Programmes on the exploitation of renewable resources in
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Programmes on the exploitation of renewable resources in
Programmes on the exploitation of renewable resources in developing countries S. Miertus ICS-UNIDO Trieste, Italy Summary Sustainability of global development Global situation of renewable feed-stocks availability Catalytic technologies for exploitation of renewable feed-stocks Use of renewable feed-stocks in developing countries (opportunities/challenges) ICS-UNIDO programme Some example of projects (China, Malaysia, …) UNIDO Global Programme Some examples of UNIDO projects on RE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT SOCIAL • Community impact •Feedstock displaced • Dislocation • Stability • Rural/Urban impact •Human capital •$$ flows Carbon cycling • Land • Air • Water • Energy • Renewable • fossil ECONOMICS • Resource availability • Capacity to produce • Oil vs renewables Renewable Resources of Vegetal Origin Biomass Annual Production Carbohydrates Lignin 75% 20% 170 Gtons 5% Oil, fats, proteins, terpenes, alkaloids nucleic acids R. Hoper, NutraCos 2002 Renewable Resources of Vegetal Origin Annual Consumption 3.7 Gtons (62%) Food-use 2 kg/day/person 6 Gtons 3.5% 0.3 Gtons (5%) Non-Food Use 2 Gtons (33%) Energy & Housing R. Hoper, NutraCos 2002 VISION 2050 -- PLANT-FOSSIL UTILIZATION BALANCE Narayan Catalytic technologies for biomass exploitation BIOMASS Combustion Heat, flue gases0 Anaerobic digestion Catalytic Combustion Catalytic gasification Bio-gas Fermentation Pyrolysis Alcohols Bio-oil Catalytic detoxification Hydrotreating Upgraded bio-oils Reforming Syngas Shift Purification Clean emissions Catalytic liquefaction H2 + CO2 Clean syngas Purification Catalytic syntheses Clean hydrogen ROH, DME, hydrocarbons Ethanol and diesel Hydrogen production from biomass BioResource Biological Anaerobic Digestion Fermentation CH4/CO2 CH3CH2OH/ CO2 Thermochemical Metabolic Processing Gasification H2/CO Bio-shift High Pressure Aqueous CH4/CO2 CH4/CO2 Synthesis Reforming Shift CH3OH/CO2 H2/CO2 Reforming Shift Reforming Shift H2/CO2 Pyrolysis Photobiology Shift Reforming Shift H2/CO2 Pyrolysis Severe CH1.4O.6 Reforming Shift H2/C H2/CO2 H2/C H2/O2 T. A. Milne et al., “Hydrogen from Biomass…”, NREL, Golden, CO, 2002 H2/CO2 H2/CO2 H2/CO2 1st example: Ethanol Production Henry Ford - “fuel of the future” and designed Model T to run on bioethanol. Standard in Brazil is 22% bioethanol content...with many cars running at 100%. World Ethanol Production 2004 Use renewable feedstocks (biomasses) in developing countries Opportunities/challenges Richness in biodiversity Exploitation of agro-overproduction in some developing countries Use of agro-food waste for countries lacking in fossil resources Diversification of resources Development of national/local capacities Sustainable industrial development in developing countries (SMEs) Balanced development of industry and agro-sector Use renewable feedstocks (biomasses) in developing countries Risks Wrong priorities (food vs. renewable resources for industrial use) Sensitivity to climate changes Risk of technology gaps (turn key solutions from industrialized countries/lack of national capacities) Need for development of established technologies Lack of integrated approach (agro-waste Örenewable resources Ö technology Ö production Ö infrastructure Ö market) Lack of analysis of potentials and of strategic planning Use renewable feedstocks (biomasses) in developing countries Barriers Cost, although the costs of “bio-products” and renewable energy is falling as volumes increase, in most cases it is not yet directly competitive with conventional alternatives; Insufficient human institutional infrastructure, limited capacity to support projects and markets, owing to a lack of experience and investment; Weak incentives and inconsistent policies – the characteristics and benefits of renewables are not always adequately and fairly address in energy policy frameworks Use renewable feedstocks (biomasses) in developing countries Address the Barriers/Reduce the risks Help to build national capacities in developing countries To reduce technology costs by expanding markets Align economic policy with consumers Continue and expand support for R&D of renewables and to promote cooperative programmes of developing and industrialized countries Perform a careful analysis of potential and strategic planning (resources, technologies, products) Help develop and demonstrate renewable projects Promote subsidies programmes through governments of the country Encourage industry to make voluntary global commitments ICS-UNIDO Technical Areas Pure and Applied Chemistry •Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry •Environmentally degradable plastics (EDP’s), •Remediation •Combinatorial chemistry/technologies, molecular design Earth, Environmental and Marine Sciences and Technologies •Decision-support systems for sustainable industrial development, •Coastal zone management, •Medicinal and aromatic plants High Technology and New Materials •Laser applications and optical technologies, •New materials, •Renewable Energies, • Telecommunication technologies ICS Tools 1) Awareness and capacity building (ICS Fellowships, research, training courses, workshops) 2) Project development and promotion 3) In-house expertise 4) Networking, focal points, cooperating centres) (Links to UNIDO Global Network, Cleaner Production Centres, Regional Programmes) ¾Worldwide focus: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES & COUNTRIES IN TRANSITION Synergy with UNIDO Global Programme A) Planned Awareness building activities 2006: Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry EGM on “Technologies for Exploitation of Renewable Feedstock and Waste Valorisation”, 20-30 May 2006 Trieste, Italy Workshop on “Exploitation of renewable bio-feedstock for energy production and chemical industry” July 2006, Malaysia Workshop on “Emerging Technologies for pollution reduction and for pollution prevention” September 2006, Cairo, Egypt B) In house development of expertise tools Survey of technologies for exploitation of renewable feedstocks for biobased products (technological, economic, environmental parameters) Decision support tool for assessment of technologies for renewable feedstock exploitation Strategies for developing countries: resources / technologies / products C) Examples of project proposal / concepts to ICSUNIDO in the sector of exploitation of renewable resources Malaysia: activities of Clean Catalytic Technology Centre for exploitation of renewable feedstocks (palm oil) China: production of bio-degradable plastics from renewable feedstocks India: valorisation of cashew nut oil Africa: valorisation of sugar cane agro wastes Africa: green extraction and catalytic valorisation of valuable feedstocks from local plants (production of “high added value” chemicals) Argentina: biofuels exploitation (diesel and ethanol) Brazil: ethanol valorisation Russia: conversion of biomass in vaulable fuels Clean Catalytic Technology Center Malaysia and South East Asian Countries • Promotion of clean catalytic technologies for the conversion of crop-based sustainable industrial processes • Technology scale-up and commercialization • Network of cooperating institution and companies • Enhance the environmental, economic and social benefits of palm and coconut oil industries Indonesia 2, 461, 828 ha Thailand 210, 000 ha Cambodia Area 1 Malaysia 3, 627, 229 ha 60% of cultivated land Philippines 29, 000 ha 38, 000 ha Clean Catalytic Technology Center Malaysia and South East Asian Countries Activity • Valorization of glycerol Epoxidized palm oil Glycerol Polyol Isocyanates Water /HCFC/HC Additives Polyurethane Rigid, Semi-rigid or Flexible PUF Variety of applications Projects for green plastics (China, Indonesia, Austria, Brazil, Thailand, Japan, Canada) 2008 – GREENOLYMP Green Olympic Games, Beijing, Project requested by Chinese Institutions Alcaligenes latus Cells for the production of environmentally degradable plastics Agro food waste (by product of cheese production) 1st to 45th day The general structure of polyhydroxyalkanoates The biosynthetic pathway of PHB and P(HB-HV) in Alcaligenes eutrophus www.unido.org UNIDO’s Renewable and Rural Energy Programme Current Activities Promoting renewable energy for rural electrification and industrial applications Promoting rural energy for productive uses and industrial activities; and linked social benefits Enhancing access of the rural poor to affordable and sustainable energy services Supporting training and capacity building for manufacture, local assembly and maintenance of renewable energy technologies / systems – (i.e. Small Hydro and Biomass Technologies) Organizing global forum activities and providing strategic expert advice on renewable energy technologies and energy policy planning and institutional framework (EGMs in Bioenergy and Small Hydro Power) www.unido.org UNIDO’s Renewable and Rural Energy Programme Some of the Ongoing Projects and Programmes are: Small / Micro Hydro Power based power generation projects in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, China and India in Asia, and Zambia, Tanzania, Uganda, Nigeria, Ghana, Rwanda and Mali in Africa. Solar PV based projects in Maldives, India, Zambia, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Biomass energy based projects in Cuba, Zambia, India and SriLanka and Bio-diesel project in Croatia Wind energy based projects in Cuba, Maldives and India. Renewable Energy Powered Community Development Centres for running common facilities including ICTs as replicable and sustainable models Youth entrepreneurship development based on renewable energy technologies in Zambia, India and Mexico Global meetings to promote renewable energy in the LAC, Asia and Africa regions www.unido.org Renewable and Rural Energy Programme Impacts Enhanced access to rural communities to modern energy services based on renewable energy technologies and linked income generation activities – i.e. Small Hydro projects in India, Rwanda, Sri Lanka and Biomass projects in Cuba and Zambia Technology transfer and increased capacity of local enterprises in manufacture, assembly and maintenance of renewable energy equipment and services – Being undertaken in Cuba and Zambia under GEF funded renewable energy projects and Small Hydro projects under implementation in various countries Reduction in GHG emissions through increased use of renewable energy technologies – (i.e. in Zambia GEF project alone - direct impact will be 220,000 tCO2 emission reduction, about 5,000 number of dwellings to be electrified, and 25,000 of additional rural people served with RE based Mini-Grids). Two International Centres International Centre for Small Hydro Power (ICSHP), Hangzhou, China (functioning since 1996) and Centre for Biomass Technologies, Bangalore, India (proposed) to disseminate information, facilitate technology diffusion, build regional/national capacities, create network and partnerships and promote renewable energy technologies through SouthSouth cooperation. Strategic Partnership EC PROGRAMMES Developing and In transition countries •Industry •SMEs •Institutions ICS-UNIDO UNIDO Possible ways: -Component of individual technology platforms and 7th FP Programme (SusChem, EPOBIO…) - Specific platform for technology promotion and transfer to developing world: -Network of platforms / strategic agreement dedicated to cooperation with developing countries