PiKu 1
Transkript
PiKu 1
Training Options and Rootstock Choice for Modern Sweet Cherry Orchards Martin Balmer, DLR Rheinpfalz © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau Folie 1 6 Reasons for Low Training Forms and Dwarfing Rootstocks: Steeply rising wages Mechanization of pruning and thinning Big companies, few specialist staff Need for protection (frost, hail, rain, flies) Poor availability of seasonal workers Better application of pesticides and leaf fertilizers © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau Folie 2 Trial 15402: Training Trial for ‚Samba‘ and ‚Sweetheart‘ Location: Experimental Orchard Oppenheim, loam, vine-growing area Planting: January 2009 Nr. Variant Rootstock Distance Treenumber 1 Spindle, planting material knip tree PiKu 1 5,0 x 3,0 m 2x6 2 UFO (Upright Fruiting Offshoots) PiKu 1 5,0 x 3,0 m 2x6 3 Spanish Bush, planting material whip PiKu 1 5,0 x 3,5 m 2x6 4 Flat Canopy, planting material branched 2 years old scion PiKu 1 5,0 x 4,0 m 2x6 © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau Folie 3 The German Spindle (in US: Central Leader) ‚Sweetheart‘/PiKu1, 3rd leaf © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau ‚Samba‘/PiKu1, 4th leaf Folie 4 Training Trial Oppenheim Planting: January 2009, Rootstock PiKu1, 5.0 by 3.0 m • „Einfluss verschiedener Erziehungssysteme auf Ertrag, Qualität, Arbeitsaufwand und Baumgesundheit.“ • Sorten: ‚Samba‘, ‚Sweetheart‘ • Unterlage: PiKu 1 • Abstand: 5 m x 3,5 m • Design: 6 x 1 Bäume • Erziehungsformen: - Spindel - UFO - Spanish Bush (modifiziert) - Flachkrone © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau Folie 5 The UFO-System (Upright Fruiting Offshoots) ‚Sweetheart‘/PiKu1, 4th leaf © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau Folie 6 The “Spanish Bush” ‚Sweetheart‘/PiKu1, 4th leaf © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau Folie 7 Spanish Bush: Growth Response to Mechanical Pruning ‚Samba‘/PiKu1, nach Jahr 6 © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau Folie 8 The Flat Canopy ‚Sweetheart‘/PiKu1, ‚Sweetheart‘/PiKu1, 3rd leaf 8th leaf © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau Folie 9 Results until 2015 (P. Hilsendegen, M. Balmer, M. Wicke) © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau Folie 10 Yield per Tree 2012-2015 [kg/tree] Yield Efficiency 2014 [kg/cm²] [kg/tree] 60 50 40 Samba Sweetheart [kg/cm²] 0,6 kg/B 15 kg/B 14 0,5 kg/B 13 kg/B 12 0,4 kg/cm² 14 30 0,3 20 0,2 10 0,1 0 © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau 0 Folie 11 Oppenheim: Yield per Tree [kg/tree] and Picking Rate [kg/hour] 2015 (Wicke and Paridon) kg/tree kg/tree 25 kg/hour kg/hour 45 41 40 20 33 35 35 29 30 15 Samba 19 Sweetheart 25 18 10 12 20 15 11 10 5 5 0 13,4 9,8 © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau 15,9 20,7 21,8 5,5 6,84 16,7 0 Folie 12 Potential of the Super Slender Axis (SSA) on the Oppenheim Exp. Station (Peter Hilsendegen) Cultivation System: SSA, Stefano Musacchi and Salvi Nurseries Goal: Intensification with high planting density with regular yields and big fruit size – justifying the high investment Planting Material: 1 year old whips Planting Date: January 2013 Spacing: 3.00 m x 0.54 m (5,556 trees/ha) Varieties: Axel, Ferrovia, Kordia, Regina (45 trees each) Rootstock: Gisela 5 Cooperative project: Salvi/Ferrara, LVG Erfurt, DLR Rheinpfalz © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau - Martin Balmer Folie 13 Oppenheim Vers. Nr.: 14419 Pj.: 1/2013 n = 45 3,00 x 0,50m 5.556 B/ha SSA (Super Slender Axis) © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau Folie 14 Oppenheim Vers. Nr.: 14419 Pj.: 1/2013 n = 45 3,00 x 0,50m 6000 B/ha SSA, Yield kg per tree kg and tons/ha [kg/tree] [t/ha] Yield 2014-2015 kg/tree 15 kg/tree 14 t/ha 14 t/ha 15 8 30 6 20 4 2 10 0 0 Axel © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau Ferrovia Kordia Regina Folie 15 Trial 36314: Training Trial for ‚Samba‘ and ‚Korvik‘ Location: Experimental Orchard of the local growers‘ association of the middle-Rhine valley, replanting situation Planting: February 2012 Nr. Variant Rootstock Distance Treenumber 1 Spindle, planting material knip tree Gisela 5 4,25 x 2,0 m 2x7 2 KGB (Kym-Green-Bush), stem hight 60 cm Gisela 13 4,25 x 2,5 m 2x6 3 UFO (Upright Fruiting Offshoots) Gisela 13 4,25 x 3,0 m 2x5 4 Fruiting wall, knip trees, slight hand Gisela 5 pruning in year 1+2, from Jahr 3 only mechanical pruning in August 4,25 x 1,0 m 2 x 12 © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau Folie 16 ‚Korvik‘ ‚Samba‘ Variant 2: Kym-Green-Bush © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau Folie 17 Variant 4: Fruiting Wall © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau (‚Korvik‘, 5th leaf) Folie 18 2015: Yield Efficiency [g/cm²] (Yield per tree related to TCSA) 200 g/cm² 180 160 140 120 100 80 Samba 60 Korvik 40 20 0 160 92 © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau 67 144 163 106 41 129 Folie 19 Yield, 2014+2015 [t/ha], Picking Rate 2015 [kg/hour] t/ha '14 t/ha t/ha '15 kg/Std kg/hour 20 30 18 25 25 16 20 14 12 10 8 21 20 17 Samba 6 4 Korvik 15 10 5 2 0 © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau 0 Folie 20 2015: Size Performance [% >28mm], Reject Rate [%] % 100 % >28 mm 100 99 % Reject Rate 98 93 90 88 84 77 80 70 57 60 Samba 50 Korvik 40 30 22,7 22,7 23,3 16,3 20 10 23,3 10 10,1 10,9 0 © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau Folie 21 „In Germany: Is the Spindle still the best Training Form?“ • Yes, when tree hight is limited consistently and the basic scaffold can be maintained vigorously. • For the lower tree forms the flat canopy seems to be interesting, especially with regard to the picking rate. • The natural habit of the variety is influencing the result. • Super slender axis (SSA): positive until now, but: how do trees, tonnage and quality develop? • Systems with mechanical pruning: without manual correction cuts heterogeneous quality (subsequent grading necessary/useful). • For all training forms more experience is necessary taking into account economical calculations. © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau Folie 22 Another Path: Rootstock Choice Requirements: • • • • • • • • • • • • Dwarfing or semi-dwarfing Good anchorage, no pole necessary Good precocity, inducing high yields and good fruit size Positive influence on branching, flat angles „Eternal“ compatibility Tolerant to virus and mycoplasm diseases Easy to propagate Frost hardy Not attractive for mice No (or only few) root suckers Suitable for replanted land .... © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau Folie 23 Rootstock Trial Mülheim-Kärlich „Behaviour of dwarfing and semi-dwarfing cherry rootstocks under the pedoclimatic conditions of the Middle-Rhinevalley.“ Rootstocks: Gisela 3 Gisela 5 Tabel Weiroot 72 PiKu 1 PiKu 4 Krymsk 5 PHL-A PHL-C Victor Varieties: ‚Giorgia‘ und ‚Regina‘ Planting: December 2002, spacing 4.50 x 2.50 m Site: loamy sand with 30% pumice stone, 600 mm yearly precipitation, new land Design: 2 cultivars x 10 rootstocks x 3 replications with 3 trees © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau - Martin Balmer Folie 24 Gisela 3 /Giorgia, 8 years © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau - Martin Balmer Gisela 5 /Regina, 8 years Folie 25 PiKu1 /Regina, 8 years © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau - Martin Balmer PiKu 4, 8 years, root suckers Folie 26 Victor /Regina, 8 years © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau - Martin Balmer Krymsk 5 /Giorgia, 8 years Folie 27 Vigour after 8 Years, Average TCSA [cm²], 2003- 2010 160 TCSA, cm² 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 PI-KU 4 Gisela 5 2003 PHL-A 2004 PI-KU 1 Krymsk 5 PHL-C 2005 © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau - Martin Balmer 2006 2007 Victor 2008 Gisela 3 Tabel Weiroot (209/1) Edabriz 72 2009 2010 Folie 28 ‘Giorgia’, Cumulative Yield per Tree 2005 – 2011, Mülheim-Kärlich kg 2005 kg 2006 kg 2007 kg 2008 kg 2009 kg 2010 kg 2011 80 70 kg per tree 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 GiSelA 3 GiSelA 5 PHL-A PHL-C © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau - Martin Balmer PI-KU 1 PI-KU 4 Tabel Edabriz Victor Krymsk Weiroot 5 72 Folie 29 ‘Regina’, Cumulative Yield per Tree 2005 – 2011, Mülheim-Kärlich kg 2005 kg 2006 kg 2007 kg 2008 kg 2009 kg 2010 kg 2011 80 70 kg per tree 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 GiSelA 3 GiSelA 5 PHL-A PHL-C © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau - Martin Balmer PI-KU 1 PI-KU 4 Tabel Edabriz Victor Krymsk Weiroot 5 72 Folie 30 ‚Regina‘ and ‚Giorgia‘, 2010 Yield Efficiency 350 300 g/cm² 250 200 150 100 50 0 GiSelA 3 GiSelA 5 PHL-A PHL-C © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau - Martin Balmer PI-KU 1 PI-KU 4 Tabel Edabriz Victor Krymsk Weiroot 5 72 Folie 31 Fruit Weight [g] ‚Giorgia‘ over 6 Years Rootstock trial Mülheim-Kärlich Rootstock 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Gisela 3 9.7 10.6 8.9 11.3 10.4 9.2 Gisela 5 9.5 10.2 8.8 11.7 10.4 9.4 PHL-A 8.9 10.5 9.5 11.0 10.2 10.2 PHL-C 8.8 10.6 9.4 10.9 10.6 9.9 PiKu 1 9.3 10.1 9.3 11.5 10.7 10.0 PiKu 4 9.4 10.8 8.6 10.9 10.2 9.1 Tabel 8.9 10.6 8.5 10.9 9.5 8.8 Victor 9.1 10.6 9.2 11.1 10.0 10.2 Krymsk 5 8.4 10.1 9.2 10.9 10.3 9.1 Weiroot 72 8.8 10.4 8.8 11.4 10.2 9.0 © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau - Martin Balmer Folie 32 Tendancy to root suckers 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 Weiroot 72 Krymsk 5 1 = none Victor 3 = few Tabel Edabriz PI-KU 4 5 = medium PI-KU 1 7 = high 9 = very high PHL-C PHL-A GiSelA 5 GiSelA 3 1 2 © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau - Martin Balmer 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Folie 33 New Rootstock Trial since 2013 Locatins: Oppenheim, Koblenz, Erfurt Rootstock Station Planting Origin Weigi 1 Weihenstephan 2013 Weiroot-Selections x Gießen Sel. 482 Weigi 2 Weihenstephan 2013 Weiroot-Selections x Gießen Sel. 482 Weigi 3 Weihenstephan 2013 Weiroot-Selections x Gießen Sel. 482 Weigi 4 Weihenstephan 2013 Weiroot-Selections x Gießen Sel. 482 Weiroot 720 Weihenstephan 2013 Selection from W 72 (P. cerasus) Piku 1 Dresden-Pillnitz 2013 P. avium x (P. canescens x P. tomentosa) Gisela 3 Gießen 2013 P. cerasus ‚Schattenmorelle‘ x P. canescens Gisela 5 Gießen 2013 P. cerasus ‚Schattenmorelle‘ x P. canescens Gisela 5 high grafted Gießen 2013 P. cerasus ‚Schattenmorelle‘ x P. canescens Gisela 12 Gießen 2013 P. canescens x P. cerasus ‚Leitzkauer’ Gisela 13 Gießen 2013 P. cerasus ‚Schattenmorelle‘ x P. canescens G 196/4 Gießen 2013 P. canescens x P. avium ‘Hedelfinger’ © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau Folie 34 Ranking Tree Growth Autumn 2015 Average of ‚Bellise‘ and ‚Regina‘ 40 35 34 30 36 32 27 25 TCSA cm² 35 25 25 28 26 23 20 15 15 10 5 0 © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau Folie 35 Generative Data ‚Bellise‘ Cumulated Yield [kg per tree] 2015+2016 10 9 8 kg per tree 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 kg/tree 2015 © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau kg/tree 2016 Folie 36 ‚Bellise‘ Yield Efficiency and Small Fruits (<28 mm), 2016 250 30 25 200 g/cm² 150 15 100 % <28 mm 20 10 50 5 0 0 g/cm² © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau % <28 mm Folie 37 ‚Regina‘ Yield per Tree and Yield Efficiency 2015 4,00 350 3,50 300 250 2,50 200 2,00 150 g/cm² kg per tree 3,00 1,50 1,11 1,14 100 1,00 0,71 0,53 0,50 0,39 0,34 0,60 0,51 0,44 50 0,20 0,13 0,00 0 kg/Tree © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau 0,50 g/cm² Folie 38 Vigour of Available Rootstocks, % (Estimation) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 P. avium P. mahaleb Maxma 60 Colt © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau - Martin Balmer Gisela 13 Gisela 12 (PiKu 1) Gisela 3 Gisela 6 Gisela 5 W 720 PiKu 1 Weigi 2 Weigi 1 Folie 39 Thank you for your attention! Martin Balmer [email protected] www.dlr-rheinpfalz.rlp.de www.obstbau.rlp.de www.obstbau.net © DLR Rheinpfalz - Kompetenzzentrum Gartenbau ... and special thanks to my colleagues Peter Hilsendegen Rolf Wemhöner Folie 40