docKoncept fenoménu v regionální diverzit vegetace (literární reśerśe
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Koncept fenoménu v regionální diverzit vegetace (literární reśerśe
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Projevy mají ostrovní charakter (v kontextu jak mezoreliéfu, tak i PDNURUHOLpIXDRGOLãXMtVHYODVWQMHQSURVWRURYêPXVSRiGiQtP7DWRSURVWRURYiPtWNDVHQDY]iMHP Y QNWHUêFK REODVWHFK SUROtQDMt SURMHY\ tþQtKR D NUDVRYpKR IHQRPpQX Y ýHVNpP NUDVX SURMHY\ KDGFRYpKRDYUFKRORYpKRIHQRPpQXYH6ODYNRYVNpPOHVHDSRGYL]QiVOHGXMtFtSHKOHG 1 3HKOHGHNRORJLFNêFKIHQRPpQ$ )HQRPpQ\SRGPtQQpKRUQLQRXDMHMtPJHRUHOLpIHPQD~URYQLPDNURDåPH]RUHOLpIX DStVNRYFRYêIHQRPpQIHQRPpQStVNRYFRYêFKVNDOQtFKPVW ENUDVRYêIHQRPpQDStEX]QêGRORPLWRYêIHQRPpQ c) slínovcový fenomén (opuky, flyše) HQHRYXONDQLWRYêIHQRPpQYXONDQLW\VRSHþQêUHOLpI )HQRPpQ\SRGPtQQp~åLYQRVWtDUR]SDGHPKRUQLQWYRtFtFKPH]RPLNURUHOLpI DQHRYXONDQLWRYêIHQRPpQYORåN\YêOHYQêFKYXONDQLFNêFKKRUQLQ\ b) hadcový fenomén c) sprašový fenomén d) fenomén sutí )HQRPpQ\SRGPtQQpHUR]QtþLQQRVWtYRG\PH]RDPLNURNOLPDWHPDY]GXãQêPSURXGQtP DtþQtIHQRPpQ b) údolní fenomén c) vrcholový fenomén d) fenomén mrazových kotlin e) karový fenomén f) fenomén sutí -LQRXVWUXNWXUXE\FKRPGRVWDOLSRNXG E\FKRP Y]DOL MDNR WtGtFt KOHGLVNR WYDU\ JHRUHOLpIX NRQYH[Qt NRQNiYQt SORFKp þL KOHGLVND G\QDPLFNp JHRPRUIRORJLH ]YWUiYiQt PRGHODFH VYDK$ IOXYLiOQt NU\RJHQQt D HROLFNp SRFKRG\ 3URWR VH SL SRSLVX MHGQRWOLYêFK HNRORJLFNêFK IHQRPpQ$ EXGX GUåHW NRPELQRYDQpKRSURVWRURYpKRDIXQNþQtKRKOHGLVNDS$VREHQtIHQRPpQX )\WRLQGLNDFHHNRORJLFNêFKIHQRPpQ$VSRþtYiYHI\WRJHRJUDILFN\þLHNRORJLFN\Yê]QDPQpPYêVN\WX XUþLWêFK GUXK$ þL VSROHþHQVWHY -HGQi VH ]HMPpQD R PH]Qp UHOLNWQt UHIXJLD UH]LGXD GHPRQWiQQt D GHDOStQVNp YêVN\W\ HQGHPLVPXV DSRG WHUPLQRORJLH YL] +ROXE HW -LUiVHN +DGDþ Holub 1987). $)HQRPpQ\SRGPtQQpKRUQLQDPLQD~URYQLPDNURDåPH]RUHOLpIXDVSHFLILFNRX~åLYQRVWtQD úrovni mikroreliéfu 1.1. Pískovcový fenomén MHQNG\WDNpR]QDþRYiQMDNRIHQRPpQStVNRYFRYêFKVNDOQtFKPVW&tOHNHW DOMHMGHILQXMtMDNRVRXERUåLYêFKDQHåLYêFKVORåHNNUDMLQ\Yi]DQêQDVSHFLILFNêW\SUHOLpIX± QDVNDOQtPVWDYU$]QpPVWXSQLYêYRMH3RGUREQMLE\OVWXGRYiQ]KOHGLVNDJHRORJLHDJHRPRUIRORJLH YSUDFHFK.XþHUD%HW3HWtþHN&tOHNHW.RSHFNêYWLVNX9HJHWDþQVHSURMHYXMHYêVN\WHP VRXERUX HNRORJLFN\ Y\KUDQQêFK VSROHþHQVWHY NWHUp VSROX ]D QRUPiOQtFK RNROQRVWt SURVWRURY QHVRXYLVHMt %\O ]D]QDPHQiQ QD StNODGX .RNRtQVNpKR GROX .XþHUD HW DO .XþHUD HW âSU\DU D]iYLVtQDQiVOHGXMtFtFKIDNWRUHFKNYiGURYpStVNRYFHMVRXGREHUR]SDGDYpDSURSXVWQpSUR YRGX D Y\WYiHMt ERKDWVWYt VNDOQtFK WYDU$ VNDOQt PVWD VORXS\ D YåH VRXWVN\ DWG D WYDU$ SLSRPtQDMtFtFK NUDVRYp MHY\ QDS ãNUDS\ ]iYUW\ þL MHVN\Q %DODWND HW 6OiGHN 9ãHFKQ\ W\WR WYDU\ Yi]DQp QD StVNRYHF RVWH RGOLãXMt StVNRYFRYê UHOLpI RG RNROQt NUDMLQ\ 3RORPHQp KRU\ PDMt FKDUDNWHUþOHQLWpSDKRUNDWLQ\DåSORFKpYUFKRYLQ\'HPHNHWDOVKXVWRX~GROQtVtWtÒGROtMVRX NDRQRYLWiKOXERNiDåPGtN\GREUpSURSXVWQRVWLþDVWREH]YRGi9KRUQtFKþiVWHFKMVRXVRXWVN\ 2 SHFKi]HMtFtQiKOHYURYQpQiSODYRYp GQR 5HOLpI StVNRYFH Y\WYit FHORX ãNiOX RULHQWDFt D VNORQ$ YUVWY\ NYiGURYêFK StVNRYF$ VWHGQtKR D VYUFKQtKR WXURQX MVRX RGGOHQp MtORYLWêPL StVNRYFL YiSQLWp StVNRYFH Y\VWXSXMt QD SRYUFKX SORãLQ\ D MVRX RGNU\W\ VWUåHPL Y KRUQtFK D VWHGQtFK SRORKiFK URNOt 1PHFFRåXPRåXMHYêVN\WWHSORPLOQêFKKiMRYêFKGUXK$QiURþQêFKQDåLYLQ\DVSROHþHQVWHY VXE[HURILOQtFK GRXEUDY SHVWR åH MH NOLPD REODVWL PtUQ YOKNp D PtUQ WHSOp SURMHYXMH VH Y KOXERNêFKURNOtFKNOLPDWLFNiLQYHU]HVWXGHQêY]GXFKVHGtN\]DVWtQQtGUåtQD GQ URNOt L SHV GHQ NWHUi SRGPLXMH YêVN\W GUXK$ EXþLQ D NOLPD[RYêFK VPUþLQ D PRQWiQQtFK GUXK$ PHFKRURVW$ Y QDGPRVNp YêãFH ± P SRGOH Y\NRSDQp ERKDWp PNNêãt IDXQ\ SUREKOR Y SRVWJODFLiOX ]N\VHOHQt S$G /RåHN NYiGURYp StVNRYFH S$YRGQ KRVWLO\ ERKDWãt IOyUX MHMtå ]E\WN\ GQHV P$åHPH SRYDåRYDW ]D UHOLNWQt 1D .RNRtQVNX MHãW SLVWXSXMt GDOãt IDNWRU\ NWHUp VH SURMHYXMt QiVOHGQêP RERKDFRYiQtP IOyU\ REODVWL QD GQHFK ãLURNêFK ~GROt V QHSURSXVWQêP SRGORåtP VH QDFKi]HMt PRþiO\ V\FHQp SUDPHQ\ ] NtGRYêFK YUVWHY ERKDWêPL QD YiSQR /RåHN Y PRþiOHFK URVWRXVSROHþHQVWYDQiURþQiQDåLYLQ\~]HPtVHQDFKi]tQDSRPH]tWHUPRI\WLNDDPH]RI\WLNDDMH RERKDFRYiQR GUXK\ MHGQDN ]H VRXVHGQtKR 3RODEt MHGQDN ] FKODGQp VXERFHDQLFNp REODVWL -HVWHEVND D 5DOVNREH]G]VNpWDEXOH6iGORD =D SURMHY StVNRYFRYpKR IHQRPpQX O]H ] KOHGLVND GLYHUVLW\ SHGHYãtP SRYDåRYDW WR åH QD ]GiQOLY FKXGpP D MHGQRWYiUQpP StVNRYFRYpP SRGORåt VH QD PDOp SORãH Y\WYit SHVWUi PR]DLND VWDQRYLã" ]QDþQRX PtURX SLVStYDMtFtFK N Y\VRNp GUXKRYp GLYHU]LW VNDOQt YêFKR]\ KRVWtFt UHOLNWQt WHSORPLOQRX YHJHWDFLUHFHQWQt]N\VHOHQtS$GVSUDãtDVSUDãRYêPLKOtQDPLNU\WpVYDK\VPH]RDåHXWURIQtPLGUXK\ OHV$DVHPL[HURWHUPQtFKWUiYQtN$LQYHU]QtURNOHVYêVN\WHPGUXK$VPUþLQDEXþLQGQD~GROtVYRGQtPL toky a bohatou vegetací vodních makrofyt. Vysoká je také beta-diversita a diversita vegetace jako FHONX FRå MH GiQR REURYVNRX G\QDPLNRX UHOLpIX D WtP L NRQFHQWUDFt SHVWUp PR]DLN\ VWDQRYLã" NWHUp KRVWtPQRKRVSHFLDOL]RYDQêFKVSROHþHQVWHYYUHODWLYQPDOpP~]HPt1DRSDNSRURVWQtGLYHUVLWDMHQLåãt VSROHþHQVWYD MVRX GUXKRY FKXGi QHQDV\FHQi &HOi REODVW MH FKDUDNWHUL]RYiQD DFLGRILOQt YHJHWDFt NWHUiQHQtY\YLQXWDSRX]HQDVSUDãRYêFKKOtQiFKDQDGQHFK~GROtVYêYU\YiSQHPRERKDFHQpYRG\ Na plošinách se spraší jsou zbytky subxerofilních doubrav (Quercion pubescenti-petreae) a GXERKDEURYêFKKiM$Carpinion betuliVYêVN\WHPPH]RILOQtFKPH]RWURIQtFKGUXK$QDSSRGOpãNRX OHFKRXþLSWDþLQFHPYHONRNYWêP-LQDNMVRXOHV\WYRHQ\N\VHOêPLGRXEUDYDPLGenisto germanicaeQuercion V DFLGRI\W\ PHWOLþNRX NLYRODNRX NRVWDYRX RYþt ELNRX KDMQt D þHUQêãHP OXþQtP +UDQ\ NDRQ$ D VNDOQDWp VYDK\ MVRX VWDQRYLãW UHOLNWQtFK ERU$ Dicrano-Pinion V ERU$YNRX YHVHP D brusinkou. Svahy v hlubších údolích a dna roklí s projevující se teplotní inverzí jsou charakterizovány GUXKRY FKXGêPL N\VHOêPL EXþLQDPL Luzulo-Fagion 'QD ~GROt V YRGQtPL WRN\ SRU$VWDMt ROãLQ\ (Alnion glutinosae a Alnenion glutinoso-incanae1DGQHFKKOXERFH]Dt]QXWêFKURNOtO]HSHGSRNOiGDW YêVN\WIUDJPHQW$UHOLNWQtFKVPUþLQVaccinio-Piceion) s Trientalis europaea a Calamagrostis villosa a VSODYXQPLHuperzia selago a Lycopodium annotinum. 3ORãLQ\ E\O\ Y KLVWRULFNp GRE RGOHVQQ\ D E\O\ Y\XåtYiQ\ KRVSRGiVN\ 1LYD E\OD SR]PQQD U\EQtN\POêQ\DORXNDPL0tUQMãtVYDK\QDVSUDãLE\O\YHOPLþDVWRWHUDVRYiQ\QDSROtþNDþLY\XåtYiQ\ MDNR VDG\ 6êNRUD / 2ERKDFRYiQt NUDMLQ\ åLYLQDPL VH YHOPL VLOQ SURMHYLOR L PLPR DQWURSRJHQQtS$G\YêVN\WHPQLWURILOQtFKGUXK$DUFKHRI\W$DYSRVOHGQtGRELQHRI\W$ 9êVN\W KRUVNêFK D UHOLNWQtFK GUXK$ Y LQYHU]QtFK URNOtFK D PHQt WHSORWQt LQYHU]H Y /DEVNêFK StVNRYFtFK GRORåLO ýHRYVNê 6iGOR E ]G$UD]XMH PRåQRVW ]DFKRYiQt UHOLNWQtFK W\S$YHJHWDFHQDVNDOQtFKKUDQiFKDGiOHYHVWLQQêFKURNOtFKQDPtVWHFKDNXPXODFHPHFKRYpKRKXPXVX +HUEHQ 5HOLNWQt EH]OHVt VH ]DFKRYDOR WDNp QD WpP NROPêFK VNDOQtFK VWQiFK Y G$VOHGNX F\NOLFNêFK GLVWXUEDQFt S$VREHQêFK RGWUK\ VWURPN$ 5HMPiQHN 7\ MVRX SURYi]HQ\ ]QDþQRX G\QDPLNRX VSROHþHQVWHY PHFKRURVW$ =LWWRYi.XUNRYi 3tþLQQê PHFKDQLVPXV RGWUK$ MH SRGPtQQVROQêP]YWUiYiQtPStVNRYFH&tOHNHW/DQJURYi 3 Jak ukazují zejména archeologické poznatky z poslední doby (Cílek et Kopecký, v tisku), byly 3RORPHQp KRU\ RVtGOHQ\ SRPUQ KXVWêP RVtGOHQtP PH]ROLWLFNêPL ORYHFNRU\EiVNêPL SRSXODFHPL &tOHN HW DO =PQ\ YH VORåHQt PDODNRFHQy] LQGLNXMt QD SHORPX GRE\ EURQ]RYp D åHOH]Qp VXEERUHiO ]iVDGQt SURPQX ] OLVWQDWpKR þL VPtãHQpKR OHVD QD PR]DLNX RGOHVQQêFK SORFK D ERU$ 9\VRNê SRGtO SRSHORYLQ XND]XMH QD SORãQp RGOHVQQt 'R WpWR GRE\ O]H ]HMP GDWRYDW WDNp SRþiWHN GUXKRWQpKR]N\VHOHQtS$G/RåHN 1.2. 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Zachovávají se díky (a) omezené konkurenci QiURþQMãtFK GUXK$ E Y\ORXþHQp VXNFHVL NOLPD[RYêFK OHVQtFK VSROHþHQVWHY D F QHStVWXSQRVWL þL PLQLPiOQtKRVSRGiVNpY\XåLWHOQRVWLýHRYVNê 9HJHWDFHNRPSOH[$VNDOQtFK ~WYDU$ ]DKUQXMH SRGOH 7 6êNRU\ D YODVWQt VSROHþHQVWYD VNDO ESHULDOStQVNpWUiYQtN\UHVSMHMLFKIUDJPHQW\FIUDJPHQW\Y\VRNRVWpEHOQêFKQLYGVSROHþHQVWYD NHtþN$ UHVS UHOLNWQt ERU\ H VSROHþHQVWYD VXWt . WPWR VSROHþHQVWY$P SDWt WDNp SLRQêUVNi VSROHþHQVWYDPONêFKS$GDGiOHRGSRYtGDMtFtGUXK\NH$6iGOR 9HJHWDFL SHWURI\W$ ýHRYVNê D GUXK$ VNDOQtFK ãWUELQ WYRt VSROHþHQVWYD VY Potentillion caulescentis, Cystopteridion, Asplenion serpentini, Androsacion vandelli, Agrostion alpinae, na sutích URVWRX VSROHþHQVWYD VY Androsacion alpinae, Stipion calamagrostis, na skalách Hypno-Polypodion vulgaris DDGDGDOãtFKW\S$YL]6êNRUD76iGORHW.ROEHN1DVNDOQtFKYêFKR]HFKURVWRX VNDOQt VWHSL VYD]$ Alysso-Festucion pallentis, Seslerio-Festucion pallentis, Asplenio cuneifoliiArmerion serpentini9HJHWDFHNHtþN$VYGenistion, Euphorbio-Callunion a Vaccinion (viz Sýkora T. REVD]XMH GUXKRWQ L SDVHN\ SRS Y\WYit GUXKRWQp W\S\ YHVRYLã" 6SROHþHQVWYD PONêFK VNDOQtFK S$G SDWt NH VY Arabidopsion thalianae, Hyperico perforati-Scleranthion perennis, Alysso alyssoidis-Sedion albi )UDJPHQW\ Y\VRNRVWpEHOQêFK QLY WYRt Y QLåãtFK SRORKiFK RFKX]HQi VSROHþHQVWYDFI&K\WUêWMulgedio-Aconitetea, resp. subtermofilních niv sv. Calamagrostion arundinaceae a na skalách sv. Lilio-Vaccinion 6êNRUD71D]QDþHQiNRPSOH[LWDVSROHþHQVWHY RWHYHQpKRUHOLpIX6êNRUD7EDDEVHQFHJHRERWDQLFNpW\SRORJLHYHJHWDFHVNDO6êNRUD7 XND]XMtQDQXWQRVWHãHQtRWi]N\skalního fenoménu (sensu Sádlo 1996b) jako komplexního fenoménu S$VREtFtKR Y UiPFL YãHFK SRSVDQêFK HNRORJLFNêFK IHQRPpQ$ D SLVStYDMtFtKR N H[LVWHQFL FKDUDNWHULVWLFNp PR]DLN\ UHOLNWQtFK VSROHþHQVWHY QDS .Otþ ± 6êNRUD 7 5DOVNR ± 3HWtþHN HW 6êNRUD %H]G]\ ± .ROEHN HW 3HWtþHN %RH ± 6iGOR E 1D VNDOQtFK KUDQiFK D H[WUpPQtFKVWDQRYLãWtFKNGHXåQHPRKRXU$VWVWURP\URVWRXSULPiUQtVSROHþHQVWYDNHtþN$6êNRUD7 1972), zpravidla na kontaktu s reliktními bory a zakrslými doubravami. 8UþLWê Qi]QDN SR]RUQRVWL YQRYDQê VXE[HURILOQtP D DFLGRILOQtP GRXEUDYiP VNDOQtFK YêFKR]$ D UHOLNWQtPERU$PXND]XMtQRYSRSVDQiVSROHþHQVWYD&K\WUêHW9LFKHUHN&K\WUêHW+RUiN –––––––– 15 3RMHPVWHSMH]GHSRXåLWYQHMãLUãtPVORYDVP\VOXMDNRY\MiGHQtIRUPDFHVXFKRE\WQêFKQt]NêFK WUDYLQGRSURYi]HQêFKNYWQDWêPLWUYDONDPLDHIHPHUQtPLMHGQROHWNDPL-HQtNHW/RåHN –––––––– 2.4. Reliktní bory 5HOLNWQt ERU\ SHGVWDYXMt SRORRWHYHQi VSROHþHQVWYD Yi]DQi QD VWDQRYLãW QD VNDOQtFK YêFKR]HFK þL SUXGNêFKVOXQQêFKVYD]tFKVNDOQtIHQRPpQ6SROHþHQVWYDMVRXVSHFLILFNiSRGOHSRGORåQtKRUQLQ\VY Erico-Pinion, Dicrano-Pinion -HGQi VH R Y\KUDQQi ORNiOQ HQGHPLFNi VSROHþHQVWYD YL] QDS 0LN\ãNDNWHUiGRNXPHQWXMtKRUQLQRYRXGLYHU]LILNDFLH[WUpPQtFKYHJHWDþQtFKW\S$DSUROtQDMtVH s lokální xerotermní vegetací: as. Cytiso-Pinetum RSXNDýNtGRYpWDEXOH spol. s Festuca pallens (Erico-PineteaMLåQtýHFK\6êNRUD7 spol. se Sesleria varia (Erico-Pinetea, Pokratice, Sýkora T. 1981, SUDYGSRGREQWRWRåQpVDVCytisoPinetum) as. Peucedano-Pinetum Matuszkiewicz 1962 (Pulsatillo-Pinetea+UDGþDQVNiSORãLQD6êNRUD7 as. Cladonio rangiferinae-Pinetum sylvestris VW%HURXQND as. Hieracio pallidi-Pinetum VWHGQt3RYOWDYtGROQt3RRWDYt6WHOD%HURXQND as. Betulo carpaticae-Pinetum (Šumava, Broumovsko, Brdy) as. Asplenio cuneifolii-Pinetum KDGFH=-DVWýHFKDý0YUFKRYLQ\"±&K\WUê~VWQtVGO as. Thlaspio montani-Pinetum sylvestris &K\WUê0RKHOHQVNpKDGFHäHOLYND as. Cardaminopsio petraeae-Pinetum +EOHW+RO]QHUJUDQXOLW\UXO\-9RNUDMýHVNpKRPDVtYX spol. Armeria elongata-Pinus sylvestris (Toman 1973, Terezínská kotlina) 2.5. 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*HRPRUIRORJLH &+.2 .RNRtQVNR D SLOHKOpKR ~]HPt ± %RKHP Central., Praha, 10:7–53. %ODåNRYi' %UDEHF(3tVSYHNNHNRORJLLVXWtýHVNpKRVWHGRKRt±SPV>'LSOSUGHSRQLQNQLK NDWERWDQ3tURGIDN8QLY.DUORY\3UDKD@ %|VZDUWRYi-6SROHþHQVWYRVH6D[LIUDJDGHFLSLHQVYHVWHGQtP3RYOWDYt±3UHVOLD3UDKD 223–228. %XUHãRYi = $OStQVNi YHJHWDFH .UNRQRã VWUXNWXUD D HNRORJLH SRURVW$ QD /XþQt P D 6WXGQLþQpKRHP±2SHUD&RUFRQW3UDKD± %XVLQVNê 5 $JUHJiW 3LQXV PXJR Y EêYDOpP ýHVNRVORYHQVNX ± WD[RQRPLH UR]ãtHQt K\EULGQt SRSXODFHDRKURåHQt±=SUýHV%RW6SROHþ3UDKDLQSUHVV &tOHN 9 *HRPRUIRORJLFNi FKDUDNWHULVWLND D VNDOQt WYDU\ VWHGQtFK %UG ± ,Q 3tURGD %UG D SHUVSHNWLY\MHMtRFKUDQ\3tEUDPS± &tOHN9±.OLPDPLQXORVWLDEXGRXFQRVWL±2FKU3tU3UDKD±±HW 50: 10–13, 50–53, 82–85. &tOHN 9 HW DO 9ê]NXP StVNRYFRYêFK SHYLV$ Y V] þiVWL &+.2 .RNRtQVNR ± 2FKU 3tU Praha, 51: 43–47, 104–108. &tOHN 9 HW /DQJURYi $ 6NDOQt N$U\ D VROQp ]YWUiYiQt Y &+.2 /DEVNp StVNRYFH ± 2FKU 3tU3UDKD± &tOHN9HW.RSHFNê-3tVNRYFRYêIHQRPpQNOLPDUHOLpIDåLYRW±ý663UDKDYWLVNX &XOHN7%LRJHRJUDILFNpþOHQQtýHVNpUHSXEOLN\±3UDKD 22 &]XGHN 7 HW 'HPHN - 9ê]QDP SOHLVWRFpQQt NU\RSODQDFH QD YêYRM SRYUFKRYêFK WYDU$ ýHVNp Y\VRþLQ\±$QWKURSRV%UQR± ýHODNRYVNê/.YWHQDRNROtSUDåVNpKR±3UDKD ýHUQRKRUVNê = 'XWRKOiYND DOSVNi &ODGRQLD DOSHVWULV / 5DEK QD GROQRNUDORYLFNêFK KDGFtFK±2FKU3tU3UDKD± ýHRYVNê-;HURWKHUPQtYHJHWDFHQDVNDOiFKL3tNRYLFDMHMtRFKUDQD±2FKU3tU3UDKD 28–30. ýHRYVNê - 5RMRYQtN EDKHQQt /HGXP SDOXVWUH / Y /DEVNpP StVNRYFRYpP SRKRt ± 2FKU 3tU3UDKD± ýHRYVNê-3HWURI\W\±VNDOQtURVWOLQ\±2FKU3tU3UDKD± ýHRYVNê-=D~þLQQMãtRFKUDQX/DEVNêFKStVNRYF$±2FKU3tU3UDKD± Demek J. 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