Slavkov u Brna Austerlitz
Transkript
Slavkov u Brna Austerlitz
Come to learn more! Slavkov u Brna Austerlitz 8 9 5 2 1 3 6 1 Renaissance town hall / pg 7 2 Castle of Slavkov - Austerlitz / pg 5 3 Mansion house / pg 7 4 Jewish synagogue and Jewish cemetery / pg 13 5 Classicist Church of the Resurrection of Our Lord / pg 7 6 Chapel of St John the Baptist with the Kaunitz’s tomb / pg 7 7 Villa Austerlitz / pg 9 8 Chapel of St Urban / pg 9 9 Public lido / pg 18 4 7 1 km in the direction of Rousínov Dear Visitors, Welcome to Slavkov u Brna, the town that is known not only from the Battle of the Three Emperors but also through its beautiful environment, wide offer of leisure activities, very good sports facilities and other pleasant services. The town offers rich cultural events, accommodation and excellent cuisine in local restaurants. Visitors may also set out for trips in the close vicinity of the town. We hope you enjoy your stay in our town and have a most pleasant experience. The historically significant town of Slavkov u Brna lies in the South Moravian Region, about 20 km east of Brno, on the right bank of the Litava river. The highland of Drahanska vysocina is to the north, the forests of Zdanicky lie to the south, both excellent localities for trips. At present, Slavkov has about 6,350 citizens. It is about 210 m above sea level and offers everything that is needed for pleasant living, starting with shopping centres, a post office, kindergartens and primary schools, a secondary school, the revenue office, an employment bureau and a senior citizen’s house as well as a clinic with medical specialists. The town is a popular touristic destination. The historical core of the town was declared a municipal conservation area in 1990. The town prides itself in its rich social and cultural life with programmes held not only on the main square but also in the Castle of Slavkov – Austerlitz and in the adjacent castle park. In the course of the year, there are many exhibitions, concerts, meetings and events of national significance, of which some are truly unique and attended by guests and visitors from all over Europe. GPS coordinates: 49°9‘11“N, 16°52‘43“E Traffic connection By car - highway D1 from Prague - exit Slavkov u Brna - Highway D1 from Ostrava - exit Rousinov By train - railway station Slavkov u Brna By bus - bus station Slavkov u Brna By bicycle - bikeways No.: 5097 and 5136 Unsaleable publication Photos provided by: Bedřich Maleček, Radoslav Lánský, project Austerlitz. Slavkov u Brna - Austerlitz Come to learn more! | 2 3 Palackeho square Castle Slavkov – Austerlitz / Historical Hall Municipal town hall Castle Slavkov – Austerlitz HISTORY OF THE TOWN The current settlement was established on the crossing of ancient merchants’ routes from Brno to Bučovice, Hodonín and Vyškov. The oldest written reference of Slavkov is in a document of King Václav I dated 12 May 1237 mentioning the settlement of Novosedlice as the property of the Teutonic Knights Order. The new and globally known name Austerlitz originates from the German variant of the name of Novosedlice – Neusterlitz. At the beginning of the 13th century, the Teutonic Knights built their medieval commandry on a hill above the town square. Another significant milestone in the history of Slavkov is the year 1416 when king Václav IV granted the town of Slavkov the privilege to use a municipal seal and an emblem. This privilege is the oldest heraldic privilege in the Czech countries. During the 13th and 14th century the Slavkov domain as well as the fortress changed their owner several times. In 1509, the ownership passed to Oldřich of Kaunitz, the founder of a long-term and significant possession of an ancient Moravian aristocratic family line of Kaunitz, having the water lily sign in their coat of arms. The Kaunitz family line stayed in Slavkov for more than four hundred years and brought about the economic boom of the town as well as urbanistic and architectural development. During their possession of the domain they re-built the original fortress to a three-wing renaissance castle with column balconies and a stair tower. Behind the moat on the northern side was the castle settlement and on the southern side the original parish church. Oldřich of Kaunitz had also built a renaissance town hall on the Slavkov square and other renaissance buildings. The castle gradually became a monumental family representative seat of the Kaunitz family line. However, the most significant record in the history regarding the town of Slavkov happened only after the Battle of the Three Emperors that occurred on December 2 1805 and served as the triumphant victory of the French under the leadership of General Napoleon Bonaparte. Four days later, the victory of the French over the defeated party, the Austrian Emperor and the Russian tsar, was confirmed by the armistice signed in the premises of the castle. After the First World War, the town obtained a single common name, Slavkov u Brna. CASTLE OF SLAVKOV - AUSTERLITZ The most interesting dominant feature of the town is the Baroque castle that ranks among the true pearls of the Baroque architecture in Moravia. The construction was designed and partially also realized by the Italian architect and builder Domenico Martinelli of Lucca for the Moravian family line of Kaunitz at the order of Dominik Ondřej of Kaunitz in place of the original Gothic commandry of the Teutonic Knights Order. Nevertheless, the construction of the castle only was finished by the most significant member of the family line, Václav Antonín, the Count of Kaunitz and Rietberg who had gained a significant social status as well as financial background as the Chancellor of four Habsburg Emperors. One hundred and fifteen chambers with a rich artistic decoration represent the Italian concept of castle life standard. The actual castle installation is formed by a gallery in period interiors presenting the works of art that used to be parts of the ample collection of the Kaunitz family in the 17th and 18th century. The central oval social hall gives an uttlerly unique aspect to the castle interior. Today it is called the Historical hall. Besides its space and acoustical uniqueness it also draws the visitors’ attention to the lavish fresco paintings by the Viennese artist, Josef Pichler. The Historical hall was the place where the armistice was signed after the Battle of the Three Emperors between marshal Berthier on behalf of France and Count Lichtenstein on behalf of Austria. Part of the castle grounds includes also a park of the total area of 16 ha that ranks among the most significant historical gardens in Moravia. Services for visitors: • castle tours, cultural and social events in premises of the castle; • exhibitions, concerts; • company meetings, celebrations, presentations, and wedding feasts; • additional programmes. Contact: Castle of Slavkov - Austerlitz | Palackého nám. 1, 684 01 Slavkov u Brna Phone No./Fax No.: +420 544 221 685 | Phone No.: +420 544 221 204 e-mail: [email protected] | www.zamek-slavkov.cz | 4 5 Mansion House Church of St John the Baptist Classicist Church of the Resurrection of Our Lord Renaissance town hall SIGHTS IN SLAVKOV U BRNA Renaissance town hall The town hall ranks among the oldest architectural sights in the town. It was built in 1592. Inside the town hall are original Gothic cellars. The right wing of the building was used as a municipal guardhouse and the left wing as a pub. The first floor served as the jail. Until 1912 it also served as the seat of the municipal archives. Today the town hall is the seat of the local municipal office. Social and cultural house The social and cultural house also called “Bonapart” stands in place of the two original houses. One of them served as a savings bank at the end of the 19 th century, the other one, a corner house, as a pub “U tří švábů”. At the beginning of the 20 th century both buildings were demolished and a new building known as the “Spořitelna” (savings bank) was built in their place. In the1960s, the interiors of the building were renovated and it obtained a new name, “Restaurace Bonapart”. Chapel of St John the Baptist with the Kaunitz’s tomb The cemetery chapel of St John the Baptist is in the place of a former hospice built in the 13th century by the Teutonic Knights Order. There was a municipal cemetery around the church until the middle of the 17th century. The current appearance of the church is from 1743. Above the painting is a symbol of the united family lines of Kaunitz – Rietberg. The family tomb of Kaunitz was built under the southern chapel of the church by Arnošt Kryštof in 1795. In the same year, it served as the last place of rest for the remains of the Chancellor, Count Václav Antonín of Kaunitz and his daughter-in-law Marie Leopoldina of Oettingen-Spielberg. Today, there are seven coffins in the tomb with bodily remains of other members of the family line both from the Moravian and Czech branch of the family. Mansion house A valuable Renaissance mansion with a Gothic core modified in the Classicist style is located on the square. It is registered with the land registry as number 89. The first mention of the house goes back to 1570 when it was owned by an honourable burgher Faytle Šenknopov. It was used as a brewery that was sold to the municipality together with all its equipment in the same year. The nobility got the house back from the municipality together with the brewery again in 1660 in exchange for the privilege of free distillation and sale of the spirits. Classicist Church of the Resurrection of Our Lord The church stands in the front part of the Slavkov square and ranks among the unique monuments of Classicist architecture in the Czech Republic. It was built in 1786 – 1789 at the order of Count Václav Antonín of Kaunitz. The structural plans and the project were elaborated by the Viennese court architect, Ferdinand Hetzendorf of Hohenberg. The construction of the church was technically very difficult because the plot of the church was rather marshy. The builders had to use oak piles for reinforcement. Besides the main alter, the interior of the church is decorated by statues of kneeling angels larger then life size. There is also one rarity. Since the church had to serve for several denominations, there are three pulpits. The Slavkov church prides itself on several bells – the oldest one is the bell of St John from 1762, the heaviest one (287 kg) is Maria from 1776, then there is St Wenceslaus and St Jacob – the death bell. | 6 7 Chapel of St Urban Villa Austerlitz Statue of St John of Nepomuk Municipal fortified walls Chapel of St Urban North from the town is the chapel of St Urban built on the slope at the height of 362 m above sea level. Until the 19 th century, the slope was covered by vineyards and thus the chapel is consecrated to St Urban, the patron of wine-growers, fruit growers and gardeners. According to the foundation documents, the chapel was built in 1712 in accordance with the designs of Domenico Martinelli of Lucca, author of the Castle of Slavkov. St Urban The patron of wine and the wine-growers, St Urban of Langres, otherwise also the Burgundy bishop, had remarkable skills that were appreciated mainly by the wine-growers: he was said to be able to call on the rain and the sun. As reported by one legend, he hid himself in a vineyard when running away from his pursuers, and he called for a hailstorm. St Urban died in 230 but his portraits still decorate the wine barrel lids and the doors of wineries or frontages of wine cellars. In years with abundant wine harvest, people used to erect the statues of St urban in front of the pubs and drank to his glory. Battle of Slavkov – Austerlitz memorial on the hill “Pod Urbánkem” a plain walled memorial from the beginning of the 19th century has been built in memory of the Slavkov battle. Statue of St John of Nepomuk The Baroque sandstone statue of St John of Nepomuk from the end of the 18th century is situated under the castle’s fortifiedng wall. Another statue of this saint is from 1738 and is located on the bridge over the Litava river. Municipal fortifying walls The original wall system that was built in the 14th and 15th century was made of a simple stone wall of the height of 7 meters with a gallery with narrow embrasures. There were bastions in each corner, partially demolished at the beginning of the 18th century. The ruins of the fortifying walls are from stone blocks and they were preserved mainly in the area of the cemetery and the castle garden. Villa Austerlitz The villa was built by the architect August Prokop in 1884 as the seat of the sugar factory owner Herman Redlich. It is located in the middle of an English park with the area of 15,000 m2 . The original building underwent several architectural reconstructions and in 1990 it was declared as a listed monument. Nowadays, it is in private possession and serves for public accommodation services and a training centre. Bow of St Vendelín Jiráskova street at the house with the land registry No 565 This is a very valuable small piece of Baroque architecture from 1740 that originally served as the boundary of the town of Slavkov. Summer harvest religious services were held there. There is an especially valuable stucco decoration with the alliance symbol of Maxmilián Oldřich of Kaunitz and his wife Marie Arnoštka of Rietberg. | 8 9 Castle Slavkov – Austerlitz Jewish synagogue Memorial tablet of the victims of the holocaust Jewish synagogue Jewish cemetery JEWS IN SLAVKOV U BRNA Slavkov was one of the oldest Jewish towns in Moravia. The first written record of the presence of the Jews in Slavkov comes from 1294. The Jewish documents sometime mention Slavkov as the “White town” explaining the fancy of the local citizens to decorate their houses with lime. The first material proof of the presence of the Jewish inhabitants in the town is from 1523 – it is a stone lintel above an entrance to a house with the title “Moses Abraham 1523”. Now it is placed in the Slavkov castle. In the middle of the 15th century, the Jewish quarter included 65 houses including the synagogues and a hospice. The Slavkov Jews first dealt with the trade with salt and spices, and only later they were allowed to produce and sell spirits and wines. After the Thirty Years’ War, the number of citizens in the Brno region dropped considerably due to the war campaigns and outbreaks of various diseases. The Jewish quarter was not spared that decline and in the middle of the 17th century, only 30 houses were inhabited. Despite that, the town managed to expand soon. In 1662 and 1724 the town served as the place of the Moravian synodal meeting. From the middle of the 19 th century until 1919, the Jewish quarter operated as an independent political community with their own elected representatives. It managed its own financial and administrative matters. The Second World War obviously meant the end of the hundreds of years’ presence of the Jews in Slavkov u Brna. All Jews were transported to concentration camps and only a few of them managed to survive the war. Jewish synagogue The first records are from the 15th century. The existing building from 1857 stands on the foundations of the old synagogue and was built in the Neo-Romanesque style. During the war it was ransacked and later it served as a storehouse. From 1994 – 1998, it was completely reconstructed and today it is used by the regional archives. Close to it, there is a Jewish school and a hospice. Jewish cemetery The oldest Slavkov Jewish cemetery was said to be placed east of the town along the road to Němčany. Later it was relocated to the south of the town, along the road to Ždánice and the Litava river. Václav Antonín, Count of Kaunitz had it liquidated shortly before his death. The only reason was that he was “annoyed” by the view of it from his castle. Some of the tombstones were transferred to the new Jewish cemetery that was founded in 1744 about 1.5 km north of the town in the sloping terrain under the St Urban chapel. At present it is among the listed monuments. | 12 13 Artillery – Memorial events Infantry – Napoleonic Days Napoleon at the Cairn of Peace Infantry – Napoleonic Days BATTLE AT SLAVKOV On 2 December 1805, one of the most significant battles of world history broke out on a battlefield between Slavkov and Brno. The winner of this battle, the French Emperor Napoleon I, named it the Battle at Slavkov. Generally, the German name of the town, Austerlitz, is more common. The battle is also called the Battle of the Three Emperors since besides Napoleon, the Austrian Emperor Francis I and the Russian Tsar Alexander I were also present with their armies. The battle at Slavkov was the culmination of the war of the third anti-French coalition formed by the British diplomacy in consequence of complicated power conflicts that were rooted in the results of the previous war that had ended by armistice and peace contracts in 1800 and 1801. In its tactics, the British diplomacy was supported by the Russian effort to intervene more strongly in the European geopolitical matters, and by the Austrian effort to restore its influence over Italy that had been lost in the course of the first and second coalition to the benefit of France. Since 1803, Emperor Napoleon had prepared a disembarkment on the British shore of La Manche. Britain was his chief enemy. Meanwhile, an alliance was formed in the East between Russia and Austria, and Napoleon with his invading army had to face a new threat in August 1805. Then the Danube campaign followed where General Kutuzov as the head of the Russian army had to pull back to Moravia in front of the French superiority. In Moravia he joined his forces with another Russian army and close to Olomouc they both joined the army personally lead by Tsar Alexander I. Meanwhile, Napoleon occupied unprotected Vienna and set out after Kutuzov up to Brno. He personally reached Brno on 20 December. His vanguard, however, reached as far as Vyškov. The decisive battle, victory and favourable armistice were inevitable. Napoleon had 48,000 soldiers at his immediate disposal and was also able to collect other 56,000 men within 24 hours, within two days it owuld be possible to be up to 70,000 men, within three days 80,000 men and within four days even 90,000 soldiers. He had to act quickly, and hope that the coalition generals would set out against him soon. Without an early decisive battle, all advantages would eventually be outweighed by disadvantages of the current position of his Great Army. The coalition armies would receive reinforcement and znapoleon would have to go over to the defensive position, which would certainly change his political situation both on the international as well as domestic scene. Napoleon played the game of a faltering and weak opponent and eventually won this psychological battle without which he probably would have lost. The allies marched out from Olomouc on 27 November counting 90,000 men. Napoleon was relieved and immediately issued orders for the collection of the respective units of his army. Bernadotte obtained the order to move to Brno. Davout set out without any delay from Vienna. About 75,000 soldiers of the Great Army would take part in the battle. The French Emperor studied the battle field carefully and decided to offer an advantage to the coalition that they would not be able to refuse – he would clear out the upland above the village of Prace that would be occupied by the Austrian-Russian army a night before the battle. Napoleon reckoned that the coalition generals would continue in their attacks and would subsequently come down from the uplands and try to encircle the French with the objective of cutting them off from Vienna. Napoleon’s main forces then would only need to re-occupy the uplands again and unexpectedly attack the Austrian-Russian army from their favourable position, and then crush them between themselves and the arriving reinforcement from Vienna. On 2 December 1805 at 7.30 am, Napoleon and his marshals watched the rising sun from Žuráň hill. This moment will be recorded in history as the “Soleil d’Austerlitz” - “the Slavkov sun”, and would eventually become the symbol of Napoleon’s triumph. Then, the first skirmishes occured round Telnice in the southern section of the battle field. They were subsequently supported by other coalition units who attacked seemingly weaker French units in Sokolnice. When Napoleon believed that the main coalition forces had left the upland and were involved in the battle, he ordered his main forces to move forward. It was about 8.30 am. The army forces of Marshal Mannes and Murat and the coalition cavalry of Count Lichtenstein, the tsar guard and the vanguard under the leadership of General Bagration clashed in the northern part of the battlefield between Santon hill and the villages of Kruh, Holubice and Blažovice. Soult’s forces made the central unit of the French army meet the Russian-Austrian forces both on the hill at Prace and on the hill at Staré Vinohrady that were to be abandoned by then. It took him several hours before he managed to win. His success was crowned by the French Imperial guard that fought off the last trial of the Russian guard to stabilize the situation. | 14 15 Tvarožná Santon Old post-office in Pozořice Holubice Žuráň Šlapanice Jiříkovice Blažovice SLAVKOV AUSTERLITZ Křenovice Kobylnice Prace Zbyšov Cairn of Peace Santon Cairn of Peace Žuráň Old post-office in Pozořice IMPORTANT PLACES OF THE SLAVKOV BATTLEFIELD Then, Napoleon could carry out his original idea – he directed the Soult’s forces as well as the reserves to the rear of the Russian forces fighting in the valley of Zlatý Potok against Davout who supported the defence of Telnice and Sokolnice. It was decided. Over 30,000 fallen, injured or captivated Russian and Austrians remained on the battlefield. The French victory cost only 1,500 dead and 7,000 injured. On 6 December, the armistice was signed in Slavkov castle, followed later on by another peace contract signed in Pressburg (today’s Bratislava) on 26 December 1805. Cairn of Peace The most significant place of the battlefield was undoubtedly the hill at Prace, the place that witnessed the several-hour log battle of the French division of General Saint-Hilair with the obvious Russian-Austrian superiority. Exactly that army unit had the greatest losses of all the French forces. The response of Colonel Pouzet leading the 10th light regiment to Saint-Hilair’s intention to withdraw is famous: “What, withdraw! If we only stop, we are lost! The enemy must not get time to count us! Let’s swoop on them!”. In 1912, a cairn was built on the hill from the initiative of the Catholic priest and first Czech modern historian of the battle, P. Alois Slovák, according to the design of the Prague architect Fanta. The cairn of Peace as it is called is in Art Noveau style and later it was supplemented by the building of the museum of the battle. The Cairn of Peace is the symbol of the battlefield. It emphasizes the reconciliation of the nations and serves as a reminder of thousands of military as well as civil victims of the battle. Santon The original name of the hill above the Village Tvarožná is Padělek, the new name, Santon, was given to it by the French soldiers in 1805. The most probable explanation is that it reminded them of the hills in Egypt. Because of its excellent defensive position, Napoleon chose the hill already few days before the battle as the supporting position of his left wing. A replica of the French canon of the Gribeauval type was placed on Santon hill by admirers of military history in 1988. Every year on the occasion of the battle anniversary, a reconstruction of the battle is held on the field under Santon hill, specifically between the actual hill and the road from Brno. The top of the hill is among the listed monuments of the Brno-country district. Žuráň At the beginning of the battle, Žuráň hill was the main commanding post of Napoleon who also spent the last night before the battle close to it: he had dinner in the roadhouse Pindulka and slept in a makeshift shack. From Žuráň, Napoleon issued orders early in the morning on December 2. There he also watched the rising sun over Slavkov with his marshals shortly after half past 7 in the morning of the battle. In 1930, a stone memorial with a plastic map showing the positions of individual armies before the decisive battle was unveiled by Czechoslovak and French generals as a reminder of the famous victory and as an expression of the then very close relations of both nations. It is said that the top of the hill is an extraterritorial zone of France. Old post-office in Pozořice The building of the old post-office in Pozořice on the northeastern corner of the battlefield lies in the middle of the journey from Brno to Vyškov. The change-house of the Austrian post was established in 1785. It served as one of the posts of the officers’ staff of both fighting parties. On 28 November it was the main post of Marshal Murat who met Napoleon, General Soult, Lannes and Berthier there. The meeting resulted in the decision to deploy the armed forces along the line of the brook Jiříkovický potok and Zlatý potok. After the battle, Napoleon met the envoy of the Austrian Emperor Francis, Count Liechtenstein, and they discussed the basic conditions of the peace accords between Austria and France there. | 16 17 SPORTS PLACES AND WELLNESS Golf course Slavkov u Brna - Austerlitz An eighteen-hole golf course in a pleasant environment with interesting natural obstacles, deep bunkers and artificially built water areas of the total area of 120 hectares is a true challenge to real players. With its parameters it is suitable both for recreational games as well as for holding challenging golf tournaments. Parts of the golf course are also used as high quality training areas and the public golf course located directly in the garden of the local castle is a place where amateur golf players may spend the whole day for a small fee learning the game in the shadow of hundredyear old chestnut trees. Na golfovém hřišti 1020 684 01 Slavkov u Brna e-mail: [email protected] www.agrt.cz Public lido The Slavkov lido is located in the sports area close to the stadium and the golf course. Its capacity is 4,500 visitors who have at their disposal a 50-meter long swimming pool for swimmers, a pool for non-swimmers, a children’s pool, sports rental equipment and a refreshments shop. Further they may use the courts for beach volleyball, beach handball, beach soccer, football tennis or basketball or table tennis. The summer lido is open from June to August from 9 am to 9 pm depending on weather conditions. Kounicova ulice Phone No.: +420 544 221 788 e-mail: [email protected] TJ Sokol sports stadium The sports fields on the Slavkov sports stadium are used for sports activities namely by the Tělocvičná jednota Sokol but also by all Slavkov schools. The whole area is also open to the public. There is a light athletic area, three red clay tennis courts, a football field, three red clay fields for football and tennis and two volleyball courts with artificial surfaces. In the winter, the tennis hall is open for the public. Bonaparte sports centre There are two fully automated bowling lanes, two air-conditioned squash courts, a fitness centre, a solarium and a bar in the Bonaparte Sports centre, located close to Slavkov castle. Palackého nám. 126 Phone No.: +420 544 221 122, +420 775 734 606 e-mail: [email protected] www.centrumbonaparte.cz Beach volleyball The summer beach volleyball courts are located in the premises of the public lido. Kounicova ulice Phone No.: +420 544 227 085 e-mail: [email protected] www.beachvolleyballcz.cz Spa house Slavkov u Brna Anyone who is looking for rest and relaxation after a hard day will find it in the spa house in the form of various types of massages, baths and bath essences, sauna and whirlpool as well as fitness activities. A part of the stay is also a permanent offer of rehabilitation and health care as a part of the accommodation offer. Zlatá Hora 1466 Phone No.: +420 544 227 485 e-mail: [email protected] www.austerlitz.cz Castle shooting range Active shooters and sports shooting fans may visit the casemate of Slavkov Castle with a tunnel shooting range. There are five shooting ranges of the length of 25 m where they may try shooting with common short firearms as well as with historical weapons. Palackého nám. 1 Open Thursday - Saturday. O therwise only through a telephone booking. Phone No.: +420 725 826 442 Public lido Beach volleyball TJ Sokol sports stadium – red clay tennis courts Golf course in Slavkov u Brna – Austerlitz Praha Olomouc D1 Brno Mikulov D1 Slavkov u Brna E461 Wien Information centre The Information centre is located close to the castle and provides topical information on possibilities of cultural, social and sports activities and events, accommodation and boarding tips, information on travel connections as well as the booking of tours in the castle, advance booking of tickets to various events and the sale of souvenirs. Information centre Castle of Slavkov – Austerlitz Palackého nám. 1 684 01 Slavkov u Brna Phone No: +420 544 220 988 e-mail: [email protected] European Union European Regional Development Fund Investing in Your Future This project was co-financed by the European Union and the South Moravian Region.