Predicative Possession in Medieval Slavic Bible Translations

Predicative Possession in Medieval Slavic Bible Translations

Workshop on Indo-European Syntax and Pragmatics
May 13-15, 2009
Julia McAnallen
University of California, Berkeley
[email protected]
Predicative Possession in Medieval Slavic Bible Translations
Outline of Talk:
1.
Inventory of three PPCs in Late Proto-Slavic
2.
Excursus on (a few) early Slavic Bible texts
3.
Examples of predicative possession in Slavic Bible translations
3.1.
Where Slavic matches Greek (and Latin)
3.2.
Divergences in OCS
3.3.
Divergences in Czech
3.4.
Tricky cases
4.
Semantics and Pragmatics of PPCs in Slavic
4.1.
The u + genitive PPC
4.2.
The dative PPC
5.
Conclusions
1.
Abbreviations:
PPC – predicative possessive construction
LPS – Late Proto-Slavic
NT Greek – New Testament Greek
OCS – Old Church Slavic
Key to examples:
Boldface – predicative possessive construction
Underline – non-PPC corresponding to PPC in another language
Inventory of three PPCs in Late Proto-Slavic
1.1.
HAVE VERB: iměti ‘have’
In NT Greek, Latin, OCS, Old Czech, Early East Slavic
…ašte biste
iměli
věrǫ
ěko zr"no
gorjušąno...
(Codex Marianus, Luke 17:6)
…if
COND.2PL have-PTCP.PL faith-ACC.SG
as grain-ACC.SG mustard-ACC.SG
‘If ye had faith as a grain of mustard seed
1.2.
DATIVE PPC, e.g. Latin mihi est;
dative possessor + verb ‘be’ + nominative possessum
In NT Greek, Latin, OCS, Old Czech, Early East Slavic
…ašte bǫdet"
eteru
člověku
…if
be-FUT.3SG
certain-DAT.SG person-DAT.SG
if a man have an hundred sheep…’
1.3.
1
100
100
ovec'…
sheep-GEN.PL
U + GENITIVE PPC, e.g. modern Russian U menja est’ kniga ‘I have a book’1
U ‘at/near’ + genitive of possessor + verb ‘be’ + nominative possessum
In OCS, Old Czech, Early East Slavic
…ašte bǫdet"
ou
etera
člověka
100 ovec'…
…if
be-FUT.3SG at certain-GEN.SG person-GEN.SG 100 sheep-GEN.PL
‘if a man have an hundred sheep…’
(Codex Marianus, Matthew 18:12)
(Codex Assemanianus, Matthew 18:12)
This example was brought to my attention by Mirčev (1971).
1
2.
Excursus on (a few) early Slavic Bible texts:
NT Greek Bible (after 45 AD)
Latin Vulgate (382)
Czech Dresden Bible (1380)
OCS Codices (late 10th century):
Glagolitic:
Marianus
Assemanianus
Zographensis
|
Cyrillic (later, 11th century):
Savvina Kniga
Ostromir Gospel
Czech Kralická Bible (1580)
3.
Examples of predicative possession in Bible translations
3.1.
Where Slavic matches Greek (and Latin)
3.1.1.
Luke
1:7
Luke
1:14
3.1.2.
Luke
17:6
2
Dative PPCs:
English, King James
And they had no child,
because that Elisabeth was
barren, and they both were
now well stricken in years.
Greek
καὶ οὐκ ἦν αὐτοῖς τέκνον καθότι ἦν
ἡ Ἐλισάβετ στεῖρα καὶ1 ἀµφότεροι
προβεβηκότες ἐν ταῖς ἡµέραις
αὐτῶν ἦσαν
Latin Vulgate
Et non erat illis filius, eo
quod esset Elisabeth sterilis,
et ambo processissent in
diebus suis.
OCS, Codex Marianus
и не бѣ има чѧда . понеже бѣ
елисаветь неплоды . і оба
заматорѣвъша вь дьнехъ своихъ
бѣашете .
Czech Dresden2
A nebieše jima syn, proto
že bieše Alžběta
bezdětkyně; a oba biešta
proběhla své dni.
Czech Kralická
A neměli plodu, protože
Alžběta byla neplodná, a
oba se byli zstarali ve
dnech svých.
And thou shalt have joy and
gladness; and many shall
rejoice at his birth.
DATIVE PPC
καὶ ἔσται χαρά σοι καὶ ἀγαλλίασις
καὶ πολλοὶ ἐπὶ τῇ γενέσει αὐτοῦ
χαρήσονται
DATIVE PPC
et erit gaudium tibi, et
exsultatio, et multi in
nativitate ejus gaudebunt
DATIVE PPC
і бѫдетъ тебѣ радость и веселие
. і мъноѕи о рождьствѣ его
въздрадѹѭтъ сѧ .
DATIVE PPC
a bude tobě radost a
utěšenie a mnozí sě budú
radovati jeho narození
DATIVE PPC
DATIVE PPC
DATIVE PPC
DATIVE PPC
HAVE
Z čehož budeš míti radost
a veselé, a mnozí z jeho
narození budou se
radovati.
HAVE
Iměti ‘have’:
English, King James
And the Lord said, If ye had faith
as a grain of mustard seed, ye
might say unto this sycamine tree,
Be thou plucked up by the root,
and be thou planted in the sea; and
it should obey you.
Greek
εἶπεν δὲ ὁ κύριος εἰ ἔχετε
πίστιν ὡς κόκκον σινάπεως
ἐλέγετε ἂν τῇ συκαµίνῳ ταύτῃ
ἐκριζώθητι καὶ φυτεύθητι ἐν
τῇ θαλάσσῃ καὶ ὑπήκουσεν ἂν
ὑµῖν.
Latin Vulgate
Dixit autem Dominus : Si
habueritis fidem sicut granum
sinapis, dicetis huic arbori
moro : Eradicare, et
transplantare in mare, et
obediet vobis.
OCS, Codex Marianus
рече же гъ҃ . аште бисте
имѣли вѣрѫ ѣко зръно
горюшьно . гл҃али бисте ѹбо
сѵкаминѣ сеи . вьздери сѧ и
въсади сѧ въ море . и
послѹшала би васъ . ::
Czech Dresden
I vecě jim hospodin:
„Budete-li jmieti vieru jako
zrno horčičné, diete tomuto
dřěvu jahodě mořské: Vyvrat'
sě a přesad' sě u moře,
uposlúchá vás.
Czech Kralická
I dí Pán: Kdybyste měli
víru jako zrno horčičné,
řekli byste této moruši:
Vykořeň se a přesaď se do
moře, a uposlechla by vás.
HAVE
HAVE
HAVE
HAVE
HAVE
All examples for the Czech Dresden Bible are taken from a later copy, the Olomoucká Bible, which uses orthography closer to Modern Czech. The differences do not affect this analysis.
2
3.2.
Divergences in OCS
3.2.1.
OCS texts do not diverge from Greek very often, and the divergences do not occur uniformly across texts; there six passages in the Book of Luke in Codex
Marianus where Greek has a PPC, specifically the verb ‘have’, but OCS does not have a PPC, e.g. Luke 12:4:
Luke
12:4
English, King James
And I say unto you my
friends, Be not afraid of
them that kill the body, and
after that have no more that
they can do.
Greek
Λέγω δὲ ὑµῖν τοῖς φίλοις µου µὴ
φοβηθῆτε ἀπὸ τῶν ἀποκτεννόντων
τὸ σῶµα καὶ µετὰ ταῦτα µὴ
ἐχόντων περισσότερόν τι ποιῆσαι.
HAVE
3.2.2.
Luke
9:13
Matth.
18:12
Latin Vulgate
Dico autem vobis amicis
meis : Ne terreamini ab his
qui occidunt corpus, et post
hæc non habent amplius
quid faciant.
HAVE
OCS, Codex Marianus
Гл҃ѭ же вамъ дрѹгомъ своимъ .
не ѹбоите сѧ отъ ѹбиваѭштиихъ
тѣло . и по томь не могѫштемь
лиха чесо сътворити
NO PPC
Czech Dresden
Pravi vám, mým
přátelóm: nežásajte sě
těch, ješto zabíjejí, a
potom nemají, co by
viece učinili.
HAVE
Czech Kralická
Pravím pak vám přátelům
svým: Nestrachujte se těch,
jenž tělo zabíjejí, a potom
nemají, co by více učinili.
HAVE
In other passages (one in Codex Marianus), OCS preserves predicative possession in the Greek, but uses a different PPC, e.g. Codex Marianus, Luke 9:13 (Greek
dative PPC  OCS ‘have’) and Codex Assemanianus, Matthew 18:12 (Greek dative PPC  OCS u + genitive PPC):
English, King James
But he said unto them, Give ye
them to eat. And they said, We
have no more but five loaves
and two fishes; except we
should go and buy meat for all
this people.
How think ye? if a man have
an hundred sheep, and one of
them be gone astray, doth he
not leave the ninety and nine,
and goeth into the mountains,
and seeketh that which is gone
astray?
Greek
εἶπεν δὲ πρὸς αὐτούς δότε
αὐτοῖς φαγεῖν ὑµεῖς οἱ δὲ εἶπαν
οὐκ εἰσὶν ἡµῖν πλεῖον ἢ ἄρτοι
πέντε καὶ ἰχθύες δύο εἰ µήτι
πορευθέντες ἡµεῖς ἀγοράσωµεν
εἰς πάντα τὸν λαὸν τοῦτον
βρώµατα
DATIVE PPC
Τί ὑµῖν δοκεῖ ἐὰν γένηταί τινι
ἀνθρώπῳ ἑκατὸν πρόβατα καὶ
πλανηθῇ ἓν ἐξ αὐτῶν οὐχὶ ἀφεὶς
τὰ ἐνενήκοντα ἐννέα ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη
πορευθεὶς ζητεῖ τὸ πλανώµενον;
Latin Vulgate
Ait autem ad illos : Vos date
illis manducare. At illi
dixerunt : Non sunt nobis plus
quam quinque panes et duo
pisces : nisi forte nos eamus, et
emamus in omnem hanc
turbam escas.
DATIVE PPC
Quid vobis videtur ? si fuerint
alicui centum oves, et erravit
una ex eis : nonne relinquit
nonaginta novem in montibus,
et vadit quærere eam quæ
erravit ?
OCS, Codex Marianus
рече же къ нимъ . дадите имъ вы
ѣсти . они же рѣшѧ не имамъ
съде вѧште пѧти хлѣбъ . і рыбѹ
дъвоѭ . аще ѹбо не мы шьдъше
во вьсѧ люди сиѩ҅ . кѹпимъ
брашъна .
Czech Dresden
I vecě k nim: „Vy jim
dajte jiesti.“ Tehdy oni
pověděchu: „Nenie u nás
viece nežli pět bochencóv
a dvě rybě...“
Czech Kralická
I řekl jim: Dejte vy jim jísti.
A oni řekli: Nemámeť víc
než pět chlebů a dvě rybě,
leč bychom my snad šli a
nakoupili na tento všecken
lid pokrmů?
HAVE
чъто сѧ вамъ мьнитъ . аште
бѫдетъ етерѹ чл҃ вкѹ .п҃ . овецъ .
і҅ заблѫдитъ едина отъ нихъ . не
оставитъ ли девѧти десѧтъ и
девѧти на горахъ . и шедъ
иштетъ заблѫждьшѧѩ .
HAVE
Co se vám zdá? Kdyby
některý člověk měl sto
ovec, a zbloudila by jedna z
nich, zdaliž nenechá
devadesáti devíti, a jda na
hory, nehledá té pobloudilé?
DATIVE PPC
DATIVE PPC
DATIVE PPC
U + GENITIVE
Co sě vám vidí: by kto
jměl sto ovec a jedna z
nich když by zablúdila,
však ostaví devět a
devadesát na horách a jde
hledat té, ješto jest
zablúdila.
HAVE
HAVE
Codex Assemanianus: …аште
бѫдетъ оу етера чл҃ вка п҃
овець...
U + GENITIVE
3.2.3.
Mark
6:2
In still other examples, OCS has a PPC where Greek does not. E.g. Codex Marianus, Mark 6:2 (Greek non-PPC  OCS Dative PPC):
English, King James
…From whence hath this man these
things? and what wisdom is this which
is given unto him, that even such mighty
works are wrought by his hands?
Greek
…πόθεν τούτῳ
ταῦτα καὶ τίς ἡ
σοφία ἡ δοθεῖσα
τούτῳ
NO PPC
Latin Vulgate
…Unde huic hæc omnia ? et quæ
est sapientia, quæ data est illi, et
virtutes tales, quæ per manus ejus
efficiuntur ?
NO PPC
OCS, Codex Marianus
…отъ кѫдѹ се естъ семѹ . і что
прѣмѫдрость данаѣ емѹ . і
силы таковы рѫкама его
бываѭтъ .
DATIVE PPC
Czech Dresden
…Otkud jest tomuto
toto všecko a kteraká
jest toto múdrost, ješto
jest jemu dána...
DATIVE PPC
Czech Kralická
…Odkud tento má tyto věci? A
jaká jest to moudrost, kteráž jest
jemu dána, že i takové moci dějí
se skrze ruce jeho?
HAVE
3
3.3.
Divergences in Czech
3.3.1.
Czech Dresden translation is also quite close to Latin syntax, but Old Czech replaces Latin dative PPCs with ‘have’ more often than OCS, e.g. Luke 8:42; in one
case Old Czech has an u + genitive PPC where a dative PPC appears in Latin, e.g. Luke 9:13:
Luke
8:42
Luke
9:13
3.3.2.
Luke
1:5
3.3.3.
English, King James
For he had one only
daughter, about twelve years
of age, and she lay a dying.
But as he went the people
thronged him.
But he said unto them, Give
ye them to eat. And they
said, We have no more but
five loaves and two fishes;
except we should go and buy
meat for all this people.
Greek
ὅτι θυγάτηρ µονογενὴς ἦν αὐτῷ
ὡς ἐτῶν δώδεκα καὶ αὐτὴ
ἀπέθνῃσκεν. ἐν δὲ τῷ ὑπάγειν
αὐτὸν οἱ ὄχλοι συνέπνιγον αὐτόν.
Latin Vulgate
quia unica filia erat ei fere annorum
duodecim, et hæc moriebatur. Et
contigit, dum iret, a turba
comprimebatur
OCS, Codex Marianus
ѣко дъшти иночѧда бѣ емѹ .
ѣко дъвою на десѧте лѣтѹ . и
та ѹмирааше . егда идѣаше
народи ѹгнѣтаахѫ и .
Czech Dresden
Že jmějieše jedinkú
dceru bezmála ve
dvúnádcti letech, a ta
chtieše jemu umřieti...
Czech Kralická
Nebo měl dceru tu jedinou,
kteréž bylo okolo dvanácti
let, a ta umírala. A když šel,
tiskl jej zástup.
DATIVE PPC
εἶπεν δὲ πρὸς αὐτούς δότε αὐτοῖς
φαγεῖν ὑµεῖς οἱ δὲ εἶπαν οὐκ εἰσὶν
ἡµῖν πλεῖον ἢ ἄρτοι πέντε καὶ
ἰχθύες δύο εἰ µήτι πορευθέντες
ἡµεῖς ἀγοράσωµεν εἰς πάντα τὸν
λαὸν τοῦτον βρώµατα
DATIVE PPC
Ait autem ad illos : Vos date illis
manducare. At illi dixerunt : Non
sunt nobis plus quam quinque panes
et duo pisces : nisi forte nos eamus,
et emamus in omnem hanc turbam
escas.
DATIVE PPC
рече же къ нимъ . дадите имъ
вы ѣсти . они же рѣшѧ не
имамъ съде вѧште пѧти
хлѣбъ . і рыбѹ дъвоѭ . аще
ѹбо не мы шьдъше во вьсѧ
люди сиѩ҅ . кѹпимъ брашъна .
HAVE
I vecě k nim: „Vy jim
dajte jiesti.“ Tehdy oni
pověděchu: „Nenie u
nás viece nežli pět
bochencóv a dvě
rybě...“
HAVE
I řekl jim: Dejte vy jim jísti.
A oni řekli: Nemámeť víc
než pět chlebů a dvě rybě,
leč bychom my snad šli a
nakoupili na tento všecken
lid pokrmů?
DATIVE PPC
DATIVE PPC
HAVE
U + GENITIVE
HAVE
Examples also appear where the Czech uses a PPC where one does not occur in Latin, e.g. Luke 1:5:
English, King James
There was in the days of Herod,
the king of Judaea, a certain
priest named Zacharias, of the
course of Abia: and his wife was
of the daughters of Aaron, and
her name was Elisabeth.
Greek
Ἐγένετο ἐν ταῖς ἡµέραις
Ἡρῴδου βασιλέως τῆς Ἰουδαίας
ἱερεύς τις ὀνόµατι Ζαχαρίας ἐξ
ἐφηµερίας Ἀβιά καὶ γυνὴ αὐτῷ
ἐκ τῶν θυγατέρων Ἀαρών καὶ τὸ
ὄνοµα αὐτῆς Ἐλισάβετ
Latin Vulgate
Fuit in diebus Herodis,
regis Judææ, sacerdos
quidam nomine Zacharias
de vice Abia, et uxor illius
de filiabus Aaron, et nomen
ejus Elisabeth.
OCS, Codex Marianus
Быстъ въ дьни ирода цѣсѣрѣ
июдеиска . іереи единъ
именемъ захариѣ . отъ
ефимѣриѩ авиѣнѧ . і жена
его от҃ъ дъштеръ арѡнь . і
имѧ еи елисаветъ .
Czech Dresden
Byl jest za dnóv Herodových,
krále židovského, jeden pop,
jménem Zachař, z pořada
Abiašova, i bieše jemu žena ze
dcer Aaronových a jmě jejie
Alžběta.
Czech Kralická
Byl za dnů Herodesa krále
Judského kněz nějaký,
jménem Zachariáš, z třídy
Abiášovy, a manželka jeho ze
dcer Aronových, a jméno její
Alžběta.
NO PPC
NO PPC
NO PPC
DATIVE PPC
NO PPC
Comparison of Czech Bible translations: 14th vs. 16th centuries:
Table 1. Translation of PPCs from the Latin Vulgate into the Czech Dresden Bible and Greek New Testament into the
Czech Kralická Bible for the Book of Luke
LATIN VULGATE  CZECH DRESDEN
Latin habeo || Czech matches 95% (72/76)
72 habeo  mít
4 habeo  other construction in Czech
(Also: 9 other constructions in Latin  miti in Czech)
Latin est + dative || Czech matches 73% (11/15)
11 est+dat.  jest + dat.
1 est+dat.  mít
1 est+dat.  u +genitive
2 est+dat.  possessive pronouns
(Also: 1 other construction  jest + dat. in Czech)
Overall Latin  Dresden matching PPCs: 91% (83/91)
GREEK NEW TESTAMENT  CZECH KRALICKÁ
Greek εχω || Czech matches 89% (63/71)
63 εχω  mít
8 εχω  other construction in Czech
(Also: 15 other constructions in Greek  mít in Czech)
Greek ειναι + dative || Czech matches 14% (2/14)
2 ειναι + dat.  jest + dat.
12 ειναι + dat.  mít
Overall Greek  Kralická matching PPCs: 76% (65/85)
Table 2. Translation of PPCs from Greek
New Testament into the Latin Vulgate for
the Book of Luke
GREEK NEW TESTAMENT  LATIN VULGATE
Greek εχω || Latin matches 100% (70/70)
70 εχω  habeo
(Also: 4 other constructions  habeo in Latin)
Greek ειναι + dative || Latin matches 100%
(14/14)
14 ειναι + dat.  est+dat.
(Also: 1 other construction  est+dat. in Latin)
Overall Greek  Latin matching PPCs: 100%
(84/84)
4
3.4.
Tricky Cases
Luke 10:7
4.
4.1.
English, King James
And in the same house
remain, eating and drinking
such things as they give: for
the labourer is worthy of his
hire. Go not from house to
house.
Greek
ἐν αὐτῇ δὲ τῇ οἰκίᾳ µένετε
ἔσθοντες καὶ πίνοντες τὰ παρ’
αὐτῶν ἄξιος γὰρ ὁ ἐργάτης τοῦ
µισθοῦ αὐτοῦ µὴ µεταβαίνετε ἐξ
οἰκίας εἰς οἰκίαν.
Latin Vulgate
In eadem autem domo manete,
edentes et bibentes quæ apud
illos sunt : dignus est enim
operarius mercede sua. Nolite
transire de domo in domum.
OCS, Codex Marianus
въ томь же домѹ прѣбываите
ѣдѫште и пиѭште ѣже сѫтъ ѹ
нихъ . достоинъ бо естъ
дѣлатель мьзды своеѩ . не
прѣходите из домѹ въ домъ .
NO PPC
NO PPC
U + GENITIVE
Czech Dresden
A v témž domu ostaňte
jedúce a pijíce to, což u
nich jest, nebo jest
dóstojen dělník své mzdy.
Neroďte sě túlati z domu
do domu.
U + GENITIVE
Czech Kralická
A v témž domu ostaňte,
jedouce a pijíce, což u nich
jest. Nebo hoden jest dělník
mzdy své. Nechoďtež z
domu do domu.
U + GENITIVE
Semantics and Pragmatics of PPCs in Slavic
U + genitive
4.2.
Table 3: Semantics of Possessors and Possessums: u+gen. PPC
Possessors
Possessums
Personal pronouns
100 sheep (OCS Assemanianus)
A certain person
Dative PPCs
Table 4: Semantics of Possessors and Possessums: dative PPC
Possessors
Possessums
Personal pronouns (primarily referring to
Kinship relations: child, son, daughter,
people, once to a raven (Luke 12:24))
husband, wife
5 loaves and 2 fish (Old Czech)
Relative pronoun (‘which…’
referencing things to eat and drink)
(Something to eat)
(No peace)
Person
Other people: debtors
Creditor
Abstract states and concepts: joy, gladness,
thanks, care, praise, worship, compassion,
“things” (refers to wisdom, knowledge)
100 Sheep (OCS, Matthew 18:12; though
note that Codex Assemanianus uses instead
u + genitive here)
Places: room in an inn (Luke 2:7),
storehouse, barn (12:24)
Names (fixed construction for naming)
5.
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.3.1.
5.3.2.
Conclusions
Examples from Bible translations confirm that Slavic utilized an inventory of three constructions for expressing predicative possession
The verb iměti ‘have’, was the most frequently used in the Bible texts and was the least semantically and syntactically restricted
The existential PPCs (the dative PPC and the u + genitive PPC) nevertheless had their own distinct domains of usage in LPS
Dative PPCs occurred more often with possessums that included kinship relations, abstract possessums, and fixed syntactic constructions
U + genitive PPCs occurred with possessums that were concrete, tangible, and countable/quantifiable (thus comparable to an external standard)
5
References
Primary Sources
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