøení ekologické katastrofy a znièení lesních porostù v horách a acidifikaci pùdy. Pøibližnì 3 milióny tun SO2 a asi 1 milión NOx byly zde roènì vypouštìny. Proto mezinárodní dárci a vlády iniciovaly v roce 1991 program Èerný trojúhelník s pøíslušnými aktivitami, vèetnì zavedení automatického monitorovacího systému. Mnoho podzemních vod v zemích CEEC je zneèištìno z bodových zdrojù, vèetnì nekontrolovaného odtoku deš•ových vod, neèištìných odpadních vod, kontaminovaných pùd, bakteriologického zneèištìní a nitrátù. V mnoha pøípadech se tyto podmínky zhoršují.. V zemích CEEC bylo detekováno slabé snížení zneèištìní povrchových vod. Avšak je zøejmé, že je nutno zavést opatøení na zajištìní lepší kontroly kvality a adekvátní management zdrojù. Jestliže pøibližnì jenom 20% domácností v zemích CEEC je pøipojených na kanalizaci, je efektivní management vodních zdrojù kritické. Z tìchto dùvodù až 72% dotázaných odpadové vody a 36% zahájilo monitorování podzemních vod. Rizikové a havarijní situace v životním prostøedí Výskyt pøírodních katastrof se v posledních letech v zemích CEEC zvýšil, zejména v souvislosti se záplavami. CAPE zaznamenal ménì výskytù lesních požárù, avšak zemì, kde se nacházejí rozsáhlé zalesnìné oblasti, jako Bulharsko a Rumunsko, a které jsou IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION vystaveny rychlé urbanizaci mohou být tìmito událostmi ohroženy. Prùmyslových a ropných havárií se obávají v zemích jako Slovinsko a Lotyšsko. Ty byly hlavní pøíèinou obav podél mezinárodních vodních cest jako Dunaj po mnohaletí. Potøeba lepší pøipravenosti na tyto události a na jejich efektivnìjší management pomocí telematiky je zjevná, nebo• asi 46% dotázaných orgánù oèekává, že nástroje telematiky budou mít V nìkterých místech, jako napøíklad v Olomouci v Èeské republice, je to již jasné. Když v roce 1997 zažilo nejhorší povodeò ve dvacátém století, jak to bylo uvedeno na workshopu CAPE a foru uživatelù telematiky v Mnichovì v èervnu 1999, zahájilo provoz jednoduchého povodòového výstražného systému. Také ve mìstech jižní Evropy, které jsou obklopeny pøíkrým terénem a kde dochází k rychlé urbanizací a odlesòování, ale i k úèinkùm skleníkových plynù, se náhlé povodnì stávají èastìjšími. Prùmyslové havárie a ropné úniky se èasto vyskytovaly podél Dunajské vodní cesty v osmdesátých a devadesátých letech. Ty ohrožovaly dodávku vody tím, že musely být odstaveny odbìry. Ekonomicky ménì vyvinuté zemì na dolním toku (13 zemí povodí Dunaje) tyto havárie mimoøádnì ohrožují a jsou proto závislé na vèasném upozornìní, aby se s nimi mohli efektivnì vypoøádat. V roce 1991 iniciovala mezinárodní komunita dárcù program Danube Environment Programme, který byl zamìøen na zlepšení kooperace mezi dunajskými státy. Ten pomohl realizovat varovnou sí•, tzv. "center", a výstražný systém podél mezinárodní vodní cesty. Zlepšení pøístupu veøejnosti k informacím o životním Asi 90% samosprávních orgánù ve støední a východní Evropì indikovalo vysoký zájem o informaèní systémy o životním prostøedí pro veøejnost. Je to èásteènì odezva na legislativní požadavky EU, jako Evropská smìrnice o 47 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION informacím, o úèasti veøejnosti na rozhodování a právu na spravedlnost v záležitostech životního prostøedí, Evropy. Pro potøeby rozšiøování aktuálních informací o životním prostøedí, musí místní a regionální správy nejdøíve zavést mechanizmy na sbìr a uchovávání dat. To èasto pøedstavuje znaèný problém, protože informace se obecnì snímají a uchovávají na rùzných místech, rùzných institucích a v nekompatibilních formátech. Podle CAPE asi 87% respondentù uchovává data ve formátu GIS, zatímco 20% zapisuje informace do rùzných elektronických databází.. Dále je èasto získávají rùzné organizace a výzkumné ústavy, se kterými se teprve musí vytváøet efektivní kooperace, èímž dochází ke znaènému prodlení v pøístupu k informacím pro øídící orgány i pro veøejnost. Internet se stává obecným prostøedkem pro rozšiøování informací o životním prostøedí. Avšak jeho využití v mnohých zemích CEEC ochromuje slabá telekomunikaèní sí• a vysoké náklady na pøipojení. Prùzkum, který provedl CAPE ukázal, že 40% øídících pracovníkù má pøístup k emailu a 43% k Internetu. Nicménì, limitované technické znalosti a nízká kvalita zaøízení ve veøejné správì je stále brzdou, která zabraòuje, aby veøejná správa mohla plnì využít výhody poskytování informací široké veøejnosti. 2.4 ENVIRONMENTÁLNÍ PØÍNOS Tato sekce navazuje na sekci 2.1 Kontext uvedenou na zaèátku Shrnutí. Sumarizuje pøínosy a relevantnost zkoumaných nástrojù telematiky, zvláštì v environmentální kontextu, a s ohledem na zemì 48 støední a východní Evropy (a také problémy, které byly podtrženy v pøedchozí sekci). Sumarizovány jsou také pøínosy ve smyslu dosažení cílù politiky a zlepšení efektivnosti nákladù a úèinnosti. Technologie pro podporu managementu odpadù a kontaminovaných míst Pøísnìjší cíle pro dosažení udržitelného rozvoje (zajištìní využívání existujících pøírodních zdrojù bez ohrožení tìch, které mají využívat pøíští generace) vyvolaly potøebu tøídení odpadù a zvyšování objemu recyklovaného a znovu využívaného odpadu. Telematické aplikace, které podporují tyto cíle, mohou být neocenitelné. Unikátní a inovativní a pøeci jednoduchá je rakouská aplikace Austrian Construction and Demolition Recyclables Exchange - rakouský projekt burzy pro výmìnu recyklovatených stavebních a demolièních odpadù. Její aplikace pomáhá snižovat objem stavebního odpadu, který se dostává na skládky domácího odpadu. Výmìnný systém, který je zaveden a provozován pomocí Internetu (viz obr. 2) umožòuje rakouské vládì zlepšit znovuvyužívání a recyklaci stavebního odpadu. Takový pøístup má pøímý dopad pro dosažení cílù trvale udržitelného rozvoje a omezuje vyèerpávání pøírodních zdrojù. Pomáhá také dodržovat pøísné požadavky na skládkování. Vzhledem k množství stavebních a rozvojových projektù v zemích CEEC, a následným demolicím starých konstrukcí a budov, se tento systém mùže stát velmi užiteèným pro administrativy, které se snaží snížit objem stavebního odpadu ukládaného na skládkách. Rovnìž pro 40% veøejných správ, které podle CAPE, hledají strategie pro podporu snížení odpadù a jejich recyklaci to mùže pomoci. Systém poskytuje ekonomické výhody také tìm, kteøí by jinak museli platit za uložení odpadu a umožòuje nákup stavebního materiálu za snížené ceny. G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION xchange v dolním Rakousku (zdroj: CDRE) Zámìrem aplikací jako SINDRA je pomáhat místní správì v celém regionu pøi zlepšení uchovávání a informacím o odpadech a hospodaøení s odpady. Týká se to napøíklad objemu místních odpadù, sbìru, mechanizmù pro tøídìní a nakládání s odpady, èistících zaøízení, množství odpadních vod atd. Spolu se základní informací o režimu regulace a zpoplatòování tento systém pomáhá místním orgánùm evidovat rùzné postupy managementu odpadù, pøipravovat a vyhodnocovat strategie pro nakládání s odpady, vylepšit kooperaci a výmìnu zkušeností mezi øídícími pracovníky na místní a regionální úrovni. Nevhodnì provozované skládky odpadù nebo pùmyslové zóny mohou zpùsobit kontaminaci pùdy a podzemních vod. Pøi zvýšenou mìrou prosazovaném principu “zneèiš•ovatel platí” a sEvropskou legislativou, která vyžaduje vyèištìní kontaminovaných území pøed jejich prodejem, telematické nástroje COSIMA, podpoøe manažerù kontaminovaných území a komplexních informacích pro urbanistické plánování. Tím, že se spoléhá na technologie GIS, mùže se použít na identifikaci charakteru, rozsahu a úèinku kontaminace, která vzniká ze skládek, prùmyslové nebo vojenské aktivity Podporuje urychlené rozhodování o nejvhodnìjších mechanizmech na vyèištìní. Území mùže být revitalizováno (tím, že bude vyhovovat normám o revitalizaci a o pùdì) a úspìšnì nabídnuto perspektivním investorùm a firmám, které se zabývají obytnou zástavbou, což podporuje ekonomický i trvale udržitelný rozvoj. COSIMA se mùže také použít pro vyhodnocení rizik a mùže pomáhat pøi stanovení priorit nebo pravidel, což mùže mít dopad na jakékoliv dané místo. Technologie na podporu monitorování životního Efektivní management kvality ovzduší vyžaduje, aby se podmínky, emise a kritické situace monitorovaly v reálném èase. To si uvìdomují mnohé orgány veøejné správy ve støední a východní Evropì a asi 40% pøedvídá význam telematických technologií v tomto procesu v blízké budoucnosti. Nástroje pro monitoring pomohou zajistit dodržování legislativních pøedpisù, vèetnì místních a evropských norem pro kvalitu ovzduší, zatímco na nástroje pro modelování se lze spolehnout pøi prevenci krátkodobých zhoršení kvality ovzduší. Oba údaje z modelování a monitorování mohou být použity pøi definování budoucí politiky ochrany ovzduší a mohou se stát neocenitelnými pøi plánování strategie managementu ochrany kvality ovzduší. Nástroje jako AIRVIRO pro monitorování a modelování pøevzalo mìsto Vilnius jako souèást Mìstského systému managementu kvality ovzduší. Systém zabezpeèuje sbìr údajù o kvalitì ovzduší v reálném èase pomocí sítì senzorù a stanic a zpracovává tyto informace do pøehledných tabulek pro øídící pracovníky a manažery kvality ovzduší. Také sestavuje údaje o kvalitì ovzduší urèené pro veøejnost, které jsou dostupná na Internetu. Kromì toho, že pøispívají k lépe informované a environmentálnì uvìdomìlé spoleènosti, lze se na tyto správy spolehnout pøi sestavování návrhu strategií managementu kvality ovzduší. AIRVIRO rovnìž modeluje a simuluje situace v kvalitì ovzduší a tím slouží jako systém pro podporu rozhodování, èím dnes 49 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION exhalací. Výrazný pøínos pro životní prostøedí lze oèekávat, když budou plnì zavedeny strategie, které tento systém pomáhá vyvíjet. Pokud se toto uskuteèní, dodržování tìchto strategií. Na státní úrovni se nástroje jako Joint Air Management Systém (spojený systém pro management ovzduší), nebo JAMS monitorovaní se v tomto èase pøipravují zprávy o stavu životního prostøedí v "Èerném trojúhelníku", které umožní manažerùm kvality ovzduší ve všech státech Èerného trojúhelníku navrhnout a pøipravit cílené environmentální strategie a politiky. JAMS je také varovný systém, který v pøípadì havarijních situací zastavena prùmaselní èinnost. JAMS pøedstavuje také efektivní nástroj na ulehèení mezihranièní spolupráce ochrany kvality ovzduší. Výsledkem toho je harmonizace politiky, která se týká otázek kvality ovzduší mezi hranicemi státù. Systém také pomáhá dosáhnout cílù podle pøíslušných domácích politik na ochranu životního prostøedí v regionu Èerného trojúhelníku. Manažeøi pro ochranu vod na místní a státní úrovni potøebují efektivnì øídit kvalitu vod a vodních zdrojù, obzvláštì když mnoho odpadních vod ve støední a východní Evropì není èištìno, ale prosakuje pøímo do podzemních vod. Pro jejich èinnost jsou nezbytné standardizované informace o vodních zdrojích a jejich kvalitì a o zásobách podzemních vod. Aplikace SNIRH jsou právì na to zamìøeny. . Jsou používány v relativnì nových èlenských státech EU , jako Portugalsko, a umožòují efektivní a koordinovaný management vodních zdrojù na národní a místní úrovni v souladu s normami kvality EU (viz obr. È. 3). Systém pomáhá manažerùm vodních zdrojù sledovat kvalitu vody a hladiny zásob na úrovni regionálních povodí øek a pomáhá jim zajistit adekvátní dodávku èisté vody. Všechny formy údajù o vodách (geografické, hydrografické, vodohospodáøské atd.) se uchovávají v snadno pøístupném informaèním systému, což podporuje plánování, vývoj a zavádìní Národního plánu vodních zdrojù a zásob. Ten mùže sloužit jako prostøedek k dosažení evropských norem oèekávané smìrnice EU o vodních zdrojích. 50 kvality vody (zdroj: SNIRH ) SNIRH také pomáhá optimalizovat komunikaci mezi vládními institucemi a pomohl zajistit INAG, Národním ústavu vodního hospodáøství, efektivní alokaci interních zdrojù. Systém je také orientován na poskytování informací pro veøejnost a tak zajiš•uje splnìní požadavkù Evropské smìrnice o pøístupu k informacím o životním prostøedí a Aarhuské konference. Technologie pro podporu managementu rizikových Politika Evropské unie zvyšující se mírou zdùrazòuje potøebu preventivních opatøení pøi managementu životního prostøedí jako protiklad knápravì existujícího zneèištìní životního prostøedí. Pøirozené životní prostøedí lze lépe uchovat beze stráty, nebo poškození existujících ekosystémù minimalizací hrozících dopadù. Dùsledkem toho budou nižší výdaje na sanaci havarijních situací, které èasto hradí veøejná správa, domácnosti, pojš•ovny a na které doplácí životní Aplikace jako TELEFLEUR, který byl financován Programem telematických aplikací EC, zvyšují pøipravenost veøejných správ voblastech, kde se vyskytují pøívalové záplavy v urbanizovaném území. Hlavním pøínosem aplikace je varovný systém, který upozoròuje v pøípadì potenciálního výskytu na pøívalové povodnì. Umožòuje koordinaci havarijních orgánù, jako je policie a hasièi, odbor veøejných prací atd. Systém pro podporu rozhodování pomáhá pøed a pøi identifikaci a koordinaci G OOD P R A C T I C E S minimalizaci povodòových škod.. Podrobnì popisuje nejefektivnìjší protipovodòová opatøení a akce na obnovu. Takové aplikace pomáhají minimalizovat dopady na životní prostøedí a snižovat náklady na povodòové škody. Podle orgánù veøejné správy v prùzkumu CAPE je to prioritní otázka. Varovný systém havárií na Dunaji Danube Accident Emergency Warning Systém používají pøíbøežní zemì podél povodí Dunaje v západní, støední a . umožòuje snížit riziko úniku nebezpeèných látek a jejich kontrolu. Pomocí sítì senzorù podél celého povodí se shromažïují aktualizované údaje, aby manažeøi pro kvalitu vody pøijali vèasná preventivní opatøení na minimalizaci dopadù ohrožení životního IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION prostøedí. Hlavní pøednost systému spoèívá v jeho schopnosti urychlenì poskytovat informace o incidentu s havarijním zneèištìním pomocí sítì bodù “PIACs” , neboli Principal International Alert Centres (viz obr. 4), a v "modelu výstrahy". Pøínosy již byly zaznamenány. zavedení systému v r. 1997 bylo detekováno 8 pøípadù, pøi kterých byl jejich dopad na životní prostøedí minimalizován. Další výhodou systému je, že pomáhá pøíslušným zemím dodržovat závazky, které vyplývají z mezinárodních úmluv o Dunaji, a také Úmluvy o øešení mezinárodní spolupráce v regionu, který byl tradiènì GERMANY CZECH REPUBLIC PIAC-01 Passau PIAC-03 Brno PIAC-11 Uzgorod PIAC-05 Budapest PIAC-06 Ljubljana 0 PIAC-07 Zagreb state boundary catchment boundary 250 km PIAC-10 Kishinev PIAC-12 Izmail PIAC-08 Bucharest PIAC-09 Bucharest Figure 1. PIACs of the Danube AEWS Obr. 4: Danube Accident Emergency Warning System (DAEWS) (zdroj: DAEWPS) DEDICS lesních požárù v pøírodních územích, které sousedí s urbanizovanými oblastmi , nebo jsou v blízkosti prùmyslové èinnosti. Jeho pøínos je zøejmý zvláštì v sušších støedomorských oblastech. Podobnì jako TELEFLEUR, tato aplikace zlepšuje komunikaci a koordinaci mezi hlavními veøejnými sektory, vèetnì hlídkových vozidel (pomocí radiokomunikaèních systémù a systému GPS - Global Positioning System), øídícího centra a sítì strážných vìží. Hlavní výhodou je lepší koordinace úsilí pøi haváriích a kvalitnìjší komunikace. Výsledkem je lepší využití lidských a finanèních zdrojù a minimalizace škod na životním prostøedí. Pøednost systému spoèívá ve zpracování rùzných dat z monitoringu životního prostøedí a v jejich prezentaci ve formátu, který je užiteèný jak pro veøejnou správu tak i pro havarijní službu. Technologie pro pøístup veøejnosti k informacím Zajištìní pøístupu veøejnosti k informacím o životním prostøedí na základì vyžádání, nebo prùbìžnì, jsou požadavkem národních, Evropské a mezinárodní legislativy. Pøístup veøejnosti k environmentálním informacím pomáhá zvyšovat její uvìdomìlost a chápání záležitostí životního prostøedí, které pak mùže pøispìt k lepší akceptovatelnosti pøísnìjší environmentální politiky a cílù trvale udržitelného rozvoje . Pøi úèasti veøejnosti na rozhodování je tak možno dosáhnout lepší informovanosti a skooperaci pøi spoleèném postupu. HEIS-MUC a IOZIP vzhledem k jejich podobnosti, možno shrnout souèasnì. Obì aplikace uchovávají, zpracovávají a rozšiøují hodnotné informace o životním prostøedí ke prospìchu místních (a mezinárodních) komunit. Jejich cílovou skupinou jsou mìsta Mnichov, resp. Praha. Hlavní pøednost obou nástrojù je jejich schopnost øídit, 51 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION uchovávat a zpracovávat data, která byla získána z rùzných nezávislých zdrojù a z rùzných technických zaøízení. A to vèetnì dat o kvalitì ovzduší, hluku a vodních zdrojù (viz obr. 5) a údajù o dopravní zátìži , které jsou uchovávány napø. v grafickém informaèním systému GIS a na Internetu. Obr. 5: Ukazovatele kvality ovzduší (zdroj:IOZIP) Koncový produkt tìchto aplikací pøedstavuje užiteèné a prezentovatelné informace o životním prostøedí, jednak pro veøejnost a také pro øídící pracovníky mìstských orgánù. Napøíklad pøístup veøejnosti je umožnìn pøes Internet, terminály pro veøejnost , City Info sloupce a InfoKiosky v Mnichovì a pøes Internet, CD-ROM, roèenky a atlasy v Praze. Koncový uživatel má výhodu lepšího pøístupu k údajùm v nìkolika rùzných uživatelsky vhodných formátech. Umožnìním pøístupu široké veøejnosti za relativnì nízkou cenu jsou splnìny mnohé požadavky místní a mezinárodní legislativy. Tím, že jsou data rychleji pøístupná, tyto nástroje šetøí èas a náklady na zodpovìzení dotazù Dále je možno zmínit pøínos pøi pøíjímání rozhodnutí. Lidé, odpovìdní za vytváøení politiky ve veøejné správì, zvýšenou mìrou èelí informaènímu "pøetížení" a pøesto se od nich oèekává, že absorbují a budou rozumìt mnoha rozlièným kritickým environmentální otázkám od kvality ovzduší po údaje o dopravì, hluku a typu poèasí a objemu odpadu atd. Znalost tìchto otázek je dùležitá pro pøípravu politiky a programù, místního a územního plánování a pro provedení studií o dopadu na životní prostøedí. Elektronické nástroje jako HEIS-MUC a IOZIP pomáhají smìrovat získávané informace a uchovávaná data pro rùzné soubory surových dat. Vyhodnocená informace, která se objevuje na konci zpracování tak pøispívá k procesu pøíjímání kompetentních rozhodnutí na základì lepší informovanosti. Stránka Black Sea Web jsou ovšem orientovány na region (sdružující Èerné moøe, Ukrajinu, Rumunsko a Rusko). Aplikace je regionální systém podpory managementu životního prostøedí, který slouží místním a státním øídícím pracovníkùm, obèanùm, nevládním organizacím a dalším zainteresovaným stranám , jako jsou sdìlovací prostøedky, experti a akademiètí pracovníci. Vzhledem k tomu, že se spoléhá na Internet, který je pøístupný všem, umožòuje uživatelsky pøijatelný pøístup k údajùm o životním prostøedí v moøi. Mnoho z toho je ve skuteènosti uchováváno v databázích, které jsou specifické pro každou zemi a které jsou rùznì formátované (a umístìné na oddìlených místech). Výhodou je, že uživatelé se nemusí touto složitostí zabývat. Klíèovou silou stránky Black Sea Web je také to, že podnítila a podporuje regionální kooperaci a zajiš•uje výmìnu informací mezi pracovníky, kteøí rozhodují o životním prostøedí v oblasti Èerného moøe. Environmentální problémy èasto nejsou omezeny pouze na jednu zemi, a v pøípadì pøímoøských oblastí zasahují napøíè hranicemi. Stránka Black Sea Web a systém podpory managementu životního prostøedí v moøi pomáhá rùzným specialistùm a environmentálním manažerùm spolupracovat na ochranì životního prostøedí Èerného moøe jako celku. ROZVOJ INFORMAÈNÍ SPOLEÈNOSTI Prùzkum, provedený CAPE prokázal, že 40 % øídících pracovníkù má pøístup k emailu, a 43% k Internetu. Poslední tøi uvedené aplikace se pøi poskytování pøístupu veøejnosti kinformacím se spoléhají na Internet. Internet nabízí nìkolik výhod: má jednoduché použití, je internacionálnì uznáván jako prostøedek pro pøístup a rozšiøování informací, slouží jako cenný prostøedek k pøekonávání geografických a sociálních barier a pøístup k nìmu se stává stále levnìjší. Použití Internetu se také stává stále obecnìjším : školy a university, pracovištì , domácnosti, knihovny, Internetové kavárny atd. v souèasnosti umožòují pøístup k "informaèní spoleènosti" je pohánìn nástroji, jako internet. Také další nástroje urychlují tento rozvoj. Výše uvedené ovìøované studie ukazují, jak monitorovací nástroje, uchovávání dat a zaøízení na jejich zpracování a systémy na podporu rozhodování pøispívají k rozvoji informaèní spoleènosti. Privátní sektor zaèíná být ovládán spoleènostmi, 52 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION které jsou "orientovány na znalosti", které uchovávají, kupují, kompletují, prodávají a rozšiøují informace - typicky v elektronickém formátu. Tyto hnací síly, doprovázeny legislativou, budou dále posouvat potøebu na zlepšení kapacit pro šíøení informací na úrovni místní veøejné správy a aby to dosáhly, budou se spoléhat na informaèní technologie a telematiku. Mnohé místní samosprávy v Evropské unii to už zavedly pomocí vlastní iniciativy a mechanizmù “Governments on-line.” Zøejmì je informaèní, anebo IT revoluce na nás, a jak poznamenává Markus Spring, HEIS-MUC project manager, “telematické nástroje nabízejí nejobecnìjší, nejpohodlnìjší a nejlevnìjší prostøedek pro pøístup veøejnosti k informacím o životním prostøedí v budoucnosti.” 53 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION Sekce 2.5: Cílem oblasti technických implementací je ilustrace hlavních technických požadavkù na zavedení zkoumaných telematických aplikací. Požadavky na koncového uživatele, ceny na sestavení a záležitosti provozu a údržby jsou uvedeny, pokud jsou k dispozici. Sekce 2.6 zdùrazòuje nìkteré zkušenosti a poznatky manažerù projektù pøíslušných aplikací, zvláštì pøi pøenosu z oblasti výzkumu do skuteèné implementace. 2.5 TECHNICKÁ IMPLEMENTACE Minimální technické požadavky na implementaci zkoumaných telematických aplikací jsou uvedeny v tabulce 5. Tyto vyznaèují napø. požadavky na software a hardware, varianty pro technický transfer a následné akce potøebné pro implementaci. Tabulka také udává geografický rozsah aplikace a cílové uživatele. Název projektu Územní implementace Státní Charakteristika a transferabilita aplikace SINDRA Regionální COSIMA Místní Urban Air Quality Management System Vilnius, Litva Místní JAMS Mezihranièní SNIRH Státní Construction and Demolition Recyclables Exchange 54 Cílové skupiny hardware software Internetový systém, který vyžaduje pøeprogramování a náklady na softwarové, licence. PC a Internet web server Databáze Oracle, pøístup interpretu Konceptuální datový model je hotov, ovšem znaèný èas si vyžádá harmonizace a standardizace definicí odpadù, výpoèetních metod, a prezentace informace tak, aby byla kompatibilní s místními pøístupy. Architektura a koncept je založen na tzv. jednotném modelu dat. Ten musí být pøizpùsoben místním podmínkám, napø. rùzným datovým strukturám a rùzným postupùm ve veøejné správì Balík programù na systému AIRVIRO. Vyžaduje místní kalibraci dat Internetový server a kapacita hardwaru pro databázi, která umožní pravidelný pøístup 15 20 místním uživatelùm Koncept a metodologie, která mùže být aplikována na dalších místech, technické požadavky musí být pøizpùsobeny do urèitého stupnì místním podmínkám. Kalibrace místních vstupních dat je potøebná Rámec vèetnì jeho funkèní software pro provozovatele, pøístup Internetu a prohlížeè pro uživatele Stavební a demolièní spoleènosti, místní správa asociace pro odpady Øídící pracovníci regionální a místní správy, odpovìdni za management odpadù Technologie GIS, UNIX a/nebo místní sí• NT Databáze Oracle, ARC/Info, ARC/View pro prezentaci dat a MapInfo Manažeøi kontaminovaných území, územní plánování ve veøejné správì Systém AIRVIRO, monitory a senzory kvality dat, workstation UNIX, server a stanice, pøístup internetu, spolehlivá telekomunikaèní infrastruktura Spolehlivá telekomunikaèní infrastruktura, regionální sí•, satelitní vysílaèe a pøijímaèe, monitorovací stanice/senzory a analyzátory. Místní sí• LAN -Local AirWeb, Air quality management software pro kvalitu ovzduší, vèetnì databáze emisí, nástroje pro disperzní modelování, pøístup internetu Software ENVISAT CAS Pracovníci odpovìdni za kvalitu ovzduší a pracovníci, zabývající se strategií pro kvalitu ovzduší Pracovníci odpovìdni za kvalitu ovzduší a pracovníci, zabývající se strategií pro kvalitu ovzduší G OOD P R A C T I C E S analýzy a teoretických konceptù byl úspìšnì pøeveden na Azorské ostrovy, Madeiru a na jiná místa. Musí být pøizpùsoben místním podmínkám a vyžaduje pøístup k místní síti pro sbìr dat TELEFLEUR Místní Systém pro podporu rozhodování DSS) mùže být pøizpùsoben podle pravidel a postupù místní správy. Komunikaèní protokoly a software pro interface musí být doladìn podle jednotlivých úkolù Danube AEWS Mezihranièní Operaèní princip systému je založen na mezinárodních varovných a výstražních systémech pro Rýn a Labe. Tato metodika mùže být pøizpùsobena pro povodí øek, protékajících pøes více státù za pøedpokladu, že existují mechanizmy pro dodání vstupních dat. DEDICS se opírá o pìt oddìlených aplikací, které integruje podle místních podmínek. S ohledem na rùzné komponenty dat, se pøevod systému musí z pøípadu na pøípad dùkladnì zvážit. DEDICS Místní HEIS-MUC Místní IOZIP Místní Black Sea Web Mezinárodní Aplikace nabízí pracovní rámec a systém, opírající se pokud možno o software a nástroje na doménì Musí byt pøizpùsoben podle specifických environmentálních potøeb a datových souborù pøíslušné administrativy Principy a metodika IOZIP se mohou aplikovat, potøebná je adaptace podle jednotlivých datových souborù, formátù a požadavkù Architektura pro spojení vzdálených a rozdílných databází. Data musí obsahovat pouze meta-popis a uživatel musí znát práci s internetem. Area Network, databáze Spatial Database Engine SDE, která umožòuje, aby databázový server zpracoval geografická data, . ALPHA 4000 UNIX, ALPHA 600 Web Server a Win95/Win98/ Win NT PC’s. Workstation UNIX, PC, øídící støedisko pro pøíjem a uchovávání dat, senzory (napø. povrchové meteorologické stanice, mìøièe hladiny vody), satelitní pøijímaèe. Sí• základních mezinárodních výstražních center, sítì a senzory pro monitorování kvality systém, satelitní vysílaèe a pøijímaèe. Spatial Decision Support System; sí• automatických monitorovacích terminálù, hasièské øídící støedisko, satelitní vysílaèe a pøijímaèe, pøístup k meteorologické monitorovací síti, databázový systém, zaøízení GIS a GPS Global Positioning System. Server UNIX, Windows NT, GIS, PC, sí• Local Area Networks, Map server, Info-kiosky, a veøejné terminály. Network, Internet server a MapObjects Internet Server GIS, Internet Server IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION software Binary Large Object pro uchovávání obrazù,, Apache Web Server ARC/Info a ARC/View pro prezentaci dat. GIS a pùvodní software, který vyvinul Chiron. zdrojù a kvality vod na státní, regionální a místní úrovni a také agentury životního prostøedí Systém pro podporu rozhodování, expertní systém. Orgány veøejné správy, které se zabývají povodòovým nebezpeèím. Informaèní systém o nebezpeèných látkách, “Danube Basin Alarm Model,” systém pro zpracování informací. Manažeøi povrchových vodních zdrojù, veøejná správa. "softwarová vrstva" DEDICS anebo podobný balík Manažeøi veøejné správy pro mimoøádné situace, hasièské patroly a další služby pro mimoøádné situace. Intranet a Internet, editovací a programovací nástroje PERL a SGML, ArcInfo, MapObjects, ArcView Manažeøi pro životní prostøedí a pracovníci odpovìdní za politiku, administrativa na místní, regionální a mezinárodní úrovni. Manažeøi pro životní prostøedí a pracovníci odpovìdní za politiku na místní úrovni Manažeøi pro vodu a pracovníci odpovìdní za politiku Databáze Oracle a FoxPro, MapInfo, ArcView, internetový browser a editor Central Meta Directory, Electronic Sounding Board, Management Support System, Remote Data Access Module, Application Layer Module 55 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION Tabulka 2: Geografické a technické charakteristiky zkoumaných telematických aplikací Technologie pro management odpadù a kontaminovaných území Program Construction and Demolition Recyclables Exchange a SINDRA spoléhá na komunikaèní technologie Internetu a databázový software. V pøípadì aplikace o burze na výmìnu recyklovatených odpadù se na uchovávání údajù o inventarizaci stavebního odpadu používá databázový software Oracle. Ten je nainstalován na internetové webové stránce a využívá webserver Internetu. Aktualizace systému je v podstatì ponechána na uživatelích - na stavebních a demolièních firmách. Provozovatel systému je v tomto pøípadì "Platforma pro recyklaci ve stavebnictví", asociace šesti regionù a nìkolika sdružení stavebního prùmyslu. Organizace se spoléhá na jednoduchý PC pro dohled nad údržbou databáze, aktualizaci webové stránky, management informací o èlenech a udržování vztahù s Uživatelé systémù pro výmìnu musí mít pøístup na Internet, svoje heslo a pro zájemce bez pøístupu na Internet je k dispozici faxová služba na požádání. Systém mùže být aplikován na kterékoliv úrovni (ovìøovaná studie uvádí aplikaci na národní úrovni). S vyšším poètem uživatelù a s rozšiøováním územního rozsahu systému se zvyšuje jeho dopad. Implementace systému stojí pøibližnì 100 000.- EUR. Ovšem cena mùže být zredukována, když se rozvoj systému stane souèástí akademického výzkumu. Nízký èlenský poplatek a prodej prostoru pro reklamu mùže podpoøit provoz finanènì. Organizace, které chtìjí zavést tento systém, by mìly hledat garance jeho použití lobováním místní správy, aby zavedla jeho používání ve všech konkurzech a kontraktech, které se týkají výstavby nebo demolice. Operátor systému pro výmìnu je ochotný poskytnout další dostupné technické informace a podpoøit jeho transfer. SINDRA databázový systém uchovávání a managementu dat o odpadech. Databáze je k dispozici na Internetu a proto provozovatel musí být schopen nabídnout internetovou webovou stránku a mít pro ni kapacitu na serveru. Uživatelé pøistupující pøes Internet musí mít stejný software, ve kterém je instalována databáze a stejný pøístup k Internetu. Vývin informaèního systému na managementu odpadù vyžaduje vstup informací získaných od místních orgánù a proto musí být 56 harmonizován. Napø. definice odpadù, výpoètové metody, zobrazení informací s nezávislým místním pøístupem musí být standardizovány. Nìkteré mechanizmy, které øeší tyto otázky jsou osvìtleny v další èásti o "managementu projektu." Aplikace COSIMA se pøi zpracování dat vìtšinou spoléhá na technologii GIS. Na ukládání údajù o místech se používá databázový software Oracle, zatímco pøi prezentaci dat se spoléhá na ARC/Info software, který nabízí uživatelsky pøístupný grafický interface. Databáze mùže být umístìna v lokální síti a taky mùže být øízena pomocí stanic Windows NT a UNIX. COSIMA již vyvinula základní architekturu a rámec, který kombinuje rùzné modely dat ve spoleèném instalována v nìkolika evropských mìstech a její velká pøednost je ve schopnosti adaptace na rùzné informaèní technologie, v dostupnosti rùzných údajù a legislativních podmínek. COSIMA vyžaduje znaèné znalosti v oblasti implementaci pøedpokládá nìkolik zkušených odborníkù Náklady na zavedení projektu COSIMA budou záviset na místních podmínkách. Implementace v Kolínì si vyžádala pøibližnì 500 000.- EUR. Je potøeba vyèlenit také finance na analýzu infrastruktury existujících dat, výcvik personálu a na nákup nových softwarových komponent. Mìsto Kolín spolufinancovalo tuto aplikaci spolu s finanèní podporou EC a nabízí konzultaèní služby a pøedvedení systému pro podporu jeho implementace a nastartování. Technologie na podporu monitorování životního prostøedí Nástroje na monitorování kvality ovzduší , jako ty, které byly použity ve mìstì Vilnius a v regionu Èerného trojúhelníku (JAMS), vyžadují splnìní množství technických požadavkù.Joint Air Monitoring System z regionu Èerného trojúhelníku vyžaduje stanice PC workstation, modem, analyzátory dat a spolehlivou telekomunikaèní infrastrukturu, na které se zøídí široká oblastní sí• a internetové služby. Na výmìnu dat jsou použity satelitní transmitéry Meteosat. Jednou z pøekážek, které musel èelit tým projektu byla nedostateèná kapacita a spolehlivost telekomunikaèní sítì regionu pøi zavedení systému. Pro úplnou implementaci systému AIRVIRO vyžaduje UNIX workstation, poèítaèový server, individuální workstationy a pøístup Internetu. Oba AIRVIRO ve mìstì Vilnius a JAMS se spoléhají na soubor automatických stanic na monitorování kvality a G OOD P R A C T I C E S Informaèní systém pro management vodních zdrojù SNIRH je navržen na databázovém serveru, který kontinuálnì pøijímá data z rozlièných zdrojù. Souèasnì odpovídá na dotazy rùzných klientù. Je závislý na mnoha rùzných softwarových a hardwarových aplikacích. Co se týèe softwaru, Oracle se používá na uchovávání dat a Arc/Info pro jejich prezentaci. Aplikace ORACLE's Binary Large Object se používá na podporu uchování obrazu, zatímco programy pro klientské rozhraní umožòují mechanizmus uživatelských dotazù. Sí• Local Area Network (LAN) slouží pro pøístup dat a tzv. Spatial Database Engine (SDE) umožòuje databázovému serveru zabudování geografických dat. Koncept SNIRH (viz obr. 6) vèetnì jeho funkèní analýzy a teoretických konceptù mùže být transferován do prakticky kteréhokoliv regionu po relativnì jednoduchém pøizpùsobení na místní podmínky a na místní soubory dat. E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION UNIX server with ORACLE DBMS Data Local network meteorologických senzorù. V (mezihranièním) regionu Èerného trojúhelníku tato musí operovat podle spoleènì odsouhlasených standardù na kalibraci údajù. Cena instalace AIRVIRO dosáhla pøibližnì 750 000.EUR. Tyto výdaje byly pokryty z místních a také z mezinárodních zdrojù vèetnì agentury Swedish International Development Agency a litevské vlády. V regionu Èerného trojúhelníku zaøízení stálo 2,2 milionù EUR , které byly hrazeny programem PHARE , zatímco ostatní výdaje hradily pøíslušné zemì. Provozovatelé obou systémù zdùraznili význam technické podpory a potøeby starostlivého zvažování výbìru dodavatelù technického zaøízení. Proto je dùležité dùkladnì provìøit všechny reference. IN Servidor NT Windows client applications Internet Web server CGI, Java, ActiveX obr. 6: Diagram SNIRH (zdroj: SNIRH) Agentury životního prostøedí, anebo také agentury pro vodní zdroje, které se zabývají managementem pitné vody, budou cílovými uživateli. Provozovatel aplikace Portugalský institut pro vodní zdroje (INAG) vypracoval pro SNIRH a jeho procedury rozsáhlou dokumentaci, aby ulehèil jeho pochopení a transfer. Také se organizují zvláštní seznamovací akce a celostátní prezentace. Technický partner, Chiron, je také zainteresovaný na tomto procesu a podporoval transfer na ostrov Madeira, Azorské ostrovy a na Mozambik. Technologie pro management kritických a havarijních situací Varovné systémy pro havárie se spoléhají na místní mechanizmy a sítì pro sbìr dat. Jedná se o monitorovací nástroje a senzory. Následnì jsou data uchovávána v databázích jako souèást systému pro podporu rozhodování. Výmìna dat mezi regiony a mìstskými oblastmi (jako v havarijním varovném systému Dunaje, a také projektu DEDICS) je rostoucí mìrou podporována satelitními zaøízeními. Satelitní pøijímaèe a vysílaèe se stále více stávají pøedem vyžadovanou podmínkou, zatímco pro modelování a vyhodnocení dopadù jsou všeobecnì Oba projekty TELEFLEUR a DEDICS vyžadují sí• dálkových senzorù, které posílají dynamické údaje do 57 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION TELEFLEUR (viz obr. 7) vyžaduje dostateèné množství povrchových, vodních, meteorologických a hydrologických senzorù a spoléhá na modelovací nástroje (pro meteorologické a hydrologické podmínky), které analyzují tato data a pøedpovídají rùzné scénáøe lesních pøívalových povodní. Jako provozovatel systému na podporu rozhodování (Decision Support System - DSS), ve kterém se uchovávají všechna potøebná data, musí být ustaveno tzv. Øídící støedisko. Expertní systém v DSS provádí vyhodnocení dat a zobrazení dat a potenciálních smìrù vývoje situace. Na základì tìchto rozhodnutí DSS koordinuje a informuje pøíslušné veøejné havarijní složky obr. 7: Schématický diagram Telefleur (zdroj: TELEFLEUR) TELEFLEUR, i pøes svou komplexnost, mùže být upraven tak, aby vyhovoval požadavkùm libovolné urbanizované oblasti, za pøedpokladu, že existují potøebná data a že jsou instalovány mechanizmy na jejich získávání. Musí být definovány nové geomorfologické a místní normy dat a procedury systému na podporu rozhodování se musí pøizpùsobit požadavkùm místní správy, pro které se aplikace implementuje. Komunikaèní protokoly se také musí upravit podle pøíslušných hardwarových platforem (obvykle UNIX a PC). Varovný systém pro Dunaj - Danube Accident Emergency Warning System základních mezinárodních výstražných center, nebo “principal international alert centres - PIAC” proto, aby varovaly zemì v pøípadì nebezpeèí. Tato centra musí získat spolehlivé údaje a informaèní øetìzce, které v sobì zahrnují monitorovací sítì a senzory. Aby se varovné zprávy mohly pøijímat a zpracovávat 24 hodin, je nutný spolehlivý telekomunikaèní systém. Tento proces mohou zajistit satelitní pøijímaèe a vysílaèe. Mezi softwarovými požadavky jsou informaèní systémy o nebezpeèných látkách a modely, na kterých je možno 58 modelovat postup zneèiš•ujících látek, který je známý jako výstražný model povodí Dunaje -“Danube Basin Alarm Model.” Základní operaèní systém je podobný výstražným a varovným systémùm pro Rýn a Labe a mùže být tedy pøizpùsoben podmínkám a potøebám podobných regionù. Na financování systému se podílela øada mezinárodních a místních zdrojù. Systém pro podporu managementu lesních požárù DEDICS aplikacích, které tvoøí souèást systému pro podporu prostorového rozhodování “Spatial Decision Support System - SDSS.” Požaduje sí• automatických terminálù, které zabezpeèují vèasnou varovnou detekci a které musí být propojeny pøes satelitní komunikaèní spojení do hasièského øídícího støediska. Meteorologický monitorovací systém slouží pro poskytování údajù o poèasí v reálném èase do SDSS. Systém pro øízení databází monitoruje a uchovává data z tìchto zdrojù, zatímco ètvrtý systém GIS vyhodnocuje na základì modelu klimatická a územní G OOD P R A C T I C E S opírá se o údaje GPS - Global Positioning System. Informace z tìchto zdrojù je propojena pomocí aplikací DEDICS , které se nazývají "softwarové vrstvy " a které zjednodušují výmìnu informací a komunikaci. Transfer aplikace DEDICS se musí uskuteènit na báze pøípad od pøípadu, protože se opírá o rùzné nástroje na zpracování dat. Aplikace musí být souèasnì upravena podle místních požadavkù na havarijní situace, což si vyžádá další vývoj softwaru Technologie pro pøístup veøejnosti k informacím cena nového softwaru a hardwaru. Spolehlivost zastaralého a poruchového zaøízení je jednou z problémù pøi zavádìní progresivních nástrojù, které integrují rùzné soubory dat. Aplikace HEIS-MUC veøejné domény a bezplatný hardware, aby se snížily náklady na implementaci a ulehèil transfer. Mezi technickými nástroji pro provoz HEIS-MUC se pro prezentaci údajù vyžaduje software Arc/Info a pro uchovávání informace databáze Oracle. Pro rozšiøování informací se požaduje Internet a vhodný webový software. GIS hardware, sí• Local Area Network, servery pro Internet a Intranet, map-server jsou mezi požadavky na hardware. Spolehlivé telekomunikaèní spojení na monitorovací stanice (preferenènì ISDN) je nezbytné pro pøenos informací. IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION Co se týèe nákladù na provoz, HEIS-MUC potøebuje kolem 25 000.- EUR roènì, zatímco IOZIP pøibližnì 150-200 000.- EUR roènì (v druhém pøípadì se ve stejném pomìru jedná o získávaní dat, jejich zpracování a pøípravu publikací, map atd.). Podobnì jako mìsto Mnichov, také mìsto Praha slíbilo podporu know-how pro stranu, která se zajímá o adaptaci tìchto aplikací. IOZIP a HEIS-MUC jsou nástroje využitelné pro mìstskou a místní administrativu (ale mohou být také použity v regionálním nebo internacionálním Provozování aplikace Black Sea Web internetový server a hardware pro GIS. Poskytují platformu pro výmìnu informací o životním prostøedí rùzného pùvodu. Požaduje se znalost katalogu environmentálních informací Evropské environmentální agentury, protože se aplikace opírá o podporu seznamu Black Sea Web’s Central MetaDirectory (který popisuje dostupné informace a místo, kde se nacházejí). Proto, aby uživatelé mohli vyhledávat na rùzných databázích, umístìných na stránce Black Sea Web (viz obr. 8), se vyžaduje modul pøístupu k informacím Data Access Module. Ten umožòuje formulovat dotazy pomocí menu a forem. Koneènì modul Application Layer Module (na báze GIS) zpracovává a presentuje data pro uživatele, který k nim má pøístup pøes Internet a domovní stránku Black Sea Web. Tyto nástroje jsou integrální souèástí systému, ovšem nemusí být získány separátnì. Aplikace jako HEIS-MUC nejsou klasické softwarové balíky typu "instaluj a spus•" a vyžadují znaèné zkušenosti a znalosti pøi jejich zavádìní. Cena lidské práce, která je potøebná pro jejich implementaci mùže být ohodnocena na pøibližnì 150 000.- EUR. Požadují se také technické znalosti rùzných programovacích jazykù (vèetnì SGML a PERL). Náklady na implementaci hardwaru dosáhly pøibližnì 10 000.- EUR. IOZIP se opírá o podobné schéma GIS hardwaru a softwarové nástroje jako MapInfo a ArcView. Centrální databáze 11 datových složek se opírá o softwareOracle. Dalším požadovaným hardwarem jsou PC servery, místní sí•, pøipojení pro Internet a servery UNIX. obr. 8: Ukázka dotazu Dataset (zdroj: Black Sea Web) Koncept projektu Black Sea Web je zamìøen na vládní orgány, které odpovídají za kvalitu životního prostøedí moøe. Mùže být použit pro jiné regiony, jako napø. Volha, delty Visly a Dunaje, nebo jezero Balaton. Pøibližnì 365 000.- EUR bylo potøeba na zavedení 59 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION systému a pokrývá provoz na dva roky. èas potøebný na implementaci a meta-popis dat (tím se zjednoduší proces uchovávání kooperaci. To závisí na jasném oznaèení pøínosù. Pomùže to dosáhne jejich zavázanost (v nìkterých pøípadech finanèní). To pøispìje k celkové hodnotì systému. Pøínosy systémù se musí uživatelùm a vyššímu vedení objasòovat a ilustrovat již v raných stadiích vývoje (podle SNIHR), zatímco SINDRA zdùraznila výhodnost prezentace modelem. Akceptace uživatelù 2.6 POZNATKY A ZKUŠENOSTI Sekce sumarizuje nìkolik klíèových otázek managementu projektù, které se obecnì vyskytly pøi mnoha zkoumaných projektech a aplikacích. Od pøedcházejících sekcí se liší v tom, že je strukturována podle "otázek " spíše než podle priorit telematických a specifických aplikací. Management projektu Pøíprava projektu Projekty, jako TELEFLEUR, Construction and Demolition Recyclables Exchange, SINDRA a IOZIP, zdùraznily význam provìøení potøeb a vyhodnocení požadavkù uživatelù pøed implementací aplikací. DEDICS, SNIRH a Black Sea Web zdùraznily jasného definování zámìrù a cílù a navrhly ustanovení poradního orgánu složeného z rùzných zainteresovaných institucí. Tím se zajistí správná podpora pro eventuální zavádìní a adaptace. Projekty jako COSIMA, IOZIP a JAMS zdùraznily provìøování technické kapacity, vèetnì infrastruktury a formátù dat a peèlivého zvažování jejich integrace. Vývoj projektu Nìkteré projekty (Danube AEWS, SINDRA, a projekt mìsta Vilnius) zdùraznily význam plné úèasti všech èlenù projektového týmu, anebo zajištìní vhodných èlenù projektového týmu (SNIRH) pro zabezpeèení vhodné úrovnì zavázanosti a zainteresovanosti na projektu Definice úloh a odpovìdností (Black Sea kooperativní atmosféry je podstatné pro pragmatické zvládání nepøedvídaných situací (Black Sea Web). Ovìøované studie IOZIP a Vilnius zdùraznily význam komunikace 60 Význam výcviku technickými experty, kteøí se podílely na vývoji aplikace), dokumentace, a jasná definice odpovìdnosti jsou pro ulehèení nástupu telematických aplikací také zdùraznìny (DEDICS, IOZIP, COSIMA, SNIRH). Zdroje a finance na projekt musí být pro tento projekt jasnì vyznaèeny a vymezeny a pomùcky pro výcvik musí být jednoduché a snadno srozumitelné. Projekty jako SINDRA oznaèily potøebu adekvátního období, v prùbìhu kterého se pøíští uživatelé seznámí s nástroji, které budou formovat èást jejich denní práce. Daný projekt si uvìdomil velká rizika, která vyplývají ze zavádìní složitých nástrojù Projekty jako HEIS-MUC a SNIRH stanovily, že pøed úèastí na kooperaèních výzkumných a rozvojových aktivitách je potøebné zesílení technických kapacit, vybudovaní dostateèného domácího zázemí se znalostí a lidskými zdroji, které budou adekvátní úrovni zamýšlených technických prací. Slabì vycvièení a nesprávnì informovaní odborníci mohou narušovat postup projektu, což se mùže odrazit na ziskovosti každé èinnosti. Navíc, pøi spoléhání se na malé skupiny oddaných promotérù digitálních informaèních systémù, je možné pøesvìdèit vnitøní vedení o pøínosech takového systému a tím získat potøebné finanèní Zpìtná vazba uživatelù Koneènì, nìkolik projektù (IOZIP, COSIMA, SNIRH) zdùraznilo potøebu získávání , aby se zajistilo, že se kontinuálnì vyhovuje potøebám a že se provádìjí zmìny, když je to nutné. Tzv. "spirálový" model managementu mùže zabezpeèit, že vývoj aplikace jde ruka v ruce se zpìtnou vazbou uživatelù, podle projektu COSIMA. Legislativní rámec Otázka legislativních požadavkù se vyskytla v nìkolika projektech, nebo• tak lze øídit a ovlivòovat vývoj aplikace a ovládat zavádìní a skuteèné využívání každé aplikace. IOZIP naznaèil potøebu zvážení pøíslušného legislativního rámce, který bude systém podporovat (napø. pøi monitorování životního G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION pøijímání rozhodnutí. Pøi managementu nebezpeèných Poskytování nezpracovaných a zpracovaných dat mùže dále sloužit jako hnací síla pro rozvoje a zavádìní tìchto aplikací a pro lobování a zesilování legislativních pøedpisù. HEIS-MUC zdùraznil potøebu legislativy, která by vyžadovala, aby prùmysl hradil náklady na umožnìní pøístupu k údajùm o životním prostøedí a na vlastnická práva, týkající se zpracovaných údajù o životním prostøedí, náklady na regulace, které se týkají vypouštìní zneèištìní a registrù transferù, a náklady, které se týkají publikací s podrobnými údaji o emisích z prùmyslu. Normy v oblasti kvality ovzduší a vod a jejich monitorování již v zemích EU existují Smìrnice EU o pøístupu veøejnosti k informacím o životním prostøedí 90/313/EEC opravòuje orgány veøejné správy vyžadovat úhradu pøimìøených nákladù na poskytování údajù o životním prostøedí veøejnosti. V mezinárodním rozsahu nedávno pøijatá Aarhuská smlouva o pøístupu k údajùm o životním prostøedí, úèasti veøejnosti na rozhodování a pøístupu ke spravedlnosti v záležitostech životního prostøedí (Dánsko, èerven 1998) vyžaduje, aby byly zprávy o životním prostøedí veøejnosti dostupné a aby veøejné orgány pøijaly kroky pro zøízení soudržného celostátního systému inventur zneèištìní, pøedevším v elektronické formì. Smlouvu budou ratifikovat mnohé evropské zemì ke konci roku 2000, což bude mít za následek pøevedení jejího textu do národní legislativy. Telematika pro podporu rozhodování anebo pøímo pro rozhodování? pomoci definovat politiku pro management kvality ovzduší a dopravních tras a pøi èištìní kontaminovaných území mohou poradit pøi vyèiš•ovacích akcích. Není možné ovšem pøehlédnout, že tyto nástroje pøedstavují jenom podporu pro pracovníky, kteøí pøijímají rozhodnutí a nejsou navrženy tak, aby je nahradily anebo aby poskytly všechna potøebná øešení v managementu životního prostøedí. Manažer životního prostøedí pøedstavuje skuteèného odborníka v oboru a musí rozhodnout o daném smìru akce. Tento princip je aplikován ve všech telematických nástrojích, které jsou vyznaèeny v tomto prùvodci jako prostøedky na podporu managementu životního prostøedí a ne jeho pøímé øízení. Mnohé z provìøovaných aplikací lze pokládat za ovìøená øešení, která podporují pøijímání rozhodnutí, nicménì obecnì pouze nabízejí rámcový koncept pro pomoc v managementu životního prostøedí. Tyto musí být dále upraveny podle místních podmínek, vèetnì mechanizmu sbìru dat, formátù, norem, softwaru a hardwaru. Pøání implementovat tyto aplikace vyžadují technické znalosti, pozitivní nadšení a koordinaci, èas a finanèní zdroje pro zajištìní maximálního pøínosu. Doufáme, že tento prùvodce pomohl lépe porozumìt a vysvìtlit otázky, které kladou øídící pracovníci, když mají pøidìlovat fondy a finanèní prostøedky pro telematické zdroje podobného typu. 61 G OOD P R A C T I C E S 62 IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION 63 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION 2. SKRÓT DOKUMENTU Wprowadzenie do struktury Skrótu Dokumentu Niniejszy Skrót Dokumentu (Executive Summary) sk³ada siê z szeœciu rozdzia³ów, które mówi¹ o znaczeniu telematyki, oraz analiz przypadków (case studies), po których przedstawiono ich charakterystyki (g³ówne atrybuty) oraz p³yn¹ce z nich Rozdzia³ pierwszy, 2.1 Kontekst telematyki w ochronie œrodowiska w Europie, przedstawia rolê telematyki oraz wymienia g³ówne si³y napêdowe i mechanizmy, prowadz¹ce do stosowania technologii teleinformatycznych w Europie. Ma to na celu "przygotowanie gruntu" i okreœlenie wartoœci i roli telematyki we wspomaganiu realizacji polityk Unii Europejskiej, zw³aszcza w odniesieniu do œrodowiska. 2.2 przedstawia, w formie tabeli, dwanaœcie aplikacji, bêd¹cych przedmiotem badania ankietowego. Zawiera ich nazwê, problemy ekologiczne, do których Rozdzia³y 2.3-2.6 podsumowuj¹ g³ówne rezultaty, wnioski i inne atrybuty opisanych przypadków oraz dostarczaj¹ dodatkowej analizy. Pierwsze dwa rozdzia³y staraj¹ siê odpowiedzieæ na pytanie: “Dlaczego warto wdra¿aæ aplikacje telematyczne?”, podczas gdy dwa nastêpne poœwiêcone s¹ temu, “Jak wdra¿aæ aplikacje telematyczne.” Pytañ tych u¿yto te¿ do dokonania podzia³u rozdzia³ów 2.3-2.6 na dwie czêœci. Starano siê zapewniæ tyle dodatkowych i u¿ytecznych U¿ytecznoœæ z punktu widzenia Europy Œrodkowej i Wschodniej odniesieniu do problemów ekologicznych tego regionu. Rozdzia³ 2.4 naœwietla uzyskaæ z korzystania z takich specjalistycznych aplikacji. Rozdzia³ 2.5 rozwa¿a Ramy realizacyjne i podejmuje temat wymagañ technicznych dla przeniesienia aplikacji na inny grunt, zaœ Rozdzia³ 2.6, podsumowuje zdobyte przy realizacji projektów doœwiadczenia zwi¹zane z zarz¹dzaniem nimi, ramami prawnymi oraz oczekiwaniami Te cztery tematy uznano za najbardziej u¿yteczne z punktu widzenia docelowych odbiorców (w³adz publicznych w EŒW) i uwa¿a siê je za najlepsz¹ odpowiedŸ na potrzeby zg³oszone przez adresatów ankiety dotycz¹cej regionu EŒW, przeprowadzonej w ramach projektu CAPE. Ka¿dy z powy¿szych rozdzia³ów ma zasadniczo podobn¹ strukturê i omawia aplikacje oraz zagadnienia odnosz¹ce siê do czterech najwa¿niejszych obszarów priorytetowych, zidentyfikowanych przez CAPE dla zastosowañ telematyki w ochronie œrodowiska (narzêdzia zwi¹zane z gospodark¹ odpadami i zarz¹dzaniem terenami ska¿onymi, monitoring œrodowiska, aplikacje zwi¹zane ze zwalczaniem nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eñ œrodowiska oraz narzêdzia u³atwiaj¹ce dostêp Korzyœci ekologiczne oraz 2.5: Ramy realizacyjne okreœlaj¹ charakterystykê opisywanych przypadków wed³ug zagadnieñ case studies omawiane s¹ wed³ug tematów zwi¹zanych z ochron¹ œrodowiska, i to w kolejnoœci ukazanej w Tabeli 1 na nastêpnej stronie. Cechy charakterystyczne opisywane s¹ indywidualnie dla ka¿dego projektu, g³ównie z uwagi na ich niejednorodny charakter i trudnoœæ skrótowego okreœlenia kluczowych zagadnieñ. (Zak³ada siê ponadto, ¿e jest to naju¿yteczniejszy sposób zapewnienia dostêpu dla eksperta i/lub decydenta, interesuj¹cego siê konkretnym tematem). Rozdzia³ 2.6, Wyci¹gniête wnioski, nie dzieli ich wed³ug obszarów priorytetowych, lecz w syntetycznej formie przedstawia kilka problemów zwi¹zanych z zarz¹dzaniem projektami, które powszechnie podnoszono w zwi¹zku ze zrealizowanymi projektami, a wiêc mówi o zagadnieniach ogólnych. G³ównym celem Skrótu Dokumentu jest streszczenie najwa¿niejszych rezultatów badanych aplikacji; ma te¿ on s³u¿yæ jako wprowadzenie czytelników do bardziej szczegó³owych informacji, zawartych w samych analizach przypadków na kolejnych stronach. 63 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION 2.1 KONTEKST TELEMATYKI W OCHRONIE ŒRODOWISKA W EUROPIE Narzêdzia wykorzystuj¹ce telematykê ³¹cz¹ w sobie aplikacje z zakresu technologii informacyjnej, stworzone w ramach projektów badawczych finansowanych przez Komisjê Europejsk¹. Zastosowania telematyki w ochronie œrodowiska maj¹ na celu wspomaganie procedur zarz¹dzania œrodowiskiem w samorz¹dach lokalnych, zarówno wewn¹trz Unii Europejskiej, jak i poza ni¹. Poprzez lepszy monitoring lokalnego œrodowiska, narzêdzia te u³atwiaj¹ osi¹gniêcie zgodnoœci z dyrektywami UE i przyczyniaj¹ siê do spe³nienia celów rozwoju zrównowa¿onego. Ulepszone zbieranie i przechowywanie informacji o œrodowisku umo¿liwia bardziej kompetentne podejmowanie decyzji - oraz posiadanie dobrze poinformowanych obywateli - i mo¿e u³atwiæ zaanga¿owanie spo³eczeñstwa w procesy podejmowania decyzji. Narzêdzia telematyczne maj¹ ponadto na celu poprawê jakoœci i efektywnoœci lokalnych administracji publicznych i us³ug, jak równie¿ zwiêkszenie ich dostêpnoœci i przyjaznoœci. A zatem narzêdzia z zakresu telematyki wspomagaj¹ realizacjê obowi¹zuj¹cej w UE zasady "subsydiarnoœci". OBSZARY ZASTOSOWANIA Gospodarka odpadami i Monitoring œrodowiska 64 Przyczyniaj¹ siê one ponadto do realizacji celów Unii Europejskiej, mówi¹cych o nie wy³¹czaj¹cym nikogo, przyjaznym spo³eczeñstwie informacyjnym. ZAKRESIE ZASTOSOWANIA TELEMATYKI W Zamieszczona ni¿ej Tabela 1 krótko opisuje dwanaœcie aplikacji, którymi zajmuje siê niniejszy przewodnik. Cztery spoœród opisywanych przypadków (a mianowicie TELEFLEUR, HEIS-MUC, DEDICS i COSIMA) wspó³finansowane by³y, w latach 1994-98, przez program Komisji Europejskiej (EC) o nazwie Telematics Applications Programme (TAP). Niektóre by³y finansowane przez inne miêdzynarodowe programy i donatorów (Sieæ Czarnomorska, JAMS, Danube AEWS oraz System Zarz¹dzania Jakoœci¹ Powietrza w Wilnie na Litwie). Projekty takie jak IOZIP, SNIRH, SINDRA i Gie³da materia³ów budowlanych i z rozbiórki, nadaj¹cych siê do ponownego wykorzystania s¹ niemal w ca³oœci finansowane ze œrodków lokalnych. OPISY PRZYPADKÓW Gie³da materia³ów budowlanych i z rozbiórki, nadaj¹cych siê do ponownego wykorzystania SINDRA - Telematyka na rzecz zagospodarowania odpadów w regionie Renu i Alp (Rhone-Alpes) COSIMA - System wspomagaj¹cy zarz¹dzanie terenami ska¿onymi System zarz¹dzania jakoœci¹ powietrza w mieœcie - Wilno, Litwa JAMS Wspólny system monitoringu powietrza w rejonie "Czarnego Trójk¹ta" SNIRH Portugalski system informacji o zasobach wodnych CHARAKTERYSTYKA ca³¹ Austriê i kraje z ni¹ s¹siaduj¹ce Narzêdzie wykorzystywane do celów obróbki odpadów i gospodarki odpadami, stosowane na poziomie regionu Dzia³aj¹ce w oparciu o GIS narzêdzie do oceny ska¿onych terenów i wspomagania decyzji, stosowane na poziomie samorz¹dów lokalnych w Irlandii, Niemczech, W³oszech i Amsterdamie powietrza System transgranicznego monitoringu jakoœci powietrza i ostrzegania o sytuacjach awaryjnych System zarz¹dzania jakoœci¹ i zasobami wody G OOD P R A C T I C E S Zwalczanie TELEFLEUR Wspomagane rozwi¹zaniami telematycznymi radzenie sobie z zagro¿eniami powodziowymi na obszarach zurbanizowanych Danube AEWS System ostrzegania o nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eniach dla Dunaju DEDICS System wspomagaj¹cy zwalczanie po¿arów lasów Publiczny dostêp do informacji HEIS-MUC - System informacyjny dotycz¹cy zdrowia i œrodowiska, Monachium, Niemcy IOZIP Praski system informacji o œrodowisku, Czechy Black Sea Web System wspomagaj¹cy zarz¹dzanie œrodowiskiem w rejonie Morza Czarnego IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION Zintegrowany system zarz¹dzania, wspomagaj¹cy s³u¿by ratownicze w Atenach w Grecji, przeznaczony do radzenia sobie z gwa³townymi powodziami System ostrzegania o wyst¹pieniu incydentów zanieczyszczenia, dzia³aj¹cy w 11 krajach, przez które przep³ywa rzeka Dunaj, u³atwiaj¹cy bycie przygotowanym na nadzwyczajne zagro¿enia i reagowanie na nie Zintegrowany system zarz¹dzania, wspomagaj¹cy s³u¿by ratownicze, przeznaczony do zwalczania po¿arów lasów na Krecie, na Rivierze Francuskiej i w Andaluzji Zintegrowany system zarz¹dzania danymi o œrodowisku, zapewniaj¹cy decydentom i spo³eczeñstwu lepszy dostêp do danych o Zintegrowany system zarz¹dzania danymi o œrodowisku, zapewniaj¹cy decydentom i spo³eczeñstwu lepszy dostêp do danych o œrodowisku, odpowiadaj¹cy przepisom o ochronie Regionalny system zarz¹dzania danymi o œrodowisku dla spraw zwi¹zanych z morzem, obs³uguj¹cy kilka krajów le¿¹cych nad Morzem Czarnym, wykorzystuj¹cy Internet. Tabela 1. Projekty i ich charakterystyka Aby zakwalifikowaæ siê do wspó³finansowania przez EC, niezbêdne by³o wykazanie, ¿e aplikacje, np. HEIS-MUC, COSIMA i TELEFLEUR, odpowiadaj¹ istotnym potrzebom w³adz publicznych i oœrodków badawczych, zarz¹dzaj¹cych œrodowiskiem i prowadz¹cych jego monitoring. Gdy uda³o siê zapewniæ to finansowanie, do piêædziesiêciu procent kosztów projektu musiano pokryæ na miejscu, co wyraŸnie wskazuje na wartoœæ praktyczn¹, jak¹ mia³y te narzêdzia w opinii wdra¿aj¹cych je w³adz. Dzisiaj finansowanie tych aplikacji i zarz¹dzanie nimi pozostaje niezale¿ne od wsparcia EC. Niektóre aplikacje s¹ nadal rozwijane, na przyk³ad DEDICS i HEIS-MUC. W przypadku innych organizacji realizuj¹cych projekty finansowane przez programy zagraniczne, tworzenie tego typu narzêdzi opiera³o siê na jasno okreœlonych priorytetach ekologicznych, takich jak lepsza koordynacja zarz¹dzania mocno zanieczyszczonym i zdewastowanym rejonem Czarnego Trójk¹ta w Europie Œrodkowej czy skuteczny monitoring drogi wodnej Dunaju. Inne dzia³ania zosta³y podjête na skutek wymogów prawnych oraz w celu realizacji zobowi¹zañ do prowadzenia polityki zrównowa¿onego rozwoju, np. w przypadku aplikacji "Gie³da materia³ów nadaj¹cych siê do powtórnego wykorzystania" - w obszarze odpadów. W niektórych przypadkach aplikacje by³y w ca³oœci finansowane przez w³adze miejskie, na przyk³ad Praski System Informacji o Œrodowisku, z uwagi na zakresu telematyki jako wspieraj¹cych bli¿sze i dalsze cele polityki ekologicznej. 65 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION Zaniedbania w ochronie œrodowiska w Europie Œrodkowej i Wschodniej (EŒW) wymieniane s¹ czêsto jako jedna z g³ównych przeszkód stoj¹cych na drodze przyst¹pienia do Unii Europejskiej. Niedawne badanie ankietowe3, przeprowadzone przez CAPE jako najwa¿niejsze priorytety ekologiczne zidentyfikowa³o z³¹ jakoœæ powietrza, wynikaj¹c¹ z emisji komunikacyjnych, zagro¿enie ha³asem, problemy z odpadami, oczyszczanie œcieków oraz szczere pragnienie 90 procent decydentów, by poprawiæ dostêp spo³eczeñstwa do informacji o œrodowisku. Priorytety te generalnie odpowiadaj¹ g³ównym obszarom priorytetowym, zidentyfikowanym dla zastosowañ telematyki w ochronie œrodowiska, a konkretnie narzêdzi wspomagaj¹cych gospodarkê odpadami, monitoring œrodowiska (powietrza i wody), zwalczanie nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eñ œrodowiska oraz dostêp spo³eczeñstwa do informacji o œrodowisku. Niniejszy rozdzia³, oparty o wyniki ankiety CAPE i zgodnie z priorytetami zidentyfikowanymi dla narzêdzi z zakresu telematyki, ma na celu wyjaœnienie, dlaczego te problemy ekologiczne s¹ istotne w EŒW. Problemy z odpadami i tereny ska¿one Wed³ug CAPE, oko³o 25 procent administracji publicznych i samorz¹dów EŒW zidentyfikowa³o odpady z gospodarstw domowych jako swój najwa¿niejszy problem ekologiczny. Ich iloœæ zwiêksza siê co roku o oko³o 8 procent. Wœród najczêœciej wymienianych problemów zwi¹zanych z odpadami, do problemów ostrych na krótk¹ metê zaliczano: rosn¹ce iloœci odpadów z gospodarstw domowych, powstawanie dzikich wysypisk, utylizacjê odpadów niebezpiecznych oraz neutralizacjê osadów z oczyszczalni œcieków. W sumie oko³o siedemdziesiêciu procent badanych w³adz wskazywa³o na pragnienie wykorzystywania telematyki do "wspomagania gospodarki odpadami". 3 CAPE stwierdzi³a ponadto, ¿e w Europie Zachodniej oko³o 66 procent odpadów sk³adowanych jest obecnie na wysypiskach, podczas gdy w krajach EŒW odpowiednia liczba wynosi w przybli¿eniu 80 procent (szeœæ procent nie jest odbieranych). Nieprawid³owa eksploatacja wysypisk œmieci mo¿e prowadziæ do zanieczyszczenia wód podziemnych i ska¿enia gleby, co budzi coraz wiêksze zaniepokojenie w krajach EŒW. Bu³garia, Estonia, Wêgry i Litwa zosta³y przez CAPE wskazane jako szczególnie nara¿one na ska¿enie wód podziemnych. Co wiêcej, dziesiêciolecia rz¹dów socjalistycznych w Europie Œrodkowej i Wschodniej pozostawi³y dziedzictwo ska¿onych instalacji wojskowych oraz krajobraz, w którym dominuje przemys³ ciê¿ki. W ostatnim z wymienionych krajów oko³o 275 baz wojskowych, zajmuj¹cych jeden procent powierzchni kraju, okreœlono jako zagro¿one zanieczyszczeniem. W rezultacie przywracanie ska¿onych terenów do w³aœciwego stanu 30 procent badanych administracji publicznych okreœli³o jako priorytet. Zanieczyszczenie powietrza i wody zanieczyszczaj¹cych, w tym dwutlenku siarki i py³ów, produkcji. Jednak¿e transgraniczne zanieczyszczenia stê¿enia tlenków azotu i ozonu oraz natê¿enie ha³asu, co wynika z coraz wiêkszego ruchu samochodowego w miastach (patrz Rys. 1 poni¿ej). Prawie 40 procent badanych w³adz twierdzi³o, ¿e trzeba bêdzie opracowaæ d³ugofalowe kierunki dzia³ania, aby odpowiedzieæ na d³ugofalowe problemy, takie jak emisje komunikacyjne, a a¿ 30 procent ju¿ owe kierunki dzia³ania opracowa³o. przysz³oœci odgrywaæ powa¿n¹ rolê w modelowaniu i Jakoœciowe badanie dziesiêciu krajów Europy Œrodkowej i Wschodniej dotycz¹ce Wymogów i ram dla wdra ania telematyki 1999 oraz Iloœciowe badanie oparte na odpowiedziach na ankietê dotycz¹cych potrzeb i priorytetów polityki w³adz publicznych, podsumowanych w raporcie na temat Stanu i priorytetów dla zastosowa telematyki w ochronie rodowiska - Badanie ankietowe samorz dów lokalnych w dziesi ciu krajach Europy rodkowej i Wschodniej, sierpie 1999. Oba opracowania dostêpne w jêzyku angielskim w Internecie pod adresem: <http://www.rec.org/ist/cape>. rodowiskowej i transportowej, sierpie 66 G OOD P R A C T I C E S narastaj¹ce problemy z jakoœci¹ powietrza, wynikaj¹ce z przemys³owych. W rezultacie miasto utworzy³o specjaln¹ jednostkê organizacyjn¹, która zajmuje siê zarz¹dzaniem strategiê zarz¹dzania jakoœci¹ powietrza w mieœcie. W celu wspierania jej dzia³añ oraz adekwatnego okreœlenia systemem wspomagania decyzji. Transgraniczne problemy z jakoœci¹ powietrza s¹ wspólne dla Europy Œrodkowej i Wschodniej. Wiadomo, ¿e na S³owacji, w Rumunii i na Litwie wystêpuje przewaga iloœci importowanych zanieczyszczeñ atmosfery i kwaœnego deszczu nad ich eksportem. Rejon "Czarnego Trójk¹ta" w pobli¿u granic Czech, Polski i Niemiec jest byæ mo¿e przyk³adem najbardziej znanym. Dziesiêciolecia przemys³u ciê¿kiego w tym rejonie mia³y ogromnie szkodliwy wp³yw na œrodowisko naturalne, a kwaœne deszcze, przez zniszczenie lasów górskich i zakwaszenie gleb, przyczyni³y siê do powstania katastrofy ekologicznej. Ka¿dego roku emitowanych jest oko³o 3 milionów ton SO2 i w przybli¿eniu 1 milion ton NO x. W odpowiedzi na to, zagraniczni donatorzy wraz z rz¹dami krajów regionu zainicjowali w roku 1991 program "Czarny Trójk¹t" oraz zwi¹zane z nim dzia³ania, w tym utworzenie automatycznego systemu monitoringu. Wiele wód podziemnych w EŒW pozostaje zanieczyszczonych przez Ÿród³a rozproszone, w tym niekontrolowany sp³yw wód opadowych, nieoczyszczone œcieki, ska¿one gleby, zanieczyszczenia bakteriologiczne oraz nadmiar azotanów. W wielu przypadkach okazuje siê, ¿e sytuacja w tych dziedzinach pogarsza siê. W ca³ej IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION EŒW stwierdzono pewne zmniejszenie zanieczyszczenia wód powierzchniowych. Jest jednak jasne, ¿e trzeba podj¹æ kroki w celu zapewnienia lepszej kontroli jakoœci wód i odpowiedniego zarz¹dzania ich zasobami. Bior¹c pod uwagê, ¿e tylko oko³o 20 procent gospodarstw domowych w krajach EŒW jest pod³¹czonych do kanalizacji, efektywne gospodarowanie zasobami wodnymi pozostaje spraw¹ o zasadniczym znaczeniu. Z tych powodów a¿ 72 procent badanych w³adz publicznych wskazywa³o, ¿e opracowano kierunki polityki ochrony œrodowiska, zmierzaj¹ce do poradzenia sobie ze wzrastaj¹c¹ iloœci¹ œcieków, a oko³o 36 procent rozpoczê³o W ostatnich latach nasili³o siê wystêpowanie klêsk powierzchni lasów, takie jak Rumunia i Bu³garia, oraz te, które ulegaj¹ raptownej urbanizacji, mog¹ byæ nara¿one na takie incydenty. Stwierdzono, ¿e awarii przemys³owych i wycieków ropy obawiaj¹ siê takie kraje, jak S³owenia i £otwa, a ponadto od lat mo¿liwoœæ ich wyst¹pienia budzi wodnych, takich jak Dunaj. Potrzeba bycia lepiej przygotowanym na takie wydarzenia i zapewnienia ich skutecznego zwalczania, przy wykorzystaniu narzêdzi z zakresu telematyki, wydaje siê ju¿ byæ oczywista - oko³o 46 procent badanych w³adz z EŒW oczekuje, ¿e w ci¹gu najbli¿szych dwóch-trzech lat wp³yw narzêdzi telematycznych na omawian¹ dziedzinê bêdzie znacz¹cy. W niektórych miejscach, jak np. w czeskim mieœcie O³omuniec, jest to ju¿ jasne. W roku 1997 wyst¹pi³a tam najgorsza powódŸ dwudziestego wieku i w odpowiedzi na to, jak relacjonowano podczas Forum U¿ytkowników 67 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION Telematyki i Warsztatów CAPE w Monachium w czerwcu 1999 r., miasto zaczê³o eksploatowaæ prosty system ostrzegawczy. Tak¿e w miastach Europy Po³udniowej, zw³aszcza otoczonych przez strome formy ukszta³towania terenu i w których wystêpuje gwa³towna urbanizacja, wylesianie oraz skutki emisji gazów szklarniowych, gwa³towne powodzie staj¹ siê coraz bardziej rozpowszechnione. W latach osiemdziesi¹tych i dziewiêæ-dziesi¹tych czêsto zdarza³y siê awarie przemys³owe i wycieki ropy wzd³u¿ drogi wodnej Dunaju. Zagrozi³y one zaopatrzeniu w wodê, powoduj¹c zamkniêcie jej ujêæ. Kraje po³o¿one w dole rzeki i mniej rozwiniête gospodarczo (dorzecze Dunaju tworzy 13 krajów) s¹ szczególnie nara¿one na takie zdarzenia i aby skutecznie radziæ sobie z takimi wypadkami, potrzebuj¹ byæ o nich wczeœniej powiadomione. W roku 1991 spo³ecznoœæ miêdzynarodowych donatorów zainicjowa³a Program na rzecz Œrodowiska Dunaju, który zmierza do poprawy wspó³pracy pomiêdzy krajami naddunajskimi. Pomog³o to tak¿e w realizacji utworzenia sieci "Centrów" alarmowych i systemu ostrzegania o nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eniach wzd³u¿ miêdzynarodowej drogi wodnej. Poprawa dostêpu spo³eczeñstwa do informacji o œrodowisku Oko³o 90 procent w³adz samorz¹dowych w Europie Œrodkowej i Wschodniej wskazywa³o na du¿e zainteresowanie opartymi na technologiach teleinformatycznych publicznymi systemami informacji o "Konwencja z Aarhus" o dostêpie do informacji, udziale spo³eczeñstwa w podejmowaniu decyzji oraz dostêpie do sprawiedliwoœci w sprawach dotycz¹cych œrodowiska, Po to jednak, aby rozpowszechniaæ aktualne informacje informacji o œrodowisku. Czêsto stanowi to powa¿ne wyzwanie, gdy¿ informacje s¹ zazwyczaj zbierane i przechowywane w ró¿nych miejscach, przez bardziej odpowiednie instytucje, a przy tym w niekompatybilnych formatach. Wed³ug CAPE, oko³o 8 procent respondentów przechowuje dane w formacie GIS, zaœ 20 procent zapisuje informacje w ró¿nych elektronicznych bazach. danych. Do tego zbierane s¹ one czêsto przez ró¿ne organizacje i instytuty badawcze, z którymi trzeba nawi¹zaæ skuteczn¹ wspó³pracê. Czêsto powoduje to d³ugie opóŸnienia w dostêpie do informacji, zarówno w przypadku decydenta, jak i spo³eczeñstwa. 68 Coraz powszechniej u¿ywanym sposobem rozpowszechniania informacji dotycz¹cych œrodowiska jest Internet. Jednak w wielu krajach EŒW korzystanie z niego utrudniaj¹ z³y stan sieci telefonicznej oraz wysokie koszty obecnie dostêp do poczty elektronicznej, a 43 procent do Internetu. Mimo to ograniczona znajomoœæ technologii i kiepska jakoœæ sprzêtu w urzêdach publicznych nadal wykorzystanie przez w³adze publiczne potencjalnych mo¿liwoœci rozpowszechniania informacji do szerokiej opinii publicznej. 2.4 KORZYŒCI EKOLOGICZNE Niniejszy rozdzia³ opiera siê na rozdziale 2.1: Kontekst który rozpocz¹³ niniejszy Skrót Dokumentu. Podsumowuje on korzyœci, jakie wi¹¿¹ siê z narzêdziami z zakresu telematyki, bêd¹cymi przedmiotem badania oraz znaczenie tych narzêdzi, zw³aszcza w kontekœcie ochrony œrodowiska i w odniesieniu do Europy Œrodkowej i Wschodniej (a tak¿e problemy, zarysowane w poprzednim rozdziale). Omówiono tak¿e korzyœci w zakresie osi¹gniêcia celów polityki oraz poprawy efektywnoœci kosztowej i wydajnoœci. Technologie wspomagaj¹ce gospodarkê odpadami i zarz¹dzanie terenami ska¿onymi Cele z zakresu rozwoju zrównowa¿onego w bardziej œcis³ym rozumieniu tego terminu (zapewnienie korzystania z istniej¹cych zasobów naturalnych bez poœwiêcania zasobów dostêpnych dla przysz³ych pokoleñ) rodz¹ potrzebê segregacji odpadów oraz poddawania wiêkszej iloœci odpadów recyklingowi lub ponownemu wykorzystaniu. Aplikacje telematyczne s³u¿¹ce tym celom mog¹ oddaæ nieocenione us³ugi. Unikaln¹ i nowatorsk¹, a mimo to stosunkowo prost¹ aplikacj¹ jest austriacka Gie³da materia³ów budowlanych i z rozbiórki, nadaj¹cych siê do ponownego wykorzystania komunalne. Poprzez utworzenie systemu wymiany, goszczonego i zarz¹dzanego za poœrednictwem Internetu (patrz poni¿szy Rys. 2), w³adze federalne tego kraju s¹ w stanie lepiej zagospodarowywaæ i recyklizowaæ odpady budowlane. Metoda ta ma bezpoœredni wp³yw na cele polityki zrównowa¿onego rozwoju i pomaga unikaæ zu¿ywania zasobów naturalnych. Pomaga tak¿e w spe³nieniu wymogów surowych przepisów prawnych, odnosz¹cych siê do sk³adowania odpadów na wysypiskach. Zwa¿ywszy na du¿¹ liczbê realizowanych w EŒW przedsiêwziêæ budowlanych i developerskich oraz wynikaj¹c¹ st¹d liczbê rozbiórek starszych budowli, taki G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION odpadów. System oferuje ponadto korzyœci ekonomiczne tym, którzy w przeciwnym wypadku musieliby zap³aciæ za wywóz odpadów, a tak¿e umo¿liwia nabywanie tañszych które, jak stwierdzi³a CAPE, d¹¿¹ do wdra¿ania polityk, promuj¹cych ograniczenie iloœci odpadów oraz recykling Rys. 2: Sesja w trybie online gie³dy materia³ów budowlanych i z rozbiórki, pokazuj¹ca dostarczone materia³y z odzysku w Dolnej Austrii (•ród³o: CDRE) Aplikacje takie jak SINDRA w³adzom lokalnym w obrêbie ca³ego regionu, poprawiaj¹c przechowywanie i dostêpnoœæ informacji dotycz¹cych odpadów i ich zagospodarowania. Chodzi tu na przyk³ad o informacje o iloœci odpadów, mechanizmach ich zbiórki, segregacji i usuwania, urz¹dzeniach do utylizacji, strumieniach odpadów i tak dalej. W po³¹czeniu z informacjami Ÿród³owymi na temat przepisów i zasad opodatkowania, narzêdzie to pomaga w³adzom lokalnym œledziæ praktyki z zakresu postêpowania z odpadami, przygotowywaæ i oceniaæ polityki dotycz¹ce odpadów oraz doskonaliæ wspó³pracê i wymianê doœwiadczeñ pomiêdzy decydentami szczebla lokalnego i regionalnego. Niew³aœciwie zarz¹dzane wysypiska czy tereny przemys³owe mog¹ powodowaæ ska¿enie gleby i wód podziemnych. Coraz czêœciej egzekwowana jest zasada "zanieczyszczaj¹cy p³aci", a w sytuacji gdy prawodawstwo europejskie domaga siê przed sprzeda¿¹ ska¿onych terenów ich oczyszczenia, narzêdzia oparte o technologie teleinformatyczne, takie jak COSIMA, kosztach. COSIMA jest aplikacj¹, której mocne strony to wspomaganie osób zarz¹dzaj¹cych ska¿onymi terenami oraz zapewnianie lepszej informacji dla planistów miejskich. Opieraj¹c siê na technologii GIS, mo¿e ona byæ u¿ywana do okreœlania charakteru, zakresu i skutków ska¿enia pochodz¹cego z istniej¹cych wysypisk, dzia³alnoœci przemys³owej czy wojskowej, a tak¿e wspomaga szybkie podejmowanie decyzji co do najbardziej odpowiednich mechanizmów usuwania ska¿eñ. Grunt mo¿e zostaæ przywrócony do w³aœciwego stanu (zgodnego z normami dotycz¹cymi gleby i jej rekultywacji) i z powodzeniem zaoferowany potencjalnym inwestorom i developerom, przyczyniaj¹c siê tym samym do rozwoju - zarówno gospodarczego, jak i zrównowa¿onego. COSIMA mo¿e byæ ponadto wykorzystywana do obs³ugi oceny ryzyka i mo¿e pomóc w okreœleniu kolejnoœci priorytetów lub wykluczeniu przysz³ych dzia³añ, które mog¹ mieæ wp³yw na jakikolwiek konkretny teren. Technologie wspomagaj¹ce monitoring œrodowiska Skuteczne zarz¹dzanie jakoœci¹ powietrza wymaga monitoringu warunków, emisji i sytuacji nadzwyczajnego zagro¿enia, wystêpuj¹cych w czasie rzeczywistym. Wiele w³adz publicznych w Europie Œrodkowej i Wschodniej ju¿ zdaje sobie z tego sprawê, a oko³o 40 procent przewiduje dla technologii teleinformatycznych du¿¹ rolê w tym procesie w niedalekiej przysz³oœci. Narzêdzia do monitoringu mog¹ pomóc w zapewnieniu zgodnoœci z przepisami prawnymi, w³¹czaj¹c w to lokalne i europejskie normy jakoœci powietrza, zaœ na narzêdzia do 69 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION zdefiniowania przysz³ej polityki w odniesieniu do powietrza i mog¹ byæ bezcenne przy planowaniu strategii Narzêdzia takie jak AIRVIRO, które monitoruj¹ i modeluj¹, zosta³y ju¿ przyjête przez miasto Wilno w ramach jego systemu zarz¹dzania jakoœci¹ powietrza miejskiego. czasie rzeczywistym poprzez sieæ czujników i stacji oraz przetwarza te informacje na wygodne raporty dla decydentów i mened¿erów jakoœci powietrza miejskiego. Ponadto kondensuje on dane o jakoœci powietrza do u¿ytku publicznego i udostêpnia je za poœrednictwem Internetu. Niezale¿nie od tego, ¿e generowane raporty przyczyniaj¹ do dobrego poinformowania (i œwiadomoœci ekologicznej) spo³eczeñstwa, mog¹ te¿ one byæ pomocne przy opracowywaniu strategii zarz¹dzania powietrzem miejskim. Ponadto AIRVIRO modeluje i wykonuje symulacje jakoœci powietrza, a zatem s³u¿y jako system wspomagania decyzji, pozwala to mened¿erom jakoœci powietrza okreœlaæ trasy przemieszczania siê i poziomy dopuszczalnych emisji dla przedsiêbiorstw. Namacalne korzyœci ekologiczne ujawni¹ siê z chwil¹ pe³nego wdro¿enia polityk, które system ten pomaga okreœliæ. Gdy to siê stanie, system umo¿liwi monitorowanie skutecznoœci tych polityk i ich przestrzegania. Na poziomie regionalnym, narzêdzia w rodzaju wspólnego systemu monitoringu powietrza (JAMS) przydaj¹ siê przy radzeniu sobie z problemami transgranicznych zanieczyszczeñ powietrza. JAMS wdro¿ony zosta³ w œrodkowoeuropejskim rejonie "Czarnego Trójk¹ta", aby zapewniaæ automatyczny monitoring transgranicznych zanieczyszczeñ powietrza. Obecnie w oparciu o dane z monitoringu przygotowywaæ precyzyjnie ukierunkowane strategie i polityki w zakresie ochrony œrodowiska. System JAMS jest ponadto systemem ostrzegania o nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eniach œrodowiska, który w momencie wyst¹pienia wypadków nag³ego zagro¿enia umo¿liwia organom prowadz¹cym monitoring podjêcie dzia³añ, zmierzaj¹cych do maksymalnego ograniczenia skutków potencjalnych katastrof ekologicznych. Na przyk³ad, w zale¿noœci od warunków pogodowych, mo¿liwe jest tymczasowe zatrzymanie dzia³alnoœci przedsiêbiorstwa. JAMS stanowi ponadto skuteczne narzêdzie u³atwiaj¹ce 70 wspó³pracê transgraniczn¹ pomiêdzy zarz¹dzaj¹cymi jakoœci¹ powietrza, umo¿liwiaj¹ce czêst¹ komunikacjê i skoordynowane podejœcie do zarz¹dzania jakoœci¹ powietrza. Wynikiem tego jest zharmonizowana polityka w sprawach transgranicznych zagadnieñ jakoœci powietrza. System pomaga w spe³nieniu celów odpowiednich polityk krajowych, dotycz¹cych zarz¹dzania œrodowiskiem "Czarnego Trójk¹ta". Zarz¹dzaj¹cy zasobami wodnymi, dzia³aj¹cy na poziomie lokalnym i krajowym, powinni skutecznie zarz¹dzaæ jakoœci¹ wody i zasobami wodnymi, zw³aszcza ¿e w Europie Œrodkowej i Wschodniej du¿o œcieków nie jest odbieranych, lecz trafia bezpoœrednio do wód podziemnych. Standaryzowane informacje dotycz¹ce dostêpnoœci i jakoœci zasobów wodnych (w³¹cznie z danymi hydrologicznymi), zasobów wód podziemnych i zbiorników mog¹ mieæ dla ich dzia³alnoœci istotne znaczenie. Aplikacje takie jak SNIRH zapewnienie takich informacji. Stosowana w relatywnie nowym pañstwie cz³onkowskim UE jakim jest Portugalia aplikacja SNIRH umo¿liwia skuteczne i skoordynowane zarz¹dzanie zasobami wodnymi na poziomie krajowym i lokalnym zgodnie z normami jakoœci UE (patrz Rys. 3 poni¿ej). System pomaga zarz¹dzaj¹cym zasobami wodnymi œledziæ jakoœæ wody i poziom zasobów na regionalnym poziomie dorzecza oraz pomaga im zapewniæ odpowiednie dostawy czystej wody. Poprzez przechowywanie wszystkich form danych zwi¹zanych z wod¹ (geograficznych, hydrograficznych, dotycz¹cych zu¿ycia wody itd.) w systemie informatycznym, któremu ³atwo zadawaæ pytania, narzêdzie to wspomaga ponadto planowanie, tworzenie i wdra¿anie Narodowych Planów Zasobów Wodnych oraz Dorzeczy. Zwa¿ywszy na przysz³¹ Dyrektywê Ramow¹ UE w sprawie zasobów wodnych, mo¿e ono tak¿e s³u¿yæ jako œrodek pomagaj¹cy w spe³nieniu standardów UE. G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION Applications Programme, zwiêkszaj¹ przygotowanie w³adz publicznych, doœwiadczaj¹cych gwa³townych powodzi na terenach zurbanizowanych, na wyadek klêsk ¿ywio³owych. Najwiêksz¹ zalet¹ aplikacji jest to, ¿e mo¿e ona s³u¿yæ jako system alarmowy, ostrzegaj¹cy o mo¿liwoœci wyst¹pienia gwa³townej powodzi, oraz to, ¿e wspomaga koordynacjê s³u¿b ratowniczych takich jak policja i stra¿ po¿arna, a tak¿e robót publicznych itd. W wypadku gwa³townej powodzi, system wspomagania decyzji pomaga administracji publicznej w okreœleniu i koordynacji si³y roboczej, niezbêdnej do minimalizacji zniszczeñ powodziowych nie tylko podczas, ale tak¿e przed wyst¹pieniem powodzi. Wyszczególnia on tak¿e najskuteczniejsze œrodki antykryzysowe i niezbêdne dzia³ania naprawcze. A zatem aplikacja ta pomaga ograniczyæ do minimum skutki ekologiczne oraz zmniejsza koszty zniszczeñ powodziowych. Wed³ug w³adz publicznych, które odpowiedzia³y na ankietê CAPE, jest to zagadnienie priorytetowe. Gospodarki Wodnej. System zorientowany jest ponadto na zapewnianie dostêpu do informacji spo³eczeñstwu, a przez to zapewnia przestrzeganie artyku³ów Dyrektywy UE o dostêpie do informacji o œrodowisku oraz Konwencji z Aarhus. Technologie wspomagaj¹ce zwalczanie nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eñ œrodowiska Polityka Komisji Europejskiej coraz mocniej podkreœla potrzebê œrodków zapobiegawczych w zarz¹dzaniu œrodowiskiem w odró¿nieniu od dzia³añ naprawczych wobec istniej¹cych zanieczyszczeñ œrodowiska. Œrodowisko naturalne mo¿na lepiej zachowaæ, bez utraty lub zniszczenia istniej¹cego ekosystemu, gdy skutki katastrof ograniczone zostaj¹ do minimum. Wówczas tak¿e wydatki na ich usuwanie mog¹ byæ utrzymywane na niskim poziomie, a przecie¿ ich koszt ponosz¹ czêsto w³adze publiczne, gospodarstwa domowe oraz firmy ubezpieczeniowe - i œrodowisko. Aplikacje takie jak TELEFLEUR, finansowane w ramach programu Komisji Europejskiej Telematics System ostrzegania o nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eniach dla Dunaju wykorzystywany jest przez kraje nadrzeczne wzd³u¿ dorzecza Dunaju w Europie Zachodniej, Œrodkowej i Po³udniowej. Obecnie wykorzystuje siê go do zmniejszania ryzyka rozlewów substancji niebezpiecznych - wspomaga mened¿erów zajmuj¹cych siê jakoœci¹ wody w ograniczaniu tych zjawisk.. Poprzez sieæ czujników, rozmieszczonych w ca³ym dorzeczu, zbierane s¹ aktualne informacje z monitoringu, umo¿liwiaj¹c osobom odpowiedzialnym za. jakoœæ wody podjêcie w porê œrodków zapobiegawczych, by zminimalizowaæ skutki i zagro¿enia dla œrodowiska. G³ówn¹ mocn¹ stron¹ Systemu jest jego zdolnoœæ do b³yskawicznego przekazywania informacji o incydentach zwi¹zanych z zanieczyszczeniem œrodowiska poprzez sieæ g³ównych oœrodków ostrzegania miêdzynarodowego “PIAC” - Principal International Alert Centres (patrz Rys. 4 poni¿ej) i odpowiedni "Model alarmu" (Alarm Model). Korzyœci ju¿ sta³y siê faktem. Na przyk³ad w paŸdzierniku 1997 r. zasiêg przypadkowego rozlewu ropy zosta³ skutecznie ograniczony, co zapobieg³o skutkom transgranicznym. Od wdro¿enia Systemu w roku 1997 wykryto osiem innych przypadków zanieczyszczeñ, zapewniaj¹c ograniczenie ich wp³ywu na œrodowisko. Inne korzyœci z systemu to pomoc poszczególnym krajom w wype³nianiu obowi¹zków wynikaj¹cych z miêdzynarodowych konwencji dotycz¹cych Dunaju, jak równie¿ konwencji o wodach transgranicznych w aspekcie zwalczania nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eñ œrodowiska. Ponadto, co byæ mo¿e jest najwa¿niejsze, omawiane narzêdzie z arsena³u telematyki pomog³o w nawi¹zaniu wspó³pracy miêdzynarodowej w regionie, tradycyjnie spolaryzowanym na Wschód i Zachód. 71 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION GERMANY CZECH REPUBLIC PIAC-03 PIAC-01 Brno PIAC-11 Passau Uzgorod PIAC-10 PIAC-05 Kishinev Budapest PIAC-12 PIAC-06 Ljubljana Izmail PIAC-07 Zagreb PIAC-08 Bucharest 0 state boundary catchment boundary 250 km PIAC-09 Bucharest Figure 1. PIACs of the Danube AEWS Rys. 4: System ostrzegania o nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eniach dla Dunaju (DAEWS) Silne strony narzêdzia do zwalczania katastrof, jakim jest DEDICS zmniejszenia do minimum potencjalnych skutków po¿arów lasu na obszarach przyrodniczych, zw³aszcza tych, które granicz¹ z podmiejskimi osiedlami lub s¹siaduj¹ z dzia³alnoœci¹ przemys³ow¹. Szczególnie korzystne by³oby ono dla miejsc w regionach bardziej suchych, podobnych do œródziemnomorskich. Podobnie jak TELEFLEUR, aplikacja ta usprawnia komunikacjê i koordynacjê pomiêdzy wszystkimi g³ównymi podmiotami reprezentuj¹cymi s³u¿by publiczne, w³¹czaj¹c w to pojazdy patroli przeciwpo¿arowych (poprzez wykorzystywanie systemów radiokomunikacji i GPS-u - narzêdzi Globalnego Systemu Lokalizacji, centrum dowodzenia oraz sieci wie¿y stra¿niczych. G³ówne wyniki to lepsza koordynacja dzia³añ antykryzysowych i usprawniona komunikacja, których skutkiem jest lepsze wykorzystanie zasobów ludzkich i finansowych oraz zmniejszenie do minimum szkód wyrz¹dzonych w œrodowisku. Si³a systemu le¿y w tym, ¿e przetwarza ró¿ne dane z monitoringu œrodowiska i prezentuje je w formacie, który jest u¿yteczny zarówno dla administracji publicznej, jak i s³u¿b ratowniczych. Technologie wspomagaj¹ce dostêp spo³eczeñstwa do informacji wymagane jest przez przepisy krajowe, europejskie i miêdzynarodowe. Danie spo³eczeñstwu dostêpu do informacji o œrodowisku pomaga w podwy¿szaniu jego œwiadomoœci i zrozumienia zagadnieñ ekologicznych, co 72 z kolei mo¿e przyczyniaæ siê do wiêkszej akceptacji surowszej polityki ochrony œrodowiska i celów zrównowa¿onego rozwoju. Gdy spo³eczeñstwo anga¿uje siê w proces podejmowania decyzji, mo¿e to tak¿e sprawiæ, ¿e proces ten stanie siê w wiêkszym stopniu oparty na rzetelnych informacjach, wspó³pracy i uczestnictwie. HEIS-MUC i IOZIP których, z uwagi na podobieñstwa miêdzy nimi, mo¿na przetwarzaj¹ i rozpowszechniaj¹ cenne informacje o odpowiednio miasta Monachium i Praga. Silne strony obu narzêdzi le¿¹ w ich zdolnoœci do zarz¹dzania, przechowywania i przetwarzania danych, zebranych za poœrednictwem ró¿nych niezale¿nych Ÿróde³ - i za poœrednictwem ró¿nych urz¹dzeñ technicznych. Chodzi o dane dotycz¹ce jakoœci powietrza, zagro¿enia ha³asem, zasobów wodnych (patrz Rys. 5 poni¿ej) oraz natê¿eniu ruchu, przechowywane na przyk³ad w Systemach Informacji Geograficznej (GIS), bazach danych i w Internecie. G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION wody, iloœci odpadów itd. Znajomoœæ tych zagadnieñ jest bardzo wa¿na przy opracowywaniu kierunków dzia³ania i informacji oraz procesy przechowywania, niezbêdne dla ró¿nych zestawów surowych danych. Cenne informacje, które s¹ ostatecznym wynikiem wszystkich tych procesów, przyczyniaj¹ siê do podejmowania bardziej uzasadnionych decyzji. Rys. 5: WskaŸniki jakoœci powietrza (•ród³o: IOZIP) Do produktów koñcowych tych aplikacji nale¿¹ u¿yteczne i efektownie przedstawione informacje o œrodowisku, zarówno dla opinii publicznej, jak i decydentów z w³adz miasta. Na przyk³ad w Monachium publiczny dostêp do danych zapewniony jest za poœrednictwem Internetu, ogólnodostêpnych terminali, kolumn miejskich w gazetach i specjalnych punktów informacyjnych (InfoKiosków), a w Pradze za poœrednictwem Internetu, CD-ROM-u, Roczników i atlasów. A zatem u¿ytkownik koñcowy czerpie korzyœci poprzez lepszy dostêp do danych w kilku przyjaznych dla niego formatach, a jednoczeœnie, poprzez umo¿liwienie szerokiego dostêpu spo³eczeñstwa, stosunkowo niskim kosztem spe³nionych zostaje wiele wymagañ prawodawstwa krajowego i miêdzynarodowego. W zwi¹zku z tym, ¿e dane staj¹ siê szybciej dostêpne, narzêdzia oszczêdzaj¹ ponadto przy udzielaniu spo³eczeñstwu ¿¹danych informacji tego typu czas i pieni¹dze. Nastêpnie odnotowaæ mo¿na korzyœæ, jak¹ odnosi decydent. Osoby odpowiedzialne w administracji publicznej za wyznaczanie kierunków dzia³ania coraz czêœciej staj¹ w obliczu "przeci¹¿enia" informacjami, mimo to jednak oczekuje siê od nich przyswajania i rozumienia wielu krytycznych zagadnieñ ochrony œrodowiska, pocz¹wszy od jakoœci powietrza do danych o ruchu, emisji ha³asu i kszta³towaniu siê pogody, jakoœci Sieæ Czarnomorska (Black Sea Web) oferuje podobne korzyœci, ale s¹ one zorientowane na konkretny region (obejmuj¹cy Morze Czarne, Ukrainê, Rumuniê i Rosjê). Aplikacja ta to regionalny System Wspomagania Zarz¹dzania Œrodowiskiem, z którego korzyœci czerpi¹ decydenci lokalni i szczebla krajowego, obywatele, organizacje pozarz¹dowe i inne zainteresowane strony, takie jak œrodki masowego przekazu, eksperci i uczeni. Dziêki temu, ¿e dzia³a w oparciu o Internet, jest ona bez ograniczeñ dostêpna dla wszystkich, zapewniaj¹c ³atwy dostêp do danych morskich, dotycz¹cych œrodowiska Morza Czarnego. Wiele spoœród nich przechowywanych jest faktycznie w oddzielnych dla ka¿dego kraju i posiadaj¹cych ró¿ny format morskich bazach danych (zlokalizowanych w oddzielnych miejscach). Zalet¹ wymiany informacji pomiêdzy osobami podejmuj¹cymi decyzje w sprawach ochrony œrodowiska w rejonie Morza Czarnego. Problemy ekologiczne czêsto nie ograniczaj¹ siê do jednego kraju, a w przypadku obszarów morskich - s¹ czêsto transgraniczne. Sieæ Czarnomorska oraz Morski ochrony œrodowiska pracowaæ razem na rzecz zachowania œrodowiska naturalnego Morza Czarnego jako ca³oœci. Badania ankietowe przeprowadzone przez CAPE pokaza³y, ¿e 40 procent decydentów ma obecnie dostêp do poczty elektronicznej, a 43 procent - do Internetu. Ostatnie trzy spoœród omówionych wy¿ej aplikacji wykorzystuj¹ Internet do Internet posiada szereg zalet: ³atwo siê nim pos³ugiwaæ, jest akceptowany w skali miêdzynarodowej jako narzêdzie docierania do informacji oraz ich rozpowszechniania, s³u¿y jako cenny œrodek do przezwyciê¿ania barier geograficznych i spo³ecznych, a dostêp do niego jest coraz tañszy. Korzystanie z Internetu staje siê coraz powszechniejsze: szko³y i wy¿sze uczelnie, œrodowiska pracy, domy, biblioteki, kawiarenki internetowe itd. umo¿liwiaj¹ obecnie dostêp do Internetu z wielu ró¿norodnych i ró¿nych miejsc. Rozwój "spo³eczeñstwa informacyjnego" w bardzo du¿ym stopniu napêdzany jest przez narzêdzia takie jak Internet. S¹ te¿ inne czynniki pobudzaj¹ce ten rozwój. Przedstawione wy¿ej 73 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION opisy konkretnych przypadków pokazuj¹, ¿e do rozwoju spo³eczeñstwa informacyjnego przyczyniaj¹ siê narzêdzia monitoringu, urz¹dzenia do przechowywania i przetwarzania danych oraz systemy wspomagania decyzji. Sektor prywatny w coraz wiêkszym stopniu zdominowany jest przez przedsiêbiorstwa "bazuj¹ce na wiedzy", które przechowuj¹ informacje, wymieniaj¹ je, opracowuj¹, sprzedaj¹ i rozpowszechniaj¹ - zazwyczaj w formie elektronicznej. Powy¿sze czynniki rozwoju, w po³¹czeniu z prawodawstwem, decydowaæ bêd¹ o potrzebie dalszego doskonalenia mo¿liwoœci rozpowszechniania informacji na szczeblu administracji lokalnej oraz korzystania w tym celu z technologii informacyjnej i telematyki. Wiele samorz¹dów lokalnych w Unii Europejskiej ju¿ to robi, z w³asnej inicjatywy oraz poprzez mechanizmy takie jak "Governments on-line" ("W³adze w Internecie"). Wydaje siê jasne, ¿e na naszych oczach odbywa siê rewolucja informacyjna czy informatyczna, przy czym, jak zauwa¿a Markus Spring, mened¿er projektu w HEIS-MUC, “narzêdzia telematyki dadz¹ nam w przysz³oœci najpowszechniejszy, najwygodniejszy i najtañszy œrodek 74 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION Rozdzia³ 2.5 - Techniczne ramy realizacyjne - ma na celu zilustrowanie g³ównych wymogów technicznych, zwi¹zanych z wdra¿aniem którychkolwiek z bêd¹cych przedmiotem badania zastosowañ telematyki. Tam, gdzie dysponowano odnoœnymi informacjami, przedstawiono tak¿e wymagania dotycz¹ce u¿ytkowników koñcowych, kosztów uruchomienia oraz kwestie zarz¹dzania zwi¹zane z utrzymaniem. Rozdzia³ eksponuje niektóre "wnioski", wyci¹gniête przez mened¿erów projektów odpowiednich aplikacji, szczególnie przy przechodzeniu ze œrodowiska badawczego do 2.5 TECHNICZNE RAMY REALIZACYJNE syntetycznie w poni¿szej Tabeli 2. Zwracaj¹ one np. uwagê na wymagania co do oprogramowania i sprzêtu, Zamieszczono tak¿e informacje o zasiêgu geograficznym Nazwa projektu Gie da materia ów budowlanych i z rozbiórki, nadaj cych si do ponownego wykorzystania SINDRA Realizacja geograficzna Krajowa Charakterystyka aplikacji i mo liwo przenoszenia jej na inny grunt Sprawdzony system oparty o Internet, wymagaj cy pewnego przeprogramowania oraz poniesienia kosztów licencji na oprogramowanie. Wymagania sprz towe Niezb dne oprogramowanie Grupy docelowe Komputer osobisty oraz serwer sieci Internet Baza danych Oracle, dost p do Internetu Regionalna Koncepcja modelu danych jest gotowa, jednak harmonizacja i standaryzacja definicji odpadów, metod obliczania oraz prezentacji informacji w celu osi gni cia zgodno ci z metodami lokalnymi wymaga b dzie sporo czasu. Serwer internetowy i sprz t zdolny do bycia komputerem g ównym ("hostem") du ej bazy danych, z której regularnie korzysta mo e jednocze nie a 1520 u ytkowników lokalnych Oprogramowanie do zarz dzania baz danych dla dostawcy komputera g ównego, dost p do Internetu i przegl darka dla u ytkownika Firmy budowlane i dokonuj ce rozbiórek, w adze komunalne, stowarzyszenia zajmuj ce si odpadami Decydenci z regionalnych i lokalnych organów w adzy, odpowiedzialni za gospodark odpadami 75 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION COSIMA Tereny zurbanizowane System zarz dzania jako ci powietrza miejskiego w Wilnie na Litwie Tereny zurbanizowane JAMS Transgraniczna SNIRH Krajowa 76 Architektura i struktura (szkielet) opiera si na koncepcji tzw. Jednorodnego Modelu Danych (Uniform Data Model). Konieczne jest dostosowanie do warunków lokalnych, np. ró nych struktur danych i ró nych procedur administracji publicznej. Na systemie AIRVIRO opiera si sprawdzony pakiet. Niezb dna lokalna kalibracja danych Koncepcja i metodologia mo e zosta zastosowana wsz dzie, przy czym wymogi techniczne mo na w pewnym stopniu przykrawa do warunków lokalnych. Niezb dna jest kalibracja wprowadzanych danych lokalnych Struktura, w tym analiza funkcjonalna i koncepcje teoretyczne, zosta a z sukcesem przeniesiona na Azory, na Mader i w inne miejsca. Musi jednak zosta dostosowana do warunków lokalnych, wymaganym warunkiem wst pnym jest dost p do lokalnych sieci zbierania danych. Technologia GIS, platforma UNIX i/lub serwer NT. Lokalna sie komputerowa (LAN) Baza danych Oracle, ARC/Info, ARC/View do prezentacji danych oraz MapInfo System AIRVIRO, monitory i czujniki jako ci powietrza, stacja robocza UNIX, serwer komputerowy wraz ze stacjami roboczymi, dost p do Internetu, niezawodna infrastruktura telekomunikacyjna Niezawodna infrastruktura telekomunikacyjna, rozleg a sie komputerowa, nadajniki i odbiorniki satelitarne, stacje monitoringu/ czujniki oraz analizatory Lokalna Sie Komputerowa (LAN) Spatial Database Engine (SDE), umo liwiaj cy serwerowi bazy danych uwzgl dnianie danych geograficznych. Serwery sieciowe (Web Server Workstations) ALPHA 4000 UNIX, ALPHA 600 z komputerami osobistymi Win95/Win98/ Win NT AirWeb, oprogramowanie do zarz dzania jako ci powietrza , w tym baza danych o emisjach, narz dzia do modelowania rozpraszania, dost p do Internetu Osoby zajmuj ce si w ramach administracji publicznej zarz dzaniem terenami ska onymi i planowaniem przestrzennym Mened erowie jako ci powietrza na terenach zurbanizowanych oraz osoby odpowiedzialne za wyznaczanie kierunków dzia ania Oprogramowanie ENVISAT CAS Mened erowie jako ci powietrza oraz osoby odpowiedzialne za wyznaczanie kierunków dzia ania Oprogramowanie bazy danych Oracle, program Binary Large Object firmy Oracle do zapami tywania obrazów, serwer sieci WWW Apache, ARC/Info i ARC/View do prezentacji danych. Oprogramowanie GIS oraz oryginalny program komputerowy opracowany przez Chiron Zarz dzaj cy zasobami wodnymi i jako ci wody na poziomie krajowym, regionalnym i lokalnym, jak równie organy ochrony rodowiska G OOD P R A C T I C E S TELE-FLEUR Tereny zurbanizowane Danube AEWS Transgraniczna DEDICS Tereny zurbanizowane System Wspomagania Decyzji mo e zosta zmodyfikowany poprzez dostosowanie jego regu i procedur do tych, które obowi zuj w zarz dach miast. Protoko y komunikacyjne oraz oprogramowanie sprz gaj ce (interfacing software) musz by precyzyjnie dopasowane do wymogów poszczególnych zada . Le ca u podstaw Systemu zasada dzia ania opiera si na Mi dzynarodowych Systemach Alarmowych i Ostrzegawczych dla Renu i aby. Metodologia ta mo e zosta przystosowana do dowolnego dorzecza transgranicznego, o ile istniej mechanizmy zaopatrzenia w dane DEDICS wykorzystuje pi oddzielnych aplikacji i czy je razem w zale no ci od warunków lokalnych. Przenoszenie systemu na inny grunt musi by dokonywane ze starann rozwag i po indywidualnym rozpatrzeniu z uwagi na jego liczne i zró nicowane sk adniki je li chodzi o dane. IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION Stacja robocza UNIX, komputer osobisty, Centrum Dowodzenia przyjmuj ce i przechowuj ce dane, czujniki (np. powierzchniowe stacje meteorologiczne, wodowskazy), odbiorniki satelitarne System Wspomagania Decyzji i System Doradczy (Ekspertowy) W adze publiczne zajmuj ce si przypadkami zagro enia powodziowego Sie "g ównych o rodków ostrzegania mi dzynarodowego", sieci monitoringu jako ci wody i czujniki. System telekomunikacyjny, nadajniki i odbiorniki satelitarne System informacji o substancjach niebezpiecznych, model alarmowy dla dorzecza Dunaju (“Danube Basin Alarm Model”), System Przetwarzania Informacji Zarz dzaj cy zasobami wód powierzchniowych, w adze publiczne Przestrzenny System Wspomagania Decyzji; sie automatycznych terminali monitoringu "Przeciwpo arowe Centrum Dowodzenia". Nadajniki i odbiorniki satelitarne. Dost p do sieci monitoringu meteorologicznego, System Zarz dzania Baz Danych, urz dzenia GIS, GPS (Globalny System Lokalizacji). Warstwa oprogramowania (“software layer”) DEDICS lub inny podobny pakiet Zarz dzaj cy sytuacjami kryzysowymi w ramach administracji publicznej, patrole przeciwpo arowe i inne s u by zajmuj ce si walk z nadzwyczajnymi zagro eniami rodowiska 77 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION HEIS-MUC Tereny zurbanizowane Aplikacja oferuje struktur robocz (working framework) oraz system, który wykorzystuje gdy to mo liwe oprogramowanie i narz dzia do publicznego rozpowszechniania (nie obj te prawami autorskimi). Musi jednak zosta dostosowana do specjalnych potrzeb ochrony rodowiska i zestawów danych jakiejkolwiek administracji. IOZIP Tereny zurbanizowane Zasady i metodologie IOZIP Transgraniczna Oferowana jest niezb dna architektura do czenia w ca o odleg ych i zasadniczo odmiennych baz danych. Dane musz jedynie zapewnia opis metadanych, niezb dna te jest znajomo Internetu przez u ytkownika. Black Sea Web (Sie Czarnomorska) Serwer UNIX-owy, platforma Windows NT, GIS, stacje robocze PC, sieci LAN, serwer Map, Info-kioski oraz terminale publiczne Intranet i Internet, narz dzia do edycji i programowania PERL i SGML, ArcInfo, MapObjects, ArcView serwer Internetu oraz serwer internetowy MapObjects Baza danych Oracle i FoxPro, MapInfo, ArcView, przegl darka internetowa i edytor GIS, serwer internetowy Centralny metakatalog, Electronic Sounding Board, System Wspierania Zarz dzania, modu zdalnego dost pu do danych, modu warstwy aplikacyjnej Mened erowie ochrony rodowiska oraz osoby odpowiedzialne za wyznaczanie kierunków dzia ania w tej dziedzinie, administracja na poziomie miejskim, regionalnym, mi dzynarodowym Mened erowie jako ci powietrza oraz osoby odpowiedzialne za wyznaczanie kierunków dzia ania w tej dziedzinie na poziomie miasta Mened erowie i twórcy polityk dotycz cych wód z rozbiórki, nadaj¹cych siê do ponownego wykorzystania oraz SINDRA w ogromnym stopniu wykorzystuj¹ internetowe techniki komunikacji i komputerowe bazy danych. “Recycling-Platform for Construction”, jest zrzeszenie szeœciu regionów federalnych oraz kilka zrzeszeñ bran¿y budowlanej. Do nadzorowania utrzymania bazy danych, aktualizacji witryny internetowej, zarz¹dzania informacjami o cz³onkach oraz utrzymywania stosunków ze spo³eczeñstwem organizacja wykorzystuje jeden komputer osobisty. W przypadku aplikacji "Gie³da materia³ów nadaj¹cych siê do ponownego wykorzystania", baza danych wykorzystywana do przechowywania informacji o zapasach odpadów budowlanych. Jest ona umiejscowiona w witrynie internetowej przy u¿yciu serwera sieci WWW. Aktualizacja systemu jest w zasadzie pozostawiona u¿ytkownikom - firmom budowlanym i spó³kom prowadz¹cym prace rozbiórkowe. Gospodarzem systemu, w tym przypadku U¿ytkownicy Gie³dy musz¹ mieæ dostêp do Internetu i has³o cz³onkowskie, istnieje jednak us³uga fax na ¿yczenie, uwzglêdniaj¹ca potrzeby tych, którzy dostêpu do Internetu nie maj¹. System mo¿e byæ stosowany na dowolnym poziomie (opis przypadku dotyczy zastosowania na poziomie krajowym). Im wiêcej jednak system ma u¿ytkowników i im wiêksza rozpiêtoœæ geograficzna systemu, tym wiêksze jest jego oddzia³ywanie. Realizacja systemu kosztowa³a w 78 G OOD P R A C T I C E S 100.000 EUR. Koszty jednak mo¿na czêœciowo zrekompensowaæ, rozpoczynaj¹c tworzenie systemu w ramach zlecenia badañ naukowych. Utrzymanie Gie³dy wspiera niewielka op³ata cz³onkowska oraz sprzeda¿ powierzchni reklamowej. Organizacje pragn¹ce utworzyæ taki system mog³yby tak¿e zastanowiæ siê nad zagwarantowaniem jego wykorzystania poprzez przeprowadzenie lobbingu w³adz miejskich na rzecz uwzglêdnienia korzystania z niego we wszystkich miejskich przetargach i kontraktach, dotycz¹cych budowy i/lub rozbiórki. Aby u³atwiæ przeniesienie systemu na inny grunt, Operator Gie³dy chêtnie udostêpni dalsze informacje techniczne. SINDRA to aplikacja, która do przechowywania danych dotycz¹cych odpadów i zarz¹dzania nimi wykorzystuje wy³¹cznie system zarz¹dzania baz¹ danych. Baza danych udostêpniania jest przez Internet, a zatem host provider musi byæ w stanie zaoferowaæ witrynê internetow¹ i mieæ do tego celu odpowiedni¹ pojemnoœæ (wydajnoœæ) serwera. Dostêp u¿ytkowników tak¿e odbywa siê za poœrednictwem Internetu - musz¹ oni u¿ywaæ tego samego oprogramowania jak to, w którym znajduje siê baza danych, jak równie¿ mieæ dostêp do Internetu. Stworzenie systemu informacji dotycz¹cego gospodarki odpadami wymaga wprowadzenia odpowiednich informacji, uzyskanych od w³adz lokalnych, które nastêpnie musz¹ zostaæ zharmonizowane. Standaryzowane powinny byæ na przyk³ad okreœlenia dotycz¹ce odpadów, metody obliczania oraz prezentacja informacji zgodnie z niezale¿nymi lokalnymi zwyczajami. Niektóre mechanizmy wykorzystywane przez aplikacjê SINDRA do przezwyciê¿enia tych problemów naœwietlone zosta³y poni¿ej ("Zarz¹dzanie projektami). Aplikacja COSIMA danymi wykorzystuje g³ównie technologiê GIS. Baza danych Oracle u¿ywana jest do przechowywania danych z terenu, zaœ ARC/Info to program, wykorzystywany do prezentacji danych, oferuj¹cy przyjazny, graficzny interfejs u¿ytkownika. Baza danych mo¿e rezydowaæ w sieci LAN i mo¿e byæ równie¿ dostepna ze stacji roboczych Windows NT i UNIX. COSIMA stworzy³a ju¿ architekturê bazow¹ i szkielet [framework], który ³¹czy ró¿ne modele danych w jeden Ujednolicony Model Danych. COSIMA znalaz³a ju¿ zastosowanie w kilku miastach europejskich, a jej si³¹ jest zdolnoœæ do informacyjnej, dostêpnoœci ró¿nych danych oraz warunków prawnych. COSIMA wymaga znacznej wiedzy fachowej w dziedzinie terenów ska¿onych i GIS oraz przewiduje, ¿e do jej skutecznego wdro¿enia niezbêdnych jest kilku ekspertów, posiadaj¹cych umiejêtnoœci w owych dziedzinach. IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION Koszt realizacji COSIMY zale¿eæ bêdzie od warunków lokalnych. Aby wdro¿yæ tê aplikacjê w Kolonii, potrzeba by³o oko³o 500.000 EUR. Nale¿y tak¿e przeznaczyæ pewne œrodki na analizê istniej¹cych infrastruktur danych, omawian¹ aplikacjê przy wsparciu finansowym Komisji demonstracje systemu jako œrodek wspomagaj¹cy jego Technologie wspomagaj¹ce monitoring œrodowiska Narzêdzia monitoringu jakoœci powietrza, takie jak te, które wykorzystywane s¹ przez miasto Wilno i region "Czarnego Trójk¹ta" (JAMS), wymagaj¹ spe³nienia szeregu warunków. Wspólny System Monitoringu Powietrza (Joint Air Monitoring System) rejonu "Czarnego Trójk¹ta" wymaga stacji roboczych PC, modemu, analizatorów danych i niezawodnej infrastruktury telekomunikacyjnej, aby w oparciu o nie mo¿na by³o utworzyæ sieæ rozleg³¹ WAN i obs³ugê Internetu. Wykorzystuj¹ je do wymiany danych nadajniki i odbiorniki satelitarne Meteosat. (Jedn¹ z przeszkód, przed jak¹ stan¹³ zespó³ projektu by³a niewystarczaj¹ca przepustowoœæ i niezawodnoœæ sieci telekomunikacyjnej w regionie na pocz¹tku wdra¿ania Systemu). Dla pe³nego wdro¿enia system AIRVIRO wymaga profesjonalnego komputera (stacji roboczej) UNIX, serwera komputerowego, indywidualnych stacji roboczych oraz dostêpu do Internetu. Zarówno system AIRVIRO z miasta Wilna, jak i system JAMS wykorzystuje szereg automatycznych stacji monitoringu jakoœci powietrza i czujników meteorologicznych. W (transgranicznym) rejonie "Czarnego Trójk¹ta" musz¹ one byæ eksploatowane wed³ug wspólnie uzgodnionych standardów kalibracji danych. Koszt zainstalowania AIRVIRO wyniós³ w przybli¿eniu 750.000 EUR. Koszty te zosta³y poniesione przez Ÿród³a zarówno krajowe, jak i miêdzynarodowe, w³¹czaj¹c w to Szwedzk¹ Agencjê Rozwoju Miêdzynarodowego i rz¹d litewski. W rejonie "Czarnego Trójk¹ta" koszty urz¹dzeñ w wysokoœci 2,2 mln EUR zosta³y zrekompensowane przez program PHARE, zaœ wszystkie pozosta³e pokryte zosta³y przez zainteresowane kraje. Gospodarze obu systemów podkreœlali znaczenie uzyskania odpowiedniej pomocy technicznej i potrzebê starannego przemyœlenia wyboru dostawców sprzêtu technicznego. Trzeba zatem zawsze starannie sprawdzaæ ich referencje. J¹drem systemu zarz¹dzania informacjami o zasobach wodnych SNIRH jest serwer bazy danych, który nieustannie przyjmuje dane z wielu ró¿nych Ÿróde³, a jednoczeœnie odpowiada na zapytania kierowane przez 79 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION jest baza danych Oracle, zaœ do prezentacji danych Arc/Info. Aplikacja Binary Large Object (BLOb) firmy ORACLE wykorzystywana jest do wspomagania przechowywania obrazów, zaœ programy interfejsu klienta umo¿liwiaj¹ korzystanie z mechanizmów zapytañ u¿ytkownika. Sieæ lokalna (LAN) obs³uguje dostêp do danych, a tzw. Spatial Database Engine (SDE) umo¿liwia uwzglêdnianie przez serwer bazy danych geograficznych. Struktura SNIRH (pokazana na Rys. 6 poni¿ej), w³¹cznie z jej analiz¹ funkcjonaln¹ i za³o¿eniami teoretycznymi, mo¿e zostaæ przeniesiona praktycznie do dowolnego regionu, po stosunkowo prostym dopasowaniu do lokalnych warunków i lokalnych zestawów danych. Do docelowych u¿ytkowników zaliczyæ nale¿y organy odpowiedzialne za zasoby wodne i/lub ochronê œrodowiska, zajmuj¹ce siê gospodarowaniem zasobami wody pitnej. Gospodarz aplikacji - portugalski Instytut Gospodarki Wodnej (INAG) - przygotowa³ pokaŸn¹ dokumentacjê na temat systemu SNIRH i jego procedur z myœl¹ o u³atwieniu jego zrozumienia i przeniesienia na inny grunt. Zorganizowa³ tak¿e specjalne sesje wyjaœniaj¹ce i prezentacje w ca³ym kraju. W proces ten by³ tak¿e zaanga¿owany partner zajmuj¹cy siê sprawami technicznymi, Chiron, który pomaga³ przy przenoszeniu systemu na Maderê, Azory i do Mozambiku. UNIX server with ORACLE DBMS Local network Data Servidor NT Windows client applications Internet Web server CGI, Java, ActiveX 80 Systemy ostrzegania o nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eniach œrodowiska wykorzystuj¹ lokalne sieci i mechanizmy zbierania danych. Obejmuj¹ one narzêdzia monitoringu i czujniki. Nastêpnie dane przechowywane s¹ w bazach danych w ramach systemu wspomagania decyzji. Wymiana danych w regionach oraz obszarach zurbanizowanych (wystêpuj¹ca zarówno w systemie ostrzegania o nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eniach œrodowiska dla Dunaju, jak i w systemie DEDICS) w coraz wiêkszym stopniu odbywa siê za poœrednictwem satelity. Odbiorniki i nadajniki satelitarne s¹ coraz czêœciej niezbêdnym warunkiem wstêpnym, zaœ do modelowania oceny skutków powszechnie wymagane s¹ specjalne programy. Zarówno TELEFLEUR, jak i DEDICS wymagaj¹ sieci zdalnych czujników, które dostarczaj¹ dynamicznych danych do odpowiednich systemów wspomagania decyzji. System ostrzegania o powodziach TELEFLEUR czujników - naziemnych (ground-based), umieszczonych w wodach powierzchniowych, meteorologicznych oraz hydrologicznych, jak równie¿ satelitarnych i radarowych odbiorników do wymiany danych oraz nadajników do ci¹g³ego zbierania danych z pomiarów. W centralnym oœrodku obliczeniowym, który analizuje te dane i przewiduje scenariusze gwa³townej powodzi, wykorzystuje siê narzêdzia do modelowania (dla warunków meteorologicznych i hydrologicznych). Utworzyæ trzeba tzw. Centrum Dowodzenia, w którym znajdowaæ siê bêdzie System Wspomagania Decyzji (DSS), pe³ni¹cy funkcjê przechowalni zdobytych danych. System doradczy w ramach DSS dostarcza ocen danych i wyœwietla dane oraz potencjalne sposoby postêpowania. W oparciu o te decyzje, DSS koordynuje i informuje odpowiednie s³u¿by publiczne, których rol¹ jest dzia³anie w sytuacjach zagro¿enia. G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION Rys. 7: Schemat systemu Telefleur (•ród³o: TELEFLEUR) System TELEFLEUR, choæ z³o¿ony, mo¿e zostaæ dostosowany do potrzeb dowolnego obszaru zurbanizowanego, pod warunkiem, ¿e istniej¹ niezbêdne £aby, a zatem mo¿liwe jest jego dostosowanie do warunków i potrzeb dowolnego podobnego regionu. Finansowanie Systemu pochodzi³o z kilku Ÿróde³ miêdzynarodowych i krajowych. . geomorfologicznych i danych lokalnych, a dla pomyœlnego wdro¿enia procedur systemu wspomagania decyzji musz¹ one zostaæ dopasowane do procedur w³adz miejskich. Protoko³y komunikacyjne musz¹ byæ dostosowane do odpowiednich platform sprzêtowych (zazwyczaj UNIX i PC). System wspomagaj¹cy zwalczanie po¿arów lasów DEDICS aplikacjami z zakresu telematyki, stanowi¹cymi czêœæ systemu wspomagania decyzji przestrzennych “Spatial Decision Support System” (SDSS). Niezbêdna jest sieæ zautomatyzowanych terminali, zapewniaj¹ca wykrywanie zagro¿eñ na zasadzie wczesnego ostrzegania, i musi ona byæ po³¹czona przez satelitarne ³¹cze komunikacyjne z Przeciwpo¿arowym Centrum Dowodzenia. Potrzebny jest tak¿e system monitoringu meteorologicznego, aby dostarcza³ do SDSS w czasie rzeczywistym danych o pogodzie. System Zarz¹dzania Baz¹ Danych monitoruje i przechowuje dane, otrzymane z tych Ÿróde³, zaœ czwarty system, oparty na systemie informacji geograficznej GIS, zapewnia oparte na modelu oceny klimatu i ryzyka u¿ytkowania gruntów. Te ostatnie narzêdzia ulokowane s¹ w Przeciwpo¿arowym Centrum Dowodzenia. Pi¹ta aplikacja, o nazwie “FLORINUS,” obs³uguje komunikacjê i wymianê informacji o incydentach (z uwzglêdnieniem map i lokalizacji) dla potrzeb ró¿nych patroli stra¿aków, korzystaj¹cych z Globalnego Systemu Lokalizacji GPS. Informacje z tych Ÿróde³ s¹ ze sob¹ ³¹czone za poœrednictwem tzw. "warstwy programowej" (“software layer”) aplikacji DEDICS, która upraszcza wymianê informacji i System ostrzegania o nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eniach dla Dunaju ostrzegania miêdzynarodowego" (PIAC), które ostrzegaæ bêd¹ pañstwa o przypadkach nag³ych zagro¿eñ. Oœrodki dostarczania i wymiany danych, obejmuj¹cego znajduj¹ce siê w poszczególnych krajach sieci monitoringu jakoœci wody i czujniki. Niezbêdny jest niezawodny system przyjmowania komunikatów o nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eniach i reagowania na nie 24 godziny na dobê. Proces ten mog¹ obs³ugiwaæ nadajniki i odbiorniki satelitarne. Wymagania odnoœnie oprogramowania obejmuj¹ system informacji o substancjach niebezpiecznych oraz model, zgodnie z którym mo¿na bêdzie przeprowadzaæ symulacje rozprzestrzeniania siê zanieczyszczeñ. Znany jest on pod nazw¹ “Danube Basin Alarm Model” ("model alarmowy dla dorzecza Dunaju"). Zasada dzia³ania, na której opiera siê System jest podobna jak w przypadku Miêdzynarodowych Systemów Alarmowych i Ostrzegawczych dla Renu i Przenoszenie aplikacji DEDICS na inny grunt musi byæ rozpatrywane indywidualnie z uwagi na to, ¿e wykorzystuje ona ró¿ne narzêdzia zarz¹dzania danymi. 81 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION Wymaga ona ponadto dostosowania do miejscowych potrzeb zwi¹zanych z nadzwyczajnymi zagro¿eniami, a to bêdzie wymagaæ dalszej pracy nad oprogramowaniem. Technologie wspomagaj¹ce dostêp spo³eczeñstwa do informacji Jedn¹ z g³ównych przeszkód, utrudniaj¹cych w Europie Œrodkowej i Wschodniej tworzenie bardziej wyrafinowanych systemów, opartych na technologiach teleinformatycznych jest koszt nowego oprogramowania i sprzêtu. Problemem mo¿e te¿ byæ pos³ugiwanie siê przy wdra¿aniu wyrafinowanych narzêdzi, integruj¹cych ró¿ne zestawy danych, sprzêtem nieodpowiednim i map itd.). Podobnie jak miasto Monachium, miasto Praga obiecuje swe wsparcie w zakresie know-how dla jakiejkolwiek osoby, zainteresowanej realizacj¹ u siebie takich aplikacji. IOZIP i HEIS-MUC to narzêdzia przeznaczone dla zarz¹dów wiêkszych i mniejszych miast (ale mog¹ byæ stosowane na poziomie regionalnym i miêdzynarodowym); s³u¿¹ one do tego, by wspomagaæ zbieranie, przetwarzanie i rozpowszechnianie informacji dotycz¹cych œrodowiska. Aby funkcjonowaæ, aplikacja Sieæ Czarnomorska(Black Sea Web) jest znajomoœæ Katalogu •róde³ Danych Europejskiej Monachijska aplikacja HEIS-MUC wykorzystuje wszelako w mo¿liwie najwiêkszym stopniu oprogramowanie ogólnie dostêpne (nie objête prawami autorskimi) i bezp³atny sprzêt - po to, aby ograniczyæ koszty realizacji i by u³atwiæ przenoszenie na inny grunt. eksploatacji aplikacji HEIS-MUC, niezbêdny jest program Arc/Info do prezentacji danych, zaœ do przechowywania informacji potrzebna jest baza danych Oracle. Do rozpowszechniania informacji potrzebny jest Internet i odpowiednie oprogramowanie sieciowe. Do niezbêdnego sprzêtu zalicza siê. sprzêt GIS, sieæ LAN, serwery Internetu i Intranetu oraz narzêdzia serwera map [map-server tools]. Ponadto, do celów przesy³ania informacji, konieczne s¹ niezawodne po³¹czenia telekomunikacyjne ze stacjami monitoringu (preferowane ISDN). wykorzystuje go do obs³ugi Centralnego Metakatalogu Sieci Czarnomorskiej (opisuje on dostêpne informacje i podaje, gdzie siê znajduj¹). Potrzebny jest Modu³ Dostêpu do Danych, aby umo¿liwiæ przeszukiwanie przez u¿ytkownika koñcowego ró¿nych baz danych, które mo¿na znaleŸæ w Sieci Czarnomorskiej (patrz Rys. 8 poni¿ej). Pomaga to w formu³owaniu zapytañ przy u¿yciu menu i formularzy. Wreszcie Modu³ Warstwy Aplikacyjnej (oparty o GIS) przetwarza i prezentuje dane i informacje dla u¿ytkownika, który mo¿e do nich dotrzeæ za poœrednictwem Internetu i strony g³ównej Sieci Czarnomorskiej. Jednak¿e narzêdzia te s¹ integraln¹ czêœci¹ systemu i nie trzeba ich nabywaæ oddzielnie. Aplikacje takie jak HEIS-MUC nie s¹ klasycznymi pakietami typu "zainstaluj i uruchom" i bêd¹ wymaga³y du¿ej fachowoœci i wiedzy przy ich implementacji. Koszty pracy niezbêdne dla wdro¿enia mo¿na szacowaæ na oko³o 150.000 EUR. Niezbêdna jest tak¿e fachowa wiedza techniczna w zakresie ró¿nych jêzyków programowania komputerów (w tym SGML i PERL-a). Koszty implementacji sprzêtu wynios³y w przybli¿eniu 10.000 EUR. IOZIP oraz narzêdzia programowe takie jak MapInfo i ArcView. Centralna baza danych, sk³adaj¹ca siê z 11 plików danych, wykorzystuje program Oracle. Inny niezbêdny sprzêt to serwery PC, sieæ LAN, sprzêt umo¿liwiaj¹cy korzystanie z Internetu oraz serwery UNIX-owe. Jeœli chodzi o koszty eksploatacji, aplikacja HEIS-MUC wymaga oko³o 25.000 EUR rocznie, zaœ IOZIP w przybli¿eniu 150-200.000 EUR (na to drugie sk³ada siê w równych proporcjach - zdobywanie danych, zarz¹dzanie danymi oraz przygotowywanie publikacji, 82 Rys. 8: Widok ekranu zapytania o zestaw danych (•ród³o: Black Sea Web) Koncepcja Sieci Czarnomorskiej adresowana jest do organów rz¹dowych, odpowiedzialnych za œrodowisko morskie. Mog³aby ona na przyk³ad zostaæ zastosowana w innych regionach, takich jak Wo³ga, delta Wis³y, Dunaj lub jezioro Balaton. Stworzenie systemu kosztowa³o 365.000 EUR; suma ta obejmuje czas niezbêdny na jego wdro¿enie i eksploatacjê przez okres dwóch lat. G OOD P R A C T I C E S Wnoszone dane musz¹ tylko zawieraæ opis metadanych (przez co upraszcza siê proces przechowywania dalszych danych wewn¹trz systemu). 2.6 WYCI¥GNIÊTE WNIOSKI Niniejszy rozdzia³ podsumowuje kilka kluczowych zagadnieñ zarz¹dzania projektami, czêsto podnoszonych w odniesieniu do wielu spoœród badanych projektów i aplikacji. A zatem ró¿ni siê on od poprzednich rozdzia³ów - w tym sensie, ¿e uporz¹dkowany jest bardziej wed³ug "zagadnieñ" ni¿ wed³ug priorytetów z zakresu zastosowañ telematyki oraz konkretnych aplikacji. Zarz¹dzanie projektami Przygotowywanie Projektów Projekty takie jak TELEFLEUR, Gie³da materia³ów budowlanych i z rozbiórki, nadaj¹cych siê do ponownego wykorzystania, SINDRA oraz IOZIP wskaza³y na znaczenie dokonania przegl¹du potrzeb i przeprowadzenia przed wdro¿eniem aplikacji ocen u¿ytkowników. DEDICS, SNIRH i Sieæ Czarnomorska podkreœla³y potrzebê jasnegozdefiniowania bli¿szych i dalszych celów oraz proponowa³y utworzenie zespo³u doradczego, sk³adaj¹cego siê z ró¿nych zaanga¿owanych instytucji. Zapewni to odpowiednie wsparcie dla rozmieszczenia systemu i jego przyjêcia, które kiedyœ nast¹pi. Projekty typu COSIMA, IOZIP i JAMS wskazywa³y na potrzebê przegl¹du potencja³u technicznego, w³¹czaj¹c w to infrastruktury i formaty danych, oraz uwa¿nego rozwa¿enia, jak najlepiej je Tworzenie Projektu Niektóre projekty (Danube AEWS, SINDRA oraz wileñski) wskaza³y na znaczenie zapewnienia udzia³u wszystkich cz³onków zespo³u projektu, albo te¿ zapewnienia zaanga¿owania odpowiednich cz³onków zespo³u projektu (SNIRH) w ramach gwarantowania odpowiedniego poziomu zaanga¿owania. Za wa¿ne dla wykorzystania pe³nego potencja³u aplikacji uznaje siê okreœlenie ról i obowi¹zków (Sieæ Czarnomorska). Jeœli na przyk³ad jeden partner w systemie ostrzegania o nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eniach œrodowiska (Danube AEWS) nie bierze udzia³u ani nie przekazuje niezbêdnych informacji w ³añcuchu dostaw danych, trudniejsze mo¿e byæ ograniczenie transgranicznych skutków jakiegokolwiek przypadku zanieczyszczenia œrodowiska oraz zwalczanie ich, czy to przez tego IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION partnera, czy kogokolwiek innego, kogo to bezpoœrednio dotknê³o. To skutecznie os³abia ca³y system. Wytwarzanie atmosfery wspó³pracy ma zasadnicze znaczenie dla mo¿liwoœci pragmatycznego radzenia sobie z nieprzewidzianymi problemami (Black Sea Web). Case studies dotycz¹ce IOZIP i Wilna zwróci³y uwagê na komunikacji pomiêdzy instytucjami zbieraj¹cymi dane dotycz¹ce œrodowiska a zarz¹dami miast. Skuteczne negocjacje mog¹ prowadziæ do wzajemnie korzystnej wspó³pracy. Zale¿eæ to bêdzie od jasnego wskazania na korzyœci. zapewniæ udzia³ najwa¿niejszych zainteresowanych podmiotów, a w rezultacie ich zaanga¿owanie (w niektórych przypadkach finansowe) oraz przyczyni siê do zwiêkszenia ogólnej wartoœci systemu. Korzyœci, p³yn¹ce z ka¿dego potencjalnego systemu musz¹ od wczesnych etapów jego tworzenia byæ przedstawiane u¿ytkownikom i starszemu rang¹ kierownictwu (to opinia SNIRH), zaœ SINDRA wskazywa³a na wartoœæ modelu bezpoœredniej prezentacji. Akceptacja u¿ ytkowników Z myœl¹ o u³atwieniu zrozumienia narzêdzi telematycznych, wskazywano równie¿ na wartoœæ szkolenia dotycz¹cego aplikacji i korzystania z niej (najlepiej zajmuj¹ siê tym wyspecjalizowani fachowcy, tworz¹cy aplikacjê), jak równie¿ niezawodnej dokumentacji, a tak¿e jasnego okreœlenia obowi¹zków (DEDICS, IOZIP, COSIMA, SNIRH). Trzeba te¿ przeznaczyæ na ten cel zasoby i fundusze projektu, a pomoce szkoleniowe musz¹ byæ proste i zrozumia³e. Projekty takie jak SINDRA wskazywa³y na potrzebê dania przysz³ym u¿ytkownikom odpowiedniej iloœci czasu na przyzwyczajenie siê do narzêdzi, które bêd¹ stanowiæ czêœæ ich codziennej pracy. Jest to niezwykle wa¿ne zwa¿ywszy na realizowany projekt - mnóstwo czynników ryzyka wi¹za³o siê z implementacj¹ z³o¿onych narzêdzi "z dnia na dzieñ". Projekty typu HEIS-MUC i SNIRH wskazywa³y, ¿e zanim weŸmie siê udzia³ w jakichkolwiek wspólnych dzia³aniach badawczo-rozwojowych, konieczne jest wzmocnienie potencja³u technicznego, poszerzenie wiedzy firmy i zdobycie wykwalifikowanej si³y roboczej, odpowiadaj¹cej poziomowi podejmowanych specjalistycznych zadañ. •le wyszkoleni lub niedoinformowani eksperci mog¹ zahamowaæ postêpy projektu, co z kolei mo¿e wp³yn¹æ na zyskownoœæ prowadzonej dzia³alnoœci. Ponadto, jeœli polega siê na ma³ym gronie oddanych propagatorów cyfrowych systemów informatycznych, mo¿liwe jest przekonanie administracji wewnêtrznej o korzyœciach p³yn¹cych z 83 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION finansowego. Informacje zwrotne od u¿ ytkowników Wreszcie kilka projektów (IOZIP, COSIMA, SNIRH) podkreœla³o potrzebê zwracania siê do u¿ytkowników o informacje zwrotne, potrzeb i dokonywanie tam, gdzie s¹ one potrzebne modyfikacji. Wed³ug COSIMY, tak zwany "spiralny" model zarz¹dzania mo¿e zapewniæ, by tworzenie aplikacji postêpowa³o równolegle z informacjami Ramy legislacyjne Zagadnienie wymogów prawnych by³o podnoszone przez kilka projektów, gdy¿ mog¹ one zainspirowaæ tworzenie aplikacji lub decydowaæ o wdro¿eniu lub faktycznym wykorzystaniu dowolnej aplikacji. IOZIP zwróci³ uwagê na potrzebê rozwa¿enia t³a w postaci krajowego prawodawstwa, na rzecz którego system bêdzie dzia³aæ (na przyk³ad monitoruj¹c stan œrodowiska wed³ug standardów prawnych czy te¿ rozwa¿aj¹c, jak spo³eczeñstwo bêdzie docieraæ do informacji o Mo¿e byæ wrêcz tak, ¿e wzmacnianie (i lobbowanie na ich rzecz) regu³ prawnych, rz¹dz¹cych dostarczaniem danych surowych i przetworzonych, bêdzie s³u¿yæ jako si³a napêdowa, decyduj¹ca o tworzeniu i wdra¿aniu takich aplikacji. Na podstawie doœwiadczeñ z aplikacj¹ HEISMUC podkreœlono potrzebê aktów prawnych, które wezm¹ pod uwagê mo¿liwe do odzyskania koszty umo¿liwienia dostêpu do danych o œrodowisku, jak równie¿ prawa w³asnoœci w odniesieniu do przetworzonych danych o œrodowisku, oraz przepisów dotycz¹cych uwalniania substancji zanieczyszczaj¹cych i rejestrów przesy³ania [transfer registers] - w odniesieniu do szerokiej publikacji szczegó³owych informacji o emisjach przemys³owych przez przedsiêbiorstwa. W istocie rzeczy, coraz czêœciej przyjmuje siê akty prawne dotycz¹ce dostêpu spo³eczeñstwa do informacji, podczas gdy zasady dotycz¹ce norm jakoœci powietrza i wody oraz ich monitorowania wewn¹trz UE ju¿ istniej¹. Dyrektywa UE o dostêpie do informacji dotycz¹cych œrodowiska (90/313/EEC) upowa¿nia w³adze publiczne do odzyskiwania rozs¹dnych kosztów dostarczenia danych o œrodowisku spo³eczeñstwu. W skali miêdzynarodowej, niedawno przyjêta "Konwencja z Aarhus o dostêpie do informacji, udziale spo³eczeñstwa w podejmowaniu decyzji oraz dostêpie do sprawiedliwoœci w sprawach dotycz¹cych œrodowiska" (Dania, czerwiec 1998) domaga siê dostêpnoœci dla spo³eczeñstwa raportów o stanie œrodowiska, a od w³adz publicznych - podjêcia kroków na rzecz utworzenia spójnego, ogólnokrajowego 84 systemu ewidencji zanieczyszczeñ, coraz czêœciej w formie elektronicznej. Ratyfikacja Konwencja przez wiele krajów europejskich rozpocznie siê pod koniec roku 2000, co spowoduje przeniesienie jej tekstu do ustawodawstwa krajowego. Telematyka s³u¿¹ca wspomaganiu decyzji czy te¿ s³u¿¹ca do ich podejmowania? Z przedstawionych studiów przypadków jasno wynika, ¿e aplikacje wykorzystuj¹ce technologie teleinformatyczne mog¹ znacz¹co wspomagaæ procesy podejmowania decyzji. Przy zwalczaniu nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eñ œrodowiska mog¹ one doradziæ strategie ograniczenia ich skutków, przy monitoringu - mog¹ pomóc w okreœleniu polityki odnoœnie zarz¹dzania jakoœci¹ powietrza oraz tras przemieszczania siê, a przy przywracaniu terenów do w³aœciwego stanu - mog¹ podpowiedzieæ, co zrobiæ w celu usuniêcia ska¿eñ. Nie nale¿y jednak zapominaæ, ¿e narzêdzia te stanowi¹ jedynie dla decydenta pomoc i nie maj¹ na celu zast¹piæ go w jego roli, ani te¿ zapewniæ wszystkich niezbêdnych rozwi¹zañ w dziedzinie zarz¹dzania œrodowiskiem. To mened¿er ochrony œrodowiska w ostatecznym rozrachunku jest prawdziwym ekspertem w danej dziedzinie i musi decydowaæ o podjêciu okreœlonych dzia³añ. Zasada ta mo¿e byæ zastosowana do wszystkich narzêdzi telematyki, które zosta³y przedstawione w niniejszym przewodniku jako œrodek wspomagaj¹cy zarz¹dzanie œrodowiskiem, a nie s³u¿¹cy do bezpoœredniego zarz¹dzania nim. Po drugie, mimo ¿e wiele spoœród poddanych przegl¹dowi aplikacji mo¿e byæ uwa¿anych za sprawdzone rozwi¹zania wspomagaj¹ce podejmowanie decyzji, to jednak zazwyczaj oferuj¹ one jedynie ramy dla pomocy w zarz¹dzaniu œrodowiskiem. Mimo wszystko konieczne jest ich dostosowanie do warunków lokalnych, w tym mechanizmów zbierania danych, formatów, standardów, oprogramowania i sprzêtu. Aby zapewniæ uzyskanie maksymalnych korzyœci, jakikolwiek zamiar wdro¿enia takiej aplikacji bêdzie wymaga³ rozumienia zagadnieñ technicznych, pozytywnego zaanga¿owania, koordynacji, czasu i œrodków finansowych. Mamy nadziejê, ¿e niniejszy przewodnik pomóg³ pog³êbiæ zrozumienie i wyjaœniæ pytania, jakie mog¹ sobie zadawaæ decydenci podejmuj¹c decyzjê, czy przeznaczyæ na narzêdzia wykorzystuj¹ce technologie teleinformatyczne o charakterze tu opisanym œrodki i zasoby finansowe. G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION 85 3. GOOD PRACTICES IN ENVIRONMENT TELEMATICS 3.1 TECHNOLOGIES SUPPORTING WASTE MANAGEMENT AND CONTAMINATED SITES Name of the Demonstration Project (Case Study): Österreichische Recycling-Börse Bau (Austrian Construction & Demolition Recyclables Exchange) Demonstration Site(s): Austria Duration of the Project: Start: 1997 Status: Ongoing ABSTRACT The Construction and Demolition Recyclables Exchange is a web-based information system for cataloguing reusable material resulting from demolition activities. The Exchange provides information about where, when and what type of mineral construction material (recyclable material) is in supply or in demand for the whole of Austria and neighbouring locations. The objective of the Exchange is to stimulate the re-use of waste material from demolition activities, in order to prevent unnecessary land-filling and serves as a mechanism for meeting sustainable development targets. Burza pro výmìnu recyklovatelných stavebních materiálù a demolièních Burza pro výmìnu recyklovatelných stavebních a demolièních odpadù je internetový informaèní systém o znovupoužitelných materiálech ze stavební a demolièní èinnosti. Burza (provozovaná na databázi Oracle a na personálních poèítaèích) poskytuje informace poptávce a nabídce, kdy a kde se nacházejí a jaká je jejich skladba. Zámìrem burzy je podpora využití odpadu z demolic a omezení nežádoucího skládkování. Slouží také jako prostøedek na dosažení cílù trvale udržitelného rozvoje The cost of establishing the system, which is hosted on an Oracle database and a personal computer, was approximately EUR 100,000. Although many companies within Austria's construction industry do not have access to the Internet, a fax-on-demand service has helped to ensure that even remotely located companies can retrieve information. The use of such system could be incorporated into municipal calls for tender in order to facilitate implementation and uptake. Náklady na zavedení systému dosáhly pøibližnì 100 000.- EUR. Pro mnoho spoleènosti v rakouském stavebním prùmyslu, které nemají pøístup k Internetu, je na požádání k dispozici faxová služba, pomocí které mohou informace vyhledávat. Tento systém se stal souèástí výbìrových øízení v rámci zadávání veøejných zakázek, èímž se podpoøilo jeho zavádìní. SHRNUTÍ STRESZCZENIE wykorzystania, to internetowy system informacyjny, który gromadzi dane o mog¹cych siê jeszcze przydaæ materia³ach, powstaj¹cych w wyniku prac rozbiórkowych. Gie³da (umiejscowiona w bazie danych Oracle i na komputerze osobistym) dost-arcza informacji o tym, gdzie, kiedy i jakiego typu mineralne materia³y budowlane (nadaj¹ce siê do ponownego u¿ycia) s¹ do dyspozycji lub te¿ zg³oszono na nie zapotrzebo-wanie; informacje te obejmuj¹ ca³¹ Austriê i s¹siaduj¹ce z ni¹ miejscowoœci. Celem Gie³dy jest stymulowanie ponownego wykorzystywania materia³ów odpadowych, pochodz¹cych z prac rozbiórkowych, po to by zapobiec ich niepotrzebnemu sk³adowaniu na wysypiskach, s³u¿y te¿ ona jako mechanizm realizacji celów zrównowa¿onego rozwoju. Koszt stworzenia systemu wyniós³ oko³o 100.000 EUR. Mimo ¿e wiele firm dzia³aj¹cych w Austrii w bran¿y budowlanej nie ma dostêpu do Internetu, dziêki us³udze polegaj¹cej na wysy³aniu na ¿yczenie informacji faxem, nawet firmy dzia³aj¹ce w odleg³ych miejscowoœciach maj¹ mo¿liwoœæ wyszuki-wania informacji. Korzystanie z takiego systemu mo¿na by w³¹czyæ do miejskich przetargów, co u³atwi³oby jego faktyczne wdro¿enie i akceptacjê. SITE PROFILE The application serves the whole of Austria and its close vicinity. Austria has a population of appx. 8m inhabitants and covers an area of 83,850 km 2. Tourism is one of its main economic sectors and this supports the construction industry through the building of new hotels and tourist accommodation, contributing to rising levels of building waste. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In 1997, the Technical University of Vienna set up a working group concerned with the installation of a Construction and Demolition Recyclables Exchange. The system was to be set up as part of a cooperative venture with the City of Vienna; the Austrian Association for Recycling and Construction Industry; the Construction Industry Association; the Federal Ministries for Economic Affairs and for the Environment, and other related institutions. The need for such a tool was identified because of the increasing dumping of building material in landfills and the depletion of natural resources. Furthermore, a strict legislative framework for landfilling and waste management in Austria favours the recycling of materials before dumping. The objective of the system was therefore to stimulate the reuse of waste material from demolition activities. The cost of establishing the system was approximately EUR 100,000. PRESENT STAGE OF IMPLEMENTATION The Construction and Demolition Recyclables Exchange is now in daily operation and has 1,400 user sessions per month. That tendency is increasing (as of spring 1999). The City of Vienna provided the funding as part of a research assignment of the Technical University of Vienna and the Austrian Association of the Recycling and Construction Industry. After set-up and a few months of testing, the Recyclables Exchange was taken over by the “Recycling-Platform for Construction,” an association of six federal regions and several associations of the construction industry. The system is now financially supported by most of the federal governments of Austria and through the selling of advertising space within the Excahnge’s homepage. Membership is currently free of charge, however, a small subscription charged is foreseen from January 2000. Figure 1 shows a screenshot of the Construction & Demolition Recyclables Exchange website. Figure 1: The Construction & Demolition Recyclables Exchange: Supplies in Lower Austria TECHNICAL PROFILE OF PROJECT The data collection [including inputs and materials offer] is performed by an authorised user via the Internet. One of the goals of the system was to keep the data format and the input of the data as simple as possible. This user-friendly access to the database enables the authorised construction and demolition companies to enter their offers or demand of material by themselves. The processing of data, its selection and data filtering is performed using an Oracle database. The dissemination of the information [i.e. the request for supplies] is also submitted via Internet, therefore no user identification is necessary. The system is open to the public. Server space for the homepage and for the database are rented from a local provider. Database maintenance, (technical) support, membership information and public relations are managed through the use of one desktop computer. RESULTS AND IMPACTS By relying on the Internet, the Exchange is practically accessible to all interested parties both within Austria and outside. A wide range of construction companies (including some of the largest in Austria) are now relying on the Exchange to post their offers and retrieve information from the system. Recent statistics showed approximately 1,500 user sessions per month, with an upward trend in use clearly noticeable. Periodical questionnaire surveys regarding the Exchange and its value have been undertaken and indicate user-acceptance. Among the major impacts of the system are the cost-savings in landfilling through the avoidance of charges for waste dumping), in transporting measures, and in the saving of natural resources. While economic profitability is therefore seen to be a result of waste prevention and reduction of pollutants, the Exchange’s one year of operation does not give a detailed indication of the full impact. BARRIERS AND CONFLICTS While meeting the initial objectives of the system, it transpired that conflicts can arise with local disposal companies, whose local competitive advantages were eroded by the system. Furthermore, financing the system caused certain obstacles, in part obviated by launching the development of the system as part of a research assignment, the likely charging of a membership fee, and the sale of advertising space. Most companies within Austria's construction industry do not have access to the Internet. Especially from construction sites. However, while Internet access is a critical factor for success, its increasing use is decreasing the impact of this obstacle. Nevertheless, in order to overcome this problem, a fax-on-demand service was inititated. This helps to ensure that even companies without Internet access can retrieve information, thereby enabling data access from remote construction localities. TRANSFERABILITY As the system has already been established for a wide region on a national level, and relies on the Internet as the main communication and data exchange tool, it can be easily extended and/or transferred to other regions/countries. Technical information can be given by the operator of the system to support its transfer. The main costs involved in transferring the application would include the individual reprogramming and costs of software licenses. These are approximately EUR 5-10,000. LESSONS LEARNED A further means to facilitate uptake and use of the system is to embody its use in all – municipal – invitations to tender when these concern construction and/or demolition/disposal. FURTHER INFORMATION: Österreichische Recycling-Plattform Bau Karlsgasse 5 A-1040 Vienna, Austria Tel.: (43-1) 504-7289 Fax: (43-1) 504-1555 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://recycling.or.at/ Name of the Demonstration Project (Case Study): SINDRA; Telematics for Waste Management in the Rhône-Alpes Region Demonstration Site(s): Rhône-Alpes Region, FR Duration of the Project: Start: 1999 Status: Ongoing ABSTRACT SINDRA is a regional information system that supports local domestic waste managers by providing details of communal waste collection mechanisms, waste treatment facilities, and waste flows. It has been implemented in the Rhône-Alpes Region and offers local government decision-makers a tool that supports: i) better informed decision-making and preparation and assessment of waste policies; ii) improved monitoring of ongoing waste management processes; and iii) improved communication between waste managers. Users access the SINDRA database management system via an “extranet” networking system, that relies on Internet communication technologies. The application is financed by the Agency for the Environment and Energy Control (ADEME) and the Rhône-Alpes Region. Among the technical hurdles experienced were the standardisation of definitions and calculation methods, and the presentation of information within the SINDRA system. The time required for users to become familiar with the system and its use must be adequate. However, the global universality of the Internet makes the system readily transferable to other areas. STRESZCZENIE SHRNUTÍ SINDRA je regionální informaèní systém, který poskytuje místním manažerùm podrobné údaje o objemu komunálního odpadu, o mechanizmech jeho sbìru a o zaøízeních na nakládaní s odpady. Byl zaveden v regionu RhôneAlpes a nabízí øídícím pracovníkùm rozhodování na základì informací, lepší nakládání s odpady, ii) lepší monitorování stávajícího nakládání s odpady, iii) lepší komunikaci mezi manažary, odpovìdnými za odpady. Uživatelé mají pøístup k databázovému systému SINDRA pomocí sítì ”extranet”, která používá komunikaèní technologie Internetu. Aplikaci financovala agentura ADEME (the Agency for the Environment and Energy Control - agentura pro životní prostøedí a energie) a regione RhoneAlpes. Technické obtíže se vyskytly pøi standardizaci definic a výpoèetních metod a pøi prezentaci informací uvnitø systému SINDRA. Na seznámení se systémem a jeho používáním uživatelé potøebují pøimìøený èas. Nicménì, systém lze pohotovì pøevést na jiná místa vzhledem ke globálnímu rozšíøení Internetu. SINDRA to regionalny system informacyjny, który wspomaga osoby zajmuj¹ce siê na szczeblu lokalnym gospodark¹ odpadami komunalnymi, dostarczaj¹c informacji o wystêpuj¹cych w gminie mechanizmach zbiórki odpadów, oczyszczalniach œcieków oraz przep³ywach odpadów. System ten, wdro¿ony w alpejskim regionie po³o¿onym nad Rodanem (RhôneAlpes), oferuje samorz¹dowym decydentom instrument, umo¿liwiaj¹cy i) podejmowanie decyzji i przygotowywanie oraz ocenê zasad postêpowania z odpadami w oparciu o pog³êbione informacje, ii) lepsze kontrolowanie istniej¹cych procesów zarz¹dzania odpadami, oraz iii) lepsz¹ komunikacjê pomiêdzy osobami odpowiedzialnymi za gospodarkê odpadami. U¿ytkownicy maj¹ dostêp do systemu zarz¹dzania baz¹ danych SINDRA za poœrednictwem sieci typu “extranet”, wykorzystuj¹cej technologie internetowe. Aplikacja finansowana jest przez ADEME (agencja ds. œrodowiska i regulacji energetyki) oraz region RhôneAlpes. Wœród napotkanych przeszkód technicz-nych znalaz³y siê: standaryzacja definicji i metod obliczania oraz prezentacja informacji w systemie SINDRA. Niezbêdne jest zapewnienie odpowiedniej iloœci czasu na zapoznanie siê u¿ytkowników z systemem i jego u¿ytkowaniem. Jednak¿e fakt, ¿e Internet wykorzyst-ywany jest powszechnie na ca³ym œwiecie sprawia, ¿e system ³atwo jest przenieœæ na inny grunt. SITE PROFILE As one of the main economic regions of France, the Rhône-Alpes Region covers an area of 44,000 km 2. The total population of this region which includes 8 départements and 2870 municipalities is 5.6 million. The region is one of great geographic diversity. Its landscapes are divided by important valleys and mountains which are not very favourable to the spontaneous creation of inter-communal agreements and do not favour optimal waste management. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Surveys carried out as early as 1994 showed a considerable amount of information concerning locally produced domestic solid waste was available to local authorities in the Rhone-Alpes Region. The problem was coordinating this information and ensuring that all local authorities, départements, ADEME (the Agency for the Environment and Energy Control) and the Alpes-Rhone Regional Council could access and share this data efficiently, as a means to support their waste management and decision-making processes. A telematics tool that could store and enable monitoring of all information related to the levels of waste collected and stored locally, its wherabouts and impacts, waste collection and treatment mechanisms, responsibilities and so on was considered an ideal solution. It was anticipated such a tool could improve the overall management of domestic solid waste in the Rhône-Alpes Region and support future policy-making. It was also expected this could bring geogrpahically divided local authorities closer together through the organised real-time exchange of information and contribute to the sharing of experiences. In order to realise this, it was necessary to rely on new information and communication technologies, such as the Internet. For these reasons, the Rhône-Alpes Region and ADEME set about developing such a tool in cooperation with the Départements and local authorities. PRESENT STAGE OF IMPLEMENTATION The project was officially launched in 1997, following a full audit of local authority information needs with respect to waste. This was followed by the creation of a presentation model of the SINDRA tool. This included the basic features During 1998 and 1999, SINDRA was further programmed and developed based on the above model. Most of the available waste information at that time was integrated into the database. The SINDRA application will become operational during 2000 and will run for an experimental period of three years. Permanent concertations between the project partners on issues such as content and form of information and system ergonomics continuously take place, and are aimed at better answering the information needs of waste managers. These concertation meetings are actually organised within SINDRA’s own online “forum area” and through working groups that have been established online by the system’s administrators. Financing and Resources Used: SINDRA is financed by the Rhône-Alpes Region and the ADEME (Agency for the Environment and Energy Control, which represents government level authorities at the regional level). The project was planned in close co-ordination with the départements and a number of local authorities. TECHNICAL PROFILE OF PROJECT The SINDRA database is based on a uniquely developed platform and displays different types of waste-related information that are considered pertinent to the local user and the decision-making process. For instance, • • • • Responsibilities of local authorities with regard to domestic waste management; Waste collection mechanisms (selective, non-selective, waste disposal plants); Treatment facilities, including sorting centres, composting plants, incineration plants, landfill sites; Comprehensive information concerning all waste flows at individual collection and treatment facility level, as well as waste flows linked to recycling or re-valorisation of raw materials. Local data is entered into the database system, and compiled at district (département) and regional level by SINDRA. Furthermore, national and European background information and general information on waste including a glossary, copies of regulations, taxation regimes, technologies and regional waste management policies is also made available through SINDRA, as this is considered relevant to decision-making processes. The information system is open to members of the SINDRA partnership who represent a restricted group of users that require a password to login. The system works as an “extranet” networking system relying on Internet communucation technologies for its framework. All users maintain an interactive relationship with the regional database, and its application programmes. Different user groups have pre-defined rights and profiles within the system. For instance, consultants have “read-only” access, while local authorities have data entry, provision and validation rights. The database and system administrator plays an important strategic role in developing the SINDRA partnership network. The administrator is also responsible for supporting the interface between partners and the system (and serves also therefore as a “webmaster”). The administrator belongs to a private company which is subcontracted to host the SINDRA website and database. RESULTS AND IMPACTS SINDRA is expected to contribute to the overall improvement of waste management in the Rhône-Alpes Region, and will help to better define waste management policy. This will be achieved through the better availability and monitoring of current and past waste collection and treatment data at both the local and regional level. The system will also sponsor greater territorial and structural solidarity amongst its users, and will improve cooperation amongst those responsible for waste management. It will also strengthen the capacity of local authorities to use new communications technologies. To achieve these results, Sindra will need to convince future users that their time investment (between a half and whole day per month) and the adoption of new habits necessary for the operation of the system will be compensated for by sufficient advantages in terms of more efficient management, increased relevance and timeliness of decision-making. BARRIERS AND CONFLICTS Different levels of technical knowledge concerning communication technologies between partners and sometimes the failures of decision-makers to recognise the concrete and immediate benefit of such a system can be noted as cultural hurdles. However, it was observed that immediate implementation of the tool,which itself is complex, could pose a risk to waste management practice, rather than a support. The lengthy preparation of the conceptual data model (one year), while designed to ensure all users’ needs were met, caused several difficulties. This was largely because of the major challenge that was undertaken to develop a system that computerised all processes related to waste management. Another technical hurdle was the harmonisation and standardisation of definitions, calculation methods, and presentation of information in order to achieve compatibility with local approaches. Where problems weren’t sufficiently solved, these caused delays when routing alphanumerical or geographical data via the Internet. TRANSFERABILITY The global universality of the Internet makes the system transferable to other areas such as regions or countries and also adaptable to other environmental issues. These reasons make the system suitable for a global approach of sustainable development. LESSONS LEARNED Regarding new communication technologies, it is recommended to allow an adequate period for the would-be users to become accustomed to tools like SINDRA. High importance should be given to prior consultations and to the creation of a presentation model. It is also necessary to base the network of partners on a well-identified community of comitted users. FURTHER INFORMATION: Pierre Flori Conseil régional de Rhône-Alpes Direction de l'Environnement et de l'Energie 78, route de Paris - BP 19 F- 69 751 Charbonières-les-Bains Cedex Tel.: (33-472) 595-131 Fax.: (33-472) 594-723 Email: [email protected] Name of the Demonstration Project (Case Study): COSIMA, A GIS Integrated Contaminated Sites Management Support System Demonstration Site(s): City of Cologne, DE; Amsterdam, NL; Bologna, IT; Cork, IRE Duration of the Project: Start: January 1996 Duration: 30 months ABSTRACT COSIMA offers a decision support system for contaminated sites management. It assists environmental experts in identifying, registering, assessing and remediating suspected contaminated sites and provides a standard approach to risk assessment. It does this by relying on a GIS-based integrated tool and specially-developed Uniform Data Model that incorporates ARC/INFO, ArcView and MapInfo. While two-dimensional analysis is standard in GIS, COSIMA gives attention to the analysis of additional dimensions including time and depth. This assists in the structuring, integration, aggregation and processing of data about contaminated sites. The project was co-financed by the EC’s Telematics Applications Programme and undertaken in cooperation with partners in Amsterdam, Bologna, Cork and Cologne at a cost of approximately EUR 500,000 to Cologne. The main challenge encountered was in ensuring the successful implementation in all European partner-sites, whereupon it was necessary to develop a universal approach, but also to take into consideration the different ITinfrastructures, the differing availability of data and domestic legal conditions. The application’s strength lies in its ability to overcome these constraints. COSIMA requires considerable expertise in the field of contaminated sites and GIS, and several experts (possibly a department) with skills in these fields are required to implement successfully. SHRNUTÍ COSIMA (zkratka pro COntaminated SItes MAnagement) nabízí systém pro podporu rozhodování managementu kontaminovaných území. Pomáhá environmentálním odborníkùm identifikovat, registrovat, vyhodnotit a vyèistit podezøelá kontaminovaná území a poskytuje standardní pøístup k managementu rizik. Používá integrované nástroje na bázi GIS a specifický model Uniform Data Model, který propojuje ARC/INFO, ArcView a MapInfo. Zatímco v GIS je standardní analýza 2-D, COSIMA udává analýzu dodateèných dimenzí èasu a hloubky. Pomáhá tím pøi strukturování, integraci, sdružování a zpracování údajù o kontaminovaných územích Projekt byl spolufinancován Programem pro telematické aplikace EC v spolupráci s partnery v Amsterdamu, Bologni, Corku a Kolínì. Náklady pro mìsto Kolín dosáhly pøibližnì 500 000.- EUR. Hlavním problémem bylo zajištìní spolupráce všech Evropských partnerských mìst. Požadavkem byl spoleèný pøístup, který ovšem pøedpokládal odlišné IT struktury, dostupnost odlišných dat a jinou legislativu. Velkým pøínosem COSIMA vyžaduje dobré znalosti v oboru kontaminovaných území a GIS a pøedpokládá, že na úspìšné implementaci bude pracovat nìkolik odborníkù (možná oddìleni) z STRESZCZENIE COntaminated SItes MAnagement) oferuje system wspomagania decyzji dla celów zarz¹dzania terenami ska¿onymi. Pomaga on ekspertom z zakresu ochrony œrodowiska w rozpoznawaniu, rejestrowaniu, ocenie i przywracaniu do w³aœciwego stanu terenów, wobec których istnieje podejrzenie ska¿enia, oraz dostarcza standardowej metody oceny ryzyka. Czyni to przy wykorzystaniu zintegrowanego narzêdzia, dzia³aj¹cego w oparciu o GIS, oraz specjalnie stworzonego Jednolitego Modelu Danych, który obejmuje ARC/INFO, ArcView i MapInfo. O ile w GIS standardem jest analiza dwuwymiarowa (2-D), COSIMA zwraca uwagê na analizê dodatkowych wymiarów, w³¹cznie z czasem i g³êbokoœci¹. Pomaga to w porz¹dkowaniu, integracji, agregowaniu i przetwarzaniu danych dotycz¹cych terenów ska¿onych. Omawiane przedsiêwziêcie wspó³finansowane by³o przez Telematics Applications Programme (Program Zastosowañ Telematyki) Komisji Europejskiej; podjête zosta³o we wspó³pracy z partnerami w Amsterdamie, Bolonii, Cork i Kolonii, przy czym koszty poniesione przez Koloniê wynios³y 0,5 mln EUR. Najwiêksz¹ trudnoœæ sprawi³o zapewnienie pomyœlnej realizacji u wszystkich europejskich partnerów. Niezbêdne by³o podejœcie wspólne, ale równoczeœnie uwzglêdniaj¹ce ró¿ne infrastruktury w zakresie technologii informacyjnej, dostêpnoœæ ró¿nych danych i panuj¹ce w danym kraju warunki prawne. Wielk¹ zalet¹ aplikacji jest to, ¿e jest ona w stanie przezwyciê¿yæ owe ograniczenia. COSIMA wymaga znacznej wiedzy fachowej na temat terenów ska¿onych i GIS; przewiduje siê, ¿e do jej pomyœlnego wdro¿enia niezbêdnych jest kilkoro ekspertów (byæ mo¿e ca³y dzia³), posiadaj¹cych umiejêtnoœci w powy¿szych dziedzinach. SITE PROFILE Four demonstration sites were relied upon to test COSIMA, however, for the sake of space, only the Cologne site in Germany will be detailed here. Cologne, has a population of about 1m inhabitants and a land area of about 400 km 2. Cologne’s main economic and industrial sectors are its automobile industry, petrol-chemicals, chemicals, media, and trade fairs. Against this background, traffic and environmental issues are key features of local and regional policy. Therefore, the City of Cologne has been committed over the past few years to investigating new vehicle technologies, alternative fuels, efficient transport management and a traffic-optimizing urban plan in order to achieve energy savings that will lead to improved environmental quality. Since 1993, the environmental department and the department of statistics have cooperated closely with industrial partners to support each others activities, particularly with regard to environmental simulation and use of GIS-based applications. For this reason, it earmarked COSIMA as relevant to its policy priorities. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Given the industrial background to many activities carried out in Cologne, the need for a tool that would enable the identification, assessment and remediation of contaminated sites compliant with legislative requirements was clear. Once a site has been cleaned-up, it can be offered as an attractive site for investment and housing purposes, thereby contributing to economic and environmentally sound urban development. The COSIMA project was initiated in order to develop an integrated GIS-based Contaminated Sites Management Support System (CSMSS) to assist experts in identifying, registering, assessing and remediating sites. Among the System’s goals were to be able to define a common site examination strategy and the definition of a uniform data model. To provide access to all the relevant geographic data and analytical tools that support decision making, a Geographic Information System (GIS) was utilised. Whereas 2-D-analysis is standard in GIS, COSIMA gives attention to the analysis of additional dimensions including time and depth. With such a tool in use, COSIMA is able to offer a more comprehensive and reliable analysis of sites and consequent remediation. development. PRESENT STAGE OF IMPLEMENTATION The COSIMA software has been developed and is now in daily operation. Almost all (800) abandoned landfill sites within Cologne are registered, with a small proportion (50 out of 4000) of industrial sites also included. Measurement data already exists for 400 sites and must be entered into the system, as well as historical map information. Site and planning experts will rely on the system as a decision support tool. Other public administration staff will use the data for querying and mapping based on desk-top GIS systems such as ArcView and ArcExplorer. The forthcoming development of tools further tailored to specific roles is envisaged. The GIS-application is interfaced to another application, known as UMsys. This is used by the whole of the City of Cologne’s administration and enables the full exchange of related data. UMsys handles environmental administrative processes and related alphanumerical data and documents. Financing and Resources Used: The total costs including all relevant categories such as labour, investment in infrastructure, operation within Cologne amounted to EUR 0,51million. The project was co-financed through a contribution of the European Union under the 4th Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development, Telematics Applications Programme. TECHNICAL PROFILE OF PROJECT Uniform Data Model (UDM) COSIMA relies on a so-called Uniform Data Model (UDM) to support the site evaluation process. This is a logical data model which describes realworld objects for contaminated sites management and their relationships. These objects were identified as part of a detailed user-needs analysis and harmonized amongst the COSIMA project partners in order to build a uniform data model. The objects and their relationships are described in a set of four interlinked EntityRelationship-Model (ERM) diagrams: 1. The Main Data sub-model contains the site description, which is required for the initial phase of the investigation. It includes location, size, type, kinds of damage, usage, general water information, geological information, ownership, and history of activities. 2. The Site Information sub-model contains that data required for an initial evaluation. It includes data about the landfill and mining, types of industry, fixed equipment and storage installed within the site, substances, and incidents. 3. The Measurement sub-model contains all data from on-site measurements and analysis carried out by laboratories. It includes measurement points, groundwater data, soil sample data, geological data, water sample data, and soil air sample data. 4. The Knowledge sub-model contains data on substances, remediation techniques, and laws and provisions. It includes regulations, substances, remediation, and limits. Main System Components The Geographical Information System (GIS) of COSIMA manages all geographical data and hosts the user-interface. All geographical data, which is made accessible online is stored in one of the following formats: ARC/INFO-coverages, ARC/INFO-grids or as TIFF-images. External data in other formats such as the parcel- and building inventory require conversion tools, which are made accessible through the GIS user-interface. An ORACLE database stores all site-attribute data and supports the implementation of the Uniform Data Model. The database can be accessed through the City of Cologne’ UMsys. Environmental regulations concerning limit values are also incorporated within the two systems. CSMSS Graphical User Interface / ARC/INFO GIS Theme properties (User access) Uniform Data Model Model Mapping Table Relate Environment (hidden) External Metadata (Administrator access) Online Geodata Update routines Offline Data ORACLE / UMsys Figure 1: COSIMA (CSMSS) architecture and role of meta-data User Interface All site-data can be entered and updated manually within the COSIMA System. A standard sequence of editing steps, for instance, is relied upon to create a “site-object.” Various online forms are used to enter site attribute data. The user interface lets the user define and edit the graphical presentation of the data. The thematic mapping is consistently stored in categories such as themes, views and layouts. The CSMSS (shown above in Fig. 1) makes use of a large amount of mapping tools, which are provided by the underlying GIS. The main focus of the CSMSS lies on analysis functionalities such as: viewing groundwater, viewing geological strata, indicating locations where limits are exceeded, and overlaying sites with other data. The user interface provides rich analysis functionality, which also covers the dimensions of time and depth. Final results are published as maps within the GIS application and as reports by UMsys. The GIS application manages all the available data types (see below) and contains numerous conversion tools to make digital data of all kinds directly available. Regional and urban authorities can submit data to the COSIMA System. These authorities and the data they can submit are included in Table 1 below. Authority Bodies Data Types Mapping agencies Topographic maps, cadastral maps (Automated Real Estate Register, ALK) Local councils (statistical department, planning department) City development plans, census blocks, spatial reference system, streets Geolocical agencies Geological maps, soil maps Environmental departments Water protection zones Local water, gas and electricity suppliers Wells, sewers, facilities Site investigator/planning applicants Site information Developers/contractors Measurement data Administrative actions UMsys database Standards Knowledge database Table 1: Data types accepted by COSIMA These elements are also represented in Figure 2 below: Knowledge Database Topographic Maps Cadastral Maps City Plans Geological Maps Site Information Planning Applications Site Status CSMSS Site Warnings Measurement Data Database Figure 2: Overview of the inputs and outputs of the CSMSS RESULTS AND IMPACTS Among the benefits of COSIMA are the availability of enhanced environmental information for city planners (including the necessary remediation techniques), and more reliable environmental information (namely, the nature, extent and effects of any contamination) for expert users. This secure recording/analysis system for urban and regional planning supports the decision-making process. Through effectively remediating contaminated sites, local and regional authorities are able to offer attractive sites for investment and housing purposes. This facilitates both economic and sustainable development. The benefits of the system are hard to quantitatively summarise, however, it is clear that it accelerates the standard analysis of contaminated sites. This implies cost savings although this cannot be measured exactly. The results showed clear qualitative improvements. For instance, improved documentation justifying the decisions taken to remediate land offer important legal backing. Thus, the system aids compliance with legislation. The system has also helped to priorize or rule out certain future activities (for instance risk prevention, and remediation) which would have had an impact on any given site. BARRIERS AND CONFLICTS The main challenge posed by the project was in the definition of a common approach, which had to be implemented at different sites within different IT-infrastructures, and according to the different availability of data and different legal conditions. The resulting systems are of highly integrated nature, because COSIMA succeeded in creating a general architecture enabling the adaptability of different data structures. TRANSFERABILITY The system cannot easily be transferred without modification from one existing data infrastructure to another. However, there has been a strong emphasis on minimizing the amount of work, which is required to adapt the system to different data structures. COSIMA has now been implemented by using different GIS platforms within different locations (Cork, Irelan and Bologna, Italy). The ORACLE database which must be relied upon can be hosted by a LAN or Local Area Network, which must ensure geographical data can be accessible across the file system. In Cologne, the system operates on HPUNIX-workstations. The system is also available for NT workstations and most UNIX workstations. The costs involved in transferring the application will depend on the circumstances. Funds should be earmarked for the analysis of the existing data infrastructures, staff training, and for the purchase of software components. The City of Cologne can provide consultancy and demonstration of the system used in Cologne. Finally, in order to manage a tool like COSIMA, expertise in the field of contaminated sites and GIS is not required of any one individual, but are skills which must be carried at least by a department. LESSONS LEARNED The issue of contaminated site management is very complex. While COSIMA provides tools that assist with analysis, management and documentation, specific decisions for individual sites must still be taken by an expert. A major cost factor relates to data collection and quality assurance. The work of mere data entry must be carefully planned or delegated since the visual control which is provided by GIS is of vital importance. Wherever possible, data should be loaded into the system directly in digital form from the data producer. Specific roles must be assigned to the users of the system and each user trained according to his role and specific interaction with the system. Finally, COSIMA learned that within the application’s development process, users cannot be excluded for too long from practically experiencing the system. A so-called “spiral model” of development would be preferable where development goes hand-in-hand with user-feedback. In other words, the users can gather experience with preliminary versions of the systems, and thus provide better input to user requirements based on practical experiences. FURTHER INFORMATION: Stadt Köln Amt für Umweltschutz und Lebensmittelüberwachung Michael Kremer Stadthaus, Willy-Brandt-Platz 2 50605 Köln Tel: (49-221) 2212-3538 E-mail: [email protected] 3.2 TECHNOLOGIES SUPPORTING ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING Name of the Demonstration Project (Case Study): Air Quality Management in Vilnius, Lithuania Demonstration Site(s): Vilnius, Lithuania Duration of the Project: Start: May 1994 Duration: 30 months ABSTRACT SHRNUTÍ Air quality management within Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania, took a huge leap forward in 1994, when a Swedish computer-based air pollution management system called “AIRVIRO” was implemented. The emergency warning and decision support system, and the “know how” of Swedish experts who can run such a system, was transferred to Lithuanian air quality managers over the course of two years. The application now supports air quality monitoring, data analysis, emission simulation and dispersion calculation. This information assists policy-makers in defining appropriate air quality management strategies. Management kvality ovzduší ve Vilniuse, v hlavním mìstì Litvy hodnì pokroèilo v roce 1994, když byl implementován švédský poèítaèový systém pro management zneèištìní ovzduší s názvem "AIRVIRO". Za dva roky, když švédští odborníci pøevedli aplikaci a know-how pro litevské manažery pro kvalitu ovzduší, slouží varovný systém pro podporu rozhodování pro monitorování kvality ovzduší, analýzu dat, simulaci emisí a výpoèet disperze. Pracovníkùm, odpovìdným za politiku to pomáhá pøi definici vhodných strategií pro management kvality ovzduší. The project’s implementation was financed by the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Lithuanian Ministry of Environment. While the System can provide valuable support in highlighting pollution hot-spots, and thus help define future air quality policy, these benefits can be quickly eroded without political support or enforcement of new tighter regulations and policy. However, in spite of its advantages regarding automation, simple monitoring networks are still a necessary prerequisite for air quality managers to make reliable decisions regarding policy. Zavádìní projektu bylo financováno Švédskou agenturou pro mezinárodní rozvoj (SIDA) a Ministerstvem životního prostøedí Litvy. Systém sice poskytuje významnou podporu pøi urèování zneèištìných bodù, tzv. hotspots, a tím pomáhá definovat budoucí politiku pro kvalitu ovzduší, ovšem jeho pøínos mùže oslabit nedostatek podpory vynutitelnosti nových pøísnìjších regulací a politik. Systém byl ve Vilniusu úspìšnì implementován, i když je jeho cena vysoká. Manažeøi kvality ovzduší ovšem pokládají za nezbytné spoléhat se pøi rozhodování o politice na manuální monitorovací sí•, i když systém nabízí výhody automatizace STRESZCZENIE zarz¹dzania jakoœci¹ powietrza na terenie stolicy Litwy, Wilna, nast¹pi³ w roku 1994, kiedy to wdro¿ony zosta³ szwedzki komputerowy system zarz¹dzania zanieczyszczeniem powietrza o nazwie "AIRVIRO". Dziêki przekazaniu w ci¹gu dwóch lat samej aplikacji oraz know-how szwedzkich specjalistów litewskim mened¿erom jakoœci powietrza, system ostrzegania o zagro¿eniach i wspomagania decyzji obs³uguje obecnie monitoring jakoœci powietrza, analizê danych, symulacjê emisji i obliczanie ich rozpraszania (rozprzestrzeniania siê). Pomaga to osobom odpowiedzialnym za wytyczanie kierunków dzia³ania w okreœlaniu odpowiednich strategii zarz¹dzania jakoœci¹ powietrza. Realizacja projektu sfinansowana zosta³a przez Szwedzk¹ Agencjê Rozwoju Miêdzynarodowego (SIDA) oraz litewskie Ministerstwo Œrodowiska. Choæ omawiany system mo¿e oddawaæ cenne us³ugi poprzez zwracanie uwagi na miejsca koncentracji zanieczyszczeñ, a przez to pomagaæ w okreœlaniu przysz³ej polityki ochrony powietrza, to bez wsparcia politycznego czy egzekwowania nowych, ostrzejszych przepisów i zasad postêpowania korzyœci te mog¹ zostaæ szybko zniwelowane. Pomimo wysokiego kosztu systemu AIRVIRO, zosta³ on pomyœlnie przeniesiony do Wilna. Dodaæ trzeba jednak, ¿e, pomimo zalet systemu w zakresie automatyzacji, obs³ugiwane jakoœci powietrza rzetelnych decyzji SITE PROFILE Vilnius is the capital of Lithuania. It has 600,000 inhabitants and a land ares of 400 km 2. It is located 300 km east of the Baltic coast, and is surrounded by forest covered hills at the confluence of the Neris and Vilnele rivers. The climate of Lithuania is transitional between maritime and continental. It’s green areas account for some 154 km 2, and therefore Vilnius is one of Lithuania’s greenest urban areas. Since 1992, air pollution levels in Vilnius have declined, according to the decrease in the amount of industrial pollutants emitted. An increase in pollution emitted by road transportation has ocurred, however, due to the rapid increase in the number of cars. As a result, air pollution levels differ considerably in different areas of the city depending upon traffic intensity. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In Lithuania, and especially in Vilnius, the need to address air pollution problems has grown in importance. As a result, a specific unit and corresponding strategy dedicated to managing air quality problems was established. Among its tasks was the responsibility to map and understand 90 percent of all emissions of air pollution in Vilnius. Doing this would assist policymakers in defining appropriate policy measures, for instance with regard to structuring traffic flow in Vilnius (thereby helping to reach targets to decrease the level of air pollution from traffic by 15-20 percent). The process can also help in identifying new locations for small power plants for heating and in defining acceptable emission limits. The unit was also charged with implementing new regulations and guidelines concerning air pollution, harmonised with those used in Western Europe. As a result of these tasks, the Lithuanian government agreed in 1994 to co-finance the implementation of an air pollution management system as part of the above Air Quality Management Project. The Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) became a co-sponsor, with a view to implementing the so-called AIRVIRO system, a computer-based air pollution management system. PRESENT STAGE OF IMPLEMENTATION The AIRVIRO System was implemented in 1994 and is now in daily operation. Real-time data reports on air quality are issued through the System for the City authorities, while summarised reports are produced for the general public. The real-time warning system and recommendation of decisive approaches in reaction to emergency situations or to cases where permissible pollution limits are exceeded, function well. During 1999, the System will be extended to include Lithuania’s next largest city, Kaunas, located some 75 km away. Financing and Resources Used: The total project costs were around 3,000,000 Lithuanian Litas (appx. EUR 750,000). The Lithuanian Ministry of Environment and SIDA co-financed 50 percent of the costs. TECHNICAL PROFILE OF PROJECT AIRVIRO is designed to collate useful information for decision-makers. It integrates the most vital functions of air quality management, namely: air quality monitoring, data analysis, emission simulation and dispersion calculation. The simulation process gives an overall air quality description, while monitored data should confirm the validity of the model results. The system can also rapidly and effectively present a factual foundation verifying the environmental consequences of different proposed actions. It collects, processes and presents data as well as other information regarding sources of air pollution. The monitoring part of the Vilnius air quality management system (see Figure 1 below) consists of three automatic air pollution monitoring stations that perform continuous measurements of basic air pollutant concentrations including: CO, NO2, NO, NOX, SO2, PM-10 and O3. A special meteomast (see Figure 2 below) was also built to monitor meteorological conditions. Figure 1: A structural diagram of Vilnius’ air pollution automated monitoring system and data presentation infrastucture Figure 2: Location of air pollution monitoring stations in Vilnius Relying on telecommunication links, measurement data (see Figure 3 below) is submitted hourly to a central computer with real-time monitoring data made available to the public via the Internet at <http://vilnair.gamta.lt>. Altitude Starting Component Wind Absolute Temperature Precipitatio n Station name asl, m Time NOx CO SO2 O 3 direction, temp- difference, global 2-8m and 8- radiation erature speed 22m Zverynas 108 951204 X X X Zirmunai 119 960922 X X X Senamiestis 105 971017 X X X Meteomast 190 950311 X X X X X X X Figure 3: Vilnius automated monitoring sites and measured parameters The following technical equipment is required for the operation of AIRVIRO: Monitoring equipment and sensors: DESCRIPTION QUANTITY 1. Sulfur dioxide monitor (standard hardware), 230V 50Hz, UV Fluorescence SO2, Filter kit, particulate, sample inlet, 5 micron, 50-Pin connector and shell kit, valve manifold kit, internal zero/span w/permeation tube, external pump 230V 50 Hz , Charcoal scrubbers, manual, one year consumable spare parts. 3 2. Ozone monitor (standard hardware), 230V 50Hz, UV Ozone W/Internal Zero&Span, Filter kit, particulate, sample inlet, 5 micron, 50-Pin connector and shell kit, external pump 230V 50 Hz, Charcoal scrubbers, manual, one year consumable spare parts. 1 3. Nitrogen oxides monitor (standard hardware), Chemilumin. NO/NOX/NO2 w/IZS, 230V 50Hz, External Pump 230V 50 Hz, internal zero/span w/permeation tube Calibration, Filter kit, particulate, sample inlet, 5 micron, 50-Pin connector and shell kit, manual, one year consumable spare parts. 3 4. CO analyzer (standard hardware), 230V 50Hz, gas filter Corr. For Co, w/external pump 230V 50 Hz, EZS valve manifold kit, Zero/Span Valves for external Calibration, Span valve for external pressurized span source or gas cylinder Filter kit, particulate, sample inlet, 5 micron, 50-Pin connector and shell kit, manual, one year consumable spare parts. 3 5. Ambient Particulate monitor system (standard hardware), 230V, 50Hz, PM-10 and PM-2,5 sampling inlets, Automatic cartridge collection unit, including sensor and control units with RS-232 Connector and 3 analog outputs, 7 analog inputs, Inlet, Sample pump, Main and Auxiliary Flow Controllers, Flow Audit Adapter Kit, 2 sample Tube extensions, Flow splitter and common parts: RS-232 Interface Cables, Operating Manual, Quick Start Guide, Box of 60 Filters, 20 Large Bypass In-line Filters, Two Flow Controller Filters, support tripod for Flow Splitter, mass Calibration Verification Kit, 2Flow Streamline FTS w/10” H2O Man, Flow Splitter Adapter (1 l/min), Flow Splitter Adapter (2 l/min), Wind Vane/Anem, 15 m Cable, 230 V, Vacuum Pump, Ave Annual Consumables Pack. 1 6. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) analyzer (standard hardware), 230V 50Hz, pump, manual, one year consumable spare parts. 1 7. Meteorological sensors: temperature, wind speed and direction, 6 m cable, solar shield, manual. 2 8. Portable calibration system, 220 V, (generates span gas from permeation tubes, internal mass flow control); Reference gas mixtures, CO 58 ppb, NO2 110 ppb; Modems, 5 units, 2400 B/sec, Interface; Zero air generator, 220 V, interferent free, scrubs O3, NO, SO2, CO; Data Logger, 16 I/O, software. set Hardware for data processing and simulation: 1. Computer for station: CPU Pentium II, 266 MMX, RAM 32 Mb, HDD 4.3 Gb, 24x CD-ROM drive/FDD 1.44 in one, Active matrix TFT 13,3 “ , 2 Mb video RAM, 800x600x16.7M colors minimum, SB16 3D sound, Li-Ion 2-3,5 h , Net Card PCMCIA, Fax/modem PCMCIA, Win98, Manual. 3 2. Office computer, Server: CPU Pentium II, 300 MHZ, 128 MB RAM, 6 GB Disc, English Keyboard, Monitor 17”, Microsoft Mouse, UPS unit, Network and other needed cables, T-connectors, Terminators, Software: MS-DOS, Windows 98, Microsoft Office, NCD PC-Xware. 1 3. Main computer, UNIX Workstation: CPU 128 MB RAM, 6 GB Disc, 300 MHz, Keyboard, Mouse, ThinLan Ethernet Transceiver, DAT tape enhet, 8 GB, Monitor 17”, SCSI cable, 3 power cables, Printer Color, cables, Modem, Power adapter, telephone cable, CPU-Modem cable, UPS unit, Software: UNIX ver. 10.20. 1 Air quality management software: Basic Administration + data collection for maximum 8 stations, Basic preparation + statistical functions + real-time graph, Air Emission Database, Dispersion Model interface (Gaussian and Street Models) + Scenario and time Series, Heavy Gas Model, Airweb and Netscape (or equivalent) server for publication of information on the Internet – requires fixed physical link to Internet. 1 Basic software installation, preparation of maps and meteorological data, model configuration, data collection one meteorological and three air pollution monitoring stations, Airweb and browser configuration. RESULTS AND IMPACTS The system has considerably supported the work of the air quality management unit (see Figure 4 below). During the last two years many instances of air pollution impacts have been evaluated in Vilnius. For instance, the impact of the use of oil and gas within Vilnius Electric Power stations on air quality; evaluation of possible impacts of new oil stations planned to be built in the near future within the city; the impact of heating systems with different fuels as part of the reorganisation of living areas within the old city; impact of district heating power plants; the location of new houses and so on, besides directly supporting the general planning of Vilnius City. The system also supports the implementation of policy (rerouting of traffic in order to meet emission targets), and monitoring of compliance with legislation (monitoring of emission levels). However, since the system is not intended to mitigate air pollution, a measurable impact on the environment has not yet been detected. Rather the real impacts of these effects can only be seen after five years or more. Figure 4: Air quality management processes and system in Vilnius BARRIERS AND CONFLICTS While the System can help ensure better air quality management strategies, tougher regulations that ensure air quality are needed in order to guarantee the success of the work of the air quality management unit. However, these can be quickly eroded without political support or enforcement, or if the capacity of local industry to comply and city dwellers preferences to use their own vehicles reduce the likelihood of policy implementation and effectiveness from the outset. TRANSFERABILITY The implementation of AIRVIRO in Vilnius serves itself as a case-study of technology transfer. Furthermore, it will be implemented in Kaunas also. This is not to say, however, that transfer of applications such as these are without problems. One of the greatest of these being the high cost of the equipment required. LESSONS LEARNED Monitoring is only one part of the complex processes involved in air quality assessment and management, while measurements and modelling techniques must be used jointly in order to assess ambient air quality at minimum cost. Furthermore, in spite of AIRVIRO’s advantages, two types of monitoring network should be used, complementary to one other: automated urban monitoring air pollution networks and manual monitoring networks. Finally, the municipalities monitoring program must form part of the state monitoring programme, and the state monitoring program must form part of that of the Baltic Sea region and the EU’s. Good co-operation amongst the necessary organisations involved can help to ensure this. FURTHER INFORMATION: Dr. Kestutis Kvietkus Vilnius Air Quality Management, Joint Research Center, Environmental Protection Ministry, A. Juozapaviciaus 9 2600 - Vilnius, LT Tel.: (370-2) 721-567 Fax.: (370-2) 728-020 Internet: http://vilnair.gamta.lt Name of the Demonstration Project (Case Study): JAMS - Joint Air Monitoring System of the Black Triangle Region Demonstration Site(s): Southern Saxony, Germany; Northern Bohemia, Czech Republic; and Lower Silesia, Poland Duration of the Project: Start: 1991 Status: Ongoing ABSTRACT The Joint Air Monitoring System (JAMS) of the Black Triangle Region was initiated in 1991 as a tool for facilitating improved air quality management within an especially polluted region of Poland, Czech Republic and Germany. The JAMS System became fully operational in 1998. By improving trilateral cooperation, the application is now contributing to significant improvement of air quality within this Central European region, which has a great deal of lignite-mining and a badly damaged environment. The system enables air quality managers to collect different environmental data sets according to given standards. JAMS also offers an early warning system for dealing with smog situations and a decision support system for efficient environmental management. Furthermore, the system enables modelling of the movement and quantities of transboundary pollution. Initial funding for the system, which is now maintained independently, was provided by the EC’s Phare Programme. Among the obstacles to be overcome during implementation were the lack of a sound technical infrastructure within the beneficiary countries, which made it difficult to establish a reliable area-wide network. Before such a system is transferred, it is important to plan carefully with the likely users of the system. SHRNUTÍ ovzduší - The Joint Air Monitoring System (JAMS) v regionu Èerného trojúhelníku byl zahájen v roce 1991 jako prostøedek pro zlepšení managementu kvality ovzduší v hranièních oblastech Polska, Èeské republiky a Nìmecka. Aplikace pøispìla k lepší tøístranné spolupráci a k významnému zlepšení životního prostøedí v silnì poškozené oblasti t ì žby lignitu ve støední Evropì. Systém poskytuje manažerùm pro kvalitu ovzduší shromažï ování rùzných datových souborù o životním prostøedí, vèasný varovný systém pro smogové situace a systém pro podporu rozhodování pøi managementu životního prostøedí. Umožòuje modelování pøenosu a množství zneèištìní pøes hranice. Pùvodnì bylo financování zabezpeèeno ze zdrojù EC PHARE (v souèasnosti je financováno nezávisle). Problémem pøi implementaci byl nedostatek kvalitní infrastruktury pro spolehlivé propojení sítì. Pøi úvahách o možné implementaci je nutné peèlivé naplánovat zámìr v spolupráci s potenciálními uživateli. STRESZCZENIE Wspólny system monitoringu powietrza JAMS (ang. Joint Air Monitoring System) rejonu "Czarnego Trójk¹ta" zainicjowany zosta³ w roku 1991 jako narzêdzie, maj¹ce przyczyniæ siê do poprawy zarz¹dzania jakoœci¹ powietrza w obrêbie przygranicznych terenów Polski, Czech i Niemiec. System JAMS zacz¹³ w pe³ni funkcjonowaæ w roku 1998. Poprzez usprawnienie wspó³pracy trójstronnej, aplikacja ta przyczynia siê obecnie do znacznej poprawy stanu œrodowiska w granicach tego silnie zdewastowanego obszaru wydobycia wêgla brunatnego, po³o¿onego w Europie Œrodkowej. Omawiana aplikacja umo¿liwia mened¿erom jakoœci powietrza zbieranie ró¿nych zestawów danych dotycz¹cych œrodowiska zgodnie z podanymi standardami, oferuje te¿ system wczesnego ostrzegania dla radzenia sobie z wystêpowaniem smogu oraz system wspomagania decyzji, s³u¿¹cy efektywnemu zarz¹dzaniu œrodowiskiem. Umo¿liwia ponadto modelowanie przemieszczania siê i iloœci zanieczyszczeñ transgranicznych. Pierwsze œrodki finansowe na System (obecnie utrzymywany niezale¿nie) dostarczone zosta³y przez program Phare Komisji Europejskiej. Wœród przeszkód, które trzeba by³o pokonaæ podczas jego wdra¿ania, wymieniæ nale¿y brak w krajach-beneficjentach solidnej infrastruktury technicznej, pozwalaj¹cej na stworzenie niezawodnego po³¹czenia z wykorzystaniem rozleg³ej sieci komputerowej. Jeœli rozwa¿a siê przeniesienie systemu na inny grunt, niezbêdne jest przeprowadzenie - we wspó³pracy z potencjalnymi u¿ytkownikami systemu - dok³adnego planowania. SITE PROFILE The Polish, Czech and German border areas (see Figure 1 below) have been recognized as the most degraded region of Europe. The region covers an area of 32,400km 2, and has a population of 6.4 million. The intensive mining of lignite began in Central Europe in southern Saxony in Germany, northern Bohemia in the Czech Republic, and Lower Silesia in Poland during the 19th century. Having continued more intensively since the second world war, the accumulation of industrial activity within a small area and without sufficient measures for the protection of the environment, have caused not only local pollution but also that of distant regions. Leipzig Jeleniów Görlitz Dzia³oszyn Pirna Wleñ Mittelndo Zittau-Ost Zinnwald Flaje Aue Plauen Annaber Auerbach Fichtelberg Carlsfeld Klingent P øebuz Krupka Wroc³aw Valdek Frydlant Czerniawa Albrechtice Libverda Hrádek nad Nisou Sou š S n ì žn í k D ì èí n C h a b aøo v i c e Rozdro¿e Izerskie Œnie¿ne Kot³y Witków Ústí nad Labem Sokolec Rudolice M ì dì n e c Most S t r á ž n a d O h øí T uš i m i c e Spalona Czarna Góra Karlovy V a r y Sokolov Cheb Praha Figure 1: The Black Triangle including station names and locations BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES With the advent of political change in 1990, Czechoslovakia, Germany and Poland found themselves facing a difficult legacy – the results of a long period of relentless environmental destruction. These countries also found that only common, trilateral cooperation could lead to the significant improvement of the environment within this Central European area. In June 1991 therefore, the Environment ministers of Czechoslovakia, Germany and Poland issued a joint declaration at a meeting in Dobris creating a trilateral Working Group for neighbourly cooperation. The primary task of the Working Group was to prepare an action plan of joint priority tasks. The programme created by the Ministers became the international “Regional Environmental Black Triangle Project.” The European Commission joined the Working Group as a fourth partner, providing financial support through the PHARE Regional Environment Programme. One of the first common achievements of the Black Triangle Programme was the prioritisation of a Joint Air Monitoring System. The Joint Air Monitoring Systems (JAMS) would share the following objectives: • To support international cooperation in the field of air protection concerning the transboundary pollution caused by large power plants fired by lignite; • Create a mechanism for continuous air quality control on an international scale; • Collect complementary information concerning the quality of different environmental components; • Assure good quality measurement according to standards, recognisable by all cooperating countries and international institutions; • Create an early warning system for dealing with smog situations; • Enable the creation of a decision support system for efficient environmental management; • Enable research into the movement and quantities of transboundary pollution; • Collect data for dispersion model evaluation and validation. PRESENT STAGE OF IMPLEMENTATION The Joint Air Monitoring System is now in daily use. It will likely be tailored in the future to ensure compliance with air monitoring rules under the appropriate EU Directives. Financing and Resources Used: The cost of equipment in Poland and the Czech Republic was financed by the PHARE Programme, and amounted to 2.2m Euro Additional costs incurred related to the technical infrastructure for monitoring stations which was covered by the beneficiary countries. The current operational costs are covered by the countries involved, however, it is relatively small. TECHNICAL PROFILE OF PROJECT The backbone of the Joint Air Monitoring System (JAMS) is a set of automated air quality stations (see Figure 1 above). Poland received a complete automated monitoring system which included ten stations and one mobile station. The Czech Republic received a set of monitors and meteorological sensors to update the existing network within Northern Bohemia, while a member of the European Union, Germany linked up to the Black Triangle JAMS with it’s own monitoring network without financial support from the PHARE Programme. For the purpose of sharing automated monitoring data between the three countries, a data exchange system was developed, relying on the Meteosat satellite (see Figure 2 below). Satellite communication via the Meteosat offers the technical means for data acquisition from stations located across Europe. The Central Acquisition System based in Jelenia Gora, Radebeul near Dresden, and Usti nad Labem in the Czech Republic were all therefore equipped with satellite receivers. METEOSAT 160 MHz radiomodem PACSNET satellite receiver PC with Envisat CAS under QNX radiomodem PACSNET CAS IBM RS/6000 DAS local PC analysers Czech Rep. Usti Germany Dresden satellite transmitter Envisat monitoring station monitoring centre Ethernet network router X.25 WAN Internet Polpak Figure 2: Schematic diagram of the Polish communication system others Apart from a standard communication system, the stations in Poland and Germany are also equipped with satellite transmitters. German stations already use the Meteosat system to transmit data, while monitoring data is directly received from Poland and the Czech Republic. Some basic data analysis takes place at the monitoring stations, before ambient air data concentrations are transmitted and received (through modem and/or satellite receiver) by PC workstations within the Central Acquisition System’s based in the three countries. The PC’s are equipped with ENVISAT software which further processes and presents monitoring data in a simple format for the user. Validated data is then exchanged between country centres via the wide area networks: DatexP, Eurotel and Polpak as well as the Internet. The technical implementation of the System’s decision-support mechanisms are underway with the development of a a model to cover the Region by the Technical University of Zittau, Germany. A simplified emission model is currently available (based on 4x4km grid), while an imission model is due to be ready in March or April, 2000 (again 4x4km grid). RESULTS AND IMPACTS Given that the main goal of the Black Triangle Programme was to support international co-operation in the field of air pollution monitoring and management, the project has achieved the desired result through the establishment of the Joint Air Monitoring System. The System brings three countries together to track the transboundary dispersion of pollution caused by power plants burning coal, and enables them to identify common solutions for reducing emission levels. A tangible impact on the environment is difficult to gauge, however, it can be said policymakers have now at their disposal a tool which with the application of immission modelling software, and the publication of a comprehensive annual JAMS report (with many graphs and tables) on the air quality situation in the Region can substantially contribute to more informed decisionmaking. BARRIERS AND CONFLICTS One of the main challenges faced when implementing the system was the lack of a reliable telecommunications infrastructure within the beneficiary countries to establish wide area network connections. Digital data networks were only just being introduced in Poland when JAMS was due to be initiated. This means even today the fully automated international data exchange processes are only just being implemented. Furthermore, delays in realising reliable decision support models (particularly that for immission) inhibits the proper application of the JAMS as a decision support tool. Implementing an international monitoring system must also assure data flow between different sites and adhere to technical standards. Initially, problems with free data exchange were experienced. This problem was solved in 1996 with signing of a Protocol on Data Exchange by the Czech, Polish and German Ministers of Environment (in Wroclaw). There has also been problems with different calibration standards in the three countries. Another Phare Black Triangle project currently underway is developing a joint calibration standard for the three JAMS partners. This is due to be completed in March 2000. Finally, internationally funded projects can have their disadvantages despite bringing in much needed funds. For instance, contractual issues caused some difficulties and delays in implementation with all problems needing to be clarified first with the EC before being approved by the contractor. TRANSFERABILITY In spite of its technical complexities, the Black Triangle’s Joint Air Monitoring System is a typical air quality information system, which comprises measurement, data transmission and interpretation. Minimally, for local implementation a local area network is required, with PC workstations, modem and Internet connections, data analysers and ENVISAT software. A reliable telecommunications infrastructure upon which to establish a wide area network and Internet services must also be available. This is consequently relied upon by Meteosat satellite transmitters and receivers to exchange data (although the need for these can be avoided through straightforward modem transfer of data). A series of automated air quality monitoring stations and meteorological sensors are also needed to collect and supply monitoring data into the System. In a transboundary environment, such a system must operate according to jointly agreed data calibration standards. Any potential users are welcome to benefit from the experiences gained by Black Triangle experts and users in implementation, and in particular, their experience in integrating different air quality information systems. LESSONS LEARNED It was only through successful transboundary cooperation and the involvement of all key players, that JAMS successfully: • • • • • Planned the monitoring system (which parameters to measure and where, which methodology to use, how to organise data transfer and its processing, how to communicate with monitoring stations etc.); Organised the operation of the system; Assured the collection of high quality of data; Established different reporting mechanisms for for different users; and, Integrated the system with other information systems and tools. Cooperating openly in such an environment helps thus to ensure the maximum benefits are gained from the venture, both in-house and with regard to the environment. From a technical aspect, particular care must be taken in supplier selection. The successful implementation of any system relies a great deal on the ability and reliability of the supplier. Therefore, the consortium recommends references be checked carefully. FURTHER INFORMATION: Mr. Darius KOBUS Project Manager PCU – Phare Multi-country Environmental Project: Black Triangle Cajkovskeho 94 CZ-400 01 Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic Tel.(420-47) 520-7574, Fax (420-47) 521-1750 E-mail: phare.black [email protected] Mr. Jiri NOVAK Member of WG of BT Project Na Sabatce 17 143 06 Praha 4 – Czech Republic Tel/Fax (420-2) 472- 7935, E-mail: [email protected] Name of the Demonstration Project (Case Study): SNIRH (Sistema Nacional de Informação de Recursos Hidricos) - Portuguese Water Resources Information System Demonstration Site(s): Portuguese Water Resources Institute, INAG, Lisbon, Portugal Duration of the Project: Start: 1995 Duration: 48 months ABSTRACT SHRNUTÍ SNIRH is an information system that provides environmental managers based within Portugal’s National Water Resources Institute information concerning the availability and quality of water resources. The system stores data on hydrology, geography, hydrography, climate, water-use, groundwater reserves and reservoir. The data is available via simple, query-based access. The system is designed around a database server that continuously receives data from many different sources and simultaneously replies to requests from different clients. It is also accessible to external entities, such as consultants, other government agencies and research institutions, through the SNIRH Internet website, which is located at: <http://www.inag.pt/snirh>. SNIRH je informaèní systém, který poskytuje manažerùm Národního Institutu pro vodní zdroje informace o výskytu a kvalitì vodních zdrojù. Uchovává a poskytuje jednoduchý pøístup dotazy na hydrologická, geografická hydrology, hydrografická, klimatická data a data o užívání vody, podzemních zásobách a nádržích. Systém je sestaven na databázovém serveru, která kontinuálnì pøijímá data z mnoha rùzných zdrojù a dotazy mnoha rùzných zákazníkù. Má otevøený pøístup pro externí zájemce (konzultanty, jiné vládní agentury, a výzkumné ústavy) prostøednictvím webové stránky SNIRH na adrese: <http://www.inag.pt/snirh>. SNIRH is a general water resources information system, which can be transferred to any region. The underlying functional analysis and theoretical concepts can be transferred to any environmental project. The main challenges experienced in its implementation has been ensuring the support of senior management and the availability of competent support staff. SNIRH je obecný informaèní systém pro vodní zdroje, který mùže být pøeveden do jiného regionu. Základní funkèní analýza a teoretické koncepty mohou pøevzaty do jiných environmentálních projektù Hlavním problémem implementace tohoto systému byla podpora vyššího vedení a zabezpeèení kompetentního podporného pracovního týmu. STRESZCZENIE SNIRH to system informacyjny, który dostarcza mened¿erom ochrony œrodowiska, pracuj¹cym w krajowym instytucie zasobów wodnych (National Water Resources Institute) informacji dotycz¹cych dostêpnoœci i jakoœci zasobów wodnych. Przechowuje on dane (i zapewnia do nich prosty, oparty na zapytaniach dostêp) dotycz¹ce hydrologii, geografii, hydrografii, klimatu, zu¿ycia wody, zasobów wód podziemnych oraz zbiorników. J¹drem, wokó³ którego system zosta³ zaprojektowany, jest serwer bazy danych, który bezustannie przyjmuje dane z wielu ró¿nych Ÿróde³, a jednoczeœnie odpowiada na pytania kierowane przez ró¿nych klientów. Otwarty dostêp maj¹ te¿ do niego podmioty zewnêtrzne (a mianowicie instytucje badawcze) - a to poprzez witrynê internetow¹ SNIRH, któr¹ mo¿na znaleŸæ pod adresem: <http://www.inag.pt/snirh>. SNIRH jest ogólnym systemem informacji o zasobach wodnych, który daje siê przenieœæ do dowolnego regionu. Le¿¹ca u jego podstaw analiza funkcjonalna i koncepcje teoretyczne mog¹ zostaæ przeniesione do dowolnego projektu zwi¹zanego z ochron¹ œrodowiska. G³ówne trudnoœci, napotkane przy jego realizacji dotyczy³y zapewnienia poparcia kierownictwa wy¿szego szczebla oraz dostêpnoœci kompetentnego personelu pomocniczego. SITE PROFILE Situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Portugal is the most western country in the European Union. The country has an area of 92,000 km 2, and is occupied by a population of about 10 million. The average yearly rainfall is 910 mm, but is heavily concentrated in time and space. Portugal is greatly dependent on Spain for its water resources since most of its major rivers drain from Spain. Two thirds of its area is within international watersheds and about 50 percent of the run-off originates in Spain. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Water resources planning and management has a long tradition in Portugal, where the first water law was published in 1919. The legislative framework has been regularly updated and currently, a major effort is being put forward aiming at developing a National Water Resources Plan and several Watershed Master Plans for each of the river basins in Portugal. The National Water Resources Institute (INAG) is currently the institution responsible for water resources planning and co-ordination in Portugal, together with five regional environmental offices. In 1997, following the guidelines of the EU’s new Water Resources Framework Directive, INAG initiated work towards the development of a National Water Plan and promoted public tenders for the elaboration of 14 Watershed Master Plans. All major Portuguese water resources consultants are now responsible for one or two watershed plans and the main universities are involved in technical committees sponsored by INAG to review all the documents and proposals that are put forward. Collecting hydrological data and publishing this has been the responsibility of INAG's ancestors since the beginning of the century. In fact, aware that hydrological data, including both surface and groundwater hydrology, and quality as well as quantity aspects, are the cornerstone of all water resources management activities, the legislators decreed one of INAG’s responsibilities to be the creation and maintenance of a Water Resources Information System, capable of providing the necessary data and information required for water resources management. SNIRH (Sistema Nacional de Informação de Recursos Hídricos), the Portuguese National Water Resources Information System is such a system. The ultimate goal of SNIRH is to improve the technical performance of INAG, in compliance with legislation and the EU’s Directives related to water resource management. To fulfill this goal, SNIRH offers the capacity to: • • • • store, process and display water resources information, both internally within INAG, based on the SNIRH INTRANET, and to external entities (namely consultants, other government agencies and research institutions, and EU institutions) through SNIRH’s Internet site: http://www.inag.pt/snirh; make available the required planning tools, including models and data processing and analysing tools; integrate geographical dimensions of hydrological data; transparently merge these tools with the data. PRESENT STAGE OF IMPLEMENTATION Today SNIRH collects and stores data on climate, hydrology (quantity and quality), groundwater and reservoir operation from over 2000 measurement stations, from within ten different networks in the country. Besides this data, SNIRH also stores data required for water resources planning, namely geographic data, for instance elevation (DTM, slopes, aspect), hydrographic data (rivers, drainage basins, aquifers), water use data (wells, dams, pipelines) and administrative data which is used as a framework for analysis. SNIRH has constantly been tailored to satisfy INAG’s requirements and changes are introduced as these requirements evolve in time. As long as SNIRH is relied upon by water resource managers, it will be under continuous development with new procedures added on a regular basis, to cope with the various areas of responsibility of INAG. Financing and Resources Used: INAG has a team of 12-18 people involved in the System’s development, updating and data input. Software development is out-sourced to a Portuguese information systems company, Chiron <http://www.chiron.pt>. TECHNICAL PROFILE OF PROJECT SNIRH was designed around a database server, continuously receiving data from many different sources, and simultaneously replying to requests from many different clients. INAG selected ORACLE as the database server. Figure 1 shows how the system is installed within a network that includes workstations and PC's at the Institute’s headquarters. The database server concept was taken as far as possible, with the central database storing not only standard data, such as time-series and alphanumeric, but also complex geographic data and images. The Environmental Systems Research Institute's (ESRI) Spatial Database Engine (SDE) is being used to extend the capacity of the database server to include geographic data and ORACLE's Binary Large Object, BLOb, is used to support image storage. UNIX server with ORACLE DBMS Local network Data Servidor NT Windows client applications Internet Web server CGI, Java, ActiveX Figure 1: SNIRH structure Appropriate client (user) programmes have been developed to support the multiple tasks being handled by SNIRH. The following client interface programmes are currently used: 1. SQL command line interface, for low-level system administration tasks; 2. TSF-Manager – the SNIRH System management client interface, used for internal system management; 3. TSF-NetManager – a general purpose client interface, used for the measurement network management, database updates, and regular reporting; 4. TSF-Loader – a generic data input client interface, for time-series data input; 5. SNIRH-Ser - a generic time series visualization and analysis tool with export and print capabilities, used to support most studies; 6. SNIRH-Reservoir – a visualization and analysis tool, with reporting capabilities, specific for data pertaining to reservoir operation; 7. SNIRH-Qual – a water quality data analysis tool, used to verify compliance with water quality legislation (see Figure 2 below) and to classify river stretches based on water quality; Figure 2: RH-QUAL, water quality legislation compliance verification 8. SNIRH-Hydro – an hydrometry analysis tool (see Fig. 3 below), used to compute discharge rating curves; Figure 3: SNIRH-Hydro, the hydrometry client application 9. H2D – an ArcView extension that combines time-series with GIS; 10. SDE-Manager – an ArcView extension used to load and extract geographic data from the database server; 11. SDE-Browser – an independent client application with basic geographic data visualization capabilities (see Figure 4 below); 12. WWW Interface, for both INTRANET and INTERNET access, SNIRH-WWW. Figure 4: Retrieving geographical data from SNIRH using a geographic query in SDE-Browser The Database Server is an ALPHA 4000 UNIX, while the Web Server is an ALPHA 600. The network includes workstations and Win95/Win98/WinNT PC’s. The basic software includes an Oracle Database Server, Apache Web Server, Arc/Info and ArcView GIS software and original software developed by Chiron. RESULTS AND IMPACTS Given that INAG relies on SNIRH as part of its daily operations to support internal studies and water resource management, as well as to make data available to the public, it can be said the System meets its goals and objectives. Furthermore, given these strengths, SNIRH is being relied upon as a support tool for the development of the National Water Resources Plan and River Basin Plans for each of the basins in Portugal, following the guidelines of the EU’s new Water Resources Framework Directive. The System therefore supports prepatory studies, both in terms of data storage, data delivery and model integration in preparation for harmonisation with EU legislation. Beyond its value in supporting INAG, no explicit measurements have been taken or socio-economic analyses been made as to the wider benefits. However, the System has had a major impact on the Information Society in Portugal - at present, every citizen may have directly access, free of charge, water resources data collected by INAG. This approach is in line with INAG’s policy to disseminate water data, on a free of charge and comprehensive basis. Finally, the System has also optimised communication with other government institutions and helps to ensure internal resources at INAG are better allocated. BARRIERS AND CONFLICTS The implementation of a major information system does introduce considerable institutional changes, power-shifts, etc. Senior management support and clear objectives are crucial for project success. The main challenge experienced within SNIRH has been ensuring the availability of support staff with enough database management competence to manage a large and complex database system on a day-to-day basis. Considerable effort has therefore been concentrated on stafftraining. TRANSFERABILITY SNIRH is a general water resources information system, which can be transferred to any region. Among the potential user groups of such a system are Water Resource and Environment Agencies. Besides the software and hardware requirements, the underlying functional analysis and theoretical concepts can be transferred to any environmental project. This means the system can be easily implemented in other regions, according to different water resources data, reporting requirements, compliance standards, etc. INAG is keen to help other regions and countries implement SNIRH-like systems and thus far efforts are underway to implement SNIRH in Madeira, the Azores and Mozambique. To support this process, INAG has produced considerable documentation on the System and its procedures, and has organized special sessions in Congresses and given country-wide presentations. LESSONS LEARNED Given the above obstacles that were encountered within SNIRH’s implementation, practical recommendations for other agencies looking to implement similar systems might include: • • • • • • clearly defining your goals and objectives; finding the right project director; being realistic within the budget; finding the correct partnership for system development, implementation and maintenance; giving attention to maintenance; providing enough attention to training and provide supporting documentation. FURTHER INFORMATION: INAG: Dr. Rui Rodrigues Av Gago Coutinho, Lisboa, Portugal Email.: [email protected] http:// www.inag.pt/snirh CHIRON: Dr João Ribeiro da Costa Ed UNINOVA, Quinta da Torre, Monte de Caparica, Portugal Tel.:+351 21 2948095, Email: [email protected] 3.3 TECHNOLOGIES SUPPORTING EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT Name of the Demonstration Project (case study): TELEmatics Assisted Handling of FLood Emergencies in URban Areas (TELEFLEUR) Demonstration Site(s): Athens, Greece Duration of the Project: Start: February 1998 Duration: 30 months ABSTRACT The TELEFLEUR application is a Decision Support System (DSS) that helps public authorities deal with emergency flooding incidents. Several southern European urban centres, such as Athens, Greece, are situated in basins characterised by steep topography and short hydraulic response time, which means they can experience catastrophic floods when exposed to severe storms. It is possible, however, to reduce the impact of flooding by preparing emergency response plans. The TELEFLEUR project is based on the establishment of a Command Centre that will gather real-time data, produce meteorological and hydrologic/hydraulic forecasts of evolving phenomena and, based on the drainage system, provide user-friendly integrated information through the DSS on the potential flood impacts. Using this system, public authorities are able to allocate the necessary resources and mobilise the appropriate services for optimal emergency control. The DSS can be customised to serve any public authority administration by tailoring its rules and procedures. Communication protocols and interfacing software must be fine-tuned to the hardware requirements of the individual tasks. TELEFLEUR je systém pro podporu rozhodování (Decision Support System - DSS), který pomáha pøedstavitelùm veøejné správy pøi nebezpeèí záplav. Nìkolik evropských mìst, jako napø. Atény, se nachází v údolích, kde jsou strmá úboèí a které mají krátký hydraulický èas odezvy a tím jsou v pøípadì silných bouøkových zrážek vystaveny katastrofickým povodním. Pro snížení dopadu povodní lze pøipravit havarijní plány. Projekt TELEFLEUR je založen na funkci øídícího støediska, do kterého se zasílají údaje v reálném èase a který vydává meteorologické, hydrologické nebo hydraulické pøedpovìdi o vývoji sledovaných jevù. Prostøednictvím DSS obdrží vedoucí pracovníky veøejné správy zrozumitelné a pøehledné informace o potenciálním výskytu a eventuálních dopadech povodní. Tak mùže veøejná správa mobilizovat potøebné zdroje a pomocné složky pro optimální øízení povodnì. Systém pro podporu rozhodování se mùže pøizpùsobit pro každou veøejnou správu pomocí pravidel a regulací. Pro jednotlivé úkoly se musí doladit požadavky na hardware podle komunikaèních protokolù a softwaru pro interface Support System - DSS), pomagaj¹cy w³adzom publicznym w postêpowaniu w przypadkach zagro¿enia powodzi¹. Kilka oœrodków miejskich Europy Po³udniowej, na przyk³ad Ateny w Grecji, po³o¿onych jest w kotlinach, charakteryzuj¹cych siê stromym ukszta³towaniem powierzchni i krótkim czasem reakcji hydraulicznej; w przypadku nara¿enia na gwa³towne burze, miasta te doœwiadczaj¹ katastrofalnych powodzi. Aby ograniczyæ skutki powodzi, mo¿na przygotowaæ plany dzia³añ na wypadek nag³ego zagro¿enia. Projekt TELEFLEUR opiera siê na utworzeniu "Centrum Dowodzenia", meteorologiczne i hydrologiczne/ hydrauliczne, dotycz¹ce rozwijaj¹cych siê zjawisk oraz, w oparciu o sieæ rzeczn¹, dostarczaæ w³adzom publicznym za poœrednictwem DSS przyjaznej dla u¿ytkownika, zintegrowanej informacji na temat potencjalnych skutków i wyst¹pienia powodzi. Dziêki temu w³adze publiczne s¹ w stanie przydzielaæ niezbêdne zasoby i mobilizowaæ odpowiednie s³u¿by do optymalnej walki z zagro¿eniem. System Wspomagania Decyzji mo¿e zostaæ dostosowany do potrzeb dowolnej administracji publicznej przez dopasowanie zasad i procedur do nowych celów. Protoko³y komunikacyjne oraz program sprzêgaj¹cy (interfacing software) musz¹ byæ dok³adnie dostrojone do wymagañ sprzêtowych, zwi¹zanych z poszczególnymi zadaniami. STRESZCZENIE SHRNUTÍ Aplikacja TELEFLEUR to system wspomagania decyzji (ang. Decision SITE PROFILE TELEFLEUR has been applied in two regions with similar topographic complexity and hydrological response time of the respective basins. Athens, for instance, is a heavily populated urban area with approximately 3.5 million inhabitants, most of them located in the Kifissos basin of about 500 km 2. The main economic sectors of the city are industrial and commercial. The urban area is surrounded on all sides by mountains of appx. 1000m height (peaking at 1400m), except for the coastal southwestern side. Flooding has intensified in the last 20 years, mainly the result of intense urban development which has reduced the amount of free land available, and the destruction of the surrounding forests. In addition, the storm drainage network is limited to 25 percent of the urban area and is old and experiences many problems. A construction programme to expand and upgrade the storm drainage network is underway. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The severity and frequency of flooding has increased markedly in Southern Europe in recent years, possibly due to the Greenhouse effect, but mainly due to the unplanned urbanisation that has taken place in parts of the Mediterranean basin. For example the Greater Athens population has increased from ca. 1.6 million in the mid-1960's to about 3.5 million today. Urbanisation has been at the expense of “open” soil surfaces, resulting in higher run-off rates and shorter periods for reaching saturation. The impacts of urban flooding can be reduced if city authorities implement, at the local scale, carefully devised emergency handling plans. Strong evidence shows that flow forecasting, coupled with suitable reactive measures, is the most effective method for reducing damage from river floods. In view of the above, the objective of TELEFLEUR has been the development and application of a comprehensive operational system for handling urban flood emergencies that synthesises cutting edge telematics technology with advanced forecasting of meteorology and hydrology encapsulated in a Decision Support System (DSS). PRESENT STAGE OF IMPLEMENTATION The TELEFLEUR application is currently being developed. In preparation for its implementation in Athens, an assessment of user-needs for an urban flood forecasting tool and review of up-to-date meteorological models was conducted. The hydrologic/hydraulic analyses of the relevant catchments and associated drainage systems and the validation of these models are currently in progress. A Command Centre (see Figure 1 below), receiving and storing data and providing decision support, has been designed and the communications protocol between the various sources of relevant information (measuring stations, databases, etc.) defined. The user front-end of the Decision Support System is ready, and along with other components of the system will be installed and operated at the National Observatory of Athens (NOA). Co-financing for the application and its implementation was provided by DG XIII of the EU’s Telematics Applications Programme "Environment Sector." TECHNICAL PROFILE OF PROJECT A schematic representation of the TELEFLEUR system is given in Fig. 1. In brief, the system demonstrator has the capability to: • • • • manage dynamic information collected by various sensors (e.g. satellite imagery every 3 hours, surface meteo stations every 1hour, and from water level-meters every 0.5 hour). feed the dynamic data along with the relevant static data (topography, land-use/ground cover, etc.) into models; forecast flooding conditions and flood risk estimates; assist authorities in decisions regarding emergency measures (through the Decision Support System), and propose actions for avoiding flood episodes or for minimising their consequences, and in proposing restorative actions. T E METEO HYDRO a) ANN/SH L b) deterministic E M @ a CENTRAL A COMPUTING FACILITY T Condition of I Drainage Network & C forecasts Available Resources refine S MODELLING MEASUREMENTS st 1 Level Data (“SENSORS”) Satellite/Radar/Surface Meteo, Hydro, Other TRANSMISSION, PREPROCESSING & INTERFACING with MODELS @ a CENTRAL COMPUTING FACILITY pre-processed data C O M M A N D C E N T R E Advice by Expert System DSS Police Dept. Assessment Display Decision and Co-ordination of Actions Fire Public Works Dept. Dept. Hospitals Other TELEMATICS Figure 1: Schematic representation of the proposed integrated system RESULTS AND IMPACTS During the last three years, insurers have paid out significantly for flood damages in the Athens Metropolitan Area. Such damages can be reduced by improving storm drainage (a capital intensive, long-term proposition) and by implementing a forecasting system to warn of flood danger enabling the timely and coordinated mobilisation of public resources. The TELEFLEUR system can be employed directly by public and city authorities in order to manage flood events successfully and minimise the above costs. Essentially, TELEFLEUR will enable the better organisation of preventive actions against floods, the optimal distribution of the available manpower and equipment of civil defence services, and the efficient organisation of restorative actions. The system is currently being tested but if judged successful (late 2000) then would be available for other authorities both locally (such as the Water Company of Athens, the General Secretariat of Civil Protection)and in the pan-European field where such problems are experienced. TRANSFERABILITY The TELEFLEUR system can be customised to any urban area by entering new geomorphological and urban details of the area, and by tailoring the rules and procedures of the Decision Support System (DSS) to the idiosyncrasies of the particular urban administrations and authorities. The communication protocols and interfacing software are to be finetuned to the hardware requirements of the individual tasks. Meteorological forecasting is performed at the Command Center within a UNIX environment, while the remaining features are PC oriented. Through these components, TELEFLEUR’s interoperability across systems and countries can be guaranteed. FURTHER INFORMATION: Antonis D. Koussis, Institute for environment research and sustainable development, national observatory of athens Lofos nymfon, Thession, 11810 athens, Greece Tel: (30-1) 34 90 161 email: [email protected] INTERNET: http://www.noa.gr/~telefleur Name of the Demonstration Project (Case Danube Accident Emergency Warning System Study): (Danube AEWS) Demonstration Site(s): Danube River Basin Duration of the project: Start: November 1992 Status: Ongoing ABSTRACT The Danube Accident Emergency Warning System (AEWS) has been in use since April 1997. The System relies on an “information processing system” to provide rapid information on accidental transboundary river pollution incidents. In case of an incident, an “Alarm Model” assesses sudden changes in water quality and informs a network of Principal International Alert Centers. This enables the responsible authorities and water-users in downstream countries to take timely preventive measures to minimise impacts and environmental threats. The System forms an important part of the Environmental Programme for the Danube Basin and involves 11 riparian countries, including Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Moldova, Slovakia, Slovenia, Romania and Ukraine. The System has proven to be successful in its two-year lifetime, reporting on eight accidental water pollution incidents within the river basin. However, its full effectiveness cannot be realised because part of the Danube runs through Yugoslavia, where sanctions impede international cooperation. The AEWS offers an excellent methodological basis upon which to implement any similar system, provided the necessary monitoring networks and sensors are already in place. SHRNUTÍ Varovný havarijní systém pro Dunaj Danube Accident Emergency Warning System (AEWS) se používá od roku 1997. Systém se opírá o “systém pro zpracování informací” pro poskytování urychlených informací o náhodných haváriích zneèištìní na hranièních tocích. “Model výstrahy” se spustí v pøípadì náhlých zmìn kvality vody a v pøípadì havárie poskytne informace síti základních mezinárodních výstražných center. Odpovìdné orgány a uživatelé vody tak mohou popøedu pøijat nápravná opatøení a tak minimalizovat dopady a environmentální hrozby. Systém tvoøí dùležitou èást Evnironmentálního programu pro povodí Dunaje, na kterém se podílí 11 zemí (Nìmecko, Rakousko, Èeská republika, Slovensko, maï arsko, Slovinsko, Chorvatsko, Rumunsko, Bulharsko, Ukrajina a Moldavsko Systém se za dva roky své existence osvìdèil a poskytl informace o 8 náhodných havarijních zneèištìní vody v povodí. Systém nemùže pracovat s plnou efektivitou vzhledem k probíhajícím konfliktùm v Jugoslávii. AEWS pøedstavuje vynikající metodologickou základnu, na které lze implementovat podobný systém, když jsou k dispozici monitorovací sítì a senzory v terénu. STRESZCZENIE System ostrzegania o nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eniach dla Dunaju - Danube Accident Emergency Warning System (AEWS) - u¿ytkowany jest od kwietnia 1997 r. System ten wykorzystuje “system przetwarzania informacji” do szybkiego dostarczania informacji o nieoczekiwanych przypadkach transgranicznego zanieczyszczenia rzeki. Do oceniania nag³ych zmian jakoœci wody u¿ywany jest “Model alarmowy” (“Alarm Model”), który w przypadku wyst¹pienia incydentu informuje sieæ “g³ównych oœrodków ostrzegania miêdzynarodowego” (Principal International Alert Centers). Umo¿liwia to odpowiedzialnym organom i u¿ytkownikom wód w krajach po³o¿onych w dolnym biegu rzeki podjêcie w porê œrodków zapobiegawczych w celu minimalizacji skutków i zagro¿eñ dla œrodowiska. System stanowi wa¿ny element Programu Ochrony Œrodowiska dla Dorzecza Dunaju i obejmuje 11 krajów nadrzecznych (w tym Niemcy, Austriê, Czechy, S³owacjê, Wêgry, Chorwacjê, Rumuniê, Bu³gariê, Ukrainê i Mo³dowê). Jak dot¹d, w ci¹gu dwóch lat swego istnienia, System okaza³ siê skuteczny, informuj¹c o oœmiu nieoczekiwanych przypadkach zanieczyszczenia wody na obszarze dorzecza. Jednak na skutek konfliktu w Jugos³awii, przez któr¹ przep³ywa Dunaj, jego mo¿liwoœci nie mog¹ byæ w pe³ni wykorzystane. System AEWS stanowi znakomit¹ podstawê metodologiczn¹, w oparciu o któr¹ mo¿na wdro¿yæ dowolny zbli¿ony do niego system, o ile tylko istniej¹ ju¿ niezbêdne sieci monitoringu i czujniki. SITE PROFILE The application has been implemented within the Danube Basin. The territory of the River Basin is essentially shared by 13 riparian countries. The Danube flows for 2,780 km toward its delta at the Black Sea and includes several large tributaries, such as the rivers Inn, Drava, Sava Tisza and Prut, which are also international rivers. The catchment of the Danube Basin has a total area of 817,000 km 2 and is a significant constituent of the European continent, being the second largest river basin in Europe. Approximately 80 million inhabitants live in its catchment area.. The „Upper” part of the River Basin is well-developed from an economic point of view (industry, agricultural technology, and sanitation) more than the „Middle”, and moreso than the „Lower” part of the Basin. As one heads downstream through the River Basin, land-use increasingly features agricultural production. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In the 1980s and 1990s many accidental water pollution events occurred within the Danube River Basin. A significant number of these were international, while others went unreported. In some countries, these accidents required the shut down of drinking water in-takes, or other precautionary measures. A clear need existed for the prompt availability of information concerning such events, especially in those cases where trans-boundary impacts could be expected. Countries lieing in the middle and lower part of the basin are particularly at risk. The Rhine International Alert and Warning System and the recently developed system for the Elbe River clearly demonstrated the advantages and benefits of accidental pollution warning systems in river basins where important water uses are in operation. The establishment of the Danube AEWS was identified as a high priority action of the Environmental Programme for the Danube River Basin (EPDRB). Its main objective was to increase the safety of population and protect the environment in case of water pollution accidents, which have adverse transboundary impacts on the River Danube or its tributaries. The system relies on an “Alarm Model” that correlates water quality data to a given alarm standard. Now operational, it serves to facilitate international co-operation in the Danube River Basin and provides early information on transboundary river pollution incidents. The responsible authorities of the countries affected can use this information to assist in the effective control and damage prevention activities on a national level. PRESENT STAGE OF IMPLEMENTATION The Danube AEWS has been in use sine April 1997 and is operated by a network national centres, called PIAC or Principal International Alert Centres. These are located within each of the Danube countries. As of January 1998 there were nine fully equipped and operational PIAC (located in Germany: Passau, Austria: Tulln, Czech Republic: Brno, Slovakia: Bratislava, Hungary: Budapest, Slovenia: Ljubljana, Croatia: Zagreb, Romania: Bucharest, Bulgaria: Sofia). Three other PIAC are under establishment in the lower Danube Basin,which will serve the countries of Ukraine and Moldova (see Fig. 1 below). GERMANY CZECH REPUBLIC PIAC-03 PIAC-01 Brno PIAC-11 Passau Uzgorod PIAC-10 PIAC-05 Kishinev Budapest PIAC-12 PIAC-06 Ljubljana Izmail PIAC-07 Zagreb PIAC-08 Bucharest state boundary catchment boundary 0 250 km PIAC-09 Bucharest Figure 1. PIACs of the Danube AEWS Practical experiences from the design and operation of the Rhine system were taken into consideration and utilised for the design of the Danube System, and coordinated by a so-called working Sub-Group consisting of professionals from each of the Danube countries. At present these activities are coordinated by the Accidental Emergency Prevention and Warningf System Expert Group. International contributions during the period of implementation were coordinated by the Danube Programme Coordination Unit which is based in Vienna, Austria. These were made by the Governments of the Danube countries and financially through the Phare Programme of the European Union. The geographical scope of the Danube AEWS is inconsistent owing to a territorial „gap.” The recent political situation in Yugoslavia means the country’s territory has not become part of the System. The design, however, is such that the system can easily be extended in the future, allowing the integration of the remaining areas. Further development of the system is underway as part of different ongoing or planned projects. These aim to increase the operational capabilities by improving the information flow, the exchange of experiences between PIACs and the geographical extension of the system. Calibration and validation of the Danube Basin Alarm Model is also under preparation and activities are ongoing concerning awareness raising with respect to accidental pollution and establishment of automatic water quality alarm stations. TECHNICAL PROFILE OF PROJECT PIACs (Principal International Alert Centres) have been established in each of the cooperating countries and are in close contact with the national pollution control authorities. These authorities feed water quality monitoring data (collected through automated sensors) directly into the System. A hazardous substances database provides an information system against which to correlate monitoring data. In the event of a pollution incident, the Danube Basin Alarm Model (DBAM)recognises the significant quantities of hazardous substances in the water, and performs a simulation of the pollution impacts. If significant, PIACs in these and downstream countries likely to be affected by the incident are warned in advance. An Information Processing System automatically translates and displays coded messages into local languages at each PIAC. Satellite communications relay data to and from local computer networks that transfer, collect and store monitoring data. In the event of an incident, a PIAC will perform the following tasks: • • • Communication on a reported sudden pollution of the Danube river basin waters; Expert involvement to assess the effects or impact of the reported accidental pollution; Decision-making on further actions (local or international warnings) to be taken. To ensure the proper management of the above tasks, an international operations manual ensures the standardised operation of the system. RESULTS AND IMPACTS During its two year lifetime, eight accidental water pollution incidents were recorded in the river basin by the System. Five of these incidents were caused by oil pollution of the River Danube, in other cases the pollutants were salt, detergents and pesticide (Pinter 1999). The System reacted properly during these emergency periods, sending the necessary warnings and other messages to downstream countries. The first of these incidents occurred in October 1997 in Hungary. It was an accidental oil spill. Due to the applied efficient pollution control measures, no transboundary impacts were experienced. Although the economic benefits of the Danube AEWS can not quantitatively assessed, because of the accidental character of the cases to deal with, the early information on emergencies provided by the system for authorities and water users can significantly reduce the emergency response time as well as the possible damage. These qualitative benefits are outstandingly important for parties co-operating in the establishment and operation of the system. The Danube AEWS also offers other benefits. Namely, it assists the riparian countries meet their obligations toward multilateral conventions and declarations concerning the Danube and transboundary rivers. The Convention on Cooperation for Protection and Sustainable Use of the Danube River (the provisions on the establishment of communication, warning and alarm systems are stated in Article 16) as well as other conventions agreed under the UN/ECE framework and those bilateral agreements in existence between various Danube countries. BARRIERS AND CONFLICTS The participation of all parties involved in supporting the delpoyment of the System is central to its success. The political uncertainties and conflicts in Yugoslavia during the establishment and planning of the System excluded the incorporation of its territory into the operational area of the System. Without Yugoslavia serving as a co-operating partner in the warning system, an important central part of the River Basin is not yet served or serviced by the system. Delays in access to funding has slowed the development of some parts of the system. Funding through separate programmes for Ukraine and Moldova means the related activities are under preparation at present. A lack of guidelines concerning pollution alert thresholds means each of the cooperating countries’ local authorities relies on their own given water quality standards. The future development of such guidelines could increase the consistency of warning levels within the system. TRANSFERABILITY The Danube AEWS offers an excellent methodological basis upon which to implement any similar system. The Danube Basin Alarm Model is readily available for transfer, while the Information Processing System serves as an outstanding example on how to handle the flow of information in a multi-lingual environment such as a river basin. The methodology behind the basin-wide satellite communication system could also be transferred to other locations, however it is necessary to note that access to the AEWS satellite communication system is only made available to PIACs of the system. Other means can, however, be found to transfer data quickly and effectively, for instance ground based wide area network connections. The main foundation of the system, however, is a well-established information supply chain between PIACs and the local water Authorities. An adequate network of monitoring sensors are required and suitable data transfer and processing mechanisms must be relied upon to pass this information on via satellite or ground-based networks. This will help to ensure the availability of data on observed pollution incidents. Among the potential user groups of such a system are those water authorities dealing with water management and pollution control and water users, operate according to specific water quality requirements, for instance waterworks, fishfarms, etc. FURTHER INFORMATION: Dr. György PINTÉR, Vice-Chairman AEPWS Expert-Group Institute for Water Pollution Control of VITUKI H-1095 BUDAPEST, Kvassay Jenõ u. 1. Tel: (36-1) 215-7782, Fax: (36-1) 216-1514, E-mail: [email protected] Name of the Demonstration Project (Case Study): DEDICS Forest Fire Management Support System Demonstration Site(s): Island of Crete; the French Rivera; and Andalucia: Duration of the Project: Start: January 1996 Duration: 33 months ABSTRACT DEDICS is a telematics application providing emergency managers with improved support for decision-making in prevention and mitigation of natural disasters such as forest fires. DEDICS provides a “software layer” that integrates five autonomous decisionsupport components to facilitate data collection, communication, and decision-making. DEDICS relies on existing applications like GIS, networks of sensors, simulators and communication devices. The application has been implemented in three Mediterannean sites and is now being regularly used to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of forestfire management. DEDICS was co-funded by the European Commission’s Telematics Applications Programme for a total cost of approximately EUR 4 million. One of the challenges in developing DEDICS was the need to link together several existing decision-support systems that had been operating within different contexts. Potential users of a tool like DEDICS must consider which applications they wish to link, and allocate financial resources for software development. Funds for training to facilitate uptake should not be underestimated. SHRNUTÍ STRESZCZENIE DEDICS je telematická aplikace, která poskytuje managerùm podporu pøi pøedcházení rizikových situací a zmíròování dùsledkù pøírodních katastrof, jako jsou lesní požáry. DEDICS poskyztuje ”softwarovou vrstvu” která spájí pìt autonomních komponentù na podporu rozhodování pro zbìr dat, komunikaci a pro pøijímání rozhodnutí. DEDICS sse spoléhá na existující aplikace, jako GIS (Geographic Information System), sí• senzorù, simulátorù a komunikaèních zaøízení. Aplikace byly zavedena ve tøech místech Støedozemí a v souèasnosti se používá na vylepšení úèinnosti a efektívnosti managementu DEDICS to aplikacja telematyczna, zapewniaj¹ca osobom odpowiedzialnym za zwalczanie nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eñ œrodowiska lepsze wspomaganie decyzji dla celów zapobiegania i ³agodzenia skutków klêsk ¿ywio³owych, takich jak po¿ary lasów. DEDICS dostarcza “warstwê programow¹” ("software layer"), która ³¹czy piêæ autonomicznych sk³adników wspomagania decyzji w celu u³atwienia zbierania danych, komunikacji i procesów decyzyjnych. DEDICS wykorzystuje w du¿ym stopniu istniej¹ce aplikacje, takie jak GIS (Systemy Informacji Geograficznej), sieci czujników, symulatory i urz¹dzenia telekomuni-kacyjne. Aplikacja zosta³a wdro¿ona w trzech miejscach w rejonie Morza Œródziemnego i jest obecnie regularnie wykorzystywana w celu poprawy efektywnoœci i skutecznoœci radzenia sobie z po¿arami lasów. DEDICS byl spolufinancován Programem telematických aplikací Evropské komise v celkové výši nákladù pøibližnì 4 milióny EUR. Jednou z hlavních pøekážek pøi jeho vývoji bylo propojení nìkolika systémù pro podporu rozhodování, které v tom èase operovaly s rùznými kontexty. Potenciální uživatelé nástroje jako DEDICS musí zvážit, které aplikace chtìjí propojit a vyhradit dostateèné finanèní zdroje na vývoj softwaru. Pøed úspìšným nastartováním projektu se nesmí se podcenit náklady potøebné na školení a výcvik. System DEDICS wspó³finansowany by³ przez program Komisji Europejskiej "Telematics Applications", zaœjego koszt wyniós³ w przybli¿eniu 4 mln EUR. G³ówne trudnoœci napotkane przy jego tworzeniu wi¹za³y siê z po³¹czeniem w jedn¹ ca³oœæ kilku istniej¹cych systemów wspomagania decyzji, które w owym czasie funkcjonowa³y w ró¿nych kontekstach. Potencjalni u¿ytkownicy narzêdzia takiego jak DEDICS musz¹ zastanowiæ siê, które aplikacje pragn¹ po³¹czyæ, oraz przydzieliæ œrodki finansowe na stworzenie oprogramowania. Nie nale¿y te¿ lekcewa¿yæ œrodków na szkolenie, zmierzaj¹ce do u³atwienia rozpoczêcia pos³ugiwania siê systemem. SITE PROFILE The French Riviera in Southern Europe serves as the location of one demonstration site between Nice and Cannes. Sophia Antipolis, a technological and research park, covers a green space equivalent to a quarter of the surface area of Paris, some 5,750 acres. These features represent a typical case of interface between natural and urban areas in Mediterranean region. The presence in the same place of important companies and large forest areas increases the vulnerability and thus the risk of forest fire. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There are many Spatial Decision Support Systems (SDSS) available for natural hazard prevention and fighting. Hundreds of software products are already available which supply decisionmakers with varied information support and services (including databases, early detection, monitoring, forecasting, crisis prevention etc). Considered separately, these products are invaluable to their users. However, natural hazards management requires the continuous exchange of information and services between SDSS and Information Systems. DEDICS therefore identified the need for a link between the different tools available, in order to realise more efficient and effective management. In particular, it looked to develop an innovative method or “software layer” based on the use of a telematics tool. The main objectives of the application are therefore to improve co-operation amongst the key actors. This is achieved through improved capacity to share information (via sensors, GIS, databases) and the integration of heterogeneous information systems relying on telematics applications. PRESENT STAGE OF IMPLEMENTATION The DEDICS application is now ready for use. Three prototypes were demonstrated at the three mediterranean sites used to test DEDICS. Based on these prototypes, contracts have been made with the respective regions for their prolonged use and implementation. A proposal has now been launched to the 5th Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development of the European Commission to partially fund this implementation phase. Financing and Resources Used: A total of about 4m EUR was invested for the realisation of the application and its demonstration. 1.8m EUR was contributed by the European Commission within the European Union’s Fourth Framework Programme, under the Telematics Application for the Environment Programme. The co-funding was provided by the members of the consortium and the application users. TECHNICAL PROFILE OF PROJECT The main actors benefiting from the use of DEDICS (shown in Figure 1 below) include: • The Firefighters Command Center (a Command Center located in the heart of Sophia-Antipolis) which accomodates several specialized Spatial Decision Support Systems (SDSS). • Firefighter Patrols, equipped with Global Positioning Systems (GPS)and radio communication systems. • A network of watch towers which serve as an autonomous early detection system, and relays data to the Firefighters Command Center through satellite link. Patrollers Firefighter Command Center Watch Tower Figure 1. DEDICS support to the key actors responsible for disaster management Five different applications offering decision support to forest fire management are incorporated within the DEDICS application. The communication between decision support systems is maintained through satellite, telephone, radio and internet/ethernet networks. Briefly, these systems include: • AFFIRM: AFFIRM is a prototype for early and reliable wildfire detection. The system consists of a network of autonomous terminals disseminated in the forest area and linked to the Firefighter Command Center through a satellite communication link. • • • • METEOROLOGICAL MONITORING SYSTEM: This module is based on a real-time data acquisition system. The system is connected (via modems and a telephone line) to a network of 21 weather sensors throughout in the Alpes-Maritimes region. LogBook SYSTEM (LB/MCI): This system allows the user to store all messages received (at the Firefighter Command Center) and forwarded (to firefighters in the field) during a forest fire. These messages are stored and filed within a Database Management System based on a data-concept model. The system also provides a synthesis of each event, and is automatically updated with each new message, and proposes some functions to contribute to the backtracking process. FLORINUS: FLORINUS is a system specialized in the communication and exchange of information between different fire fighting groups (Patrollers). It is used by different actors to give them an exact image of events, locations (thanks to a global positioning system or GPS) and to provide information when and where it is needed. WILFRIED: The Wilfried system contains four dedicated modules relying on existing data available within firefighters’ geographic information systems (GIS), including: Map Viewer, Climatic Risk Assessment, Land Use Risk Assessment and Preferential Spread Area Modules. RESULTS AND IMPACTS DEDICS value can be seen from the fact that the application is now being implemented fully in the three demonstration sites it was tested at. Among its main benefits are the improved coordination of emergency management. Furthermore, the reseach has shown the role telematics can play in improving information exchange processes and cooperation. It has also validated the distributed architecture it relies upon based on intelligent software agents. An assessment of the real socio-economic impact will be performed once the system has been fully integrated within operational conditions. BARRIERS AND CONFLICTS From a technical point of view, the major hurdle was to bring together the existing decision support systems operating within different contexts. In particular, the nature and the content of different products (data formats, operating systems, programming languages) and the consistency, communication and compatibility between the heterogeneous systems proved challenging to the project and its development of the DEDICS software layer. A second barrier in fact was motivating the users to participate in the development of support tools and furthermore training them for product use once finalised. Clearly more time could have been dedicated to these issues, which should not be underestimated. The committment of all partners therefore is central to the success of the development of the application and its implementation. Finally, donor reporting and administrative requests within the project led to a large and unplanned impact on resources. TRANSFERABILITY For the implementation of DEDICS to other sites, potential users must identify specific needs, available resources and most importantly the existing applications in use. DEDICS will then serve to bring these applications together. The main costs to be incurred from transfer and implementation of such a system will be the needs analysis, software development (because some of the applications used in the project have been tailored to the needs of local users and can less easily be transferred to other sites), licence fees for applications and the training of users. The last phase in the transfer of any application is the training that must be administered to users as well as the integration of the application within the operational scheme. The senior managers must play a central role in supporting this process, as well as the users themselves through their own committment toward acceptance. LESSONS LEARNED The success of the application’s implementation depends critically on the involvement of all users and their cohesion within the project. More resources need to be earmarked for the training of users and on the definition of functions/responsibilities. A basic recommendation for the implementation of a similar project to another site would be the establishment of an advisory panel, composed of the different institutions involved in emergency management. The panel should clarify the missions of the activity and define common objectives and needs. FURTHER INFORMATION: Dr Jean Luc WYBO, Ecole des Mines de Paris – ARMINES, PO Box 207, F-06904 Sophia Antipolis Cedex France Tel: (33-4) 9395-7429 Fax: (33-4) 9395-7581 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE: Wybo J.L. & al., “ DEDICS : a general framework for supporting management of forest fires“, in proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Forest Fire Research, Coimbra, Portugal, 1998 Jaber A., F. Guarnieri, J.L. Wybo. “Un système d’agents logiciels intelligents pour favoriser la coopération entre des systèmes d’aide à la décision dédiés à la gestion de crise“, JFIADSMA’98, actes des 6émes journées francophones, éditions HERMES, Paris, 1998 Wybo J.L., Madland Kowalski K., “Command Centers and Emergency Management Support“, Safety Science 30 (1998), pp. 131-138, Pergamon. 3.4 TECHNOLOGIES SUPPORTING PUBLIC ACCESS TO INFORMATION Name of the Demonstration Project (case study): HEIS-MUC: Health and Environmental Information System Munich Demonstration Site(s): City of Munich, Bavaria, Germany Duration of the Project: Start: 1995 Status: Ongoing ABSTRACT HEIS-MUC is a Health and Environment Information System encompassing urban and rural areas of the City of Munich. It relies on telematics tools – including the Internet, Info-Kiosks, Media-boards and public access computer terminals – as well as printed publications, to deliver environmental information to the public. HEIS-MUC supports administration in the gathering, compilation and dissemination of information, to ensure effective delivery to different user groups. Databases and GIS tools are used for data management. The System also includes tools that aggregate the available information and integrate different levels of heterogeneous data into a “synthetic” picture, for the creation of a searchable database accessible at distributed sites. Some EUR 10,000 was required for hardware investments, and a further EUR 150,000 for labour. One of the key challenges in implementing the system is ensuring that the right staff are in place to manage and implement such a system and tailor it to the special needs of every city. Co-funding was received from the EC, and the System continues to be managed by the City of Munich. A key obstacle has been convincing senior administration of the benefits of digital information systems. SHRNUTÍ HEIS-MUC je informaèní systém o životním prostøedí a zdraví vybudovaný pro mìstské a pøímìstské oblasti Mnichova. Spoléhá se na rùzné telematické nástroje, vèetnì internetu, poèítaèových terminálù pro veøejnost. urèeny tištìné publikace jako roèenky efektivní nástroj pro administrativu pøi shromažï ování ,spracování a rozšiøování informací pro rùzné skupiny uživatelù. Pro zpracování dat se používají databáze a GIS. Systém zahrnuje také nástroje na agregaci dostupných informací a na intergraci rùzných hladin heterogenních dat a informací do tzv. “syntetického obrazu” pro vytvoøení vyhledávatelné databáze ve vzdálených místech. Investice do hardwaru si vyžádaly cca 10 000.- EUR a osobní náklady dalších 150 000.- EUR (klíèovým problémem je zajištìní vhodného týmu na implementaci a na pøizpùsobení systému na specifické požadavky jednotlivých mìst). Systém získal prostøedky na spolufinancování z Evropské komise a provozní náklady jsou hrazeny mìstem Mnichov. Hlavním problémem bylo pøesvìdèit vyšší vedení administrativy o výhodách digitálního informaèního systému. STRESZCZENIE HEIS-MUC to system informacji o zdrowiu i œrodowisku (Health and Environment Information System), obejmuj¹cy miejskie i wiejskie obszary miasta Monachium. Aby dostarczaæ informacje o œrodowisku spo³eczeñstwu, wykorzystuje on ró¿ne narzêdzia z zakresu telematyki, takie jak Internet, Info-Kioski, tablice elektroniczne (Media-boards) i ogólnie dostêpne terminale komputerowe, jak równie¿ publikacje drukowane, takie jak roczniki oraz atlasy. HEIS-MUC wspomaga administracjê w gromadzeniu informacji, ich opracowywaniu i rozpo-wszechnianiu, zapewniaj¹c skuteczne dostarczanie do ró¿nych grup u¿ytkowników. Do zarz¹dzania danymi wykorzystywane s¹ bazy danych i narzêdzia systemu informacji geograficznej (GIS). System zawiera ponadto narzêdzia, które agreguj¹ dostêpne informacje, oraz integruje ró¿ne poziomy niejednorodnych danych i informacji (w “syntetyczny” obraz), aby stworzyæ mo¿liw¹ do przeszuki-wania bazê danych, dostêpn¹ w rozproszonych Na inwestycje sprzêtowe niezbêdne by³o oko³o 10.000 EUR, a kolejne 150.000 EUR - na op³acenie pracy ludzi (jest to jedna z najwiêkszych trudnoœci napotykanych przy tego typu projektach zapewnienie odpowiednich pracowników do prowadzenia i wdro¿enia takiego systemu oraz dostosowania go do specyficznych potrzeb ka¿dego miasta). Wspó³finansowanie pochodzi³o od Komisji Europejskiej; Systemem nadal zarz¹dza miasto Monachium. przekonanie wy¿szych rang¹ urzêdników o korzyœciach, p³yn¹cych z cyfrowych systemów informacyjnych. SITE PROFILE 2 The City of Munich covers about 313 km and is populated by 1.3 million inhabitants. As there is almost no heavy industry, the main threat to environmental problems originate from traffic. Some 1.8 million cars cross the city borders daily. Aged and sometimes illegal waste disposal sites cause serious, but not numerous threats to the groundwater. As the area of the city is quite densely populated, the conservation of natural resources is very important, not only for nature itself but for the recreational purposes of inhabitants. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The Environmental Protection Department of Munich collects a great deal of data in a wide range of environmental sectors within different levels of databases. The Health and Environmental Information System offers the opportunity to disseminate this environmental information by means of new telematic applications in a homogeneous and ergonomically structured form to different user groups with different levels of telematics education. In accordance with national and EU-regulations, it is also the task of public authorities to provide environmental information to the public. We assume that there is no doubt that telematics in the future will be the most common, comfortable and cheapest way to achieve this. The availability of data, their relevance regarding the impacts and effects on the City of Munich and the public interest for information were the leading factors to the selection of the measures and application detailed below. PRESENT STAGE OF IMPLEMENTATION The system includes a mapserver which forms part of an Intranet hosted by the Department of Health and Environment of Munich. It can also be found on the Internet under: http://www.muenchen.de/referat/rgu and within so-called “Infokiosks“ - public accessible computer terminals offering community information. The technical system is supported by the Department’s own computer resources (including GIS capacities), while additionally a PC is used for collecting and re-distributing air pollution data, a PC for a mapserver, and the municipal WWW-server. Content is provided by other units within the Department. A CD-based version of the information system will be compiled in the future, and depending on the budget available, might be updated annually. Financing and Resources Used: The investment required for the realisation of the application totalled about EUR 10,000 for hardware, and EUR 150,000 for labour. Operating costs are estimated to be EUR 25,000 per year. The research and development projects of the 4th Framework Programme in which Munich participated - “Envirocity“ and “The CITY“ (launched 1999) contributed approximately 30 percent of the financial resources required for labour costs. The remainder is financed by the City of Munich. TECHNICAL PROFILE OF PROJECT A broad spectrum of digital media is relied upon to supply varied and diverse information to different users. These media are tailored to different user groups, whereas the structure and character of information are only partially defined by the electronic medium (and of course by the requirements of data protection). Among the tools relied upon are: • In-house workstations and Local Area Networks (LANs) offering an entire spectrum of information including: - Basic data from special information systems (water, soils, air, etc.); - A digital Environment Atlas; - A digital environment meta data catalogue; - Brochures/publications; - Values on air pollution measured on-line. • Public-access-terminals offering generally the entire spectrum of information including: - A digital Environment Atlas; - A digital environment meta data catalogue; - Brochures/publications; - Values on air pollution measured on-line. • City Info Columns/InfoKiosks offering a simplified spectrum of information including. - A digital Environment Atlas; - A digital environment meta data catalogue; - Brochures/publications; - Values on air pollution measured on-line. • World Wide Web/Internet offering: - A digital Environment Atlas; - A digital environment meta data catalogue; - Brochures/publications; - Values on air pollution measured on-line. However, after further developing GIS technology capacity, the entire spectrum of information will be accessible. All text material being added or revised within the Environmental Information System can simply be edited within SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) according to ISO 8879:1986 standard. The advantage being it simplifies the task of the data authors by separating them from the task of formatting and linking. The use of a single modifiable template (Data Type Definition) can provide a uniform structure of text material. Possible alterations can be permanently integrated into the original text. The continuation of the data catalogue will be done in XML: work in the process of standardisation. Any changes to text processing programmes, operating systems or processing units do not alter the informational contents of SGML/XML text material, i.e. the possibility still exists to read and modify such files in the future. In order to ease further development of our programmes, the programming language PERL (a scripting language widely used in the fields of Internet servers and compatible with all operating systems e.g. UNIX, Win32) has been used along with modules from the public domain. The ArcInfo programme has been used for the composition and layout of maps. Certain procedures are used to create maps for the environment atlas and for the Internet. Printed Maps are created in “Postscript“ file format from ArcInfo. The MapObjects programme is used for mapservers which run on Intra- and Internet. ArcView serves as a rapid development tool for designing the maps to be electronically served. The maps can be viewed with standard HTML-browsers without any “plug-ins.“ (Plug-ins are Internet browserenhancement software tools provided by companies other than by the browser itself. This forces the user to download the software and by installing it, forces them to tamper with their operating system installation and can cause the risk of hidden disfunctionalties. It also slows down the process of the first view of a map and restricts the user to certain browsers and operating systems, as the “Plug-ins” are not available for every browser, especially on UNIX platforms). Munich’s Department of Environment performs the main cartographic and textual work in-house relying on PC’s and a UNIX server. For security reasons, there is no direct access to the Internet. This will, however, be possible through the use of a “firewall“by the end of 1999. Running the webserver is the task of the central IT department in Munich. A central server undertakes a polling and distributing function to obtain and re-distribute online data. This currently operates from a Windows NT platform, but a switch to Linux is being considered in order to gain more stability. The same situation applies for the mapserver. RESULTS AND IMPACTS The concrete impacts and benefits of providing health and environment information to the public are not easy to assess. In general, however, clear and exact information about the state of the environment can help to influence and change public awareness of environmental issues which in turn can strengthen decisionmaking processes and the involvement of the public in that process. The provision of this data also helps ensure compliance with legal provisions, including the duty to inform the public about environmental issues. The system also contributes to numerous cost-savings, for instance: • data collection with reduced labour charges; • data management and handling with reduced labour charges; • wider dissemination information at relatively low cost; • more easily available data which saves time and money; • rapid availability of data which saves time and money; • improved understanding and awareness of health and environmental issues. Beside these benefits, more widely available environmental information can help contribute to greater acceptance among the public of environmental policy, thereby reducing the costs of environmental protection and that of pollution control. Information and „soft policy“ measures are therefore one of the most important instruments for changing public behaviour and improving the state of the environment BARRIERS AND CONFLICTS Public administration is not the easiest environment in which to implement a new electronic information system. Administration sometimes tends to be slow, less innovative and forward- thinking, and tends to consider itself the sole legal owner of collected data. Implementing an electronic information system provides a means to go beyond many of the traditional mechanisms for producing environmental data and to even provide access to raw data. Regular discussions regarding how best to publish (air) pollution data, has resulted in the Department of Health and Environment publishing raw data accompanied by explanatory text which helps clarify this data. Withholding data might otherwise give cause for concern. A European “freedom of information act“ would further assist in convincing public administration that data collected relying on citizens’ taxation contributions must be made available to the public. A further obstacle to improving public access to information is the fact that emission data is considered the property of the declaring company. Until legislation decrees otherwise, this data can be withheld. TRANSFERABILITY The basic instruments of the Munich Health and Environmental Information System could be used in any city or town administration in both western and eastern Europe for collection, processing and dissemination of health and environmental information. The System could also serve as a cooperative information system between cities and towns within a country, and between cities on a pan-European level. National and international administrations could also be potential users. The use of free SGML-software and related tools mean such an application is low-cost in the sense of hardware needs and software acquisitions, and makes it relatively easy to transfer its main components to other sites. The main investment therefore and heaviest financial burden are in terms of labour duties, because such a project has to be tailored to the special needs of every city and training would also be required. Further documentation and a user-guide is currently available. The City of Munich is able and willing to support the transfer of the system and to share know-how in order to help others build a deeply woven environment information system. At the moment there is no fee for purchasing the HEIS-MUC application, but it has to be noted that the system is not a classical application in the sense of ‘install and run but a system which needs a highly motivated crew to implement it locally with small external costs. LESSONS LEARNED The public domain provides valuable software and platform independent tools which compete in lifespan with the textual data they are designed to serve. Using high level and wherever possible, standardised interfaces for text and database instead of vendor specific tools means the Digital Health and Environment Information System of Munich is easy to maintain and develop. Relying on a small nucleus of devoted promoters of digital information systems, it is possible (while a long and tedious process) to convince internal administration as to the benefits of a digital information system. Finally, before participating in research and development co-operative activities, it is absolutely necessary to build up inhouse knowledge and highly qualified manpower equivalent to the level of technical work being undertaken. Poorly trained or ill-informed experts can hinder project progress, which in turn can influence the profitability of any activity. FURTHER INFORMATION: Landeshauptstadt München City of Munich, Department of Health and Environment Bayerstraße 28a, D-80335 München, Germany For general information: Georg Ritter Tel: (49-89) 233-23625 Fax: (49-89) 233-28344 Rolf Annecke Tel: (49-89) 233-27472 Fax: (49-89) 233-28344 Markus Spring Tel: (49-89) 233-23597 Fax: (49-89) 233-28344 Internet: http://www.muenchen.de/referat/rgu Name of the Demonstration Project (case study): IOZIP - Environmental Information System of Prague Demonstration Site(s): Prague, Czech Republic Duration of the Project: Start: 1994 Status: Ongoing ABSTRACT SHRNUTÍ STRESZCZENIE The Environmental Information System of Prague (IOZIP) collects and processes environmental data for the Prague area. The System is managed by the Institute of Municipal Informatics of the City of Prague (IMIP). The system encompasses traditional environmental themes such as air, water, landscape, waste and noise. It also handles data such as transport, population etc., which correspond to the main environmental policy issues addressed by municipal authorities. The system relies on database and GIS tools for data management. The target usergroups of the system are: city management officials, experts and the general public. Informaèní systém o životním prostøedí Environmental Information System of Prague anebo IOZIP sbírá a zpracovává data o životním prostøedí v oblasti Prahy. Systém provozuje Institut mìstské informatiky hl. mìsta Prahy (IMIP). Hlavními složkami - tématickými okruhy - jsou ovzduší, voda, krajina, odpady, hluk. Systém také poskytuje dodateèné údaje o dopravì, populaci atd. související s otázkami životního prostøedí, na které se pøedstavitelé mìsta zamìøují. Systém pro zpracování dat je vybudován na databázích a GIS – geografických informaèních systémech. Cílovými uživateli jsou vedení mìsta, odborníci, a veøejnost. (IOZIP) zbiera i przetwarza dane dotycz¹ce œrodowiska dla obszaru czeskiej Pragi. Systemem zarz¹dza Instytut Informatyki Komunalnej miasta Pragi (IMIP). Objête nim dane dotycz¹ nastêpuj¹cych g³ównych tematów: powietrze, woda, krajobraz, odpady, ha³as oraz, dodatkowo, transport, ludnoœæ itd., odpowiednio do g³ównych zagadnieñ polityki ekologicznej, którymi zajmuj¹ siê w³adze miejskie. Do zarz¹dzania danymi System wykorz-ystuje narzêdzia w postaci baz danych i Systemu Informacji Geograficznej (GIS). Docelowe grupy u¿ytkowników systemu to: w³adze miasta, eksperci i opinia publiczna. The IOZIP System costs approximately EUR 150,000-200,000 to operate annually, and requires some durable equipment investments, including servers, local area networks, Internet capacity, Unix servers, etc. The limited technical expertise of many users and experts has slightly diminished some of the benefits of IOZIP. It is critical to achieve communication between institutions that collect environmental data and city administrators, who compile and rely on this data to ensure the full operation and benefit of such a system. Provozní náklady na systém IOZIP jsou pøibližnì 150-200 000.- EUR roènì a systém pøedpokládá investice do zaøízení, napø. serveru, místní sítì LAN, internetu, serveru UNIX atd. Malé technické zkušenosti mnoha uživatelù a odborníkù brzdily pøínos, který se od používání IOZIP oèekával. Dùležitým prvkem je komunikace mezi institucemi, které jsou odpovìdny za sbìr environmentálních dat a administrativou mìsta, která je kompiluje a zajiš•uje plnou funkènost a pøínos systému. Roczna eksploatacja systemu IOZIP kosztuje w przybli¿en-iu 150-200.000 EUR, wymaga on te¿ pewnych inwestycji w sprzêt trwa³ego u¿ytku, na przyk³ad serwery, lokalne sieci komputerowe LAN, urz¹dzenia umo¿liwiaj¹ce kor-zystanie z Internetu, serwery UNIX-owe itd. Ograniczone kompetencje techniczne wielu u¿ytkowników i ekspertów utrudni³y pe³ne wykorzystanie mo¿liwoœci, jakie stwarza u¿ytkowanie IOZIP. Zasadnicze znaczenie dla powodzenia przedsiêwziêcia i zapewnienia pe³nego funkcjonowania i wykorzystania takiego systemu ma komunik-acja pomiêdzy instytucjami zbieraj¹cymi dane o œrodowisku a w³adzami miejskimi, które opracowuj¹ je i opieraj¹ siê na nich. SITE PROFILE Figure 1: Protected Areas within Prague and their protective zones Prague has a population of 1.2 million and a total land area of 496 km 2. Activities in the area of transport and environmental policy tend to be undertaken by the municipal (independent) and district authorities. Transport and environment departments within these bodies oversee environmental activities in conjunction with the city’s master plan which is defined based on economic, environmental and cultural priorities. Among the main environmental issues dealt with are poor air quality, noise load, waste management, water management, natural areas protection, municipal greenery maintenance etc. Within the last few years the effect of stationary air pollution sources (arising from solid fuel combustion) has decreased while the role of traffic as an air pollution source is increasingly dominant. The number of cars owned by citizens has steeply increased since 1992 (see Figure 2 below) as well as transport volumes (which is near to full capacity in the city centre) while the use of public transport (three metro lines, buses, trams) is steadily decreasing. Figure 2: Increases in car ownership BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES IOZIP (including precursor activities undertaken during the mid-1980s) was established owing to an increasing awareness of environmental problems and the need to effectively manage these through reliable and consistent environmental data and information. Following the political changes in 1989, the demand for freely accessible information increased, particularly among experts and public users. Furthermore, the passage of legislation like Act No. 244/1992 on Environmental Impact Assessment and Act No.123/1998 on Environmental Right to Know provided the necessary legal grounds for developing such a system like IOZIP. Among the main objectives of the IOZIP system are to: • collect and process data on environmental quality in key sectors; • acquire and store environmental data from different sources (specialized systems) (see Figure 4 below); • provide information for which no other source is available; • act as a meta-source, providing reference information to other projects and data sources; • provide aggregate data based on that collected from different sources (GIS analyses, models); • generate output data at different levels for different users (management, experts, education, public); • enable easy access to environmental information for the public; and, • to undertake these tasks relying on the use of information technologies, including databases and GIS to store and collect data, and telematics and standard printed form to disseminate information. Figure 3: Noise data compiled from PUDIS PRESENT STAGE OF IMPLEMENTATION The System has been operating since 1994. Source data is acquired from other information systems (for instance, those used at the state level), is ordered (purchased) for instance measurements, modelling data etc., and collected from other specialised municipal environmental projects. These connections have become well established (through regular contacts, agreements, and contracts). For instance, close relations to other municipal environmental projects are maintained, in relation to air under ATEM - air quality modelling (see Figure 4 below), PREMIS - presentation of real-time air quality monitoring data, and REZZO - for the management of emissions and air pollution sources registers. Figure 4: Based on air quality data received from ATEM, IOZIP offers the following processed maps The technical tools for data transfer from these sources is well-developed (relying on FoxPro applications). The digitization and conversion of graphical data into requested format s takes place through tools such as GIS MapInfo and ArcView. A central database of 11 data files has been converted into Oracle format. For the end-user, database and GIS applications have been developed for data visualization while newer state of the art versions are currently being prepared. The off-line distribution of data for selected users (including the city authorities) is also handled by IOZIP and is regularly updated. For instance, annual reports on Prague’s Environment (see Figure 5 below), maps, atlas and other specific publications are regularly issued and distributed (in Czech and in English). Selected publications are also made available via the Internet at <http://www.praha-mesto.cz>. The System will continue to collect and process data, and to standardize the data disseminated. Further datafiles will be transfereed into Oracle database format, including that data collected from ATEM and REZZO. On-line access to information from database registers using the world wide web (WWW)-Intranet/Internet is also planned as well as the presentation of GIS data, including for example the City’s digital environmental atlas. Financing and Resources Used: The IOZIP System costs approximately EUR 150-200,000 to operate annually. This includes the total cost, however, some durable equipment investments, for instance, servers, local area networks, Internet capacity, Unix servers etc. Some of these items have also been funded through other projects. A specific breakdown reveals: a) measurements, studies, data acquisition (app. 30 percent of the above budget) b) data entry management, digitization, databases and GIS data management, software programming, user interfaces (including Internet WWW), hardware innovation (app. 35 percent) c) preparation and release of user outputs as publications, i.e. yearbooks, maps, CD-ROM, leaflets etc. (app. 35 percent). Ninety-five percent of the costs have been covered by the City of Prague’s municipal budget as a part of its City information project undertaken annually since 1993. The Czech Ministry of Environment further contributed five percent under a grant award in 1995. and CD-ROM TECHNICAL PROFILE OF PROJECT The IOZIP system is centralised within IMIP and cooperation with the City of Prague administration, companies (e.g. Hydrosoft Veleslavin, EnviTypo etc.). managed by IMIP in data providers and private FoxPro and Oracle are the main tools relied upon to collected and store environmental data, as well as GIS equipment including MapInfo and ArcView (as shapefiles). A local area network (LAN) within IMIP facilitates data transfer. Database and GIS applications enable data presentation including offline distribution (supported also by CD-ROM for experts within the City administration). An Internet server enables dissemination of data via the WWW, with a MapObjects Internet server also used. Oracle is the platform being increasingly relied upon to serve as the database management system. RESULTS AND IMPACTS The results and data produced through IOZIP have met the initial objectives of the System. Although the economic impacts of the System have not been measured, the informational support and easy access to environmental data is appreciated by City experts, decisonmakers and citizens. The resulting data also plays a significant role in city development and territorial planning, for environmental studies, and environmental impact assessement, and also other areas of expertise. BARRIERS AND CONFLICTS Among those issues proving to be most problematic in terms of planning the project were the determination of priorities and which environmental information to process. The consequent data acquisition and conversion from different sources also posed an obstacle. Furthermore, financial constraints limited which technologies could be used, as well as the operation of the system. Finally, the limited technical expertise of many of those involved, ranging from users to experts, hindered some of the benefits to be obtained from the use of such a System. TRANSFERABILITY The principle and methodologies adopted for IOZIP (including the scope of data sets, the technological tools, compilation of output information) can be transferred to practically any city location. Some SW tools used within IOZIP can also be provided to potential users. However, in addressing the issue of transferability, one must bear in mind the background of national legislation which the system helps support, the organisational structure of Prague’s City administration and also the contents of the data stored and processed which might not be appropriate to other authorities. LESSONS LEARNED IOZIP learned communication between institutions collecting environmental data, and the city administration is of critical importance in order to ensure the full operation and benefit of such a system. Negotiation and mutual cooperation of the institutions involved will offer dividends, and a clear indication of the benefits to be had will help ensure participation of the key players, and resulting comittments (financial also). In order to ensure the technical capacity of the users and experts supporting such computerised applications, training procedures must be clear and simple, and must be tailored according to the technical level of the audience. This is essential in order to ensure acceptance and adoption of the tools being made available. Improving the promotion of the product and/or system, its “advertising” will also help, and soliciting feedback from users will help to ensure their needs are constantly met. FURTHER INFORMATION: Jaroslav Solc, Information System Manager Institute of Municipal Informatics of the City of Prague Zatecka 2, 110 01 Prague 1, Czech Republic Tel: (420-2) 2448-5314, Fax: (420-2) 2481-1902, E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.praha-mesto.cz Ivan Blazek, Technical Support (Oracle, GIS) Hydrosoft Veleslavin, U Sadu 13, 162 00 Prague 6 Tel/Fax: (420-2) 2061-1045-6, E-mail: [email protected], Internet: http://www.hv.cz OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION: · City Environmental Reports / Yearbooks: (in English) Prague Environment 1993/94, 95, 96, 97, 98 and under preparation: 99 (available online under: http://www.praha-mesto.cz/zivpro/english.htm) · Statistical publication: Prague Environment – trends and statistics · Environmental Atlas of Prague part I (1997), part II (1998) · CD-ROM Prague Environment 1 (1997), 2 (1998), 3 in preparation - with hypertext versions of publications · Thematic maps (GIS-output) (Note: Publications, CD-ROM, atlas, maps are distributed free of charge to (municipal administration, cooperating institutions, and advertisers) and sold to the public (at a subsidised price) Name of the Demonstration Project (case study): BLACK SEA WEB: Black Sea Marine Environmental Management Support System based on Telematics Demonstration Site(s): Black Sea Region, Including Ukraine, Russia and Romania Duration of the Project: Start: September 1998 End: September 2000 ABSTRACT SHRNUTÍ The Black Sea Web offers a Marine Environmental Management Support System that ensures informed decisionmaking can be practised by water managers and policy-makers. It’s focus is the Black Sea region, including Ukraine, Russia and Romania and it provides relevant information supporting environmental management. The Black Sea Web System functions with data embedded into dynamic technologies such as the Internet and GIS. The system helps simplify past and present technical datasets by compiling and storing this information. Because it improves information exchange and access, as well as ability to forecast, the System offers local, regional and national administrations with a powerful tool to assist in decision-making, thereby contributing to more coordinated and better managed environmental actions. The application was co-funded by the EC and can be implemented in any marine environment, local, regional or transboundary. Informaèní systém o životním prostøedí Environmental Information System of Prague anebo IOZIP sbírá a zpracovává data o životním prostøedí v oblasti Prahy. Systém provozuje Institut mìstské informatiky hl. mìsta Prahy (IMIP). Hlavními složkami - tématickými okruhy - jsou ovzduší, voda, krajina, odpady, hluk. Systém také poskytuje dodateèné údaje o dopravì, populaci atd. související s otázkami životního prostøedí, na které se pøedstavitelé mìsta zamìøují. Systém pro zpracování dat je vybudován na databázích a GIS – geografických informaèních systémech. Cílovými uživateli jsou vedení mìsta, odborníci, a veøejnost. Provozní náklady na systém IOZIP jsou pøibližnì 150-200 000.- EUR roènì a systém pøedpokládá investice do zaøízení, napø. serveru, místní sítì LAN, internetu, serveru UNIX atd. Malé technické zkušenosti mnoha uživatelù a odborníkù brzdily pøínos, který se od používání IOZIP oèekával. Dùležitým prvkem je komunikace mezi institucemi, které jsou odpovìdny za sbìr environmentálních dat a administrativou mìsta, která je kompiluje a zajiš•uje plnou funkènost a pøínos systému. STRESZCZENIE oferuje System Wspom-agania Zarz¹dzania Œrodo-wiskiem Morskim (Marine Environmental Management Support System), który zapewnia zarz¹dzaj¹cym wod-ami i osobom odpowiedzialnym za wytyczanie kierunków dzia³ania mo¿liwoœæ podejmowania decyzji w oparciu o rzetelne informacje. Sieæ skupia siê na rejonie Morza Czarnego, w³¹czaj¹c w to Ukrainê, Rosjê i Rumuniê, i dostarcza odpowiednich informacji, wspomagaj¹cych zarz¹dzanie œrodowiskiem, przy wykorzystaniu osadzania danych w dynamicznych technologiach, takich jak Internet i GIS. System ten pomaga uproœciæ wczeœniejsze i obecne specjalistyczne zestawy danych przez ich opracowywanie (kompilowanie) i przechowywanie. Poprzez doskonalenie potencja³u w zakresie wymiany, dostêpu i prognozowania, System oferuje w³adzom lokalnym, regionalnym i krajowym potê¿ne narzêdzie do pomocy w podejmowaniu decyzji, przyczyniaj¹c siê do wiêkszej koordynacji i lepszego kierowania dzia³a-niami proekologicznymi. Aplikacja ta by³a wspó³finansowana przez Komisjê Europejsk¹ i mo¿e zostaæ wdro¿ona w dowolnym œrodowisku mors-kim lokalnym, regionalnym czy te¿ transgranicznym. SITE PROFILE The Black Sea Region has a total land area of about 1,500,000 km 2 and a population of 245 million people. Economic activities are based in heavy industry, textiles, mining, agriculture and fishing. The Black Sea itself is an almost closed sea, being bordered by countries with intensive agriculture and several harbours with or without very limited water treatment capacity. This anthropic pressure has a very important impact on the Black Sea’s environmental state. Administrations are concentrated on ensuring the ecological function (biological, chemical and physical) of the Black Sea and its marine ecosystem. Any environmental problem may encompass a part of the region including several countries. Figure 1: The Black Sea Region and the Currents of the Black Sea © Copyright blackseaweb.net - All rights Reserved. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The Black Sea Action Plan calls for active measures to be undertaken in order to maintain and improve the undamaged State of the Black Sea ecosystem. This can not be effectively realized without the availability of real-time information on the ecological aspects of the region. The Black Sea Web application is intended to provide such information and assist decision-makers in implementing adequate integrated marine environmental management of the Region. Often the required data exists, however, it is not always in possession of the organisation which needs this data and in the required format. Direct and uniform access to external regional data (bases), based on Telematics, can assist water managers, for instance, who have to deal with different kinds of data (sets). These datasets can be combined with other data types and information sources. The information can then be embedded in a dynamic GIS-based Management Support System with a user-friendly interface. Such a Management Support System could provide the user with an interactive working model, integrated at various scales, with viewing output in time and space and comparison of input and output data. To build and validate such an application, access to meta-information is required. The Objectives of the Black Sea Web application are therefore the development of a Marine Environmental Management Decision Support System based on a Central Meta Directory as the central element and GIS applications. The System includes automated procedures and telematic solutions based upon Internet technologies for accessing actual distributed databases. The use of the system will be encouraged throughout the Black Sea Region. PRESENT STAGE OF IMPLEMENTATION In January 1999, the Black Sea Web Website was launched online under: <HTTP://WWW.BLACKSEAWEB.NET>. From January 2000 the system was made fully operable, and freely accessible through the Black Sea Web website. Users only require an Internet connection to use the system, which they must organize themselves. To support the further development of the system, the site offers an Electronic Sounding Board (ESB) which is used for End-User Consultation. The Board consists of representatives of environmental and governmental organisations from the Black Sea Countries, including UNEP, UNDP, GEG, IOC, EU, NATO and others. The members of the Board are potential end-users, and through the Board are informed about the Black Sew Web project and requested to state their end-user requirements regarding the system. Financing and Resources Used: The development of the System has cost around EUR 365,485 to implement, with co-funding of up to 250,000 received from the European Commission (EC). East European partners were fully financed by the EC’s 4th Framework Programme and INCO-COPERNICUS, and will continue to finance themselves beyond project close. After Project end, the maintenance and up-dating of the system will probably be financed by the East European partners, governments and partner organisations. The System will be installed at the Moscow State University server and MHI server. TECHNICAL PROFILE OF PROJECT The Black Sea Marine Environmental Management Support System (Black Sea Web) enables access to each the data of those organisations dealing with marine environmental data of the Black Sea. Data is generally collected on an independent basis and stored locally. The Black Sea Web connects several databases, which are physically separated, but appear as one. For instance, the Black Sea database of the Marine Hydro Physical Institute in Ukraine, containing physical and geo-chemical data on the marine Black Sea environment, and the database of the Romanian Marine Geology and Geo-ecology Centre containing geological and geo-ecological data are stored in partners’ offices. By means of the System, remote access will be possible to the databases in partners offices. In a further step (meta-) data from other CEE/NIS organisations may be involved, as well as from past and on-going UNEP projects. For instance, new databases will be remotely connected to the system using remote data access software which will be freely trasferred to the new database partner. They simply have to sign a normal agreement with the partners’ consortium. Connection to the system is free. There are no requirements toward the nature of the database, however: • the new partner must have an Internet connection and their own (database) server; • each data item must have a meta-data description, with the following mandatory meta-data fields: coordinate pairs, date of collection and data ID of data sourceholder or measuring location. Fig. 2: Screenshot of a Dataset query The Black Sea Web consists of the following main elements: • A remote Data Access Module (see Fig.2 above), providing the user with a tool to search a number of heterogeneous databases from the World Wide Web, using a standard WWW browser. The user can query a Central Meta Directory to identify a number of distributed catalogues. The user can formulate queries to the different catalogues using menus, forms and possibly cartographic information. • A Central Meta Directory (CMD) serves as the central element of the system. It follows the guidelines of the Catalogue of Data Sources of the European Environment Agency. The CMD describes the information available and at what location, and is installed as a World Wide Web Server (WWW). • An Application Layer Module, to process and present data and information, largely based upon a Geographical Information System used for geographical interfacing. In general, the datasets can be sub-divided into administrative units, such as borders of countries, restricted economic zones, topographic data, such as watersheds, rivers, seas, cities, geo-thematic source material, such as optical or microwave remote sensing data, processed geo-thematic data, such as sea surface temperature, geological, geochemical and geo-ecological monitoring data, and bathymetry data RESULTS AND IMPACTS The Black Sea Web enables different organizations and governments to access each other’s data on an independent basis, while maintaining control of their own data. This also provides national and regional governments with an adequate management tool and helps policy and decision-makers in their tasks to implement an adequate integrated marine environmental policy and successful management of the Black Sea Region. Moreover, the System can also be expected to improve environmental awareness among the Black Sea governments and society both within the region and beyond. In general the benefits can be summarized as follows: • Improved availability and accessibility to (environmental) meta-data sets through the user-friendly World Wide Web; • Improved (trans) national meta-data exchange and cooperation; • Stimulation of public environmental and social awareness; • Improved input for (environmental) policy development and policy making with respect to the Black Sea Region; • Improved input for environmental research on behalf of governmental policy development and fundamental scientific research. TRANSFERABILITY In general, the Black Sea Web concept is applicable for other (environmentally threatened) trans-boundary and regional seas in Eastern Europe, including the Aral Sea, Caspian Sea, Gdansk Bay, Vistula Lagoon, Baltic Sea) as well as within the EC, including the North Sea, Mediterranean, the Adriatic. Moreover, the concept is also applicable for (trans)national lakes, such as Lake Balaton, rivers, such as the Volga, Rhine, Meuse, Danube, estuaries and river deltas, such as the Rhone Delta and Vistula Delta, as well as environmentally threatened mainland regions, such as the Camarque and environmental valuable regions in the CEE/NIS countries. Among the main requirements for marine managers within different organisations looking to develop such a system are: Internet access and Internet server capacity, a fixed telecommunication line, geographic information system capacity wherein data can be processed and presented through an application layer module, and an understanding of the european environment agency’s catalogue of data sources. To further support exploitation of the concept, an exploitation plan will be developed within the framework of the project. LESSONS LEARNED Any project or the development of any application must begin with the appropriate definition of tasks, responsibilities, and (planning and action point) appointments. This is central to the success of the project and encourages cooperation and a non-competitive environment. The acceptance of the project within the partnership and their “home” organisation(s) will help to deliver quality results, as does the building up of personal relationships between the partner’s involved. A pragmatic management approach is required in order to efficiently problem share and solve. FURTHER INFORMATION: Peter Davis MARIS Dillenburgsingel 69 2263 HW Leidschendam Netherlands Tel: (31-70) 317-0960 Tax: (31-70) 390-3546 E-mail: [email protected] G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION ANNEX I: GOOD PRACTICE TEMPLATE 1 Title of Case Study 2 Location of Project 3 Duration of Project 4 Site Profile (urban/regional/national/transnational) 5 Abstract 6 Background and objectives 7 Present stage of implementation 8 Technical profile of project 9 Results and Impacts 10 Barriers and Conflicts 11 Transferability 155 G OOD P R A C T I C E S IN E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION 12 Lessons learned 13 Additional Information 156