megila 11..212

FPE YF
FPGKY NT FRG[BZN K\TP[ HBP .CNSZC \GEKSI N[ \GEGSF EGS BKF OKZ\S \NKDP
\B[PN FNKDPF F\KKF YEX NBGD \BKCC \YSGTFG HPZC FCG\MF \KEGS FNKDP N[
IIG[NG OKZVS ZGMPN KEM K\KC \B EGYVN DFR[ CNSZC EKSI OT \KZYP FIK[C .[VR
FBZ UB[G \BXPR FNKDPF[ QTJ EKSIF .FNKDPF N[ FRKKRT FNT QPIR 'Z KRKKRTC KPT
.\GRG[ \GRTJC K\KIER FNKDPC \GHIN K[YGCP \B K\TCF Z[BM LB ,GKRKT GPC F\GB
GR\[KDVN FNKDPF \B BKCFN \GSRN QVGB NMC EKSIF \GB+R \GCGZP \GZXVF ZIBN
N[ ZGMHB NM ZIB K\Z\G FNKDPF KRV \B NCYN K\RRGM\F \G[DZ\FC .\CYGTF
BGXPNG [VIN K\KCZF[ NMMG ,ZYIPF \GZVSCG \KCNSZCF \GZVSC "OKZ\S \NKDP"
FZYP BN[ K\RCFG ,CG[G CG[ F[KDVF \B KEKEK FIE KCN \RKDPN .K\KKVKX FZCD QM
GR[DVRG ,KIGZ \B \EZGJ FRKB ZCM FNKDPF[ EKSI G\GB FKF ZGCS QPH ZIBN .BGF
BGF[ GRC NXB FKGXP FNKDPF[ ZVKS FNKDPF QKKRT \B K\KNTF Z[BM .CG[
ZG[TM YZ .FCK[FN CZKS FNKDPF \B GKCB [YCP FP O[N TP[ Z[BMG ,"OKBRYF"P
.KEKN FNKDPF FTKDF QMP ZIBN OKR[
ZIBN ZCEF FKF FNKDPF \B DK[FNG BGXPN FPHKC FKKR[F OTVC K\BXK Z[BM
K\PSZV[ ZIBNG (E"S[\) "QPIR 'Z \ZKXKC QGTDK[G FYKJSKP" KZVS N[ ZGBN G\BX
KC\M KEKC GKF QM GPM ;"OINFP F[TPF" FRGMPF FZG\ \NCY NT KEGSF F[TPF \B
F[TPF \B OD NNM[ ,"EK C\M Q"ZFGP KKI" ONNMCG ,CNSZC \GEKSI N[ OKRG[ EK
FRVFG ,K[YGCP NT TP[ USB EGE 'VGZV KEKEK ."QGKZ[FP F[TPF" FRGMPF KEGSF
OGSZV \GCYTC ,NKCYPC .OKZ\SRF OKC\MC OFN NDZG EK[ CNSZC KEKSI ZVSPN K\GB
\GCK[I GBZG QPIR 'Z NTG ZVSF NT IIG[N GXZ[ CNSZC KEKSI KKNB GRV ,ZVSF
\GKDGSC GNFR\F O\B \GIK[FG OKCZ CNSZC KEKSI K\[DV .OFK\GCZ OT [DVB[
KCNSZCF ZPGIF N[ GKVGB ,O\GRKPBG EKF KC\M KRKKRTC EIGKPCG \GRG[ \GKCNSZC
'Z[ OKZPGI UB ZK\SFNG JKP[FN FDFR[ ,\KCNSZCF FZGHRXF N[ FKTKRPG KEGSF
QPGBC FR[F [BZC OKEKSIF WGCKYN K\VZJXF Z[BM .OZK\SFN FZGF BN GPXT QPIR
FNKV\F ECNPG ,CNSZC KEKSI OT FIK[FG \GZMKFF KNDTP \B CKIZFN K\KMH
.FKKZGVG FSGIE EGPKN \KKGGIN K\KMH \PPGZPF
OKZ\S \NKDP
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12
FTKDF \IB \CC BN .CNSZC KEKSIP K\NCKY OKZ\S \NKDP N[ EKF KC\M \B
C\MP EIB YNI K\NCKY FNKI\ .FEG\ ZKSB KRB ONGMNG ,EIB OEBP BNG KEKN FNKDPF
WPGBPG LGZB QGKT ZIBN LB ,GNGM EKF C\M BGF[ K\ZCSG ,ZYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z N[ EKF
\GCK\ K[BZC FPG[Z F\KKF FNKDPF[ ZIBP .ZSI FMG\P YNI[ K\[I FNKDPC
K\@RCF YZ BP[ GB ,ZSI FNKDPFP YNI QMB OBF ,K\TEK BN OIRTVN F[Y[ OKZGXKYG
EKF C\MP EIB EGPT QMB[ ZZC\F GEKC FNKDPF[ USGR EKSI OT [DVPP .FZSI
USGR EK C\M KEKN TKDF QMP ZIBN .ZSIF YNIF \B KN OKN[FN \GB+R BGFG ,KEKC GRRKB
YNI IG\VNG IRTVN YK\TPF FSKR FC[ ,Z\GK \ZIGBP FY\TF BGF[ ,FNKDPF N[
GNI[ ZGCS KRB[ UB ,ZHTN KN FKF FH EK C\M UB .FNKDPC OKKGXPF OKZGXKYFP ZMKR
FY\TF BGF UB ,FNKDPF N[ USGR EK C\M K\BZYG K\KBZ .\GJTP BN \GKGTJ GC
ZHTKFN \GZ[VBF QMNG ,GPNXN GB G\IYN \G[ZF KN FR\KR BN LB ,\[CG[PG \ZIGBP
.EGBP \NCDGP F\KKF GC
\GKHMZP ,CNSZC \GEKSIC \GKHMZP \GKGPE OT K\[DVR [GVKIFG FEGCTF KEM LG\
.OK[DZP UBG OKCCNP GKF OK[DVPF .FDFRFF OGI\CG \K\GZVSF FKK[TF OGI\C
OKRV ZGBPC CNSZC \GEKSI N[ EGSF KRKKRTC KPT IIG[N \GIK\VF QP K\T\VGF
KPT [DVKFN \GEKSIF K[BZP EIB N[ FPHKFP OD K\T\VGF .\GRKGT \[GI\ BNNG
OKC\MF KRKKRTC Z\GKC OKBKYC OKC[IRF OKVSGR OKEKSI [DVPN QP
+HNG ,\KR[
ZCE N[ GVGSC .OKZ\S \NKDP GRKKFE ,GRRGKE B[GR \B QCNN LK[PFN KEM OKKEGSF
NT KCNSZCF CZF OT FIK[F FCSR OKGSP CN[C .KYNI QVGBC YZ GH FPHK F[PP\F
OMKS OKGSP OKZCEG QKE ZIBNG ,OKC\MF OGSZV NT QPIR 'Z NKJF[ ZGSKBF QKKRT
QMB OKEKSIF GRBG ,OKZCEF \B \GNDN GRKNT ZSB QMB GRCZ[ FZKPBC CZF F\GB
GPSZV\K[ QPHF TKDF ZCM[ OKBGZ OKP[F QP[ FBZR LB ,GKZCEN \KKXN OKCKGIP
,TP\[F CNSZC \GEKSIC FNKCGP \KRCZ \GPE OT \ZIB FIK[P 1.ONGTC OKZCEF
FKTC BXGP BGF QKB OKRG[ OKPZH QKC I\P N[ \KCNSZC-OKRVF FKTCF ECNP[
.NMGK Z[B NMC G\ZHT \B KN TKXF BGFG ,OKPEGY \GZGEC EGS FKF[ FP F\T OSZVN
,FIZJFG \GRGMRF NT KYSRKNKV\ NBGP[ 'Z KEKEKN CNF YPGTP \GEGFN OGYPF QBM
FZGPN KN \GKFN G\GRGMR NTG FNKDPF \B KEKN BKCFN OKXPBPFG QPHF \[EYF NT
ZNERFXKKG OFZCB CZN OD FEG\ .OGKF CNSZC \GEKSI N[ \GRGeDPF FKMZEC LZE
FC[ \GKCCNF NTG \GPKMIPFG \GCZF \GIK[F NT NIRF L[P \BXGF [BZC EPGTF
.KPT DFR
GBZ Z[BM[ OP[C OK\ZMHF BN[ CNSZC \GEKSIP OKRCZ O\GBN FMZCG FEG\
.KEK \I\P FNY\ BX\ BN[ KEM IGRTVF \MBNPN OM[ \GJFN G\GB+R KEKC FNKDPF[
ZKMHF BGF GR\[KDV ZIBN[ \C[C GKEKSIN CZF B[R[ \KCPGV F[ZEC[ QKKXN QKKRTP
FNKDPF N[ EK C\M NM BN[ \TEN [K[ ZKTFG ,OKZ\S \NKDP NT GPT ZCKE EIB ZGJYGE[
."LPSGP" BGF
1
13
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FPEYF
ZVSF NM NT GZCT UB OYNIG ,\GBG \GB FNKP FNKP FNKDPF NT K\B GZCT OFP FPM
QFKNB K\TDF[ \GTKCYG \GRCG\ OD \GTNCGP ZVSC .\GKGTJ FPMG FPMP K\GB GNKXFG
K\EG\ .OKEKSI O\GB OT U\G[PF EGPKNFG OKKRKTF \GZKBP \GZTFF \GCYTC
NTG OKRVF ZGBP NT ,FCZF FTY[FF NT ,QPHF \[EYF NT OFN FRG\R FYGPTF
.OK[DVPF \GCYTC FZXGR[ \GEKEKF
JTPM K\KXP\ QVGBC FCG\M BKF .OKPKF \KZIB N[ CD[R QGHI BKF FNKDPF
KIK[PF QEKTN OKZG[YF OKB[GR NN[N \GSIKK\F FC [K .FCGZPF \B YKHIPF
\GZMGPG KZPDN \G[EI OKRV UG[IN KEM FC [KG ,KCNSZCF ONGTC EGSK \GKDGSNG
FRKB OKZ\S C\M QKTPC FCG\MF FNKDPF .CNSZCP QPIR 'Z { QGHIF NTC N[ \IBM
K[BZ ,\GK\GB N[ \KZYP FPZ+TM QG[BZ JCPC \KBZR BKFG BZGYN \GNYC \ZSP\P
FZSFC LGZMF CZ NPTNG FCGZP \GRNCSN [ZER FEGSC BGCN FXGZF .OKZGXKYG \GCK\
LG\P ,HB LB .EIK OVZXN QGKSKRCG FNKPG FNKP ,\GBG \GB ,UKTX ZIB UKTX N[ FZKFH
CKFZP KIK[P QGHI BZGYF KRKTN FNDR ,OKTJGYPF OKJV[PN ZCTPG \GK\GBF SVKSV
.OKTGDTDG OKVGSKM ,FNKV\G FZK[ BNP ,BKNVPG
,OKZ\S \NKDPN OKTDGRF OKRG[ OKRKKRT K\RCKNG K\IIG[ O\B[ KKEKEKN FEG\ UKSGB
,QKK[ERGP T[GFK CZN ,ZKBP Q\RGK ZPN ,QGBZC QKPKRC Z"EN ,NEKB F[P 'VGZV KZGPN
KRTKKS[ ,USB EGE 'VGZVN \EIGKP FEG\ .FNK[ QRINB Z"ENG ZRKKZ QRINB 'VGZVN
\CK\M N[ OKRG[ OKCN[C FCGJ FXTC KRIRF[ ,BKD[ KCB 'VGZVNG ,FNKDPF NB KMZEC
N[ G\ZFRFN \GCZ FPZ\[ ,\KRG[NF FMKZTF NT K\PB-QC OFZCBN FRM FEG\ .ZVSF
,ND \RTG ,QNKB-ZC \JKSZCKRGB N[ OKZVSF \BXGF \NFRP ,Z[KCB \KNDZP .ZVSF
QYG\PG FBR QVGBC ZGBN BXK ZVSF[ KEM \GNKTKCG \GK\ZKXKC GNPT ,ZVSF \MZGT
,QPJZF OGN[ QGMPN \EIGKP FMZC .QFN \GRG\R K\MZTFG K\EG\ { G"S[\ \R[C EGT
\MPG\F EGPKNF \KKNKFYC YNI \IYN KN FR\KR[ \GMHF NT ,GK[BZNG GKZCIN
.QGMPC \PKKY\PF \ZD\BPFG
EKRGBKN HMZP KEK NT F"S[\ \R[CG ,TEPN \KPGBNF QZYF KEK NT LP\R FH ZYIP
G\BXGF .OKN[GZKC \KZCTF FJKSZCKRGBC FVGZKB IZHPG FKSGZ \GEFK ZYIN QKNHCR
.QNKB-ZC \JKSZCKRGB ,GFKCYT YIXK ["T QZYF \ZHTC FTKK\SF ZGBN
QG[BZ YNI
FNKDPF I\VC
BGCP
OKKGRK[ .CIZF ZGCKXF KRVC GKD[GPG GKNPS NT FNCYF ONGT \B FI\V \GEKSIF
GZ[VB FDFRFF NEGPCG FCK\MFG ZGCKEF QGRDSC ,K\EF QKKRTF KEYGPC OKK\GTP[P
KRGPF N[ OFKKI IZGB \B FGG\PF ONGT \VY[FN FNCYF \B LGVFN \GEKSIN
FMZCC QFKZT[ \B GI\V ,OKNCGYPF \GZGCIN EGDKRC ,\GKEKSIF \GNKFYF .OKEKSI
SV\ \NEC\PG \KZJGHB OKNCGYP \ZGCI N[ SG\BF OGYP \BG ,OK[EI OKVZJXPN
1
.FXGI \GRKKTPF \XVF N[ SG\BF
KYKIZP \GTP[P KKGRK[ \GEKSIC GZCT Z\SRF \ZG\G EGS ,FZG\ KZ\S GPM OKD[GP
OKKNCY OKJSYJN EGT OKSIKK\P ORKB GNB OKD[GP OKRG[ OKKEKSI OKDGF NXB .\MN
\PIP Z\SR FKKVGB[ ,\GFGNBC \GYCEC \K[KBF \GSR\FN BNB ZIB KZJGHB TEKN GB
KGNKDFG Z\SFF \NB[N SIKC NI[ OKMZTF KGRK[ 2.OKNKPC FZCTFN \R\KR FRRKB[
\XVFC Z\GPFG ZGSBF \GNGCD NT \GEKSIF N[ FPNGT LG\C \GVKZI \GYGNIP ZZGT
3
.\GEKSIF ONGT \B \PKGSP FVGY\C G[KTZF[ \GYGNIP ,FNCYF \ZG\
BN \GEKSIC OD CIZF NFYN KZJGHBF TEKF \IK\V N[ GNB \GPDP UB NT ONGBG
GRMG\ \B ZGP[NG OKNTFN QGXZF QKC I\PF .IKM[F GRCGPC EGSF N[ GPGYP EYVR
,GPXT QMG\ G\GB WKVFN UBG ZKCTFN \GVKIEF \[GI\ QKCN QKTF QP KGPS EGSF N[
.F\K[BZP \GEKSIF \B FGGNP 4,KZJGHB TEKG EGS N[ GPGKYC K\GFP YNI BGF[ I\P
FP[R \KKNT NT ZVSP BGF CGJKYP QG[ZD 'Z GSKDN CGJ O[ NTCF C\M[ \ZDKBC
QKB .113=110 'PT ,\GIGNF NT \GZKI ,ZGBKNB ;\GEKSIF ,OGN[ ;\GEKSIF SEZVC ,ZCGC
\GCM[F NB OKRG[BZF FKCN[C \GEKSIF F\RV OBF FNB[C FEPT TGCYN KEM KKZCEC
\TGR\N ZCTPF [IZ\F \GEKSIC CN[ FHKBC GB ,FZG\F KEPGN ZGCKX NB YZ GB \GKPPTF
N[ G\R[P ,QZF ;67=59 'PT ,F\K[BZC \GEKSIF ,SYJB FBZ GNB \GNB[ NT .OKRGPF
.535=533 'PT ,YSKNBYP OFZCB 'Z
,[EGY [B ;CNZ 'PT ,BGC\ KM \[ZV ,[P[G ZGBP ;CM FYSV ,CMY 'PT ,\PB KZCE Z[GK
,QGTDK[G FYKJSKP ,YZP FBZ QKKRTC QPIR 'Z \EPT NTG LM NT .JR 'PT ,BX\ KM \[ZV
.157=154 'PT
.540=533 'PT ,YSKNBYP OFZCB 'Z N[ G\R[P ,QZF FBZ
.100=96 ,15=7 'PT EIGKPC ,KGNKDG Z\S ,NJZCNF FBZ
1
2
3
4
OKZ\S \NKDP
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18
\TC" F\KKF G\CG[\G ,BGCN BGF EK\T K\P IK[PF \B NB[ FMNFPC[G ,GN F\KKF[
FCG[\ ,"L\GB K\EPN[ FP FXGI LK\GRKTP GXGVKG ONGTC FND\KG LEGPKN OSZV\[
EGPKN G\GBN SIKC KM ZVSPG UKSGP CGJ O[ NTCF LB .KHMZP KEKSI SG\BN F\KKF GH
YKRTP GN[ EIB CJGY[ ,FH SYGEZV 5."\BH \GNDN KKI KPK NM \G[Z FR\R BN" GPXT
OKKY\P ,ZGSKB GKNT NKJP UBG KGNKDF \B NNG[ ZIBF GCJGYG KGNKDN FPGXT \GCK[I
.FHF OGKF OXT ET ,ZVSF L[PFC FBZR[ GPM ,\GEKSIC
ON[ SGVZGY GR[K 6.CG[I OGYP EGSC YGSKTF SV\ CNSZCP QPIR 'Z N[ GPNGTC
QGKEF FMH NKCYPCG ,\GKEGS N[ FJTP GKNT sZV QPIR 'Z[ \GZKXK KTJYG \GZKXK N[
CIZRG YKPTP IG\KVN ,FYK\[ LKZXPCG ZPBKFN KGBZC ,Z\SFCG KGNKDC KJZGB\F
FSKV\ NT OKEKTP O\GFPG ORGGKD .QPIR 'Z I\KV FZ\SFF KRVGB \B UB 7.G\R[PC
BGF[ ZIB ZVS NTG 8,HRD QPIR 'Z[ EIB ZVS NT OKTEGK GRB .EGSF N[ G\GFPC F[EI
FPXT \B \VVGB CNSZC \GEKSI QMBG 10.ZHN O\GNDN ZSB[ OKZGVKS NTG 9,UZ[
G\ZG\C OKKZJGHB OKECZG OKZPGI N[ OPGKY NT EKP\P IK[CG QKZG\SP N[ FNKFC
11
.QPIR 'Z N[
KEGS JSYJ ,"OKZ\S \NKDP" ,CNSZC \GEKSI N[ \GEGSF EGSN [EYGP FH ZVS
12
ECNC \GCK\ K[BZC FP[ZR[ FNKDP ,WYF \GEGSG "YEX NBGD \BKC ZES" GRKKRT[
13
.FEGS \B \TEN KB[Z EIB OEB YZ ZGE NMC[ \ZVSP \KCNSZCF \ZGSPF[G
KC\MC ZMHGF BN[ JTPMG ,EGSC CZ QPH QG\R FKF OKZ\S \NKDP N[ FPGKY OXT
FPGKY NT ZGVKSF OT ECC EC FNKDPF FZMHGF OFC[ OKRG[BZF \GZGYPC .CNSZC
OKTEGP GKF ZYIPC .EGT \PKKY FRRKBG FCRDR GB FECB FNKDPF[ FRTJF F\NTGF
.297=296 'PT ,O[F NTC ,SYJB NXB BCGP ;WKZBY ISGR KV NT JGJKXF
;258=181 'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG FBZ .ZYIPC FCIZFC QGEKR CNSZC \GEKSIC \GKZJGHBF B[GR
NTC ,QKZD ;127 ,126 ,117=111 ,62 ,53=51 ,19 ,17=10 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV
'PTCG ,211=176 'PT ,"OKKIK[P OKXPBP" YZVF LZGBN QKDGZKSN QMG ,20=19 'PT ,OKZGSKF
,SKKG FBZ \GKZJGHBN FPDGEM OINFP F[TP NT .261=238 'PT ,KNNMF QGYK\F ,SCKN ;215
.OINFP F[TPF ,YZP FBZ EGSF NT EGT .192=191 'PT ,OKZYIP
.188=181 'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG
.64=63 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV
.248=245 ,244=215 'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG
.OINFP F[TPF ,N"RF ,QGKZ[FP F[TPF ,YZP FBZ QGKZ[FP F[TPF NT
.15 'PT ,OKZGSKF NTC ,QKZD ;202 ,16=10 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV
.214=189 'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG
'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG FBZ OKZ\S \NKDP NT .DV=CV 'PT ,IRZ \GB ,C LZM ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[
,180 'PT ,OKZGSKF NTC ,QKZD 'B ;206=202 ,81=76 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV ;214=189
'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG FBZ \GKIK[PN SIKK\PM OKKCNSZCF OKC\MC KEGSF ECGZF NT .191=190
,OKZGSKF NTC ,QKZD ;KNNMF QGYK\F ,SCKN ;16=10 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV ;248=189
.O[
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
19
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BGCP
OBF ,FZGZC FCG[\ CK[FN GTEK BN FP QPH LB ,OKZ\S \NKDP N[ F\GCK[IN
\B GZKMF BN KBEGGCG ,EGSM FZP\[RG FEZ[ BP[ GB EGT FRRKBG FECB QMB FNKDPF
14
.F\GFPG FRMG\ ZCEC \GZT[FC YV\SFN GXNBRG FPXT FNKDPF
\K\GDF FRKRVM FPXT KRVC FN [K[ FCZF \GCK[IN ZCTP ,GREKC FNKDPF[ ,F\T
G\TEG\NG QPIR 'Z N[ \KIK[PF G\GDF \RCFN CG[I I\VP GRKEKC [K \KRGKHIG
\KRGKTF G\ZKXKC OKKHMZPF \GEGSKFP BKF[ ,IK[P \RKIC YKEXM \KPXTF
OXT ET CNSZC \GEKSI N[ F\GI\V\FCG GKEKSI \B G\DFRF QVGBC ,\K\GZVSFG
.FHF OGKF
TP[ KP JZGVP ;FNKDPF \ZKPB \GCKSR \GZBG\P ZVSF N[ (QG[BZF) FH YNIC
\GPGI NT ,FNKDPF N[ FPGKY NT \GKGET \GBCGPG ;C\MF NT F\GB FNTF KPG F\GB
.OGKF ETG QPIR 'Z KPKP FNKDPF N[ FZKSPF \Z[Z[ NTG QFC FVYGF[ \GKEGSF
.GREKC OKKGXPF OKZ\S \NKDP N[ EKF KC\M OKZYSR FH YNI OGKSC
FZ\SF \GR[ OKK\BP ZIBN FRG[BZN[ ,FPXT OKZ\S \NKDP \BCGP KR[F YNIC
LG\P NGED YNI IGRTVN FTXF GKZIBNG ,EKF C\M OGNKX BCGP FH YNIC .ZGB FBGZ
,\GK\GB GZB[R CZ NPT ZIBN OD .OFC FCG\M FNKDPF[ \GCK\F K[BZG OKZGXKYF
FNKDPF OGSZV[ FGGYP KRB .OKIRTGVP K\NCG OKPG\S OKPKGSP OKJV[PG OKNKP
KNGB NMGR \BH \GCYTCG ,OKVSGR EK KC\M N[ FVK[I UB KNGBG QGKEG EGPKN ZZGTK
.FNKDPC OKPG\S GZ\GR[ OKYNIF \B IRTVN
KIK[PF QGKHKIF sZVR BZGYF KRVC .FNKDPF Z[V ZGZKCN [EYGP K[KN[F YNIF
ZGZKC LG\G QPIR 'Z N[ G\GDFG G\ZKXK NGNMPN G\YKH \[DEF LG\ FNKDPC KGXPF
YNIC .CNSZCP QPIR 'Z N[ GNTGVG G\GPEN OKZ\S \NKDPC IK[PF \GPE QKC FYKHF
CNSZC \GEKSIC KIK[PF I\PF \GPXT\FN OKZG[YF OK[EI OKKGNKD OD OR[K FH
.KIK[PF QEKTC [EYPF N[ GPGYP QKKRTN QMG ,G"SY\ \R[ \BZYN
OKKEGSF OKC\MF NGNMP TYZ NT OKZ\S \NKDP N[ FPGYPC QE KRB KTKCZF YNIC
GKF FPG OKZ\S \NKDP NT FZGPI FM \GKEGS FNJGF TGEP ZZCN FSRP KRB .QPIR 'Z N[
FNB NT QFG FEGS \B GTEK[ OKJTP O\GB NT QF EGSN FNKDPF \MKVF N[ \GMN[FF
.FKZ\S \B IRTVN GB F\GBZN GMH BN[
ZES NT OKZ\S \NKDP" GZPBPC SKKG USGK KEK NT F[TR FH B[GRC Z\GKC CG[IF ZYIPF 14
GRKNT 'OKZ\S \NKDP' F\GB F\ND\R BN[ QPH NM" :ZPBPF OGKSC GKZCE GNBG ."IK[PF \BKC
\PBC OBF .\SVERF \GZVSC[ OKHPZF KV-NT FRMG\ NT FNB \GJTGP \GZT[FC YV\SFN
FND\K[MN ?CNSZC KEKSI KEKC EK-\CK\MC Y\GTP BXPR OKZ\S-C\M G\GB N[ JSMJF QKB
G\GFHN FKFK Z[VB ,(BKNTP BR[KN BNB FRKB FNKDPF QECGB NT NKTNE FEDFF OB) FH JSMJ
OKZ\S \NKDP[M ,F\T .(214 'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG) "\GZGYPF LG\P OGRKNTF[ OKRPKSF KV-NT
\B OKPNGF QMB GKZGBK\G \GRGMR GKF SKKG N[ GK\GZT[F \KCZP[ ZZC\P ,GRKEKC FKGXP
FNKDPF KGFKHN USGR [G[KB [P[N OKNGMK OFG ,FNKDPC OKKGXP SKKG Q\R[ OKRPKSF .FNKDPF
.OKZ\S \NKDPM
OKZ\S \NKDP
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20
N[ OKRG[F OKDNVF KC\MC OKKGXPF OKZ\S \NKDP KEFC QE KRB ZVSF OGKSC
CNSZC \GEKSI N[ FNGEDF FIKZVF TYZ NT NFR\P FH QGKE .OGKF CNSZC \GEKSI
CNSZCP QPIR 'Z N[ \PXT\PG \MNGFF \GIMGRF TYZ NTG OKZ[TF FBPF KFN[P
OKZ[YP CNSZC \GEKSIC OKPKGSP OKDNV[ OKMKNF\ ,\KGG[MTF \KNBZ[KF \GCZ\C
.IK[PF \BKC QKCN ORKC
OKZ\S \NKDP FZPBR QMKFG K\P .1
OKKGXP FZPBR OFC[ OGYPFG QPHF NT \GKGETG FNKDPF N[ FPGKYN OKRG[BZF OKEFF
SGVEN BCGF[ ,CGZKPRP Q\R 'Z N[ KVZDGKCGJGBF GZVS GFH 15."\"RZFGP KPK" ZVSC
BN OKZ\S \NKDPN OKTDGRF OKZCEF[ FBZR 16.QKZFT[JP QPIR 'Z KEK NT G\ZKJV ZIBN
QPIR 'Z ,"YK\TPF" BKCF[ \VSG\ OF BNB Q\R 'Z QKMFG C\M G\GB[ ZVSC OKNGNM GKF
:OKZCEF FNBG .G\G[ZC GKF[ Q\R 'Z N[ OKVSGR EK KC\M LG\P ,QKZFT[JP
...OKC\MF \I\PBC K\BXP[ FP YK\TFN K\KBZ YK\TPF ZPB
CB OIRP 'F QG[BZ OGK Y"VN G"SY\ \R[ ,GRG[N FHG O[ CG\M K\BXP EGT
...GRKPKC FZFPC YEX NBGDF \BKC ZES NM [GEYF GKVP GRTP[
17
TRKKZYGBF NT FVP TSR LGPSF QG[BZ OGKC ,GRG[N FHG CG\M K\BXP EGT
FNDTF NT GRC[K QKHKEBNP BXK[M O[G QKHKEBNP BXK[ ET G\GB QKGNP GRKKFG
ONGTP GTP[R BN Z[B OKZCE QBM C\MRF EGS GRN FNKD FTKSRF LZEC HBG GN[
BNG EKP IM[R FCZFG :OKKSG (...N"RF YEX-NBGDF \BKC ZES NM GRKKF) 'GMG
FHP ZCEN BN[ FGXG .\GT[ KR[ LZTC FF[ FH QKRT ZGVKS KM NNM C\MR
.EKP C\MR BN KM CGZF IM[R UMK\G HPZC CG\MNG
[EY \C[ CZT K[[ OGKC FH QKRTC OTVF EGT GTP[[ FP O[ CG\M LM ZIB
OKZCE TGP[N GRKMH[ GRKZ[B ...'GMG CNSZC FV J"SY\ \R[ |CB-~ OIRP 'I
18
.(N"RF EK \CK\MP K\Y\TF QBM ET) ONGTP GTP[R BN Z[B FNBM OKHGRD
FNKCYPCG FH ZGYP ZGZKCC FCIZFC YST SKKG .BM=M 'PT ,BK ,QG[BZ YNI ,\"RZFGP KPK
KRB QCGZ \B[ ,GK\GRYSP NT QT[R QBM QGKEF .L[PFC BKCR[ ,NHZC F"KRCB ZVSC GN[
.NCYP
\R[C .DZCPNC G"NZ\ \R[C SGVEN QKZFT[JP QPIR CZF BKCF QG[BZ YNI \"RZFGP KPK \B
.FPN[ QZFB Z"C BEGFK OGIRG QKZTVNKKF NBZ[K 'Z KEK NT DZCPNC \KR[ ZVSF SVER D"SZ\
LM NT FBZ .OKN[GZKC E"SZ\ \R[C QKZTVNKKF NBZ[K 'Z KEK NT FRG[BZN SVEGF KR[ YNI
.JNY=INY 'PT ,OKYKEX FGR
KCIZC GH FVGY\C FR[ KEP FTGCYF G\TKSR NTG QPIR 'Z N[ \GRG[F GK\GTKSR CKJ NT
.200=199 'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG FBZ FRKBZYGB
.BM=M 'PT ,BK ,QG[BZ YNI ,\"RZFGP KPK
15
16
17
18
21
|
BGCP
ZES B[GRC QPIR 'Z N[ \GIK[ NKMP "OKZ\S \NDP BZYRF SZJRGYF"[ OKEPN GRB
FIK[ F\GBC ZCGEP QKB[ TP\[P .\GRG[ \GKGRPEHF K\[C GZPBR[ YEX NBGD \BKC
JSYJN \GCNG[P QRKBG GH ZIBN GH \GBCGP \GIK[F QM[ ,OKKPTV FZPBR[ [PP
,G"SY\ CB OIRPC 'F ,QG[BZ OGKC FNDTC FTKSR KEM LG\ ZPBR QG[BZF YNIF .EIB
CNSZC ZKTC ZPBR KR[F YNIF ."EKP C\MR BN KM CGZF IM[R UM\"[ ZPBR GKNTG
.J"SY\ CB OIRPC 'I ,K[K[ OGKC
NTG OKZ\S \NKDP N[ \GKZJGHBF \DZE NT :\GKEGS N[ \GPGI .2
FZKSPF \N[N[
FRG[BZF FIK[F
\TKP[ NT ZVSP Q\R 'Z ?FEGS \B \TEN KB[Z FKF KPG OKZ\S \NKDP FZPBR KPN
KPG FRG[BZF FIK[F \B GPT TP[ KP JZVP GRRKB LB ,OKCZ QG[BZ UGDC FNKDPF
OFZCB 'Z N[ GZVSC \GBCGP GNB OKJZV \GPKN[PF \GZGSP .FKKR[F \B GPT TP[
19
:"ZGB KCMGM" QHI
\BKC QKRTP SGPMF EGSF 20N"H KN\VR KCZNG N"H \"RZFGPN FNKD Z[B \TC
OK[RB KR[ ODG ,[PP GKNB YGCEG LGPS N"H USGK KCZ GR\I OD HB C[K ,NBGDF
Z"GPEBN OFKRVG ,EIB FHPG EIB FHP ,FNDTF \GDZEP NT HB GEPT YKNVTJP
ZCKE[ \TC N"H GNGYG ,|YKNVTJN QKHKEBNP HB GTSR[~ FTKSRF \T NMC N"XH
N"RF OK[RBF KR[NG GR\IN NNM TEGR BN[ ET ,FNBM \GBNVRC YSVR ,\BH NM
\BH K\TP[G .GEDRN GC[K[ N"H KN\VR KCZG N"H \"RZFGP OT ZCEP BGF OB
GKF Z[B ,N"RF KVP GTP[[ ,GCM[P \ZVM KRKZF 21,KCBP ODG OK[RB FPM KVP
22
.OTV NMC \BH ZVSN OKNKDZ
FRG[BZF F\ZKPBC OKZ\S \NKDP \B TGP[N KB[Z FKF[ USGRF TPG[F[ ZZC\P
.Q\R 'Z N[ CGJF GEKEKG QPIR 'Z N[ OKCGZYF GKEKPN\P FKF[ ,CGZKPRP KN\VR 'Z FKF
BN GB GTP[ BN BNV IZGBC ,FNDT F\GBC OPT GKF[ UB ,OKZIBF OK[RBF \[GN[
.QPIR 'Z KZCE LG\P ZCE GJNY
,WKCGZGF NBGP[ 'Z KEK NT F"XZ\ \R[C OSZGV[ ,"NHZC F"KRCB" ZVSC
OCZ KVP ZERC YIXK KGN 'ZF OFKRKCG QHI OFZCB 'Z KEKPN\ GTP[[ \GZGSP \GJYGNP
,FKVZDGKNCKC ,CNSZC ,USB FBZ GRPP GJP[R[ \GJP[FG GN G[TR[ \GCIZFF ,ZVSF NT
.23=22 'PT
Q\R 'Z N[ CGZYF GEKEKG QPIR 'ZN Z\GKC OKCZGYPFP FKF (DZCRKG) CGZKPRP KN\VR 'Z
.BV 'PT ,NIRF KNGEKD FBZ G\GPE NT EGT .L"Z\ \R[C ZJVR ;CGZKPRP
.Q\R 'Z N[ GEKPN\ ,QK[JNGJP QPIR 'Z BGF GKCB
.GPY 'PT ,IM[ ,B YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[ OD FBZ .BR=R 'PT ,BM ,(B"M[\) ZGB KCMGM
19
20
21
22
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
22
:GH \ZGSP \BCGP ZVSC .QPGBC \V\G[PF O\GF[ \TC
.CNSZCN QK[HKEBNP LZEC N"YGXH GRKCZ TSR[ \TC ,QG[BZF OKZ\S \NKDP
\BKC ET FKFK[ FPG BKSGZ \RKEPP ZCEN N"XH GRKCZ NKI\FG QKYBHBY GZCTG
BYSGK 'ZF N"YGXH GRKCZ NXB C[KG .OK\PF \KI\ ET NBGDF \BKCPG NBGDF
NT GC[K YKNVTJP OK[RB KR[G N"YGXH KN\VR 'ZFG \"RZFGP OT GR\I
OT ZGCKE FHKB ZGHIN \"RZFGP FXZ M"IB .FHPG FHP FNDTF N[ FDKZEPF
GRKCZ ZPB[ TP[ \BH[ ZVKS YZ ,OGNM TEGK GRKB[ \"RZFGP FBZG KYSGK 'ZF
KR[ ODG .|CFH KNT OT WT~ ZTJTNC TRTENKD JKP OKGC B UGSCN N"YGXH
GRKCF ,\BH KN\VR 'ZG Q\R 'ZF GBZ[MG ,NNM GTP[ BN YKNVTJP OK[RBF
\"RZFGP C\M |QM NTG~ M"TG .|F~'KF QMG EGSC FKFK[ FXGZ N"YGXH GRKCZ[
23
.\GCK\ K[BZC OKZ\S \NKDPF
"\"RZFGP KPK" LG\P FNGT[ FRGP\N OKN[PG NKCYP OGYPFG OKV\\[PF ZGBK\
FEGYRF .\GZGYPF QKC \GZK\S \GND\P QFC[ \GEGYR K\[ JTPN "ZGB KCMGM"G
KV NT YKNVTJN QKHKENP :FTKSRF QGGKM BKF ,GR\RKICP Z\GK \KNG[F ,FRG[BZF
\KRGZYT FKKR[F FEGYRF 24."NHZC F"KRCB" KV NT CNSZCN QKHKENP ,"ZGB KCMGM"
KPK"C .FNKDPF N[ KZJGHBF FKKVGB TCYR QVGB FHKBC ,FNB[N \TDGR BKFG ,Z\GK
QPIR 'Z[ QBMP TP\[PG ,"HPZC C\MNG FHP ZCEN BN[ ,FGXG" BCGP "\"RZFGP
LZEC F\GB CG\MN FZGF[ BGFG EGSC FNKDPF ZCE \B ZGP[N FGGKX[ BGF GPXT
ZCE KXIG ZCE ZPB BN QPIR 'Z[ FNGT "NHZC F"KRCB" N[ ZGBK\FP \BH \PGTN ;HPZ
LG\P ,OPXT \TEP GYKSF KN\VR 'ZG Q\R 'Z[ FRYSPF KFGH BNB ,FNKDPF \GKEGS NT
G\IK[P ZCE GTP[ BN FNDT F\GBC O\B GKF[ OKZIBF OK[RBF[ \KBNVF FECGTF
25
.QPIR 'Z N[
,FKF QMG KGJKCF[ ,ZPGNG QPIR 'ZC OFZCB 'Z QG[NC YKKEN Z[VB[ QM\KK
FGGKX GPXT QPIR 'Z QMB QMP ZIBN[ EPNP ,QMP ZIBN FZY FP GRN ZVSP FZGBMN[
QG[BZF CN[C .FH QKKRTC OKCN[ KR[ GKF ,LM OB ."EGSC FKFK[ FXGZ" BGF[ ZPBG
ZIBNG ;EGSC ZP[K\ OKZ\S \NKDP[ FXGZ QPIR 'Z[ ,O\TEP KN\VR 'ZG Q\R 'Z GRKCF
QPIR 'Z ZKFCF ,Q\R 'ZG KN\VR 'Z N[ FNB[G FKKRV LG\P GB QPIR 'Z N[ FPHKC ,QMP
.EGSC ZP[K\ FNKDPF[ GRGXZ QMB[
\GBCGPF \GZGSPF IG\KRG FBGG[FC FCIZFC YST SKKG USGK .N=JM 'PT ,NHZC F"KRCB 23
\KCZP \B NCYP KRBG ,OKZ\S \NKDPN TDGRC NHZC F"KRCBG ZGB KCMGM ,\"RZFGP KPK OKZVSC
.214=189 'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG FBZ .QFKNT LPSRG GK\GRYSP
,OKZYIP ,SKKG LM NT FBZ .\"RZFGP KPK LG\P \IMGPF ,ZGB KCMGM \GET \B UKETFN [KG 24
.209=208 'PT
.208 'PT ,O[ FBZ .SKKG USGK ZCM LM NT EPTG 25
23
|
BGCP
\GKCNSZC \GZGSP N[ JGYKN GCG ,"[EGY KVZ[ IK[" ZVSF ZGBN BXK I"P[\ \R[C
DKFRPFG QHI OFZCB 'Z N[ GKEKPN\P ,ZERC YIXK KGN 'Z KVP GTP[RG FV-NTC GZCT[
QG[BZF LZMC .J"P[\ \R[C G\ZKJV ET NBZ[K WZBC CNSZC \GEKSI N[ JNGCF
FCZFP QYG\P ISGR BKCFN GRKEKC FNT" QM[ ,"NHZC F"KRCB" ZVSF [EIP SVEGF
GZCIP LP\SF G\PEYFC ZPBRF KVM Z[B 'NHZC F"KRCB' ZYKF ZVSF N[ OKKGRK[
OCGZ CGZG B"JKN[ YIXK KGN 'Z I"FZF KVP ZSPRF NT N"H WKGGZGF NBGP[ 'Z I"FZF
:O[ BCGPF OKZCEF ISGR FHG 26,"ECN GKVP GTP[R QBM OKC\MRF \GIK[F N[
QKHKEBNP LZEC N"YGXH GRCZ TSR[ \TC ,ZPBR ,QG[BZF OKZ\S \NKDP
\RKEPP ZCEN N"XH GRCZ NKI\FG ,OKYHGY OKBZYRF OKNKKI GZCTG ,CNSZCN
GRCZ NXB C[KG ,FNGBDF \GN[N\[F ZES NM EK\TN FKFK[ FPG ,BKSGZ
GRCZ FGXG ,N"YGXH KN\VR KCZG \"RZFGP OT ,BYSGK KCZ ,GR\I N"YGXH
:GRCZ ZPB BYSGK KCZ NTG ,OEB OG[N \BH GZVSK BN[ ,KN\VR KCZG \"RZFGPN
ZGCE FHKB ZGHIN \"RZFGP LM-ZIB FXZ[M .FGF QMG 27KBZIBG CZT KRB GKNT
GRCZ ZPB[ ,TP[ \BH[ ,ZVS YZ ,OGNM TEGK GRKB[ FBZ ,BYSGK KCZ ,CZF OT
KR[F ODG ,"|CFH KNT OT WT~ ZTJTNC TRTENKD JKP OKGC B" :UGSCN N"YGXH
28
.NNM GTP[ BN YKNVTJP OK[RB
QPIR 'Z[ ,"\"RZFGP KPK"C FTKCYF OT EIB FRYC FNGT \ZGSPF N[ FH ISGR
IGSKRF[ FBZR BN .OKZ\S \NKDP N[ KEGSF FKKVGB \B [ZGVPC TCY[ BGF CNSZCP
ONGF GRKB KBZIB IRGPC [GPK[F QM[ ,QPIR 'Z N[ GRG[N BGF OKZCEF N[ OKGSPF
F\GKF BGF GH \ZGSP N[ QYG\PF IGSKRC USGR K[GY .G\VGY\ QG[N \BG GRG[N \B
KEGSF F[TPF \B ZVKS QPIR 'Z[ ZIBN [IZ\F[ FPN FFKP\ ZZGTP QVGBC FPGE
:"Q"ZFGP KKIP \GJP[F" SZJRGYC BCGP LMG 29.OINFP F[TPF FRGMPF
,"[EGY KVZ[ IK[" ZVSF \B C\M[ ,ZNERFXKKG OFZCB 'Z .H=G 'PT ,B YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[
OKRGYK\FG ,FIK[ FIK[ NHZC F"KRCB ZVSF NT ZERC YIXK KGN 'Z OT ZCT[ KKRVC QTJ
TKVGPF NHZC F"KRCB N[ QYG\PF ISGRN KETNCF ZGYPF OF YIXK KGN 'Z N[ \GPN[FFG
\GIK[F[ ZIBP .KEKC QRKB LB ,GZP[RG GJNYGF YIXK KGN 'Z OT \GIK[F .[EGY KVZ[ IK[C
IK[C QFN[ CG\M[F OT \GJNYF \GG[FN OGYP [K[ QM\KK ,[KEKKC GMZTR YIXK KGN 'Z OT
QBMG ,OKZCEF N[ FMKZTG \KZCTN [KEKKP OGDZ\ OD NNM CG\M[F LKNF\ QM[ ,[EGY KVZ[
.\GRG[ \GRCFNG \TEF NGYK[N OGYP [K
'ZG \"RZFGP \B ZKFHF GRKCZ" :FPGE QG[NC BCGP ZPZY 'Z N[ \"RZFGP \GENG\ ZVSC OD
DBEB \BHN { GZVSK BN OKZIBF[' :GVKSGFC GTP[ Z[B NMP FPGBP \GNDN BN KN\VR
OKZCEF IGSKRP IGYN FH ZGBK\[ FBZR .(EKY 'PT ,CK YZV ,D YNI ;\"RZFGP \GENG\) "'...KRB
.[EGY KVZ[ IK[ ZVSC
.NZ 'PT ,CMY\ ,B YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[
.OINFP F[TPF ,YZP FBZ FH ZGCKI NT
26
27
28
29
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
24
FZVSN BN[ |FHN FH~ H"NH OKCZT O\B ZPB[ FT[C K\TP[ |YK\TPF ZPB~ F"B
JVJVP [KB FKF[ \PIP ZHN FZVSK BN[ GRPP OKBZK GKF[ |EI~'B O[ EPT ZHN
GC[I O\C[IPC LB N"H GRKCZP OKBZK GKF[ \PIP OGNM GZPB BN LB OKZCEC
N"RF [KBF NXB ZGYIN GNKI\F M"IBG CZT KRB GETC ZPBG N"H GRKCZ FRT .\BH
GRKCZ ZPB[ GFH[ GRKCFG .N"RF ZGVKSF FHP NNM TEK BNG F[TPF FHP TEGK OB
30
.FHF ZGVKSF NMP NNM TEK BN[ F[T KM CZT KRB GETC N"H
\B CJKF \PNGF JVJVPF ZGCT CZT \GKFN QPIR 'Z N[ \GCKKI\FF OINFP F[TPC
NKJF[ EGSF \ZKP[ NT \KEEFF \GCZTF \B QPIR 'Z DKKSP GH FZKPBC QM[ ,Z[YFF
\NKDP QKKRTC \BH \PGTN ,JVJVPF [KBN SIKC \GCZTP O\GB ZJGVG OKIMGRF NT
\B ZVK BYSGK 'Z BP[ OKTPG[F EXP [[I FNT BNG \KEEF \GCZT F[ZER BN OKZ\S
\KEGS FIK[ OGKSN OD \GTJC ZCTGF \IB \KEGS FIK[ OGKS[ BGVB QM\KK .\GKEGSF
N[ YKGEP JGJKX OT \ZGSP F\KKF BN ZERC YIXK KGN 'Z KEKC[ BGVB ZC\SP .\ZIB
\NKDP \B \GNDN [ZGVPC ZSB GPXT QPIR 'Z[ \ZPGBF \ZGSP YZ BNB ,QPIR 'Z KZCE
QKCN "NHZC F"KRCB"C ZVGSPF QKC FZK\SF \B C[KKN LZGXFG GH \ZGSP .OKZ\S
UB QPIR 'Z KZCE \VSGFNG ISGRF QGYK\N GNKCGF[ OF "\"RZFGP KPK"C ZVGSPF
.[PP GH QG[NC GZSPR BN OKZCEF[
OB FNGT OKZIBF \GZGYPF ZGZKCPG "\"RZFGP KPK"C Q\R 'Z N[ FZGZCF GRG[NP
ZZCN FBZRM G\GXZC ,Q\R 'Z .OKZ\S \NKDP KGNKD \B ZSB[ BGF GPXT QPIR 'Z[ ,QM
LG\P ,FIK[F \B G\ZHTC ZHI[N KEM BYSGK 'ZN FRV ,OKZCEF N[ YKGEPF ISGRF \B
JNY BN BYSGK 'Z[ GN ZZC\F HB LB ;OKRKKRTF EGSC BGF UB[ \[YC\PF FIRFF
OK[ZI
+ GMVF LB FNDTC GKF[ OKZIBF YKNVTJ K[RB KR[ OD LMG ,ZPBRF LG\P ZCE
.FT[N
FKKR[F FIK[F
YZ[ LM NT EKVYF QPIR 'Z[ ,OKBXGP GRB OKZ\S \NKDP N[ FKKR[F FZKPBN SIKC OD
ZVGSP LM .O\NGH [KBN FND\\ BN FNKDPF[G OKZCEF \B GTP[K KN\VR 'ZG Q\R 'Z
:"NHZC F"KRCB" ZVSC
,[ZEPF-\KCF N[ \NEF \B I\VG |KN\VR 'ZG Q\R 'Z \B~ O\GB BZY LM-ZIB
GRCZ FXZ BNG [ZEPF-\KCC CNSZCP CZF FKF HBG ,N"H GRCZ-\KC NXB FKF[
N"RF CZF I\V ,\NEF \B N"YGXH GRCZ I\V[ QGKMG ;ZGVKSF \TC FKFK[ N"XH
\NEF \B ZDSG EKPG UMK\ N"YGXH GRCZ LNF HB .WGIN BXKG FKR[F \NEF \B
31
.OKZ\S \NKDPF \B \KR[ OFN ZVKSG
.FXY 'PT ,Q"ZFGP KKIP \GJP[F 30
.NZ 'PT ,DMY\ UKTS ,B YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[ QMG .BN 'PT ,CN UKTS ,NHZC F"KRCB 31
25
|
BGCP
.QPIR 'ZN Z\GKC OKCGZYF OKEKSIFP EIB FKF[ ,CNSZCP QZFB 'Z BGF CNSZCP CZF
N[ FCZM G\GB \GRPN NTV UB QPIR 'Z ;GCZ KVP OKCZ OKIC[N FMH QZFB 'Z
NDTPFP FKF[ YZ BN QZFB 'Z QM[ ,FTK\VP QZFB 'ZP FNKDPF \Z\SF 32.CNSZC
\B OFN \GNDN QPIR 'Z ZIC OFC[ OKEKSIF KR[P EIB FKF BNB OKEKSIF N[ CGZYF
33
.QGKZ[FP F[TP FRGMPF KEGSF ZGVKSF
OFN OKKGND OKCNSZCF \GEGSF ZB[[ FNGDS KEKIK O\GBP UB FNKDPF \Z\SF
FKNT[ ,OKZ\S \NKDP N[ \KEGIKKF \GKEGSF \PZ NT \KCNSZCF \ZGSPC \CN\[P
\B FNKD BN Q\R 'Z[G 34,"FHP \TEN LKZX ZGEC EIB[ ,GRCZP NCGYP LM"[ ZPBR
EGS \B TEKG OKKIC FKF EGT KN\VR 'Z[ ZIBP GKKIC OEB OG[N OKZ\S \NKDP
35
.FNKDPF
OD BNB ,EGSN OKV\G[F NDTP OGXPXC YZ BN \VY\[P FFGCDF \GKEGSF \PZ
,"\"RZFGP KPK"C BCGP FH QKKRTC CG[I TEKP .C\MF NT FNKDPF \B GNTF GC[ QVGBC
OKC\MF \I\PBC BXP[ OKZCE LPS NT ,QKZFT[JP QPIR 'Z ,SGVEN BKCPF KZCEC
36
.Q\R 'Z N[
NM GRKKF) 'GMG ONGTP GTP[R BN Z[B OKZCE QBM C\MRF EGS GRN FNKD ...HBG
QGYKZJGR LZECG BPNTC BHKPZC QKRTF O[ C\MRG N"RF YEX-NBGDF \BKC ZES
OKZ\S \NDP BZYRF SZJRGYF FH YK\TFN BN[ EBP ZKFHPG \GC\-K[BZG
\GNDN FNKNI FH OD FHKPZC C\MR[ KV NT UB ,GSKVEFN BN[ QM[-NMPG
37
.('GMG
FCK\M .HPZCG QGYKZJGRC ,\GCK\ K[BZC :OKZ\S C\M QKTPC FCG\M ,QM OB ,FNKDPF
K\NC GB F[Y ,F\GB \GBZN ZGPB GRKB[ KP KRKTN U[IK\ FNKDPF OB OD[ FIKJCPF
NT .FZ[VG FEGS \B TEGKF OEB KVP FGGNR ZCSF BNN FRMG\ \B QKCFN FKFK KZ[VB
."\GNDN FNKNI" ,IGRTVG [GZKV \VSGF BNN ,OG\SF JSYJF \B OD GH FZ\SF UB
N[ FSVEFN YZG LB \SIKK\P FRRKB FZFHBF[ LMC OD \KND\P FZ\
+KF FZPGIF
OD \NNGM BKF[ TP\[P BNB ,FEGSC BC BN[ KPN FNKDPF KGNKDNG ,OKZ\S \NKDP
QG[NFP[ ,GRZTF ZCM .FNKDPF N[ ,EK C\MC GNKVB ,USGR Y\TF ZGXKN BN[ FZFHB
.F"Z\ \R[C ZJVR .TYGGKEGGEPC G\GKFC EGT QPIR 'Z NB CZY\FG F"NY\ \R[C ENGR QZFB 'Z
,ESZ ,KR[ YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[ N[PN FBZ QPIR 'Z GKNT UKTZF[ OKIC[F NTG GKNT EGT
,OKZYIP ,SKKG NXB 'HBYKKV NERP N[ G\FDF \B OD FBZG .CK 'PT ,NIRF KNGEKD QMG .FV 'PT
.33 FZTF UGS 209 'PT
.QGKZ[FP F[TPF ,YZP FBZ QGKZ[FP F[TPF NT .BVY=ETY 'PT ,BPY ,Q"ZF \GIK[
.DV 'PT ,IRZ ,C YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[
.DV=CV 'PT ,O[
.16 ,15 \GZTF NKTN FBZ
.M 'PT ,BK ,QG[BZ YNI ,\"RZFGP KPK
32
33
34
35
36
37
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
26
QPIR 'Z[ ,FNGT 38"HPZC CG\MNG FHP ZCEN BN[ FGXG" OKZCEF L[PFC \BCGPF
NT OKZCEF \BNTF[ FZGF[ BGFG FNKDPF N[ ZGPIF KZJGHBF KVGBF \B TCY[ BGF
39
.[ZGVPC BNG FHKPZC YZG LB F[TK\ C\MF
CNSZC \GEKSIC Z\GKC DGGSPF EGSF BKF OKZ\S \NKDP[ ,BGVB OKEPN GRB
'Z[ OKZPGI OR[K .GKEKSI KEKC GEZ[[G QPIR 'Z KEK \I\P GBXK[ OKZPGIF NGNMPP
BKF O\HKRD[ ,UGZ[F ZVSFG HGRDF ZVSF QGDM ,OFN[ FBNP FZ\SF NT JKNIF QPIR
F[TP" QGDM ,OKZIB OKKEGS OKZPGI OR[K 40.[KB KEKC OKKGXP OF QKBG \JNIGP
FGGKX QPIR 'Z[ ,"QGKZ[FP F[TP" GB ,"FZG\F \NCYP F[TP" OD FRGMPF "OINFP
41
"ZHN FZVSN BN[" FZGF BSKD LEKBP LB OKBCF \GZGEN GZCTKG GZP[K[ DGBEN
OKRPR ORKB[ GNB KRVP EGSC GZP[R GNB OKZPGI 42."FNGDS KEKIKN OB KM GNDK BN"[G
OKZYPC 43.CNSZC KEKSI N[ OCGZ CGZ N[ O\TKEKP GZEGF OD LB CNSZC \GEKSI OT
ETGKPF KZJGHB ZPGIN G\MKVFC BNB ZPGIF N[ \JNIGP FHKRDC ZCGEP QKB GNB
OKZGVKSF \B \GNDN FCGI UBG Z\GP OFN[ ,"FNGDS KEKIK" N[ \PKGSP FXGCYN
,EGSG HPZ LZEC C\MF NT F\NTGF ,QPIR 'Z \BZGF KV NT ,OKZ\S \NKDP .OKKEGSF
.OKCGZYC[ OKCGZYN BN UB G\GNDN QKB[ EKIK Y\GTM ZP[KFN FZGPB FNKDPF Z[BM
.GKZIB BCF ZGEN F\GB ZKCTFNG FNKDPF \B \TEN ZGPB ZGE NMC EIB OEB YZ
FNKDPF QECB
ZP[R FNKDPN QPIR 'Z TCY[ ZGPIF KZJGHBF DGGKSF[ ,\ZVSP \KCNSZCF \ZGSPF
[KB Z\GR BNG FECB FPXT FNKDPF[ FBZR OKGSP CN[C[ ,LM KEM ET \GREVYC
TP\[P GRPP[ OKZ\S \NKDPC QGKEF ZIBN ,"\"RZFGP KPK" ZVSC .FEGS \B TEGKF
UKSGP ,QKZFT[JP QPIR 'Z KEK \I\ F\KKF[ OKC\MF \I\PBC F\KKF FNKDPF[
:FNBF OKZCEF \B ZCIPF
,OKZKCM BN OKPKC FMZCN GRGZMH Q\R KCZ CZF N[ F[GEYF G\GYN\SF ZIBG
TEGR BN QKKETG N"RF OKZ\S \NKDP N[ OK[GEYF OKC\MF GECBRG GCRDR
44
.'GMG QKECBE NT NCIG ,GKB OPGYP
.O[ ,O[
.201 'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG LM NT FBZ
FBZ HGRDF ZVSF NT .GPSZGV[ OKZIB OKZVS LG\C GTPJGF[ OFP OKRJY OKYNI JTPN
.244=215 'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG FBZ UGZ[F ZVSF NT .64=63 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV
.422 'PT ,OINFP F[TPF ,YZP FBZ
.QGKZ[FP F[TPF ,YZP FBZ
.7 FZTF 191 'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG FBZ
.BM 'PT ,BK ,QG[BZ YNI ,\"RZFGP KPK
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
27
|
BGCP
KSKSMJP SKSMJ CG[ QBM GRN [K" OBF ,FNB[C SKKG USGK SSKF (1969) J"M[\ \R[C
GB ,"?FVK ONXB OKHGRDG OKZGP[ GKF[ ,OKJSMJ N[ O\GBKXP \B [KIMFN ,CNSZC
OKPK KM Z[VB"[ FGGY\C GKZCE O\GI SKKG .EGT FRRKBG OKZ\S \NKDP FECB QMB BP[
45
."GZCEK
FNKDPF N[ FPGKYN \GKGET
\B ,DKRTY KCX Q\R 'ZF ,CNSZC EKSI OSZV GKZCE \B SKKG C\M[ FR[ F\GBC QMBG
GZGBK\ \ZDSPC .FK\GZGEN \KCNSZCF \GZVSF ZGBK\C YSGTF ,"OKYKEX FGR" GZVS
QECB NT NKTN GRBCF[ QKZFT[JP QPIR 'Z KZCE \B BKCP BGF OKZ\SF \NKDP \B
:C\GMG UKSGP LB ,FNKDPF
OFZCB 'Z |EKSIF QGBDF~ I"FDF KM |GRKPGN[ K[RB~ ["RB QKC TGEK FRFG
ZGBKC" ZVS |ZCIP NTC~ I"PTC ,N"XH QK[JNGJP |QPIR 'Z QC~ R"ZC
\B M"IB GBXP[ Z[VBG ."OKZ\S \NKDP"C C\MRF \B TEK ,"OKJGYKNF
QMG .GRCN OZSP BGFG N"XH QK[JNGJP R"Z KPKC EGT GBXPR[ GB OKC\MF
'Z N[ GSKDG N"XH QK[JNGJP QPIR Z"ZF Q\I 46,YKNVTJP ZTJNB 'Z I"FZF
ZB[ OT EIK EIGKP LZMC OYK\TFG ,OKC\MF OD GN GKF N"XH OFZCB
.ZCE KXIG ZCE JP[R[ QMKF OKZVS ZB[G "Q"ZFGP KKI" ZVSP \GJP[FF
KEK \CK\MP ''OKZ\S \NKDP'' BZYRF SZJRGYP FY\TF :O[ GRG[N FHG
'YF Z"GPEB KVP TP[ |[GE~'YF \"RZFGP Z[B ,\GBC \GB N"YGXH \"RZFGP
B"C BGCK[ |YEX NBGD~ X"DF \BKC ZES NM |FPMI ZGYP TCGR NIRF~ I"PRRF
"Q"ZFGP KKI" ZVSP |EIB~'B LZMP \BHF FY\TF K\Y\TFG .|QPB FZFPC~
47
.M"T ,N"XH \"RZFGP KEK \CK\M FKF LZMCG N"H KN\VR 'Z NXB FKF Z[B
,SKKG FBZ ;J"M[\ \R[C ZVS \KZYC FNKI\ GPSZGV GNB GKZCE .203 'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG 45
.OKZ\S \NKDP
DKNTH Z[B 'Z ,GKCB .GKGRKM FKF ZJNB 'ZG ,KYSRBKNK[HC T[GFK F[P 'Z FKF BNPF GP[ 46
.QKZFT[JP QPIR 'Z N[ GRKPK EKG GEKPN\ FKF GPXT BGFG ,Q\R 'Z N[ EKPN\ FKF ,YKNVTJP
.EK=DK 'PT ,NIRF KNGEKD ,ENVRZJ[ KGNF IR 'Z GKNT FBZ
FZTF 203 'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG NXB 'HBYKKV 'P ZKEFPF \ZTF FBZ .JT=IT 'PT ,OKYKEX FGR 47
.79=78 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV OD FBZG .22
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
28
CNSZCP QPIR 'Z N[ QGKXF I\VC ZYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z
(QPIR 'Z N[ FKKR[F G\[B F\RC ZCYF NTP FRCPF \B)
NTG GEK \I\ BXPR OKZ\S \NKDP N[ Y\TF[ IMGP ,DKRTY KCX Q\R 'Z ,ZCIPF KZCEP
O[P BGF YK\TP L[PFCG EKF C\MN YK\TPF \PEYF \B GMG\P JJXN NGMK BGF QM
QECB NT QKZFT[JP QPIR 'Z IGGKE LM OB TGEP ,FFKP\F \B .\GVSGR \GZG[ FPM
'ZF ZKCSP ,\PKKY QKKET FNKDPFG ,"QKIM\[P BNG QKECBE NT NCIG" QRGYG FNKDPF
FC[ BKF QMP ZIBN LB FNKDPF FECB GC[ OKGSP CN[ FKF QMB[ ,LMC DKRTY
\ZGSP NT LP\SP BGF QKBG ,"Z[VBG" ,ECNC FZT[FM BCGP ZCSFF .FBXPRG
{ GH FFKP\ QGZ\VN \GKVGNI \GZT[F \GNTFN OTJ [K QM NT ;KF[NM \KCNSZC
\PZ \B EKZGFN GETGR QKZFT[JP QPIR 'Z KZCE[ ,SKKG TKXF[ \GZ[VBF QGDM
KGNKDP YGHKI \NCYP[ \GZ[VB ,FPGKY \B ZK\SFNG OKZ\S \NKDPC \GRKKRT\FF
.CNSZC KEKSI CZYC OGKF OD FKGXP QMB FNKDPF[ ,FECGTF
"FHP TEK[ LKZX ZGEC EIB YZ"
KVZ[ IK[" ZVSC \ZBG\P FNKDPF \ZKSP \GN[N\[F NT \XYPC FRG[ FRGP\
:"[EGY
KN\VR KCZG |Q\R 'Z CZF GRZGP~ \"RZFGPN FNKD[ \TC[ ,GRCZP FKF NCGYP
29
|
BGCP
EIB YZG ,OKZ\SF \NDP \B GPSZVK BN[ GZFHK[ ,OZKFHF ,OKZ\SF \NDP \B
,GKKIC OEB OG[N \"RZFGP G\GB FNKDG GZSP BN QM NTG ,FHP TEK[ LKZX ZGEC
KCZN KN\VR KCZ G\GB FNKD LM-ZIB ,G\ZKJV \TC QKKET KI FKF KN\VR KCZ KM
BGFG 49,GRCZ N[ G\MZCP ENGRG EBP [GEY [KB FKF[ 48,N"H ZTYXTGGVKN QZFB
QC OFZCB KCZ N[ G\ZKJV KRVN ,N"H QPIR KCZ QC OFZCB KCZN LM-ZIB GZSP
,QZFB KCZ N[ G\C ,NZKX F[BF FSRMR ,EBP FNGI FKF ZCM[ \TC ,QPIR KCZ
LM KM ,OKZ\SF \NDP \B GF[KPN ZGSPN NE\[K[ ,GN FZPBG ,OFZCB KCZ NB
ZCM HB FKF OFZCB KCZ ONGB ,FHP \TEN LKZX ZGEC EIB[ ,GRCZP NCGYP
50
.(GZSP KPNG GZSP OB TEGR BNG) ZGCEF IM \B ZCM ECBG EBP FNGI
FY\TF OFKRKCG OKRG[ EK KC\MP \GY\TF NKMPFG ,"["RBP \GIK[" FRGMPF EK C\MC
:JTP FRG[ QG[NC GH \ZGSP \BCGP 51,OKZ\S \NKDP N[
NZKX G\CG .ZGFR KDS F'KF GKPK UGSCG \"RZFGP KEKPN\P F'KF KYXCBVGN QZFB 'Z
'ZN FEPKN BGFG OKZ\S-\NKDPF \B TEK F'KCB[ \TEGK BKF[ \ZPGB F\KF
FEPKN BN \"RZFP KM OKZ\S \NKDPF TEK BN GPXT QPIR 'Z) QPIR 'ZC OFZCB
'Z \GYN\SF \T[CG (KN\VR 'Z KEK-NT BP\SP TEK N"RF QZFB 'ZG ,EIB UBN
LKZX ZGEC EIB[ F'KCBP FTP[G \GKF FYTXG N"RF NZKX FBC QPIR 'ZC OFZCB
EIB UB ONGTFP LNK BGF[M OEB OG[N FEPNP GRKB FPNG OKZ\S \NKDPF \TEN
52
.ZGCKEF IM GRPP NJKR ZCM KM KEP ZIGBP |F~'KF NCB ,TEK BN
GC[ CN[ QKB BNKPPG ,FNKDPF FECB GC[ CN[ QKB FZKSPF \N[N[ N[ FH ZGBK\C
FZCT ,|QHI~ QPIR 'ZC OFZCB 'ZN ET ,ZGEN ZGEP FNKDPF \ZKSP .[EIP FBXPR
.\GNY\ BNNG UKXZ QVGBC
KTEGK \PK[ZC NNMR QKZFT[JP QPIR 'Z QKB TGEP .\GNB[ ZVSP \ZZGTP GH \ZGSP
QM\KK ?GKEK \I\ FP QPH F\KKF[G FNKDPF \B FBZ[ GPXT NT EKTF KZFG ,FNKDPF
BCGP N[PN LM .OKZ\S \NKDP \B QZFB 'ZN ZSP KN\VR 'Z[ FNGT \GVSGR \GZGSPP OD
N"H KN\VR KCZ NB N"H ZTYXTGGVKN QZFB KCZ OTV FRV" :[EGY KVZ[ IK[C ZIB OGYPC
'?SBE JNBF KGG' QKRTF EPGT QMKF ."OKZ\S \NKDP"F \B GRKCZP O\TP[ KZF O\B' :GN ZPBG
FNCYC GRN [K ...GRCZ N[ GZVS \B FCZF \GIVN LRF EPGN :\G[KIRC KN\VR KCZ GN FRT
ZIB QPHC LM ZIB ... 'IK[PN QRGM\FN ZCM Z[VB ONGTC KZVS NCY\K[M' :ZPB[ N"H GRCZP
.(DV 'PT ,HVY ,D YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[) "'OKZ\S \NKDP'F \B GN ZSP
\GBN\F KPK ;BK=K 'PT ,NIRF KNGEKD GKNT FBZ .KN\VR 'Z KEKPN\P FKF ZTYXTGGVKN QZFB 'Z
.N"XH KN\VR 'Z FBZ GH \ZGSPN OKVSGR OKEFN .FP 'PT ,(S"[\)
O[C QK[RB Q\R 'Z KEK NT BCGPF FPGE ZGBK\N .DV=CV 'PT ,IRZ ,C YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[
.N"XH QPIR 'ZC OFZCB 'Z FBZ "["RB GKF OKZPGB"
.["RBP \GIK[ EK C\M ,FH YZVC QNFN FBZ FH EK C\M NT
.FN UKTS ,["RBP \GIK[
48
49
50
51
52
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
30
QVGBC FEPNG FNCKY[ BNG OKC\MF \I\PBC FNKDPF \B BXP[ LM NT G\GET BYGGE[
\B \GTRGP[ QF ,FCRDR GB FECB GEK \I\ F\KKF[ FNKDPF[ FECGTF QMG ,Q\R 'ZP ZK[K
FNKD QKZFT[JP QPIR 'Z .FNKDPF N[ FZKSPF \N[N[C FKNGI GC \GBZN \GZ[VBF
.FZKSPF \N[N[P YNI GRKB QMNG ,[KBN FZKCTF BNG KBZYBC FNKDPF \B
\B TEK[ ZGEC EIBF FKF QPIR 'ZC OFZCB 'Z[ ,FRTJF BGF FH ZGBK\C USGR K[GY
DKRTY KCX Q\R 'Z KEKC FKF[ EKF C\M[ NKTN GRKBZ .FTEK BN GECNP [KBG FNKDPF
ZJNB 'Z F[T[ OKZ\S \NKDP N[ FY\TF BGF "OKYKEX FGR" GZVSC JJKX GRPP[G
BGF UB ZMHGB BN TGEPG { FNKDPF EGSC FKF ZJNB 'Z OD KZF ,LM OBG ;ZYKNVJ
\PKKY QKKET FNKDPF[ FECGTF QP ONT\P UB FH ZGBK\ FZGBMN ?FZKSPF \N[N[C
GNB \GNB[ .GN FTGEK GH FECGT QKB[ GB ,CNSZC KEKSI KEKC OGKF OD FKGXP BKFG
\ZKSP \N[N[ N[ QPBR ZGBK\M GH \KZGKX \ZGSP N[ FMZT \B YVSC \GEKPTP
OT CN\[FN FNGMK BKF FC[ LZE TKXBG ,GH \ZGSPN CG[B L[PFC .OKZ\S \NKDP
.FZKSPF \N[N[ NT OKTEGK GRB[ OKVSGRF OKJZVF NGNMP
FRKBZYGBP FNKDPF \BXGF
\GKNTF ZGVKS \B ZB\P ,B"S[\ \R[C ZGB FBZ[ ,"LZEF FXZVR LM ,QPGB" ZVSF
OKR[ ,G"M[\=C"M[\ OKR[C GKTZG 53ZTKNV FKNED 'Z GNT[ QPGBC QPIR 'Z N[ GZCYN
USGR YZV ZZC\P \GKNTF ZGBK\ KEM LG\ .KJKKCGSF NHZCF LSP ZSGF OZJ \GCZ
FRKBZYGBP OKZ\SF \NKDP N[ F\BXGFC YSGTF YZV ,OKZ\S \NKDP \GENG\C
.QGZIBF ZGEC CNSZC KEKSI CZYC FNKDPF KNGDNDCG
54
QPVZGE NMKP NBKIK 'ZP NCKY QFC[ \GCKSRF \B ZTKNV FKNED 'Z ZB\P LM
:OKZ\S \NKDP \B OKNNGMF OKC\M
ZTYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z KEK NT C\MR[ EK C\MC CG\M QJY ZVS KN Q\R QG[BZ ZCE
FCZFG ,ZGB KCMGM ZVSC GSVER ZCM[ OKZCE FCZF OKCG\M GKF GC ,F"T
OFZCB 'ZP ZVSF \B NCKY NMKP 'Z .NNMC GSVER BN[ OKZIB OKZCE
,ZKER EBP ZVS ,NBZ[K WZBN G\TKSR KRVN ,G\KCC ZYKC[M 55WZBFRKZJ[
QKB FKSGZC ZB[B KRB OB NCB KN ZYK EBP" { NMKP 'Z ZPB { "FHF ZVSF"
56
."QBM G\B \G[TN FP
,ENVRHGZ FKZB KCX 'Z LZE CNSZC \GEKSIN CZY\F ,\KZCF \GXZBC ENGR ZTKNV FKNED 'Z
.OKN[GZKC OGKF ZZGD\PG
KJSKRGPGYF QGJN[F \I\ QPIR 'Z N[ GZCYN TKDFN GMK[PF[ OKEEGCF CNSZC KEKSIP
ZGBF \CK[K [BZ ,"["RB QYH" BGF OGKF .FR[F [BZC QPGBC KCNSZCF QKKRPF KRDZBPPG
.OKN[GZKC OKZT[ FBP \RGM[C CNSZC N[ \KHMZPF FCK[KF BKF[ ,ONTRF
.13 FZTF ,C IVSR QNFN GKNT FBZ
.102 'PT ,LZEF FXZVR LM ,QPGB
53
54
55
56
31
|
BGCP
LG\P TCR KJSKRGPGYF QGJN[F \GNGCDN WGIP GBKXGFNG ZKERF ZVSF \B WNIN QGXZF
F\GBC NNMC FVGZKB IZHPG JZVC FRKBZYGB KEGFK OKKGZ[ GKF FC[ F[YF \GBKXPF
FRMSC FC OKYSGTF \B EKPTFN FNGNT F\KKF \GEFK KRKKRTC \GNKTV NM .\TF
BN BP[ [[I NMKP 'Z .FPXPJXFG FMNF OKKEGFK OKKI \GKIN \GZ[VBFG ,FZGPI
\B ZKCTFN KPN FKFK BN BP[G \GXTGPF \KZCC CNSZC KEKSIN L[PF ZGE EGZ[K
'Z NCKY[ ZVSF NT OKVSGR OKJZV OKBCGP ZVSC ZIB OGYPC 57.LZTF ZYK ZVSF
:QPVZGE NMKP 'ZP ZTKNV FKNED
N"XH ZTYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z N[ EK C\MC ZVS KN Q\R 'KIK[ NMKP 'Z[ K\ZMHF ZCM
GKEKPN\ KN\VR 'ZG Q\R 'ZN ZPB GRKCZ[ GSVER BN[ OKCZ OKZCE [K O[G ,E"KF
,\GCK\ K[BZC NMF CG\MK[ Q\R 'ZN ZPB QM GPM .OKPKF \KZIBC FZYK FP
FHF ZVSF \B GF[KPN FKFK ZGE NMCG ,TP[[ FP EIB UBN ZVSK BN[G
ZVSC FKF FHP YNI .ZXYF OKZ\S \NKDP BZYR FHG ,EKN EKP ZGCTK[
KN ZPB 58,CKKN [ZKF 'ZN ZVSF \B K\KBZFG K"BN K\BC[M .KN Q\R NMKP 'Z[
59
,GRC NXB GZKB[FG ,ZVSF \B C\M ZTYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z[ OG[P ,GN[ FH[
\B GIYK[ EIV FKSGZP BXK[M .NCGZ 50-C GRPP ZVSF \B FRY CKKN [ZKF 'ZG
Q\R OFZCB 'ZG ,F"T (WZBFRKZJ[) ZVGS OFZCB 'ZN FH \B ZKB[FG ,GRPP FH
FHG KNB TKDK[ KEM ZVSF \B LN Q\R NMKP 'Z" .G\EMR NTC ,NMKP 'ZN FH \B
KN Q\\ YZ ,LN[ \GKFN LKZX FH[ QPKS LNXB FH OB EIV\ NB NCB ,KN[
60
.KN ZPB ,"FHC NM\SFN
N[ \GIVN GB ,FNKDPF N[ F\GNDND\F NGNSP \B ZT[N \GSRN GRN Z[VBP FH TEKP
\NKDP \B FNKD QPIR 'Z .GRKPK ETG CNSZCP QPIR 'Z KPKP ,FN[ \GY\TFFP \IB
C\MF NT FNKDPF \B FNTF Q\R 'Z .KN\VR 'ZNG Q\R 'ZN FV-NTC[ OKZCEM OKZ\S
ZIBN GZ\GR[ OKC\MC NVKJ[ ,QKZFT[JP QPIR 'Z .OKC\MF \I\PBC F\GB ZKB[FG
\GZTFC O\GB ZBK\G OKC\MF \B FBZ 61,SGVEN OFP OKCZ BKCFG Q\R 'Z N[ G\GP
QPIR 'Z N[ GRKPK EK FKF[ ,ZYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z ."\"RZFGP KPK" ZVSN UKSGF[
F\KKF[ OKZ\SF \NKDP \B OD YK\TF 62,EKF KC\M \Y\TFC GETC TKKSG QKZFT[JP
.101=100 'PT ZYKTC ,O[
.159=151 'PT ,LZEF FXZVR LM ,QPGB GKNT FBZ .O"[\ \R[C ZJVR CKKN [ZKF 'Z
KNGEKD FBZ) TYNTP[ NBGP[ 'Z O[C QC FKF ZJNB 'ZN .OKZCEF OKRGGMP QC FHKBN TEGK KRKB
'Z O[C USGR QCG (J 'PT ,OKJGYKNF ZGBKC LG\C ,"BGCP") EGE 'Z O[C QC QMG (EK 'PT ,NIRF
ZCGEP[ Z\GK ZC\SP .(HJZ 'PT ,GPY\ ,F YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[) QKZTF[JC ZD[ ,ZHTKNB
.(K 'PT ,O[ ,"BGCP" FBZ) GKCB KC\M \B [ZK BGF[ NCGYP QM[ ,QGZIBC
.173 'PT ,LZEF FXZVR LM ,QPGB
.EPY ,INY ,GT 'PT ,OKYKEX FGR ;ET 'PT ,NIRF KNGEKD GKNT FBZ
.EK=DK 'PT ,NIRF KNGEKD LM NT FBZ
57
58
59
60
61
62
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
32
\GY\TFFG ,J"TZ\ \R[C YKNVTJC OGZDGVC IXZR ZJNB 'Z .Q\R 'Z N[ GEK C\MC
Z[BM LB ,ZJNB 'Z N[ GRC EKP OKC\MF \B FRY CKKN [ZKF 'Z .GRC EKC GZB[R F[T[
OFZCB 'Z .WZBFRZJ[ OFZCB 'Z KEKC O\GB ZKB[FN WNBR NBZ[K WZBN FNT
KEM ZTKNV FKNED 'ZN OZKCTF FHG ,G\EMRN KG[R FKF[ ,NMKP 'ZN OZKCTF WZBFRZJ[
63
.\KJKKCGSF FRKBZYGBP OBKXGK[
FEGS \TKEK QKCN FNKDPF \ZMF QKC
,NZKX N[ FZGVKS \B GMG\C CNK[ BN FNKDPF FZSPR FC[ LZEF \B ZHI[N QGKSKRF
BGFG FNKDPF \B TEK[ GZGEC KEKIKF FKF FKCB[ LM NT ,ZYXGGVKN QZFB 'Z N[ G\C
,FH ZGVKS FNTP[ OKK[YF NT GRZTF QMN OEGY EGT .QHI QPIR 'ZC OFZCB 'ZN FEPKN
KVMG ,YKNVJP ZJNB 'Z ,QKZFT[JP QPIR 'Z[ GR\TKEK OT EIB FRYC FNGT GRKB[
\B GZKMF OKZIB EGTG 64TYGGEKGGETPP QPNH 'Z OD FNKDPF N[ EKF KC\MP FNGT[
65
.F\GB GYK\TF UBG FNKDPF
BZGYG FBGZ OEB OB UB[ ,FRTJF F\NTGF FH QKKRTC CNSZC KEKSI OT \GIK[C
TEGK BGF[ ZPGB FH QKB ,FC[ \GCK\F K[BZ \B IG\VN TEGK BGF OB ODG ,FNKDPF \B
\B TEGK ZGE NMC EIB OEB YZ[ \GZPGBF \GZGSPFG NZKX KZCE .FZ[VG FEGS \B
OD QMNG .FC CG\MF N[ \KRMJF FTKEKN BNG FNKDPF Z[V \TKEKN OKSIKK\P FNKDPF
.FC QGVX FP QKCF BGF[ ZPGB FH QKB FNKDPF \B FBZ QKZFT[JP QPIR 'Z OB
ZIBN YZG ,Q\R 'Z N[ GEKPN\M GPXT \B FBZ BN G\GZKTXC QKZFT[JP QPIR 'Z
KHMZPF ZGRKXF G\GKFCG Q\R 'Z N[ G\GMPSCG G\GNEDC QPIR 'Z ZKMF Q\R 'Z \ZKJV
BYGGE FNKDPF Z[V \B \GNDN ZICK Q\R 'Z[ ZKCS FH QKB QM NT 66.QPIR 'Z N[ G\ZG\N
QKZFT[JP QPIR 'Z KZCEP .YGEF Z[YC FKF BN G\B[ ,QKZFT[JP QPIR 'ZN
KEM LG\ .FZYPC FZXGR FNKDPF OT G\GZMKF[ ,FBZR "\"RZFGP KPK"C OKCNG[PF
FKNB \GKGSIKK\FF \BG FNKDPF \B BXP SGVEN O\BCFCG Q\R 'Z KC\MC YGSKT
FBZ FZKSPF \Z[Z[ NTG FNKDPF OGKY NT OKVSGR \GZGYPNG GNB \GZGYP N[ USGR QGCKNN
.B IVSRC
N[ OKYFCGPF GKEKPN\P FKF TYGGEKGGETPP QPNH 'Z .OKZ\SF \NKDPC FKKR[ FIK[ UGS FBZ
G[PK[ O\[GN[ .CK[BEP NKEGK 'Z N[ GRC FKF[ ,OGN[ FKT[K 'Z N[ GRC FKF QPNH 'Z .Q\R 'Z
OKCZGYPFG OKYK\GGF QPIR 'Z KEKSIP FKF ,CK[BEP NEGK 'Z ,GCS .TYGGEKGGETP N[ OKRCZM
,YZP FBZ G\GPE NTG LM NT) OINFP KEGSF F[TPF \B ZPK[G TP[[ OD BGFG ,Z\GKC
,OGN[ FKT[K 'Z ,GKCB .(54 FZTFC O[ OKVSGR \GZGYPG 423 ,420 'PT ,OINFP F[TPF
QGKT [KEYP KRB FH QGKHKIN .USGR ZGYP OG[P TGEK GRKB[ QPIR 'Z N[ QKKRTP QGKHKI ZPK[
.JM 'PT ,NIRF KNGEKD GKNT FBZ .(FRMFC) "\GK\GBF QICP" { ZIB OGYPC
\NGTV GZVSC YK[ CZF BKCP[ FZKSPF \N[N[ ZGBK\C OD CN\[P GRKB NZKX N[ FZGVKS
.YKEXF
.ET 'PT ,NIRF KNGEKD LM NT FBZ
63
64
65
66
33
|
BGCP
YK\TFG QKZFT[JP QPIR 'Z N[ GEK NT ZHT[ ,ZYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z OD .OKC\MF \I\PBC
\NKDP N[ KPKRVF Z[VCG EGSC U\G[ BN ,OKZ\S \NKDP \BG \GJP[FF NM \B
JSYJF \B OKZKMP QMB OFKEKN FNDND\F FNKDPF[ OKVSGRF OK[RBF ODG 67.OKZ\S
OD FPG\SG FPGNT OKZ\S \NKDP \ZB[R FNKDPFG ,G\GTP[PG GZ[V \B GNCKY BN LB
ZKCTF KN\VR 'Z .ZGEC EIBN TGEK FKF QMB FZ[VG FNKDPF EGS .F\GB OKBZGY[ ZIBN
OFZCB 'Z GNKBG ,QHI OFZCB 'ZN GZKCTF ZYXGGVKN QZFB 'ZG ZYXGGVKN QZFB 'ZN G\GB
FNKDPF[ Z\GK OKCZ [K KNGB OGKF ,O\RTJN .FBNF EGSF \B ZKCTF BN FBZRM QHI
.FZ[V \B TEGK[ EIB OFC QKB LB ,OFN FTGEK
OKYZV K[BZ YZG LB BKF FCG\MF FNKDPF[ FECGTF NT OD \MPSR GH FRTJ
CG\M[ BKF QKBG ,YEX NBGDF \BKC ZES B[GRC QPIR 'Z \IK[ N[ \HMGZP \KXP\G
ZGBKC \B YZ BN TEK FNKDPF EGS \B TEK[ "ZGEC[ EIBF" .GH FIK[ N[ BNP
OKJZVF \PN[F \B OD BNB ,C\MC[ FNKDPC GP[ZR[ \GCK\F K[BZG OKZGXKYF
GNT GB ,C\MF NT GNT BN ONGTP LB FV-NTC[ FNKDPC GZPBR[ OKRG[F OKB[GRFG
\NKDP EGS \B TEK[ QGZIBF .OKJZVFG QMG\F JGZKV BNN ECNC \Z\GMM FNKDPC
.QHI OFZCB 'Z FKF ,FV-NTC[ OKZ\S \NKDP \B OD NNGM ,GBGNKPC OKZ\S
EKF KC\M .3
CG[IFG QG[BZF .OKZ\S \NKDP N[ OKRG[ EK KC\M KR[ N[ OKPGNKX OKKGXP KEKC
FY\TF BGFG ["RBP \GIK[ FRGMP KR[FG ,ZYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z N[ GEK C\M BGF OFC[
.QGGMP \RGGMC YIPR LB ,\ZCIPF ZT[C OG[Z FKF YK\TPF O[ .GRZGEC F\[TR[
QMNG ,ONXN \G[ZF KN FR\KR BN LB K\BZYG K\KBZ GRRPH \C FY\TF N[ USGR EK C\M
.GH \ZDSPC GKNB SIKK\B BN
ZYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z EK C\M
,KYSRBKNK[HC T[GFK F[P 'Z N[ GEK C\M BGF[ \ZPGBF \ZGSPC FGGNP FH EK C\M
Q\KRG ,QNFN FBZR[ KVM EKF C\M KJZVP \ZC\SP GH FTKCY .ZYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z FRGMPF
FH EK C\M 68.ZYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z N[ GEK C\MC OKC\MPN FBGG[FP F\GB IKMGFN OD
BN ZJNB 'Z"[ QTJG ZHI BGF CNSZCC OKKHMZPF OKRCZFP EIB OT KN F\KKF[ FIK[C 67
ZHI BGF GR\IK[ ZIBN[ \C[C .LPSGPM \GBZN QKB GN[ EKF C\M \B OD QM NTG ,"LPSGP
OGSZVN FCGD\ OKEYFN FXZ LMC[ QM\KK .GKEKSI \GBP KRVC ZPB[ ZGTK[C GNB OKZCE NT
QKPB ZJNB 'Z N[ EKF C\M[ YVS QKB KN .FRPP TP\[PFP \GDKK\SF Z[VBNG ,FNKDPF
N[ GEK C\MP \GBC \GB OKZ\S \NKDP \B YK\TF[ G\GETC YVYVN I\V OG[ QKBG ,QKJGNIN
EKF KC\MN OKIPGP OKC[IR[G K\IIG[ O\B[ OKRG[F OKEKSIF CZYC OD .Q\R 'Z
.ZYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z N[ G\GRKPB NT GF[NM ZGTZT FNT BN OKKCNSZCF
.B IVSR QNFN FBZ 68
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
34
FY\TF .\KCNSZC \GZVS N[ \GRG[ \GY\TF GCG Z\GK UKYP EK C\M LG\P YNI BGF
KKIP \GJP[F ZVS" BKF ,OKZ\S \NKDP ECNP ,GC FKGXPF QKKRT \CZG FCG[I
NT FRGMP BGFG ,"OKYKEX FGR" GZVSC DKRTY KCX Q\R 'Z KEK NT ZBG\ FH ZVS ."Q"ZFGP
FRGMPF T[GFK F[P 'Z |EKSIF CZF~ I"FZF OXCYG OVSB"[ ,"K"\M \GJP[F" GEK
FVP BNB GZSPR BN Z[B OKZCE KJZV FPM" GC OKKGXPG ."N"XH YKNVTJP ZJNB 'Z
69
."O\GNDNP ZKFHF N"XH Z"GPEB Z[B [KG ,OKSGPM OKPTJ FPMP QHGBN
SVERF SZJRGYN ZGYPF FBZRM BGF Q"ZFGP KKIP \GJP[F ZVS N[ EKF C\M
KEK NT D"XZ\ \R[C "\GBN\F KPK" ZVSF OT LZMR[ "Q"ZFGP KKIP \GJP[F"
F[TPG QGKZ[FP F[TP OKKEGSF OK[TPF \B OD NNGM BGFG 70,WKCGZGF NBGP[ 'Z
.OINFP
:FRG[N FHG ,YK\TPF \PEYF \BCGP "Q"ZFGP KKIP \GJP[F" ZVSN FIK\VC
GXCYRG ,GSVER BNG SGVEF \TC GJP[R Z[B Q"ZFGP KKI ZVSP \GJP[F ZVS
JP[R OGKSFG GSVER O\NI\ Z[B \GZPKPF OGKS QFG OKPN[ OKRKRT QF FV
ZVSN FHF LZMC K\P[Z[ \GK\GBFG QKVEF KRGKX Z[B \TEN \BHG :SVER BNG
GRPIRK FH JZVN FRG[BZ OTV DZCPTNC SVERF BGF SVERF Q"ZFGP KKI
ZVSP \GJP[F FHKB FV Y\TR OD |QJY JZVN~ Y"VN GNZ\ \R[ BGF GR[TPP
IRZ\ \R[C Y\TR .N"RF FR[ DZTCPTNC |QM OD~ M"D SVERF \"RZFGP KPK
71
.YKNVTJ FV Y"VN
QPIR 'Z N[ GRKPK EK FKF ZJNB 'Z .ZYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z \B OKPNGF QMB OKJZVF
FCZF BGFG ,"\"RZFGP KPK" \B QFG "Q"ZFGP KKI" \B QF ZGBN BKXGF[ ,QKZFT[JP
TCZBM ,(1898) I"RZ\ ,FY\TFF \R[ 72.OKJGYKN \MKZTCG EK KC\M \Y\TFC YGSTN
.OF UB OKPKB\P YKNVTJ FY\TFF OGYPG ,QKZFT[JP QPIR 'Z \ZKJV ZIBN OKR[
\NKDP \BCGP "Q"ZFGP KKIP \GJP[F" ZVS KGZYF EKF C\MC YNI G\GB ZIBN
FHG ,OKZ\S \NKDPN ZT[ QKTP FGGFPF FPEYF YK\TPF OKEYP FNKDPN OD .OKZ\S
:FRG[N
N"XH Q\R 73'ZFGP GRZGP EK \CK\MP OKZ\S \NDP BZYRF SZJRGYP FY\TF
'ZGPEB KVP |FMZCN YKEX ZMH~ N"XH Q\R 'ZF 'ZFGP TP[ Z[B \GBC \GB
\BKC ZES NM |FPMI ZGYP TCGR NIRF~ 'IPRRF [GEYF |GRCZG GRZGP GRRGEB~
LZMP \BHF FY\TFF K\Y\TFG QPB GRKPKC FZFPC BCK[ |YEX NBGDF~ X"DF
.EXY=DXY 'PT ,OKYKEX FGR
.FH EK C\MP WKCGZGF NBGP[ 'Z YK\TF FRKBZYGBC G\GF[ \TC FBZRM
.OKYKEX FGR ,DKRTY N[ GZVSC FSVEGF GH FPEYF
.K=I 'PT ,OKJGYKNF ZGBKC ,"BGCP" ;EK=DK 'PT ,NIRF KNGEKD GKNT FBZ
.1 FZTF ,KR[ YNI QNFN FBZ EKF C\MC OKZGXKYFG \GCK\F K[BZ QGPKS LZE NT
69
70
71
72
73
35
|
BGCP
EK \CK\M FKF LZMFG N"XH KN\VR 'Z NXB FKF Z[B Q"ZFGP KKI ZVSP |EI~'B
.|FMZCN YKEX ZMH Q\R CZF GRZGP~ 'NXH '\RZFGP GRZGP
KKI"P \GJP[FF QF { EKF KC\M KR[C EGPTF \ZGXG EGPTF NEGD ,EKF C\M \ZGX
.GBXK EIB YK\TP EK \I\P[ FBZRG ,OKFH { OKZ\S \NKDP \Y\TF QFG "Q"ZFGP
\GCK[IP TCGR FH NECF[ FBZR LB ,Z\GK \IGGZP FCK\MF OKZ\S \NKDPC ORPB
CN \PG[\ BGVB \[ZGE G\Y\TF ;ECNC \GCK\ K[BZC CG\M GYNI[ LMPG JSYJF
74
.\GBG \GB NM NT FZ\K FEVYFG
\R[C ZPBR[ ,OKZ\S \NKDP N[ KR[F YNIF \B FNKI\ ZJNB 'Z YK\TF FP OG[P
EKF C\M OGNKXC QF QNFN .G"SY\ \R[C ZPBR[ ,QG[BZF YNIF \B GKZIBNG ,J"SY\
\R[C FZPBR[ FIK[F OEGY :OZES KV NT OKZCEF \B K\BCF GN[ IGRTVC QFG
.J"SY\ \R[C FZPBR[ FIK[F QMP ZIBNG ,G"SY\
\NGTV" ,"OKYKEX FGR" OKZVSC GZBG\[ EKF KC\M QKCN FH EK C\M QKC FBGG[F
.B YNI ,EKF KC\M D IVSR FBZ "LZEF FXZVR LM ,QPGB"G "YKEXF
["RBP \GIK[ EK C\M
\GIK[" :OG[Z \ZCIPF ZT[C .F[Y FMKZMC \GZG[ \ZCIP LG\C KGXP FH EK C\M
O[G YK\TPF O[ ."N"H \"RZFGP EK \CK\MP 'OKZ\S \NKDP' OD LM NT USGRG ["RBP
C\M N[ GCGZ .QGGMP \RGGMC GYIPR LB ,OKPG[Z GKF FY\TFF F\[TR GZGCT[ OEBF
OD [K LB 75."BJKN[ [RPZCKN Q\R 'Z CZF N[ \GZCGIG EK-KC\MP Y\TGF" EKF
NECKK~ B"JINCKP GTP[R[ \GIK[G N"H QPEKND F[P 'ZF K"\MP GY\TGF[ \GIK["
N[ QGKNTF YNIC 76."B"JKN[ |(ZERC) YIXK KGN~ X"KGN 'Z |OKMGZB OKCGJ OKKIN
R"ZF K"MP Y\TGF[ 'OKZ\S \NKDP'" OG[Z OKZ\S \NKDP FCG\M OFC[ OKVEF
."B"JKN[ [RPZCKN
\C[ CZT ,'G OGKC FZPBR[ ,FKKR[F OKZ\S \NKDP YZG LB FKGXP FH EK C\MC
.J"SY\ CB-OIRPC 'I ,[EGY
ECNP ,GRKEKC[ ZYKNVJ EK C\MP OKNY ISGR KKGRK[ OR[K OKZ\S \NKDPN FPEYFC
KKI' ZVSP EIB LZMP FY\TGF Z[B FY\TFP Y\TR \BHF FY\TF"[ FZFCFF
ZVSF ZCIP ,TKERBYP FPN[ USGK 'ZC YSGTF F[TPF OG[KZ LZE LG\P FBZR OD LM 74
.JM 'PT ,OKN[PG \GK[TP YNI ,(B"M[\) ZGB KCMGM ZVSC SVER ZCM[ F[TP ,"OKNB"
BGFG OKZ\S \NKDP N[ ZT[F UE KZGIBP O[ZR LB ,OKZ\S \NKDPP YNI GRKB FH F[TP
\Y\TF LZEM BNG Q"ZFGP KKIP \GJP[FF ZVS N[ FY\TFF LZEM FCZ \GVKVXC OG[Z
FBZ ;SKKG USGK KEK NT F[TR OKZ\S \NKDP QKCN F[TPF QMG\ QKC Z[YN QGKSKR .OKZ\S \NKDP
.213 'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG
KEKSI N[ KPNGTF ETGGC ZCI FKF ,OGKF CNSZCC OKTGEKF OKTKV[PFP ,[RPZCKN Q\R 'Z 75
.CNSZC
.J"P[\ \R[C ZJVR 76
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
36
EPNN ."N"H \"RZFGP KEK \CK\M F'KF LZMCG N"H KN\VR 'Z NXB FKF Z[B 'Q"ZFGP
NXB FKF[ ZVSF \B FBZ BN GPXT BGFG ,\PEGY FY\TF FEPT YK\TPF KRKTN[
.Q\R 'Z N[ GEK \CK\MCG KN\VR 'Z
BNNG FPXT FZG[ F\GBC ,GK\GZGYP NT YK\TPF \ZTFG OKZ\S \NKDP OGKS ZIBN
QK[JNGJP R"ZC OFZCB 'ZP K\TP[ KRBG"C \I\VRF OKZCE \VSG\ FR[K EIGKP IGGZ
GBCGF[ ,QK[JNGJP R"ZC OFZCB 'Z KZCE \B OBGNPC OKBXGP GRB QBM ."...ZPB[
77
."OKYKEX FGR" ZVSC ZHRGXPG TJGYP QVGBC
"["RBP \GIK["C \BCGPF FY\TFN U\G[P [ZG[ GR[K[ YKSFN Q\KR QBMP
ZYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z EK C\MP Q\GB NKECP[ DKRTY KCX Q\R 'Z KRVN F\KKF[ FY\TFNG
.GRKEKC[
UGDC OKCNG[PG OKIG\V \GCK\F K[BZP NGED YNI OKZ\S \NKDP N[ GH FY\TFC
ZIB YNI .ECNC \GCK\ K[BZC GBCGF OF ZGYPC[ LMN QPKS Z\GR[ KNC JSYJF
ZGXKYF N[ FIK\V \BCGP OFKZIBN LB ,\GCK\ K[BZM GZB[R \GCK\F K[BZP
\K\I\C OKKNG[ \GZTFC \K[TR \GCK\F K[BZP USGR YNI N[ FIK\V .OKKZDGSC
QPKS UZKX BGFG ,\GCK\ K[BZ IG\VN LKB FNB[C YVGSP YK\TPF FKF OK\TN .EGPTF
JCN\F YK\TPF OFC[ \GPGYP OR[K[ \GBZN Q\KR .FBZRM FNKPF \B GB FNB[
QMP ZIBNG OKGSP QVGBC \GCK\F K[BZ \B FNKI\ I\V BGF :\GCK\F K[BZ IGRTVC
OKEPNP GNB OKRPKS 78.F[EIF FIK\VF \B FYKIPN NTP C\MG YIP ,JZI\F
\B FZP[[ FV-NTC GB C\MC \ZGSP LPS NT F\[TR BN \GCK\F K[BZ \IK\V[
\GBZN Q\KR GKJCN KP[Z \B[ ,YK\TPF N[ G\TEP F\[TR BNB ,\GCK\F K[BZ IGRTV
.FY\TFC
BNN \GCK\F K[BZ GKF QKKET GPXT [RPZCKN EK C\MC OD[ ZT[N Q\KR \GYKIPFP
LEKBP .C\MG ZHIG YIPG C\M QRGZ\VC JCN\F ["RBP \GIK[N YK\TPF QM NTG QGZ\V
OD[ ,\GZ[VBF \B FNTP DKRTY KRVN FKF[ EKF C\MN FH EK C\M QKC FCZ]YF BSKD
GPM ,OPT ORGZ\V Z[BM \GCK\F K[BZP YNI GBCGF [RPZCKN EK C\M YK\TP KRVN
Z\GR ZIB YNIG 79"\"Z FCZF IRTGVP"[ ,GKRVN[ EKF C\MN TDGRC DKRTY ZBK\[
80
.GPXT \GIGMC IRTVN YK\TPF FSKR G\GBG \GCK\ K[BZC
GNVR ["RBP \GIK[C F\[TR[ \GCK\F K[BZ \IK\VC E"RTN[ ZPGBG OKEYB
.47 FZTF QGKX EKN NKTN FBZ
Q"GRF \B FRK[ QMP ZIBN LB ,GRC=QCM FNKI\ YK\TPF I\V C"C \GCK\F K[BZ \B ,N[PN
\B YIP QMG ,G \GBF \B FEXN UKSGFG FNKDZ Q"GRN LGVF\[ F\K\I\C GY FN UKSGFG \KVGSF
QNFN FBZ .GZGMC GRCM OKKZDGSF \B I\V LMCG ,GZGMC FZG[F NTP C\MG GRC FKKR[F FNKPF
.234=232 'PT ,"["RBP \GIK[ EK C\M" IVSRC EKF C\M
.JT 'PT ,OKYKEX FGR
.B"JKN[ [RPZCKN CZF N[ GSKD BGF N"H DKRTY KCX Q\R CZF[ ,FH Z[YFC QKKXN CG[I
77
78
79
80
37
|
BGCP
K[BZ \B I\V YK\TPF[ FTKCYF \B YHIP \GKGTJF N[ QPGKYG ,\GCZ \GKGTJ
Z\SGF[ FP \B FNDPF FV-NTC \ZGSP GEKC F\KKF BN[G ECNC G\TEP \GCK\F
.C\MC
IGRTVN K\TXF { QMP ZIBNG ,ZYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z N[ EKF C\M OGNKX BCGK QNFN
.["RBP \GIK[ EKF C\M ISGR BCGK (3) D IVSRC ;JSYJF
KR[ YNI
OKZ\S \NKDP
IRTGVPF JSYJFG ZYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z EK C\M
ZYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z N[ EKF C\M OGNKX
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
42
43
|
IRTGVPF JSYJFG ZYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z EK C\M
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
44
45
|
IRTGVPF JSYJFG ZYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z EK C\M
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
46
47
|
IRTGVPF JSYJFG ZYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z EK C\M
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
48
49
|
IRTGVPF JSYJFG ZYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z EK C\M
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
50
51
|
IRTGVPF JSYJFG ZYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z EK C\M
ZYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z EK C\M OKZ\S \NKDP IGRTV
1
OKZ\S \NDP BZYRF SZJRGYP FY\TF
N"XH Q\R 'ZFGP GRZGP EK \CK\MP
Q\R 'ZF 'ZFGP TP[ Z[B \GBC \GB
'IPRRF [GEYF |GRCZG GRZGP GRRGEB~ 'ZGPEB KVP |FMZCN YKEX ZMH~ NXH
NM |FPMI ZGYP TCGR NIRF~
FZFPC BCK[ |YEX NBGDF~ X"DF \BKC ZES
FY\TFF K\Y\TFG QPB GRKPKC
Q"ZFGP KKI ZVSP |EI~'B LZMP \BHF
N"XH KN\VR 'Z NXB FKF Z[B
|Q\R CZF GRZGP~ '\RZFGP GRZGP EK \CK\M FKF LZMFG
|FMZCN YKEX ZMH~ NXH
OKKGXP OKNGDTF OKKZDGSF GNKBG ,KN[ FVSGF OF OMG\C BCGP[ FPG OKTCGZPF OKKZDGSF
QKC ZGZC QVGBC QKICFN Q\KR OKKCNSZCF EKF KC\MC NNM LZEC .27 FZTF QNFN FBZG .ZGYPC
[ZD QKCN ,\GCK\ K[BZC ZCGEP[ QKKXN OKBCF ,\GK\GBF QKCG FNKPF NTP OKVSGPF OKK[ZD
BN .FNKPF UGS \B OKN[FN [K[G ZGXKYC ZCGEP[ QKKXPG ,FNKPF UGSC FJGP CG\MF EIB
NECFC QKICFN Z[VB KB \GCZ OKPTV QBM .OKZ\S \NKDP N[ ZYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z EK C\MC LM
OKK[ZDF \ZGX QKC ZGZC NECF QKB ,ZGXKYN QGPKSF \ZGXN \GCK\ K[BZN QGPKSF \ZGX QKC
,FVGSC GB FNKPF NTP BGF OBF :QPKSF OGYKP QVGBC ZGZC NECF QKBG ,EIBF [ZDF \ZGXN
OKZYP JTPNG ,QPKSF \ZGXC TKZMFNP K\TRPR QM NT .\GCK\ K[BZ GB ZGXKY QPSP BGF OBFG
ZP[N KEM FNKPF UGSC EIB [ZDC ONGM \B K\RPKS OKK[ZD OKBGZ OFC[ QKJGNIN OKZGZC
ZGZC QG\RN QPKSF \B LGVFN BNG ,KRB K\K[T[ FPP \ZIB JSYJF \B IG\VN \GZ[VBF \B
OGNKX OD[ ZIBP .ZGXKYC GB \GCK\ K[BZC ZCGEP OBF TKZMFN KEM GKNT LP\SFN Q\KR[
EKF C\MC QPKSF \BCF \ZGX \B OGYP NMC YGECN BGF NGMK BZGYF KRVC BCGP EKF C\M
.GC ZHTKFN Q\KR OBF \GBZNG KZGYPF
1
5
10
1
53
|
IRTGVPF JSYJFG ZYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z EK C\M
|CB~ OIRP 'F 'B OGKC |QJY JZVN~ 'YVN 2'HSY\ \R[
FNI\CG .'TF EGPNKG .|FR[ KXI~ '[I NMC .'C ZIB .EGTG 'I
~
|
NMG 'BMG . OKMNP KRC~ 'PC GN GIN[KG |OKP~'MIF NMN |\G~'ZDB IN[KG .'C
|EIB
OT UKNIK |LM ZIBG~ 'MIBG .Q\K |EIB NM[~ 'BM[ ET GKCBN CG\MK
LNKG .|FH OT FHG~ 'HTHG |FH OT~ 'HT UKNIK YGIZ |F~'KFK OBG |ZD~'G\F
'[K ZIB |F~'KFK FHG |NBZ[K LNP~ 'KP |F~'KFK HBG |NBZ[K NM OT~ 'KMT O[N
|OKR[ 'K~
LGPS |OKSG~'PKR OFN F[TKG 'MB |OKMNPF NMN~ 'PFMN TSK |LM ZIB~ 'MIB
.|3NBZ[K \EN~ 'KEN
|F~'KFKG |4YG~NKI |F[~'ZE ZPBKG :|\GP~'GBF |GNN~'V\K[ |\GNK~'V\ |G~'KFK OD
|O~'KRYHFP GBZK |LM NM~ 'MM |GR~KCK BN[ O\GB GNKVBG 'RM
:|QPBG QPB~ 'GPB GZPBKG GNKI\KG
|QK~'JNV |FMGNPF ZKTC~ 'PFTC |FR~'CKG '\[ IN[K 5FNKI\\CG
N[~ 'PF[ |\G~'BXGF NTG |F~'PMI |KV NT~ 'VT |OKMNPF NMNG~ 'PFMNG GN
F[TKG :|OKMNPF
|6\G~'CMZF F[TKG GC |O~'KNKED |G~'KFKG |SE~'ZV
|Q/F\~'[K[G |N~'MBK[ FT[ |O~'GKF N[ |Z~'ES |F~'KFKG .|\G~'[EI
|G~'BGCK[ |OK~'NGIF NM QKC LNK[G .|\GEE~'GC\F GN |F~'KFK[G
OKZCE |EIB NM~ 'BM IYK[ FP |EIB NMN~ 'BMN |\G/F~'ZKFPC FGXKG
ODG G"SY\ \R[C OD .\"RZFGP KPKC TKVGP[ KVM ,G"SY\ \GKFN LKZXG YK\TPF \GTJ FBZRM GH
\TKCYC GRN ZGHTN NGMK GRKB LKZB\F QMNG ,TGC[C 'B OGKC CB OIRPC 'F NI H"SY\ \R[C
.ISGRF
:ONGTF \GPGB QGYK\ N[ Z[YFC Q"ZFGP KKI ZVSC QPIR 'Z NXB BCGP NBZ[K \E KGJKCF
\EN LGPS OMKNGFN NGMK K\KKFG ,LZC\K O[FN OZKHIFN NGMK KRB ONM ONGTF \GPBF NM"
.(ESZ 'PT ,|BK~ BRZ ,G\D[F \GBZGR \NGED ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI) "NBZ[K
QKC FRICF BKF \KRG[BZF G\GTP[P .NGVNVF LZEC EGPKNF \JK[C KHMZP D[GP BGF YGNKI
,FPDGEN .NGVNVG \GVKZI FC [K[ \KREPN F[ZEN KGRKMM OD [P[P BGF LB ,OKZYPG OKD[GP
ZCIPF CZF EGCM N[ YGNKI" \Z\GMF \I\ BCGP FBRNGVP USGK CYTK 'Z N[ USGK \ZGV QC ZVSC
,OKKFJZGG LM NT FBZ ;183 'PT ,USGK \ZGV QC) CMZGPG LGZB NGVNV "FCK[KF EGPKNC GVZGI KPKC
OD YGNKI D[GPF [P[P \KREPN F[ZE N[ \GTP[PC .(235=234 'PT ,\GEKSIC \GMKNFG \GMNF
N[ G\[ZE \B TGP[N OKEPGNF ZGCKX \B FRKPHPF FTEGPC FPDGEN LM .Z\GK OKZIGBP \GZGEC
\GENG\ NT .(C 'PT ,CGYBZP KGNKTF KC\M) "...FT[C YGNKIF QPH" C\MR CGYBZP KGNKTF
QGZBC OGN[ EGCMN NCGKF ZVS ,"NGVNVF LZE NT" ,KYSCGZJKPKE QPNH OKKI FBZ "YGNKIF"
.ESY=BKY 'PT ,F"N[\ OKN[GZK ,(LZGT) QPZCKN NGB[ ,FR[ OKRGP[ GN \BNPN
.FNKI\CG N"X[ FBZRG ,EKF C\MC LM
.21 FZTF QNFN FBZ
15
20
25
2
3
4
5
6
OKZ\S \NKDP
|B~'SM GN |F~'KFKG :|\G[E~'IF |\GCM~'ZFFP |SE~'ZVF G\GBP |OKNK~'TGP
ZVSPC |\G~'TKSV FHKB LNKG |NKI K[RB/GKZ~'IB F\GB GB[KG
7
|TKNT~'VBY |G~'KFKG :|C~'[KG |BS~'MF GN GEKPTKG
:|OTV NMC~ 'VMC GZZG[KG |8ZK[ KNMC~ '[MC
|\GPG~'BF[ YZ OGKF'B 'KIK 'ZTG 'KRK[ [KB NMG
|\GBZ~'GR |\GP~'MI FNDKG :|IK~'[PF |GN~'KVB |NBZ~'[KN NCB 'BPT YZ
|\GPMIF NM~ 'IFM N[ |9\GPEYFF NM~ 'YFM 'Z\KG |OK[EI OKZCE~ 'IE
:'MTK |FR[ E"K~ '[EK 10ZIBN
'V[G 'FPG 'VGKP 'VGNP 'YVY ,|OK[E~'I |OK~'RGPP 'FM |G~'KFKG
:'[MY 'IBG 'KVFP F[TR |F~'KFK |LM ZIB~ 'MIB .'BRG 'HEY
|OKMNPF NMN~ 'PFMN |T~'SK[ \TC :F[TK 'KZGMC OT :'BNGN
|OKZ[F NM~ '[FM |GE~'DRM |G~'TSK[ GKNB |T~'SK[ |LN~PF G\GB FGXK
QMG |OKMNPF ZB[N~ 'PF[N GPT |LNPF G\GB~ 'PFB TSK |LM ZIBG~ 'MIBG
TSK QNFN
:GPT |KR~[F |L~'NPF
GN |F~'KFK[ |LNP NM N[~ 'PM[ |QK~'JNV NMC :|[EGYF WZB~ 'YFB |[~'EYKG
|FMGNPF ZKTC~ 'PFTC
|F[~'ZEG |NBZ~'[KN |F[~'ZE |OGK NMC~ 'KMC |[G~'ZEKG :|B~'SM GN |F~'KFK
11
|YRB~[KD |F[~'ZE GN GR\K |F[~'ZEF ZPBK[M :|\GP~'GBN
|\GBN~'VR |\G~'PMI FNDKG :FRKEPG |CFH KNMG~ 'HMG |USM KNM~ 'MM
12
:|QJ~'KPGEG |\GCGJ OKRCB~ 'JCB F[TKG
BGCK |LM ZIB~ 'MIB FH BGF KM GTEK BN FNKI\C
:ONGM GTEK[ ET |I~'K[P BGF[ G\TE NT |EIB NM~ 'BM
|
54
30
35
40
45
IV ,OK[EI OKZGVKS ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI FPDGEN FBZ .\ZGPH\ ,FNFYP { FKNVY 7
ZVS ,OKRXCYF \TC[P F[TP ;CTY 'PT ,(E) CNY ,NBZ[K WZBN G\TKSR ,O[ ;JY 'PT ,(I)
.BSZ 'PT ,\GK[TP KZGVKS
OT Q"ZFGP KKI ;HNZ BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN FPDGEN FBZ .QPIR 'Z KC\MC IKM[ ZK[ KNM UGZKXF 8
'PT ,\GK[TP KZGVKS ZVS ,ZSKYG LNPP F[TP ;JY 'PT ,(I) IV ,OK[EI OKZGVKS ,\GJP[FF
.V 'PT ,O[ ;JK
BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN) "FPMIFN OK[P[PG OKECT OKBZYR OFG ,\GPEYF FN [K FPMI NM KM" 9
.EGTG ;B ,S ;G ,B ,FM ;B ,BM BPY O[ FBZ QMG ,(G ,ES
.ZIBG BGZYN LKZX KNGBG ,FZGZC FRKB 'N \GBF 10
FR\P OMN Q\GR KRBG" :OKRXCYF \TC[P F[TPC TKVGP .F[ZE \R\P BKF YRB[KD F[ZE 11
.(DPZ 'PT ,\GK[TP KZGVKS ZVS) "'YRB[KD-F[ZE' QKZGY[ F[ZEN
GN ONIG" [KCMTG CGCHP F[TPC N[PN TKVGP LM .\GCGJ OKRCB GTP[P [KEKKC QJKPGE 12
ZDKIP F[TPC OD TKVGPG .(HS 'PT ,O[) "GC NM\SP FKFG JKPGE QKZGY[ CGJ QCB GEKC FKF[
.(CN 'PT ,O[)
55
|
IRTGVPF JSYJFG ZYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z EK C\M
'G OGK OGKF FH QKRTC OTVF EGT GRTP[[ FP
FV |QJY JZVN~ 'YVN 'JSY\ \R[ CB OIRP 'I |[EGY \C[ CZT~ 'Y[T
CNSZC |\NKF~'Y
ZMHRF~ 'NRF 'B OGK GRKKF OGKF G\GBC :|EIB OGKG~ 'BGKG |FR[ C"K~ '[CK QC
|NKTN
OGKF G\GBCG |ONGTF NM~ 'TFM NT |ZS~'KY F[TR |F~'KFK HB
|EIB OGKG~ 'BG |14B"K~ 'GB |\~'C |F~'KF\ |BKF13G~ 'KFR) :|FV~'GIN |S~'RMK
|OGKF G\GBC~ 'KFGBC
(FVGIN SGRMK[ |OGK~'C 'ZP[ 'N[K 'DK 'F[ 'C 'B
QKRT F[TR |F~'KFK |FR[ KXI~ '[I NMC :|YRB~'[KD |F[~'ZE GN GR\KG
.ZCMP GRTP[[ FP LGPSC ZBGCPM ZIB
QKKTN NKI\K[ NBZ[K NMC |FBZGF FZGPN~ 'GFGPN NCY\K FNKI\CG
GKNB IGN[N GNKI\KG \GD[F DK[K[ ET |FZ~'G\C
|FBZGF FZGP~ 'ZGFGP BGF[ ONGM NXB NCY\K[ ET |\GCG[\G \GNB[~ '\G[
|EIB~'B
:|NBZ[K NMC~ 'KMC
ET |ONGM NT~ 'MT |ZS~'KY |LM ZIBG~ 'MIBG |NBZ[K LNP~ 'KP |F~'KFK FNKI\C
Z[B
ZEFFG QIF \PIP GKNB ONGM GNJC\K UGSC
GKNB ONGM GYYG\[KG GVSMK[ \YYG\[FG FCFBFG
:KZPDN GKRVN GNJC\K[ ET
ET |NGED OMIN~ 'DIN |\GPG~'BF KPMI NXB NCY\KG NGED OMI |F~'KFKG
GKNB GBGCK ONGM |OKMN~'PF KRC NMG .GKNB ONGM GBGCK[
|EIB NMG~ 'BMG .|OKMN~'PF NMNG |OKZS~'KYF NMN TSKG .FPMI GNXB NCYN
IN[K
NGED EGCM GN G[TKG GKRV GNCYK[ OKZ[F NMN 15QKHBYB@
GKRV NCYN NMGK BN[ Z[ NMG ZGCTK[ OGYP NMC
1
5
10
15
20
.'RC 'G UKNIFG YK\TPF FTJ FBZRM 13
.G"BC B"K UKNIF[ YK\TP \GTJ KNGB 14
QCP F[TPC QPIR 'Z N[ \GK[TPF KZGVKSC OD TKVGP FH KGJKC .KGGKXG FEGYV GTP[P QKHBYB@ 15
G\GB GBKCFG ,GKZIB (HBYGB QKZGY[) G\EGYV LNPF IN[G" \GCGJ OKRCBP KG[T FKF[ LNP
IN[G LNFG" BCGP EP[ ZHD[ LNPP F[TPC QMG .(FR 'PT ,\GK[TP KZGVKS ZVS) "LNPFN
QMG .(BR=R 'PT ,O[) "|OKZKMC BCX KRKXY~ QKNBZKRETKF NM ZGCT (QKHBYGB GRKKF) \GEGYV
.OKVSGR \GPGYPC
OKZ\S \NKDP
:GKRV NCYK O[G |ZS~'KYF ZKTC QMGP FKFK GMGNKF LZEC
KM OK[RB GB FRKEP GB FR\P GN Q\K |OKMN~'PFP |EI~'B NMG
Z[B ET |EIB NM~ 'BM OT UKNIK BGFG 16|TKER~'KVTJS GN GR\K O\XY
:|NBZ[K WZB~ 'KB QKVKNIC NCYK
NCYKG GNGCDN LGPSF FRKEP |EIB NMN~ 'BMN Q\K KM
NCYK[ ET |NBZ[K WZBN~ 'KBN FMGPSF FRKEP FH NKC[C
TSK[ FR[F G\GBCG |NBZ[K WZBN~ 'KBN TSKG .|NBZ[K WZB~ 'KB QKVKNIC
'KBN ONGM GTSK HBG |\GKGND WGCKY~ 'DY |F~'KFK HB |NBZ[K WZBN~ 'KBN BGF
|NBZ[K WZBG~ 'KBG |NBZ[K WZBN~
:|NBZ[K WZB~ 'KB J[V\\ |LM ZIB~ 'MIB .ONGM YKHI\
IN[KG ECN |NBZ[K LNP~ 'KP |F~'KFK HB |NBZ[K WZBN~ 'KBN TSK[ \TC
OEGYP
O[ \GRCN |OKN[~'GZK GRKKFE |FMGNPF ZKTN~ 'PFTN 17JZBY ER|BN~
|\GRGPZB~ |Q~'KXBNBV
.G\PMI |KV NT~ 'VT OKMNPF NMN GN[ QKJNVN LGPS
|QKJN~'VF \GRCN |FMBNP KNTC~ 'NPTC ONGTF \GRKV TCZBP GBGCKG
NEGD \PIP GKNB LGPS GZGEK ONGM KM .|NKTN ZMHRF~ 'NRF
.GETNC \GKFN GNMGK BN[ ET GKNB \YYG\[FF
|G/F~'KFK[ GKRC KVM EK\TF |KV NT~ 'VT GN[ |QKJN~'V FRCKG
O[ [P\[FN ZEI NMN EIGKP [KP[\ |F~'KFKG GN
GRKKF .[GZEK ZEIF FHC 'GMG LMC ZEIF FHC
.|NKTN ZMHRM~ 'NRM O[ G[P\[K GKRC GENGK[ OEGYP
|QKXBNB~'VF QKRC ZES FNGEDF KVNG NZGD |KV NT~ 'VT |F~'KFKG
OEGY KP LB GN[ |QKJN~'VN LGPS GNXB GKFK ONGM KM
:FNGEDF KVNG NZGD FKFK |FH NT~ 'HT
FZ[T .FCZF OKRC GN |F~'KFKG \GPK GPXTC |I~'K[P
ZGMCF GRCN |\GZS~'KYF GKKIC ZGSPK HBG FBZK \GZGE
FZ[T OF GPTG GRPP WGI \GZGE 'J FBZK[ GRKKF
EKNGK GRCG ZGMCF GRC GRKKF OKZGMC |G~'KFK ONGMG
|
56
25
30
35
40
45
.\GVSGR \GV[CG [KEKKC FDNP ,YRTP 16
FPDGEN LM .\GK[TP KZGVKS ZVSC OKPTV FPM FH KGJKCC [P\[F QPIR 'Z .WZBF \VP 17
EKF KJGJZ[C ZKXP FKF KM ,EKF G\GB NT ZKXP FKF NMF-LM-ZIB" :FNKV\ NTCP F[TPC
OKBKYCN TGEKM) JZBY-ERBNF NT ZKXP[ GPM GKJZV NM OT ONGTG ONGT NM \EKPT ZGKX
,FNKV\ NTCP F[TP ,\GK[TP KZGVKS ZVS) "(JZBY-ERBN QKZGY[ ,ONGTF \VP ZGKX QKRTC
.IKY 'PT ,KRTG ZKDZTCP F[TP ,O[ ;I 'PT ,LNP \C \ECBP F[TP ,O[ FBZ QMG .(XY 'PT
57
|
IRTGVPF JSYJFG ZYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z EK C\M
ZGMC QC |QM OD~ 'MD EKNGK |GRC QC~ 'CC QMG ZGMC QC |QM OD~ 'MD 18EKNGK
GRC FKFK OEGYPG .|NKTN ZMHRM~ 'NRM HBG \GZGE FZ[T ET
|G~'KFK ONGMG |ONGM NT~ 'MT |ZS~'KY GPXTC BGFG |19ZSKY KDNV~ 'YV |ZGM~'CF
:OKRGPP
|ZJ~'[P GPM |Z~'J[P OFN F[TKG |OKMN~'PF NMN \GNKKI |G~'KFKG
\PMI KM OK[EI OKRGDRG |ZPH KNM~ 'HM F[TKG |20\GNHPG OKCMGMF~ 'PGMF
\G[EI FNDKG EBP EBP GC KYC |F~'KFK QGDKRF
OKTPG[F N[ O[VR FNM\[ ET GH FPMIC
|,~OGKF FNCK[ FP NT TKEGKG .'GMG GN[ OKRGDKR
YGSTK \GT[ 'D |,~'GMG \BH F[TK GH FT[C
|\~'BNGI |F~'KFK HB OD KM GBGCK[ |O~'KKNGIF QKRTC
QP IYKN OFN FGXK BGFG GNXB |O~'KNGI GBGCKG
BN[ |\G[~'EI |21\GC~'MZF GC |F~'KFKG F[TK[ |S~'EZVF
.EKF C\MC [EI EGPTN ZCTPC ,\GTJC QBM FNVMR EKNGK FCK\F
KM ,CZ KZCE OKBCGP IK[PF LNPF N[ G\GFHC \YSGTF (C"T IX) QKZEFRS \MSPC FKDGSC
FKFK KZGJSKFF LNPF EGE BN GRKKFE ,"ZIB EGE OFN EKPTFN BGF LGZC [GEYF EK\T"
"?ONGTN OFN BK[R KECT EGEG" CG\M KZF ,BVV 'Z NBG[ LM NT ."ZIB EGE" BNB IK[PF
\GZIB \GKGZ[VB ."GN KR[G LNP" :ZBCP K"[ZG ,"ZSKY KDNVG ZSKY QGDM" KKCB GN CK[PG
.EKYV GB (ZSKY-LKSR) ZSKY-WRKZV QF YV ZGXKYF GB \GCK\F K[BZ \B IG\VN
GZJ[P OK[\ OB OKP[ \GYI \TEKF" YGSVF FBZRM EPGT OKZCEF N[ FH IGSKR TYZC
F[TRF NT OBCX NMG OKP[F \TV[F \B ZB\PM GRKCFN Q\KR[ ,(DN ,IN CGKB) "WZBC
ZGBK\C ,FNKDPF L[PFC OD UY\[P KXZBF ONGTN QGKNTF ONGTF QKC FPB\FF QGKTZ .WZBC
KVM TEK[ FP" KV NT \GKBGVZ \GCMZF \RMFCG OKC[TFG OKSEZVF NGEKDC YSGTF IK[PF
.FBCF FZTFC LM NT FBZG ."C[TG C[T NM NT OGK NMC OKEZGK[ OKRGPPF N[ \GIMF
FZG\C N[PN LM .GK\G[ZEP FPMC QPIR 'Z SIKK\P OKC[TP \GKBGVZ "\GCMZF" \RMFN
KRGNV C[TG KRGNV OS OKIYGN[ GRKKFE ,\GCMZF OF \GBGVZF NM KM" :"KSGK 'Z \B GNB["
C[T NMG OKRKP FPMP QKNYG[ QMG ,LMG LM GNY[P[ ZIB C[T QMG ,LMG LM NY[PCG FEKPC
BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN) "FCMZF OFP QK[GTG EIKC OKRKPF GNB QKCZTPG ,ZIB IM GN [K C[TG
OKRGPPF QKCN OKC[TF N[ \GKBGVZF \GKGMKBF QKC QPIR 'Z F[GT[ ZG[KYF .(I ,HR
LG\P FHF ONGTC ZXGK OEB[ ZES N[ DGSN BGF UB ZG[Y C[TG C[T NM NT OKKPKP
+ [F
QDZBP[ LZEN FPGE QVGBC ,\GNHPFG OKCMGMF N[ KPKP[F ZESN G\GB OKB\FN FPDP
:BNZ BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKNP FNGT LMG ."\GNHPG OKCMGMF ZJ[P GPM" \GNKKIF \B IK[PF
NT \GBGVZF NM KM ,ZCE NM NT NNV\FN KGBZ ,'OKGI\[P LN OKP[F BCXG' OKZPGB[ FT[C"
OFPG ,GN LK[F C[TG OS FHKBC IGM Q\GR EIB NMG ,OKP[F BCX OF[ OKNDNDF \GIM KEK
OKNDNDFP \GIGM FPM OKZCI\P FBGVZ OKMKZX[MG ,\GBVZN IGM OKC[TG OKPSF OKNCYP
FCMZF OFP QK[GTG ONGM OKZCI\PG ,BXGKMG ZIB C[TC FHG FH C[TC IGM Q\GR FH[
WZBF QP OKPS FNTF FGNB :ZPB FZKS ZC" [ZEPF FBZRM EPGT OKZCEF TYZC ."FBGVZN
GN QKB[ C[TG C[T NM QKB QGPKS 'Z ZPB .\IYZPF \B IYGZG FMPF |\B~ BVZP BVGZF OFC
50
55
18
19
20
21
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
FGXKG |O~'KNGIF QKC LNK BGFG ONGT \GPKP |G~'KF
\GIMF KVM TEK[ FP KVM |EIB NMN~ 'BMN IYKN OFN
C[T NM NT OGK NMC OKEZGK[ OKRGPPF N[
22
.C[TG
YZ FPINPG [TZ KNC GNXB GNJC\K ONGMG
ONGMN F[TKG GKNB \YYG\[FFG QIF \PIP
ET DFR\K FMMG FNV\ OFN QY\KG |OKS~'GPKR
.ONGMN 23'GMG FZGZC FV[ LVF\K[
FKF[ |KV NT UB~ 'VTB LGEK[ GN G[YCK HB |NBZ[K WZBC~ 'KBC |F~'KFK[M
FEKCB NTC[ \PIP LB |[EGYF IGZ~ 'YFGZ |KV NT~ 'VT FKFK[ KGBZ
FKF\ BKFG .LGEK[ GN G[YCK |QM NT~ 'MT 24'GMG ZKHIP
:GPT |FV~'GIN SGRM\ OGKF G\GBCG |EIB OGKG~ 'BGKG |B"K \C~ 'BKC
|EIB NMN~ 'BMN BCK |LM ZIBG~ 'MIBG FH BGF KM OEGYP GTEK BN
YHI\K[ KP KZ[B) 'GMG BGF FH[ Z[VB G\TE NT
GNB OKPKC FZK\K FRGPBC
\YGNIP |F~'KFK IK[P NT[ ZPB[ K\TP[ |\IB OTVG~ 'BVG
|QG[NF FHC~ 'NFHC GZPBKG (FKP\C) IK[P GFH GZPBKG NGED
(25:TNKXKP FB QKB IK[P
OKZCEF ZB[ NMG QKZEFRSG 'GMG |TZF ZXK~ 'ZFXK |F~'KFKG
.OEGYP FBR FKFK ZCEG ZCE NM LB |G~'KF[
[EI\KG GNM[ KRKT GI\VK G\RKIC KVN |EIBG EIB NMG~ 'BG 'BMG
.G\RKIC KVN |EIB NM~ 'BM OEGYP FZK\K FRCFC
YZVC QKZEFRS BZPDC NGVNV [K IK[PF \GPK
OKR[ 'P |OB KM~ 'BM |G~'KFK BN[ \GTE [KG |G~'KFK FPM) YNI
|O[ QKKT~ '[T (FH QKRTC \GZIB \GTE [KG
OK[\ OB OKP[ \GYGI \TEKF' |BGF BEF~ F"F NGED GN ZPGBG G\GB FMP[ TKYZC NHP
.(79=78 'PT ,OBCX NMG F"E ,K F[ZV FCZ \K[BZC) " 'WZBC GZJ[P
.20 FZTF NKTN FBZ
.(J ,D FKRVX) "EIB OM[ GECTNG 'F O[C ONM BZYN FZGZC FV[ OKPT NB LVFB HB KM"
?[KB NT ZHIN F[B N[ FMZE QKBG ,F[B NT ZHIN [KB N[ GMZE FP KRVP" BZPDF LZE NT
ZHIP FEKCB NTC ?KP NT ZHGI KP ,|'GK\GTNXP \IB' :K"[Z~ FEKCB GN FECB[ OEBN N[P
.(C"T C QK[GEKY) "G\EKCB NT
NM[ K\KBZ :|QPIR 'Z~ ZPB" .[GCIN GDFR OKZK[TF[ EIGKPC ZEGFP TCGM BGF TNKXKP
'NTXKP') 'NTXKP B' OFKRKC YZHK[ BGF LGZC [GEYF NXB K\NTV QMCG { OKKRT GKFK K[RB
EIB ["RB QKC FKFK EKP\[ ,G\RGMG ,(FVK TCGMC [GCN LNGFF ZK[TN KGRKM BGF H"TNC
TNB TRKKP HB QTHKD CBF LKB .["RB KKRT ZB[P Z\GK \GTP GN FKFK[ :GRKKF ,FRG[ FKFK[
58
60
65
70
75
80
22
23
24
25
59
|
IRTGVPF JSYJFG ZYKNVJ ZJNB 'Z EK C\M
.GP[ FPG .|G[GC~'NP |F~'KFK LKBG .LNK[ GKEDC 85
'PFM NXB |O[ NTCF~ '[TCF |KEMR/EMR~ 'MR |G/F~'KFK |IK[~'P BGCK[ OEGY
|OKMNPF NM~
:OFN[ QG[NFG C\MF GNMGKG
\GNDFP ZCT[ FP ZCT[ |KV NT UB~ 'VTB ZCEF NNM)
BGCK[ OGK NMC OKVXP GRBG FR[ OKVNBN CGZY
ZIBK BN BCK BC GN FMI FPFP\K OB |QM KV NT UB~ 'MVTB 90
FVK |F~'KFKG KBEGGC BCK BC QKXKYF NM GNM[ 'VTB
FRGPBC YHI\K[ FHN FMGHF KZ[B EBP FBRG
:HB
ZVKS[ FPGEPM |NKTN ZMHRF~ 'NRF |FBZGF FZGP~ 'ZGFGP QKRTC
NMC~ 'KMC |FBZGF FZGPN~ 'ZGFGPN NCY\K HBG |OKR[ 'D~ '[D QC HB |F~'KFK[ 95
:|NBZ[K
26
.|?\IB OTV KRT FKFK[~ 'BV 'T 'K[ HB ZVKS[ FP JP[R OD
\GBZN GRKMHK |LZC\K O[F~ '\K[F IM[R OKZCE FCZF EGT
:CGZYC GRKPKC FZFPC
BGF NCB \XY TEGK |EIB NM~ 'BM FH QKKRTC[ ZPB
(:NMF TEGK 100
27
FRKCN KBXI KR[C OKZDSGPF OKZGCKEF GNB |YK\TPF ZPB~ 'FB
GZMH Q\R 'Z CZF GRZGP~ NH '\RZFGP GRZGP EK \CK\M SZJRGYFC K\BXP BN
|FMZCN
|YEX FZGPG~ 'WGPG CZF \Y\TFC K\KBZ[ FP \BH K\Y\TF YZ
28
GEK \CK\MC C\MRF TYGGEKGGKETPP |FMZCN GZMH~ 'NH QPNH 'Z
B QKVZBGG LZGE LBH NBH'S LZC\K O[F KKC JNTGVKD LKB CBF ,JKKN TPKZB QKKH QNTGG JKKN
.(CN 'PT ,C YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[) "NTXKP
"ZGPI NT CMZG KRT BGF T[GRG YKEX LN BGCK LMNP FRF" FKZMHC IK[PF ZGBK\ LZE NT 26
.\KEGFKF \ZGSPC OKCZ OKEGFEF GN [K[ ZGBK\ ,(J ,J FKZMH)
FPG OKTCGZPF OKKZDGSF GNKBG ,OKNGDT OKKZDGSC QBM OKDXGKP "FRKCNF KBXI" ,ZGPBM 27
.EKF C\MN KN[ OKZGBKCG \GPN[F OF OMG\C[
FNKDPF N[ \VSGR FY\TF ZJNB 'Z KEKC F\KKF Q\R 'Z N[ GEK C\M ECNP[ YKSFN Q\KR QBMP 28
.FRCN KBXI KR[C OKZDSGPF OKJV[P O\GB GKF FC[ ,TYGGEKGGETPP QPNH 'Z N[ GEK C\MP
K[KN[ YNI
FNKDPF Z[V
B YZV
QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPE QCMG KCNSZC YKEXM IK[PF NT
\GCZ \GKDGSN OKEF FNKDPC [K .FCGZPF \B YKHIPF JTGP BKF OKZ\S \NKDP
[K .OKZIB OKCZ OKB[GRNG QPIR 'Z N[ GEPTPN ,KIK[PF QEKTNG IK[PN \GTDGRF
OFC \TDGR YZ FNKDPF[ OKZIB OR[KG ,FNKDPC FPXTFG IG\KV OKNCYP[ OKB[GR
OKKHMZP OKGGY JGJZ[G FNKDPC QG[BZ QGKT OF QNFN KKZCE .\VZVZPG FNY FTKDR
.OFC \TDGR FNKDPF[ OKB[GRF NN[ \B \GXPN QGKSKR OFC QKBG ,FKKVGBN
YKEXM IK[PF ZGBK\ BGFG ,FNGM OKZ\S \NKDP TYZC EPGTF B[GR ZGZKCC I\VB
FNKDPF \RCFN QF \TZMP FEGYR KKRKTC BKF GH FEGYR .CNSZCP QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPE QC
GNCKY[ OKCKMZPC EYP\K GH FKDGSC QGKEF .QPIR 'Z N[ \KPXTF G\SKV\ \RCFN QFG
OKRGEKR OF[ KVM GH FKDGSN OKZG[YF OKB[GRF NGM[B NMC BNG OKZ\S \NKDPC KGJKC
.\KCNSZCF \GZVSF KCIZP NMC OKHPZRG
OKZ\S \NKDP N[ FKKVGB NT .1
ZYKTCG ,IK[PF \GPK \B FBGZF \KCNSZC FKVGJGBM \GBZN Q\KR OKZ\S \NKDP \B
OKZBG\P OKZCEF .\KCNSZCF OKMZTF \MSP N[ ON[GP [GPKPM ,GPXT IK[PF \B
,FNKDPC \GNDN FNGMK FCG[Y FBKZY LB \DNVGP \GK\KXP\CG OKYZV K[BZC FNKDPC
\B FDKXP FNKDPF .FK\GDFRFG CNSZC \ZG\ KZYKT \B ,KJRD QVGXCMG QKVRB ZKTHC
ZGBK\ .IK[PF N[ G\GPEG G\GNKTV OHMZPC[ \KNKEKB \GBKXP N[ \GGF\FF KMKNF\
YNI ZBCP BGF LB ,FNKDPC [K[ FP NM \B \GXPN KEM GC QKB OKZ\S \NKDPN FH
.FKCKMZPP ECMR
ZES" N[G IK[PF N[ OKRG[ OKRKKVBPC [PP\P FH QGZYKT LKB \GBZN FRVR OZJC
'Z N[ \GZKPBG \GIK[ NT FTPY CMT\R ,OKZ\S \NKDPC OKZBG\PF "YEX NBGD \BKC
ON[GPF [GPKPF QMB BGF IK[PF \KCNSZCF FVY[FC[ ,LM NT \GEPNPF QPIR
GPNXC KG[TF NT-YKEXM ZBG\P IK[PF[ ,LM NT ZYKTCG ,\KCNSZCF OKMZTF \MSPN
QPIR 'ZC \GBZN \GZ[VBC ZXY QGKEC FNKI\ I\VRG .CNSZCP QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPECG
.IK[P GPXT
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
64
KIK[PF LKNF\C QPIR 'Z N[ GEKYV\ NTG KCNSZC YKEXM IK[PF NT .2
1
BGF YGNKIF[ YZ ,\G[TN NGMK KRB NBZ[KN \GCGJ F[TK IK[P[ FP NM ,ZPB
.(Z\GK ZCE BNG YSVG) KRB NCB OGYKG ZPGB ZGHDK IK[P[
2
.QKKET ZGPDN NGMK KRKB KRB NCB :ZIB ISGR
QKCN GRKC KRIGZF FPGYF ZGTK[C ZTV QKB[ TP\[P QPIR 'Z N[ GH \KJNIF FZKPBP
QPIR 'ZG OGZ\NG NKTGFN IK[PF NGMK F\ZHTC[ KF[NM \KRIGZ \GMKB QKBG ,IK[PF
QCGP 3.GNGYC TGP[N GKTPG[ NT ZGHDN IK[PF N[ \NGMKC "YZ" OKKY YGNKIF .BN
KVM IK[PF N[ OKJNGCF GKRKKVBPP EIB BKFG ,LMC FP N[ ZCE FRKB GH \NGMK OD[
NBZ[K NM UGMKG ...EGE \KCP LNP EGPTK OBG" :OKMNP \GMNFC O"CPZF \BH ZB\P[
4
."IK[P BGF[ \YHIC FH KZF ...FYEC YHING FC LNKN
GZPBR FC[ FSZDF \B FBKCP CNSZC KEKSI CZYC FZP\[R[ FV-NTC \ZGSP
QDNBV J[KR QTP NKGG ZKP QGB QDNBV QTP JTGG IK[P" :[KEKKC OZGYPC OKZCEF
FZPBP TP\[PF \B Z\GK UB EEIP FH IGSKR 5."|\KKXN OKXGZ QKB KNG G\KKXK IK[PN~
QVGBC ,GB .IK[PF QKCN GRKC YGNKI OG[ FKFK BN KHB QPIR 'ZN GTP[KG G\KKXK OB :GH
6
.IK[PF BGF FKF KHB QPIR 'ZN G\KKX GNKB ,ZIB
NT ,"KCNSZCF \ZG\C IK[P N[ GZGB" GZGCKIC QKNJKKX NNF \GZKFCC EPT ZCM FH QKKRT NT
'PT ,O[ EGT FBZG ;(1936/G"XZ\ \R[C F[ZGGC C\MR) 363=326 'PT ,\GPNGT KR[ NGCD
,82=56 'PT ZYKTC ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV FBZ CNSZCC \GKIK[PF B[GR NT EGT .321=318
FSVKNYGVB ,QE ;KNNMF QGYK\F ,SCKN ;223=176 'PT ZYKTC ,OKZGSKF NTC ,QKZD ;150=132
.312=309 ,263=253 'PT ,GK[MTG HB
\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI \ZGEFPC .(GM) GSZ ,G\D[F \GBZGR \NGED ,EYGRPF Q"ZFGP KKI
[K QKET KNXB :GHM FISGR [K" :\GPEGYF \GZGEFPC TKVGP GRKB[ ,USGR ISGR BCGP (S"[\)
'PT ,GSZ QPKS ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI) "FZKIC FKFK BN ZCM IK[P NXB NCB ,FZKIC
\G[ZC GKF[ EK KC\MC GRKB GZGYP[ QM\KKG ,ZKMP KRB[ EKF KC\MC BXPR GRKB FH ISGR .(BTZ
BKXGF[ FZGEFPFP ,"GHM FISGR [K" FIK\VF NNGM ,FNKPC FNKP FY\TF BGF BNB OKMZGTF
FBZ) FH JV[P OD BCGP QNNMC[ ,\GJP[F FPM SKVEF FCG Q"ZFGP KKIN YK[ ZHTKNB CZF
.(CZ\=BZ\ 'PT ,\GJP[FC GSZ QPKS ,EYGRPF Q"ZFGP KKI
ETGP) "OKKYP F"CYFG ZHGD YKEX" \RKIC ,OKP[F NT ZGHDN \NGMKF OD LMC FNGNM KNGBG
.(C"T HJ QJY
.(P"X) KN[ F[DEFF .E ,BK ,OKMNP \GMNF ,FZG\ FR[P ,O"CPZ
YIXK KGN 'Z O[C (26 FZTF BGCPC NKTN GKNT FBZ) ZNERFXKKG OFZCB 'ZP K\TP[ GH \ZGSP
NT GZPB" :ORG[N FHG ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[C OKBCGPF OKZCEF \B \PNGF OD GH \ZGSP .ZERC
:["RB GZPB ,'GMG IK[PN GRKC YGNI QKB[ GRCZ ZPB[ ,GSZ QPKS Q"ZFGP KKI ZVSC BCGPF
\GIVN QM OB ,G[EY GKHP JTP OTJNG GKZVSG GRCZP TEG\FNG CZY\FN GRKMH QM ZCM[ GRB
.(N 'PT ,E YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[) "FGXG [ZE Z[B NMC GN \KKXR GRB[
BKCFG ,GZGEC[ USGK QC IK[PM GPXT \B FBZ[ ,NBJKG OKKI 'Z KZCE \B OKZKMHP GNB OKZCE
1
2
3
4
5
6
65
|
QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPE QCMG KCNSZC YKEXM IK[PF NT
\R[ \ZGEFPC FSVER[ ,Q"ZFGP KKIP FJP[FC OKBCGPF OKZCEF OD OF GH IGZC
7
:Z\GK \GZIGBPF SGVEF \GZGEFPP CG[ FJP[GF QMP ZIBNG I"VZ\
ZPB~ F"B) OKTGZ FTC[F NM OT FZG\ EGPNK BGF[ ZPB[ GP[P K\TP[
NM OT FZG\ EGPNK IK[P[ ZBGCP N"YGXH J"[TCF \ZDBC QKKT |YK\TPF
|F~'KF[ |OKPTV FPM~ V"M N"H GRKCZ KZCEC BCGP ZCMG 8.(OKTGZ FTC[F
9
.LMN KGBZ ZGEF QKB[ GBN OB IK[P |\R~'KICC
[K YKEXC[ QGKTZF .KGBZ GRKB GN \KKXP GRKB[ ZGEF[ BNB ,IK[P \GKFN KGBZ QPIR 'Z
N[ FZES NT \ZPBR GH FTKCY[ [K .FMGZB \ZGSP GN [K ;[EI GRRKB "IK[P \RKIC"
NMC[ "ZGEF YKEX" NT \ZPBR BKF[ [K ,OKRG[ \GZGE KRC OKPKGSP OKZICR OKYKEX
OBKCFN QGRDT K"[ KZCE OKBR 10.YKEXG YKEX NMN SIKC \ZPBR BKF OK\TNG ,ZGE
:FH Z[YFC
BGF[ GPXTC FKF QKPBP OFP EIBG EIB NM[ ,OKYKEX N[ \GK[TP OKZVSP
FKF BNB QPB FRGT FKF BN NBGDF \BKCN FMHK[ G\GB QKMZCP GKF[MG ,IK[P
\GKFN BGF EK\T[ GPXT NT ZGCS FKF[ ,"NBZ[K NM OT EIKC" ZPGBG CK[P
11
.LMN KGBZ ZGEF FKFK OB IK[P
OKTPG[ GKF NBZ[K NM OB[ YVS KNC"[ FTCY[G GKNT FZPBR[ FBGCR \GRGKHIF ZVSC
.(GJ 'PT ,\GRGKHIF ZVS) "GKPKC FBC FNGBDF F\KKF ,GNGYN
OKYNI .QKZFT[JP QPIR 'Z KEK NT SGVEN BCGF ,Q\R 'Z KEK NT C\MR[ ,Q"ZFGP KKI ZVSF 7
KYNI QMG ,OINFP F[TPG QGKZ[FP F[TP \B OKNKMPF GNB QGDM ,ZVSF LG\P OKPKGSP
OKZCE QFG ZK\SFN FZGF QPIR 'Z[ OKZCE QF ZK\SFN FPDP LG\P GJP[GF ,OKPKGSP OKJV[P
KKI N[ \GRG[ \GY\TFC .OPSZVN \GRG[ \GCKSP KGBZ BN[ JKNIF QKZTF[JP QPIR 'Z[
.Z\GK \GZIGBP \GSVEFC [EIP GVSGF OFP YNIG ,GJP[GF[ OKYNIF GZP[R EK C\M Q"ZFGP
FTC[ OT ODG OKYKEXFG OKBR\F NM OT FZG\ IK[P EPGN O[[ IK[P NMKFN K\SRMR[ ET" 8
.(235 'PT ,EK C\M J"[TCF KIC[ ,"FP[RF \KKNT \ZDB") "OKTGZ
OKN[GZK) \GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI \ZGEFPC .(77) JN 'PT ,\GJP[F ,(I"VZ\) Q"ZFGP KKI 9
.ZYKNVJ EK C\M "Q"ZFGP KKI" ZVSP \GJP[FC OD LMG ,TKVGP QGZIBF JV[PF QKB (S"[\
ISGR KGXP ,QKNCGNC QPZGY ZKBP YIXK 'Z YK\TF[ ,"Q"ZFGP KKI ZVS" FRGMPF EK C\MC LB
TP\[P YK\TPF \PEYFP .(I 'PT ,14282 QYG[ QGMP ,OKN[GZK K"\M) FJP[FF N[ FFH
ONGT EGSK YKEXF N[ ["RBN YZ"[ ,QKZFT[JP QPIR 'Z N[ GEK C\MP F\[TR FY\TFF[
GNDK BN[ OFN ZPBG Q"ZFGP KKI ZVS ZB[ \B C\MC OFN Q\R |FPMI ZGYP TCGR NIR~ IPRR
GRKCZ KVP FGXP BGF FH NMG .|GRKPGN[ K[RB~ ["RBP BN Z[B ZH [KBN ZCE O|G~[
QPZGY ZKBP YIXK 'Z NT .195=194 'PT ,QGKZ[FP F[TPF ,YZP FBZ EKF C\M NT ."|[GE~'YF
.215=212 'PT ,O[ FBZ GPXT
-W"[ GH FKDGSC FBZ .JZVF N[ KNBGEKCKERKB NBGDM YKEXF \KKBZN ZG[Y FH B[GR 10
;312=309 ,263=253 'PT ,FSVKNYGVB ,QE ;177=168 'PT ,FYKJSKPM \GEKSIF ,ZPKKFRVGB
.247=212 'PT ,OKKIK[P OKBYKJSKP ,NEKB
FBZ FH ZGVKS N[ OKKEKSIF GK\GZGYP NT .352 'PT ,GNBG GNB ,"[GRB CCN" ,QGRDT K"[ 11
OKZ\S \NKDP
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66
\GTP[PC QGKEP YNIM "IK[P \RKIC" B[GRN QPIR 'Z SIKK\P GK\G[ZEP FPMC
YGSKTP YNI ORKB F\T OFC OKYSGT GRB[ QPIR 'Z KZCE LB 12.GH FTKCY N[ \KRGZYTF
\K[KBF G\NTP \B [KDEFN OKBC OF BNB ,YKEX BGF Z[BC YKEXF EPTPC KJZGB\
GNB \GZKPBC GPXT NT HKZMP QPIR 'Z .\KEGIKKF G\DZE \BG QPIR 'Z N[ QVGEF \BXGK
.GKZCEN G\KKXKG GNGYC GTP[K OB K[PP IK[PMG F\T \TN "IK[P \RKIC"M
N[ G[GBKKN KGJKCM QKCFN QKB "LMN KGBZ ZGEF QKB[" FZKPBF \B[ QNFN FBZR
QKPBP QKKET QPIR 'Z .OKKIK[PF GKZG[KM \B NTGVN BKXGFN \GZ[VBFP QPIR 'Z
LB ,GN OK\KKXP QKB GK[MT[ BKF G\RTJ ."OKTGZ FTC[F NM OT FZG\ EGPNK BGF["
\B .KIK[PF QEKTF NIK GPXT FH ZCECG ,GKMZEC GMNKG GN G\KKXK QMB ZIB QPHC
BN QPIR 'Z TKCF GNTVP \B "ZGPDN" IKNXK QMB BGF ZCE N[ GVGSC[ LMC GRGIJKC
IKNXK K\P FNB[C QPIR 'Z \EPTC OKTKZMP OKKGRK[ GNI OKR[F LZGBN ORPB .OTV
N[ GVGSC[ \KEGSKF G\RGPBC KGRK[ FKF BN[ FBZR LB ,KIK[PF GNTVP \B OKKSN
FMHK EGT BGF[ ,QPIR 'Z QKPBF QG[BZF CN[C .GNTVP \B OKKSN IKNXK QMB BGF ZCE
:G\PK[P \PN[F \B GKKIC \GBZN
FMIPG NIKPG FGYPG FVXPG EPGT KRBG ,OGKF NM \GNM KRKT ZCM BNF ,ZPB
KECGT GKF\[ WVI KRB[ FP OMC \GBZN FMHB[ LZC\K O[F KRMHK[ \T NMC
K[RB ECNC BNG .LM FKFK KBEGC[ O[F \ZHTC FGYP KRBG ,KRGXZM \PBC O[F
YZ[ KP GNKVBG ,KPGN[ K[RBN CZY\K[ KP GNKVB BNB ,KNB OKCZGYP GKFK[
GNKVB OB-KM ,ECNC Z[M [KB BNG .\PBC Z[M [KB FKFK KBEGC ,OFC TDK
13
.ZGPDBG K\ZPD ZCM HB OD ZPBG ...EBP NGED YKEX
15
,\GVKEZFG \GYGNIPF 14,GCKHMF[ OKCZGYPF .F\EC\F QPIR 'Z N[ GH G\GGY\ LB
BN ZCM BGF[ ,FZP \GTEGPN G\GB GNKCGF 16\KRVGS FNIP BKF G\NIP[ FRCFFG
\GPK ;ZGE NMC[ IK[P FBZ FH B[GRC \GZGYPN EGT .79=77 'PT ,FNCY KTY[P ,FNK[
ZGEF KYKEXC OKKYF KIK[PF NBKXRJGVN SIKC \GPGE \GZKPB NT EGT .78=76 'PT ,IK[PF
.355=348 'PT ,\GMNPF LZE ,USB FBZ
,O[ ,"EPGN[M" FZG\FG ;C ,BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN ,"OKRFMF NB ZGPB" FZG\F FPDGEN FBZ
.190=185 'PT ZYKTC ,OKZGSKF NTC ,QKZD FBZ GH FKDGS NT .IKY
.[ 'PT ,(CN) CM[ ,GKNB OKCZY\PF \NTP ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI
FHM NM[ OT OKNGED OKYKEX .OKYKEX GKF\ OMNGM O\B[ ZGCS K\KKF BNF ...ZPB \IB OTV"
OT Q"ZFGP KKI) "ZC[RF SZIM GR\GB GZC[ F\TG ,FHM NM[ FKF BN \GZGE FPMC[
UB' :QRGB\PM GRCZ ZPB OTV" .(RZ 'PT ,|EP~ IMZ ,QKPGBC G\CK[KG G\TKSR ,\GJP[FF
GPFRK[ ,GNBM OK[RB KN GKFK[ K\RGM\F ,K\RGM\F \BHN BN NCB ,OKZ[M OK[RB OMRF[
.(BN 'PT ,MY ,C YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[) "'ZTKC \GKIM OKPN[ \GNKN LZC\K O[FN
,QBZGGBSP KCX F[P CZF UEZ FPN ,YZP FBZ QPIR 'Z NT \YGNIPF B[GRC \GZGYPN
.1 FZTF 487 'PT
NKI\F UMK\G YN\SK[ EKP TEK QG[BZF JSGFF F[T[ UM\ JSGFF GKNT BC[ UM\[ ZPB"
12
13
14
15
16
67
|
QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPE QCMG KCNSZC YKEXM IK[PF NT
:GEGTKK \PN[F \B GKKIC \GBZN FMHK
FNI\C[ FP GRKKF 'GMG GZCER[ OKZGCEFP FKFK FP G\GB K\NB[ \IB OTV
.'GMG GXVIM ZGPDKG OKPK LKZBK[ FBZR FKF[ OKZGCE FPM [GEYF GKVP GRTP[
-NT-UBG .FH QKRT F[Y KPXTC KNXB OD ,NBG[ BGF[ FP O\TP[F ,ZPBG FRT
17
!ZGPDBG K\ZPD ZCM (FP\ QG[NC) K\ZPD BN KRB ZPB QM-KV
GRB[ ZIBP LB ,'GMG FNKPC TJYR GXVIM ZGPDK QPIR 'Z Z[BM [IZ\K FP JGZKVF
,OKEPN GRB ,IK[PF QKCN GRKC NKECPF ZCEF BKF ZPD KEKN OKZCEF \BCF[ OKTEGK
ET \G[TNG IK[PF QKCN GRKC NKECPF \B NJCN GKKIC \GMHN QPIR 'Z FGGKY FNKI\[
.NBZ[KN NTVK IK[PF[ GRB OKIJCGP[ \GCGJF NM \B FZKPD
SIKC QPIR 'ZP OKKPKJVGB OKZGCKE OTV BN TP[ BGF[ OKEPN GRB Q\R 'Z \NB[P
FPDGE FR[K ZYKNVJ EK C\M Q"ZFGP KKIC .GXVIM "ZGPDN" G\NGMKNG GKPK \GMKZBN
N[ ,CFH N[ \KCC C[B |'HGCKHPP LGZC 'Z~ C"Z GPM QYH FKFB KRB[M" :GH FZKGGBN
FC KGZ[ FKF QPIR 'Z[ FCZF \GKPKJVGBF \B \VY[P GH FZKPB 18."KBEGC USM
KGJKCF[ EGCMCG FZMFC \GMHN G\INXFN SIKC QFG GKPK \GMKZBN SIKC QF GH FVGY\C
.USMG CFH N[ \KC BGF OFN[ KRGXKIF
\CBGM \GTEGPC GVNI\F GCZ N[ \GKPKJVGBF \GGY\F[ Q\R 'Z IMGR QPH ZIBN
NT .\GNJCG \GMZVGP G\GRYH \VGY\N GK\GGY\ BNKPPG ,FKFK BN ZCM BGF QYH[ LMN
QTGJ BGF \BH OT ."FH QKRT F[Y" GPXT GN QM[ ,FCG[\ QPIR 'ZN QKB Q\R 'Z \NB[
\B GBKCK ZCM GK[TPG ,GN[ \B F[T ZCM BGF[ ,"ZPD ZCM" BGF[ \GKJNIFC
:G\ZKJV KRVN FR[ KXIM USGR QGKEN FNT FH B[GR .ZPD KEKN OKZCEF
...EKP\ ZPGD LZC\K O[F[ QKRTP KPT ZCE GPT K\TSR KRBG QKPGBN TSR[M OD
FPMG ,EKP QGY\F ZGPDK[ GKNB GRCZY\R[M FC[IPC FNT FNI\C NNMFG
NEDPG ,ZGEF \GRGGTCG OKCZF GRK\GRGGTC LM ZIB LB ,FH QKTP GZCER[ OKZGCE
,ONGTF NCNC\R FH NM KEK-NT ,GKNT NGED \YGNIP FCZF[ ET QJ[F \GZD\F
,N"RM ZGPDKG ZPD[ ZPB QM-KV-NT-UBG .FXZ[ FP GKKIC ZGPDN NGMK FKF BNG
FCMK BN FH KEK NT[ FNBM OKZGCE ZCEG FHM LZEN FMH DZCPNP BC[ ZIB KM
JTGG NZTKKV QKKP" QG[NF GHC ZPB[ GP[C K\TP[ Z[BMG ,ETG ONGTN GZR
UM\ QM-KV-NT-UB .\XY Z\GKG OKR[ [GN[ LM-ZIB KI[ ...KV NT UB ,G\GYN\SF QKRTP ZCEN
OT Q"ZFGP KKI) "G\GYN\SF QKRTP ZCEN NKI\F ...JSGFF GKNT BC HB[ H"SY\ WKYC
.(DXY 'PT ,|CK~ CSY ,[JKZGGBRN G\TKSR ,\GJP[FF
.RZ 'PT ,(FP) JMZ ,QKPGBC G\CK[KG G\TKSR ,O[ 17
NT EGPKTC HJ 'PT) ,GKNB OKCZY\PF \NTP ,ZYKNVJ EK C\M ,Q"ZFGP KKIP ZVSP \GJP[F 18
\NTP ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKIC NY KGRK[C TKVGP .(KZGYPF EKF C\MC GRRKB[ OGNKXF KVE
.HXZ 'PT ,(EM) EK[ GKNB OKCZY\PF
OKZ\S \NKDP
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68
FZFPC |IK[P \BKC ET EYG\ KN[ [BF~ "QKPGY JTGG IK[P HKC QKBGNJ QKG[
19
.QPB GRKPKC
F\GB ZTCF" OKPN[ \GNKN NNV\FG YTX FKNT[G ,CNSZCC Q\R 'Z FNKD[ [BF
ONGTN GZR FCMK BN" ZPBR GKNT[ ,KIK[PF QEKTF \B BKC\[ [BF BKF 20,"KCNC
OK[N [K (UKTSF \NKI\C BCGF[) "QKKET ZGPDN NGMK KRKB KRB NCB" JV[PC 21."ETG
Z[B ET ZTC\ [BF ZCE N[ GVGSC NCB ,F\T \TN ,QKKET FNKPC [DEF \B BGVB
\GIK[F EIGKPCG ,QPIR 'Z KZGCKE OF \NIDF .\G[TN QPIR 'Z NIF Z[B \B OKN[\
GZR FCMK BN[ ZGP[\[ BKF FCZF Q\PXT[ ,DZCPNP GCG[ KZIB ZPB[ \GZG\FG
.ETG ONGTN
KVM KIK[PF LKNF\C QPIR 'Z N[ GEKYV\G GPGYP \RCFN Z\GKC \KRGKI GH FZKPB
ZPD \B GKKIC EGT \GBZN FMHK GPXT BGF[ G\GGY\ FDDGV\F[ ZIBN O\GB QKCF BGF[
FDFRF \GTXPBC [IZ\FN NMG\ BN G\NGTV[ QPIR 'Z QKCF FH CN[C .KIK[PF GNTVP
G\NGTVG G\TV[F BNB ,G\ET CZYC NTGV KEKSI YKEX[ LZEM \KTXPB K\NCG FZK[K
OFG ,G\GP ZIBN UB GZB[KK[ ,GK\GZG\G GK\GIK[ ,GKZGCKE \ZHTC [IZ\FN \GMKZX
.YEX NBGD BGCK ET \BH GNTVKG G[TK OFG ,\G[TN NIF Z[B \B GPEYKG GMK[PK[
\B CNSZC KEKSI GRKCF G\GP ZIBN QPIR 'Z \NGTV LZE N[ GH FSKV\ LG\P
OFKNT[ FBGGXM OD BNB ,FBGCRM YZ BN "IK[P \BKC ET EYG\ KN[ [BF" G\ZKPB
.F[PPN NJGP
.YSVR LM ZIBG QY\[ FP QY\G F[T EIB NM[ OKNGED FPM GKF[ ZCE HB
O[FN OK[RB FPM GCZYG OFKEKPN\C O\TE GZKBF[ FZBFF QKRTN G\RGMG
YSVK BN[ ZCE \G[TN OKMKZX GRB NCB ,O\ZBF YSVR LM ZIB NCB LZC\K
.ONGTN QMG OK[RB EGT G[TK OFG ,OKZIB OK[RB G[TK OK[RB GNB[ ,ONGTN
NMG .OFKEKPN\G OFKZCIC GZKBK[ IZMFC GRN[ OKCZGYPF[ ZCM K\TP[ QMG
OKVRT [K KM .GZCIC GZCIG ,GZCIC ZKBKG FNGTV FHKB F[TK[ IZMGP EIB
O[ZR ZCMG .'GMG Z\GK QNFN QMG OKVRT EGT QKBXGK OKVRTF GNBPG QNKBFN
QG[NC ZPBG .FCM\ BN ONGTN EYG\ KN[ [BF[ ZPB[ FP ZIB OGYPC
"QTPGY JTGG IK[P HKC QTGNJ QKG[ JTGG NZTKKV QKKP" :QG[NF GHC HRM[B
22
.|IK[PF \BKC ET EYG\ KN[ [BF~
.RZ 'PT ,(FP) JMZ ,QKPGBC G\CK[KG G\TKSR ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI
N[ GRGCZ' ...FNKNF NM YTGX FKFG ,YKC ZFRF NXB ZFF \I\ CNSZC ZKTFN WGI BXGK FKFG"
QBM' 'QKKZB WZBF QKB ZKP ZTKKV SBE QKKZB ZTKKV ZTKKV BHB ZTKKV B JRTZC BE HB ONGT
.(JSY 'PT ,JVZ\ UKTS ,C YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[) "'KCNC GH [B BR ZTCF GHM [B ZTGC
...GRCN NDKG BGCK FZFPC ,LIK[P EGE \KC \GMNPCG LECT BKCRF GFKNBC GRKFNB 'F GRIP["
.(FZJVFF ZIBN[ FMZC) "ETG ONGTN GZR FCMK BN[ ,GN \TC[R L[EY O[C KM
.ER 'PT ,(GP) GP ,\GZG\FN OKMK[F \GIK[ ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI
19
20
21
22
69
|
QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPE QCMG KCNSZC YKEXM IK[PF NT
OT [KB ,OKRV NB OKRV ,TKV[FN OKBZYRF QPIR 'Z KEKSI LZE ZCGT FH FTV[F NGNSP
LZE I\VP QPIR 'Z FH NGNSPN NKCYPC .QPIR 'Z N[ GMZEN CZYN ,GEKPN\G CZ ,GZCI
GZVS \RMFC GYGSKTN K\RGGMG ,G\ZKJV ZIBN OKKY\\ BKF UB[ ,FTV[FN \VSGR
.G\ZG\ \XVFN KHMZP KNM [P[K[G "Q"ZFGP KJGYKN" OKPKN BZYKK[
\VI[F KZGSKKC NCGSP FKF ZCM Z[BM ,QPIR 'Z N[ G\GYN\SF OZJ OKKTGC[M OD
\B \GXZIRC TKCP LM LG\CG G\GP NT GKEKSI OT IIG[P BGF ,OG[RN F[Y\PG
:\G[TN NIF Z[B \B ZGPDK QMB BGF[ G\RGPB
QKRTP GN[ OK[RB OT ZVSP FKF QGZIBF FR[F-[BZ OEGY QKPGBC
YZ CK[FG .GR\GB CHTK KP NTG F[TR FP KM EBP OKIRB\P GKFG ...G\GYN\SF
BNB ECNC OKZ[M BNG .OKZ[M OK[RB GKF\ HB ,EIKC OMPXT GYKHI\ O\B
KRGXZM FKFK[ KBEGC KN ZGHTK LZC\K O[F KM .GKF\ OKCGJG OKYKEX GNKVB
23
.KBEGC KRGXZM ZGPDBG K\ZPD O[F \ZHTC KM ,ZCMP K\KXZ Z[BM
HRM[B QG[NCG .CNSZC K[RB ONGTF NM FKFK EK\TN[ ZPB"G SSKF BN UB QPIR 'Z
FYKHF 24."OKEKSI ZKCNSZC QKKH JNTGG TXRBD BKE JTGG BGCN EK\TN QG[NF GHC ZPB
'Z KZCEC OD FNGT BGCN OKEK\TF IK[PF \GPK QKCN G\ZG\G QPIR 'Z \GNCY\F QKC
:OKZ\S \NKDPN \GSIKK\F LG\P GZPBR[ KN\VR
KZF O\B" :GN ZPBG N"H KN\VR KCZ NB N"H ZTYXTGGVKN QZFB KCZ OTV FRV
FRT "'?SBE JNBF KGG' QKRTF EPGT QMKF .'OKZ\S \NKDP'F \B GRKCZP O\TP[
GRN [K ...GRCZ N[ GZVS \B FCZF \GIVN LRF EPGN" :\G[KIRC KN\VR KCZ GN
QRGM\FN ZCM Z[VB ONGTC KZVS NCY\K[M' :ZPB[ N"H GRCZP FNCYC
25
."'OKZ\S \NKDP'F \B GN ZSP ZIB QPHC LM ZIB ... 'IK[PN
."GRCZ N[ GZVS"C YGSTN [K OKZ\S \NKDPC "YEX NBGD \BKC ZES"C OKYSGT OZJC
KJGYKNC YGSTN BNC OKZ\S \NKDP \GTP[P \B QKCFN Z[VB KB[ ECNC GH BN
.FNGBDF KRPKSP OPXT OF ONGTC G\ZG\ \GNCY\FG GZVSC EGPKNF[ BNB ,Q"ZFGP
OKK[PP FRTPG FCG[\ OFC [K BNB ,BPNTC \GYPI\F ORKB KN\VR 'Z N[ GNB GKZCE
.BPZ 'PT ,(EN) IKZ ,QKPGBC G\CK[KG G\TKSR ,O[ 23
.J[ 'PT ,(JP) JN[ ,GKNB OKCZY\PF \NTP ,O[ 24
[GEYF GKVP TP[R" :Q"ZFGP KKIC TKVGP LMN FPGECG .DV 'PT ,HVY ,D YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[ 25
ZPBG ...FNGBDE B\NI\B BGF ONGTC BXK[ Q"ZFGP KJGYN GN[ [GEYF ZVSF[ ZPB[
G\ZG\ \NTP ,O[) "QPB GRKPKC FZFPC FNGBDE B\NI\B BGF OK[GEYF GKZGCKIC EGPNF[
ZPB" :FVSGF FR[K Q"ZFGP KKIC ZIB OGYPC .(JK[=EK[ 'PT ,|H~ GP[ ,OK[GEYF GKZVSG
\PBF FND\K[ ,QGXZ KFK ...N"H Z"GPEB N[ BNVRFG NGEDF ZGBF \PNTF QKRTN :YK\TPF
QKRT ,O[) "QPB GRKPKC FZFPC FNGBDF BGC\ HBG ,ONGTC G\[GEY OSZV\KG ONGTC
.(FP[=PE[ 'PT ,C\ ,GKNT[ \YGNIPF
OKZ\S \NKDP
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70
N[ G\GNCY\F \EKPC FKGN\ YEX NBGD \BKC QM[ ,"?EPGT QKRTF QMKF" FNB[N
26
.ONGTC QPIR 'Z
QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPE QCM OKZ\S \NKDPC IK[PF NT .3
FH BGF KM GTEK BN
G\TE NT |EIB NMN~ 'BMN BGCK |LM ZIB~ 'MIB FH BGF KM GTEK BN FNKI\C
27
.ONGM GTEK[ ET |I~'K[P BGF[
G\TE NT |EIB NMN~ 'BMN BCK |LM ZIBG~ 'MIBG FH BGF KM OEGYP GTEK BN
GNB OKPKC FZK\K FRGPBC YHI\K[ KP KZ[B) 'GMG BGF FH[ Z[VB
GFH GZPBKG NGED \YGNIP |F~'KFK IK[P NT[ ZPB[ K\TP[ |\IB OTVG~ 'BVG
28
.(TNKXKP FB QKB IK[P |QG[NF FHC~ 'NFHC GZPBKG (FKP\C) IK[P
ZY[ KIK[P .IK[PF B[GRC OKRGKEF \B EKP\P QVGBC FGGNP IK[PF KGFKH \NB[
GI\V\F FH Z[YFC .\PB IK[P GFKP ,FNB[F \B \B[ Z\KC GZZGT GCKHMF[ OKIK[PG
NT UBG ,"IK[P \YHIC" YZ BGF[ KP QKC O"CPZF FNTP[ FRICFF QP ,\GRG[ \G[KD
C\MC[ FZG\ KVM GKCB EGEM \GXPC YSGTG FZG\C FDGF" ,OKECMR OKD[KFN TKDP[ KV
GVGSC[ QM\KK 29,"'F \GPINP OINKG FYEC YHING FC LNKN NBZ[K NM UGMKG FV NTC[G
\IMGP FECGT BKF G\GKIK[P[ ,"KBEGG IK[P" BGF[ KP QKCN ,IK[PF BGF QKB ZCE N[
\B \KVGS NGN[N NGMK GRKB IK[PF N[ G\GP GNKVB[ \GZCGSF \G[KD ETG 30,\[PGPPG
DZFR[ ,USGK QC IK[P N[ G\GPE LZE \GCZ OKPTV \DXGKP GH \GZ[VB .IK[PM GKGFKH
.BGF \PB IK[P \BH OTG ,\NIGKPF FNGBDF FTKDP OZJC
G\GND\F OEGY C[IR[ OEB BGF IK[PF[ OKBXGP GRB GFKT[K BKCRF KZCEC ZCM
ZSGIG FFKP\ ZZGTP NBF IKN[ BYGGE BGF[ KGNKDF QM NTG 31,"OKFNB F&jP
A TGDR"
32
K[GYF \B FMVF FBGCRF ."F\NDR KP NT 'F TGZHG GR\TP
A[N QKPBF KP" :QGPB
[EGYF \ZDKBC \KND\PF ,CGJ O[ NTCF N[ \KIK[PF FSKV\N FZGZC \GKM[PF QBM [K
,IK[P N[ GNMKFN ET FP[R \KKNTC FNT[ ZVSP BGF FC Z[B GSKD QG[ZD 'ZN IN[[
\XVF QKC FYKHF QKKRTC ."LK\GRKKTP GXGVK[MN" GN CK[F "ZP K\BY K\PKB" G\GB NB[[MG
,NEKB FBZ KEKSIF KIK[PF QPGRVF \RCFN FK\GMN[FG \GEKSIC NBGDF \BKCN \GRKKTPF
.247=212 'PT ,OKKIK[P OKBYKJSKP
.46=45 'G[ ,FRG[BZ FIK[
.77=72 'G[ ,FKKR[ FIK[
.E ,BK OKMNP \GMNF ,FZG\ FR[P ,O"CPZ
.E ,EK O[
.E ,DR GFKT[K
.B 'SV ,O[
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
71
|
QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPE QCMG KCNSZC YKEXM IK[PF NT
QVGBC ,LMCG ,IK[PF \GPEC CKMZPN G\GKIK[P \G\PBC YGVYVFG IK[PF KGFKHC
.\PB IK[P G\GKFN KBR\N UBG QPKSN ,KNSYGEZV
GPXTC ZKMK" IK[PF GC[ CN[ ZB\P[ ,NBJKG OKKI 'Z KZCEC OD TKVGP FH CKJGP
ZSGIG \GPNTKF N[ FVGY\ ZIBN YZG ."GFGZKMK BN OEB KRC ZB[ LB ...IK[PF BGF[
33
."GKNB GXCY\KG NBZ[K NM GFGZMKG KZPDN IK[PF FND\K" FZMF
KEKSI N[ O\TEG\C[ YVS QKBG ,F\GB \YHIPG GH FPDP FMK[PP OKZ\S \NKDP
KBR\G QPKS \GKFN \MVGF "IK[P GFH" FFKP\FG FBKZYF OKZ\S \NKDP KBZGY CNSZC
.\PBF IK[PN
,CNSZCP QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPEC G[PP\F FZMF ZSGI N[ GNB OKRKKVBP[ F\T FBZR
CG[I TJYC .KIK[PF GTCJN { [ZGVPC GKEKSI KEK NTG HPZC GEK NT { eZ[eYG
:Q\R 'ZN QPIR 'Z QKC \RKKRTP FIK[ \BCGP Q"ZFGP KKI LG\P JP[GFG ZHRGX[
NT BGCK BN[ GRKKF ,\TEF ISKFC BNB BC EGE QC QKB :[GZKVF BGF LM Z[VB
ZPBG ,KZCEN FEGFG ,'GMG BGF FRFG ,BC BGF ZCM \PBCG .BGF ZCM[ O\TE
QPIR CZ ZPB FH ,ZPBG ZZGT\R LM ZIB 34,"GRPP GZKEB FKFG" CG\M LM[
FZFPC 35"GRPP GZKEB FKFG" ZPBR[ ,BGF BRB KKI QP KB QKZEFRS \MSPC
36
.QPB GRKPKC
'Z .1 FZTFG 42 'PT ,KCX K\C[ ,OGN[ FBZ FH ZGYP NT .BPZ 'PT ,USM NY[ \GBP TCZB
NT QRTF EGPTC HRDKK BGF IK[PF \TVGF ZIBN[ ,ZFHF KZCE OT FH QKKRT Z[YP NBJKG OKKI
.(O[) KRKS ZFC QRTC OGK OKTCZB F[P \GPNTKF N[ ODEF KV
.BM ,N GFKPZK
.C"T IX QKZEFRS
EK C\M Q"ZFGP KKI ZVSP \GJP[FC BGF LMG .GTZ 'PT (CN) ,CZT ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI
,FCK\M \RGMP) \GJP[FF N[ USGR EK C\MC QMG ,(ZGYPC GRKB[ ZGVSPC EK 'PT) ZYKNVJ
\B \GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKIC GXCK[ GC[ OGYPF[ FNGT EKF KC\MP[ ,ZKTFN KGBZ .(5 'PT
YK\TPF \PEYF KVN LB ,"ZSI D"N \GB OEGY" BGF EKF KC\MC QGKXF QM[ ,FTJGP FHF TJYF
FCZF ONGF WGCK[F O[ QMBG .OKRG[ OKVKTSF O[[ ,G"NZ\ DZCPN \ZGEFP KVN QF \GKRVFF
UKTSF ODG ,IK[PN QPIR 'Z N[ \K\IV[P-\K[KBF G\YKHC YSGT GKRVN[ UKTSF QM[ ,Z\GK
F[TR 'KFK[ FP ZPB" :FJP[FF KRVN BC[ CN UKTS QG[N FHG .IK[PF B[GRC YSGT GKZIBN[
OKCZC \BH ZPBG KXNI KBXGKP 'KFK YEX NBGDF[ \"K[F NXB K\NTV FH NCB TEGK KRKB KPT
OFP OKNKED 'KFKG EBP OKZYK \GRNKB OF KM GKRC \B NGED \GCK[IC YKHIFNG ECMN EGBP ZKFHFG
DN UKTS QG[N FHG ."\GNKXBF ONGTP IYN GKXNI KBXGK[ ZPB OD EBP OKBNVRG OKCGJ \GZKV
IK[P GNKVB BGF QM BN G\GPK BN IK[P BCK[M[ OKZCGS ONGTF" :FJP[FF KZIB BC[
FRG[ ISGRF QPZGY YK\TF[ Q"ZFGP KKI EKF C\MC ."OKCZC \BH ZPBG \GPK BGF OD GPXTC
BNB BC EGE QC QKB N"HZB[ FP [GZKVF BGF LM Z[VB" :O[ QG[NF FHG ,[CG[P FBZRMG JTP
ZPBG KZCEN FEGFG 'GMG BGF FRFG 'GMG BGF ZCM KM GTEK BNG ONGTC FKFK[ GRKKF \TEF ISKFC
BGF BRB KKI QP KB QPIR CZ ZPB ZCM FH BNF ZPBG ZZGT\R M"IB GRPP GZKEB FKFG CG\M LM[
.(I 'PT ,QPZGY Q"ZFGP KKI EK C\M) "GRPP GZKEB FKFG ZPBR[
33
34
35
36
OKZ\S \NKDP
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72
,LMN \SIKK\PM 37"\TEF ISKFC BNB BC EGE QC QKB" FZPBN [GZKV TKXP Q\R 'Z
ISKF .GRPP O\TE GIKSK BNB OK[RB GC GZKMK BN BGCK ZCM IK[PF[ ZIBN OD[
QKKVBPG KBR\ \GKFN LVGFG ,GC FZMF KBNG IK[PC NGHNHN KGJKCF \GKFN LVGF \TEF
.BC EGE QC QKB GKETNC[
BGF FRFG" :BCGF BN OPGKSG ,OTXPBC GTJYR Q\R 'Z KZCE[ ,ZZC\P 'GMG KGJKCFP
OKJZV OKPKN[PF OKVSGR \GZGYPP ZT[N Q\KR GNB Q\R 'Z KZCEP JP[GF FP ." 'GMG
:YK\TPF ZVSPG UKSGP LMG .GH FIK[ NT
ZIB N"H Z"GPEB NB N"H \"RZFGP GRZGP ZPB N"RF FH ZPBP :YK\TPF ZPB
QKC OKYGNKI [K[ TE (IM QPKS BRKR\ Q"ZFGP KJGYKNC) BCGPF ZPBPF ZPB[
\GBZGR YPGT \B GCCN \GMHC G\[DZF OXTP N"H \"RZFGP GRZGPG 'GMG \GZG\F
\B Q\KG YVB\FN NGMK BN [PP \CFN[M GCZYC GZTC KM ET OK[GEYF GKZCE
38
.'GMG [GZKVF BGF LM Z[VB N"RF ZPBPF \B GKNT OKCXRF NM KRVC GNGY
\GZ[VBF[ ZC\SP ?[PP \CFN[M [BF GC FZTC[ ET Q\R 'Z LM NM [TZR TGEP
EPTGPFG ,ECNC \KJZGB\ \GZ[VBM F\NT BN GK[MTG QBM BXPR ZCM IK[PF[
L[PFC ."'GMG BGF FRFG" OKZCEF OKSIKK\P GKNBG ,QPIR 'Z QCGPM FKF EKYV\N
\B ZKTF UB QPIR 'Z 39."KZCEN FEGFG" ,Q\R 'Z N[ G\ZT[F \B QPIR 'Z Z[KB FIK[F
Q"ZFGP KKI) Q"ZFGP KKIC USGR OGYPC FTKVGP "\TEF ISKFC BNB BC EGE QC QKB" FZPBF 37
EGPN\C BN GHM FZPB QKB[ KRPGEPM .(FM\ 'PT ,|EV~ HMY\ ,'F \EGCT ,\GJP[FF OT
\TEF ISKFC QKBC F[GN[" FZPBF N[ CGNK[ ZXGR FBZRM .ZFHF \GZVSC BNG OK[ZEPCG
\GI\GV[ \GKEGPN\ \GZPKP \ZESC ZHGI FRCP OT (B"T HX QKZEFRS) "CZYTG FBKXP IK[P
Q\R 'Z KC\MC OD FKGXP GH FZPB .(OKVSGR \GPGYPCG O[) "... BNB BC EGE QC QKB" OKNKPC
OD LMG ,(IVY 'PT ,G \GB ,E FMNF ,FIRPF \NKV\ \GMNF ,OKKI IZGB ,C LZM ,\GMNF KJGYKN)
,"LN LN OFZCB NB 'F ZPBKG" F"E ,LN LN ,OKRKT ZGBP) NKCGRZ[JP OGIR OIRP 'Z KZCEC
.(ETZ 'PT ,OKCXR \[ZV ,FRG[BZ FR[ \GMNF) KI [KB QCCG (EN 'PT
EK C\M Q"ZFGP KKI ZVSP \GJP[FC BGF LMG .GTZ 'PT ,(CN) CZT ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI 38
,FCK\M \RGMP) \GJP[FF N[ USGR EK C\MC QMG ,(ZGYPC GRKB[ ZGVSPC EK 'PT) ZYKNVJ
.(5 'PT
OKVSGR OKJZV OKN[PF ,QHI QPIR 'ZC OFZCB 'Z KZCEP OD TP\[P Q\R 'Z KZCEN FH [GZKV 39
ZPBPF \B FNKD[ \TC N"H GRKCZ ZCKE Z[B ZCEF TEGR Z[B KVM F\T" :GH FIK[P
OXGTP N"H \"RZFGPG 'GMG \GZG\F QKC OKYGNKI [K[ TE I"M QPKS BRKR\ Q"ZFGP KJGYKNC[
\CFN[ \CFNM GCZYC GZTC KM ET OK[GEYF GKZCE \GBZGR YPGT \B GCCN \GMHC G[DZF
FP [GZKVF BGF LM KNGB ,GKNT OKCXRF NM KRVC GNGY \B Q\RG ,YVB\FN NGMK BN [PP
ZGBKCCG ,BGF ZCM KM GTEK BNG ONGTC 'KFK[ GRKKF ,\TEF ISKFC BNB BC EGE QC QKB N"HIB[
ZT HKB JBF UGS OGX IK[P IK[P QTSKP[ JTGG TP N"FHC ZPB[ N"H KCBP K\TP[ Z\GK
QPIR CZ OD KM GN FBZFG GKRKT \B FNKD N"H GRKCZG .|BGF FRF UGSCNG 'IK[P IK[P' GZCEK~
K\TP[ Z[BP KN FPGEPM NCB ,BRB QGDM B\KB ,YNI 'V QKZEFRSC) BRB KKI QP KB ,QM ZPB
73
|
QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPE QCMG KCNSZC YKEXM IK[PF NT
FKFG" YGSVF \B BKCF KP [KDEF QMG ,\KEGPN\F FZKPBC OKZCEF ZGYPN CNF \PG[\
GN U\G[PF O[N CNF \PG[\ \B QPIR 'Z CSP LMC ."QPIR 'Z ZPB FH" :"GRPP GZKEB
,"BRB QGDM { BGF BKKI QP KB" QPIR 'Z ZPB HB[ LMC HPGZG ,KEGPN\F ZPBPF NTCNG
."BRB QGDM { BGF BKKI QP KB" (CNSZCP) QPIR 'Z ZPGB OGKF ODG
OK[RB LB IMGRG OKKY ZCM[ ,IK[PF-YKEXF N[ FH ZGBK\ QKC FCZ]YF \JNGC
LB TKDPF IK[PF NT OKZ\S \NKDPC GRKBZ[ OKZGBK\N ,GRPP O\TE OKIKSP
OKNDP OF QPH ZIBN YZG ,(45 'G[ ,FRG[BZ FIK[) "FH BGF KM GTEK BN FNKI\C"
"NGED \YGNIP FKFK IK[P NT[" FNKDPC FZKPBF OD .OCZYC BXPR IK[PF QMB[
\GVKEZFG \GYGNIPF \BG QPIR 'Z \B \GNYC OGNFN FNGMK ,(76=75 'G[ ,FKKR[ FIK[)
40
.\KEKSI FET DKFRPM GMZE \K[BZP G\GB GGKN[
N[ GZG[KB \B \NCYP[ QPIR 'Z N[ G\GKIK[PN FZGZC FRTJ QBM \V[IR FZGBMN
"Z[VB"[ FEGF QMB QPIR 'Z .Z\GK \CMZGPM \ZZC\P FRGP\F LB ,GPXT QPIR 'Z
\B OK[[BP QPIR 'Z KZCE .KBEGGN "Z[VB"F \B LVF BN LMC LB ,IK[PF BGF BGF[
BZGPBF ,QPIR 'Z .OKGSP Z[YF GH \GZ[VBN OKR\GR OD LB ,Q\R 'Z FNTF[ \GZ[VBF
QKC KGXP IK[PF OB[ ZPGBG QTGJ BGF LB ,IK[PF BGF[ HKZMP GRKB ,KEGPN\F
GC [K FH Z[YF .G\GPEN FPDGE [P[N \GIVN GB IK[PF \GKFN NGMK KRB[ KZF OKKIF
'Z BZGPBF OD KZF[ ,CNSZCP QPIR 'Z N[ G\GKIK[P Z[V NT GF[P EPNN KEM OD
\GNNMP OD FNGT FH QKKRT .GRGMP NT [EYP QRGM BNG NBZ[K LNPM Z\MGF BN QPIR
,\GZGEF LZGBN OKPMI KEKPN\G OKDKFRP N[ FPN[ FZG[ FDKXPF QKZEFRSC FKDGSF
FBKCP OD FKDGSF .IK[PF N[ G\GPEN ODEM ,OK\PF ONGTP QFG OKKIF ONGTP QF
IK[PN \GP[ OKTKXPF GNB NM Z[BM ,IK[PF N[ GP[ FP FNB[N \GRG[ \GCG[\
BGF QPIR 'Z[ Z[VB[ FTKCYF[ ,QM OB FNGT 41.OCZ O[C IK[PF \B OKRMP OXTC
QPKS ,\GZG\FN OKMK[F \GIK[C ,Q"ZFGP KKIC QKKTG (BGF BRB HB OKKS N"H GRKCZ[ N"H KCBP
FV-NTC OK[GEYF GKZCEP ZBGCPG FBZRF KVMG .'GKEIK QKIK[P QKZ\P NGNM BGF[ YKEX' ,G
,GN UKTS ,OKZGVKSG \GIK[ ,|D"P[\~ ZGB KCMGM) "GPXTC N"H GRKCZ NT GCCS OKZCEF FNB[
OB UB .(CY=BY 'PT ,FRKCG FPMI ,K[KN[ YNI ,O[ OKNY OKKGRK[C FBZG ;DMY=CMY 'PT
Q\R 'ZG QPIR 'Z KZCEC \KIK[P-ZVKF FBKZYN EKP\ FJGR QPIR 'ZC OFZCB 'Z N[ G\[KD
BNB \GR[ZVC ZCGEP QKB QBM KZF (150=149 ,139=137 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV FBZ)
IK[PF N[ KGFKHF \B Z\GK \G[KDEP QMBG ,ZPBRF \B Z\GK JTP \GPKN[P[ \GZGSP \BCFC
.QPIR 'Z OT
'Z NT \YGNIPF \B ZB\N LKZBP (IMY=CMY 'PT) OKZGVKSG \GIK[ GZVSC QHI OFZCB 'Z 40
GRE[ 'GMG "GR\TGP[N QKPBF KP" OKYGSVN [GPKPMG \KIK[PF G\GFP N[ FH Z[YFC QPIR
CJKF OFC QKKTK Z[B NM ,GKNT \CCGSF N"RF F[ZVF NM"[ [ZGVPC QTGJG ,QMN OEGY OFC
EK\TNG ,\YGNIPFG FCKZPF QKRTP N"H GRKCZ NT ZCT Z[B NM OFP ZBGCP[ GKRKTC FBZK
.(GMY=FMY 'PT ,O[) "...'GMG 'GRK\TGP[N QKPBF KP' GZCIN EIB NM ZPBK ,\PBF \GND\FC
KCZ KCE .FNK[ BCK KM ET ZPBR[ ,GP[ FNK[ KZPB BNK[ KCZ KCE ,|IK[PF N[~ GP[ FP" 41
FRKRI KZPB FRKRI KCZ KCE .GP[ QGRK [P[ KRVN ONGTN GP[ KFK ZPBR[ ,GP[ QGRK KZPB KBRK
OKZ\S \NKDP
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74
CK[FN LNGF QPIR 'Z ZIP[ IZMFC \ZHGD FRKB GK[MTG QBM KGXPF IK[PF BGF
QPIR 'Z[ \GZ[VBF \B \NNG[ FRKB UBG ,OZPHNG OZK[N OKKGGNG O\EGCTN OKRFGM
IK[P \PDGE GKF[ OKDKFRPG OKPMI KEKPN\ N[ FMGZBF FZG[N \VSGR \GPEM UZJXK
BGF QPIR 'Z[ QM\KK[ FTKCYF \GTP[P QM OB BKF FP .\KEGFKF FKZGJSKFC
.OKZCEF L[PFC ZZC\\ GH FNB[N FCG[\F ?IK[PF
\GPGBF QGYK\ :KIK[PF YVGBF
\GPGBN GRPHP ECMR YNI [KEYP IK[PF[ ,BGF OKZ\S \NKDPP NCY\PF O[GZF
CZYC FZMFN FMGH BGF QMP ZIBNG ,NBZ[K OTC GEPTP \B FRGC BGF FNKI\ .ONGTF
.\GPGBF CZYC \GNKTVN [EYGP GXZP CGZ[ ,FBZR LNKBG FH CN[P .ONGTF \GPGB
BGF .TGCYF GPGK ZESC \GKGXP ONGTF \GPGBN \G[ZEF .OKRV \CZG \RGGDP G\GNKTV
\BGVZCG \GVGZ\ ZGXKKC YSGT ODG ,OK[EI OKRGDKRG F[EI FPMI \GPGBN FNDP
\GNKV\F ,ONGTF \GPGB QGYK\N OKRGGMP OF[ OFC [DEGP FNGTV KPGI\ KR[ .OKNGI
:ZPBR FNKDPC .OKSGPKRFG
LGPS |OKSG~'PKR OFN F[TKG 'MB |OKMNPF NMN~ 'PFMN TSK |LM ZIB~ 'MIB
42
:|\GP~'GBF |GNN~'V\K[ |\GNK~'V\ |G~'KFK OD .|NBZ[K \E~ 'KEN
FV[ LVF\K[ ET DFR\K FMMG FNV\ OFN QY\KG |OKS~'GPKR ONGMN F[TKG
44
.ONGMN 43'GMG FZGZC
OKNNMR OF UBG ,QPIR 'ZN OKZH GKF BN IK[PF N[ GNB ONGT KYCGI FNGTV KYVGB OD
:QFC IKNXFNG \G[TN NGMK BGF OD[ [I QPIR 'Z[ \GCGJ Q\GBC
NM ZKHIFN KEK NBN [K ZPB 45FNDTF NT C[GK G\GKFC [JKZGGBRN TSR[M
OK[RBG OKYKEX GNKVB BNB OKJG[V OK[RB ECNC BNG ,CJGPN GNGM ONGTF
BNG .CJGPN OZKHIFN OKMKZX OKYKEXF OD KM .CJGPN OZKHIFN NGMK KRB OKNGED
O[FN OZKHIFN NGMK KRB ONGM ONGTF \GPBF NM BNB OK[GEY NBZ[K BKTCP
46
:GCZM \GKFN ECTN GKE LB .NBZ[K \EN LGPS OMKNGFN NGMK K\KKFG ,LZC\K
YIZ KM ZPBR[ ,GP[ FKYHI QC OIRP OKZPGB [KG .FRKRI OMN Q\B BN Z[B ZPBR[ ,GP[
B[R BGF GRKKNI QMB ZPBR[ ,GP[ KCZ KCE BZGGKI KZPB QRCZG .K[VR CK[P OIRP KRPP
,BGF BKKI QP KB :QPIR CZ ZPB .FRGTPG OKFNB FMGP TGDR GFGRC[I GRIRBG ONCS GRKCGBMPG
GRKCZ QGDM ,BGF BKKI QP KB CZ ZPB .BXK GCZYP GN[GPG GRPP GZKEB FKFG ZPBR[ ,BRB QGDM
.(C"T IX QKZEFRS) "\GEGPI [KB NBKRE QGDM ,BGF BK\P QP KB ;[GEYF
.18=17 'G[ ,FRG[BZ FIK[
.(J ,D FKRVX) "EIB OM[ GECTNG 'F O[C ONM BZYN FZGZC FV[ OKPT NB LVFB HB KM"
.67=65 'G[ ,FKKR[ FIK[
.H"SY\ OKZGVC [JKZGGBRC FF[ QPIR 'Z
.ESZ 'PT ,(BK) BRZ ,G\D[F \GBZGR \NGED ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI
42
43
44
45
46
75
|
QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPE QCMG KCNSZC YKEXM IK[PF NT
LKB OMPXTC OKTEGK O\B KM O\B BKTCP BN ,ONGTF NM OKMKZX K\GB ZPB
OKMKZX OF OD KM ,K\GB OKMKZX OKYKEXF NM GNKVB BNB ,K\GB OKMKZX O\B
ECTN GKE LB .K\GB QKMKZX ONGTF \GPGB GNKVB ODG .CJGPN O\GB ZKHIFN
47
:GCZM \GKFN
OKZSKYG OKMNP :GRCZ ZPB" .GRPP EGPNN FP ONGTN [KG ,QPIR 'Z \B LKZX ONGTF
FH QKKRT [PPN FMH BN QPIR 'Z 48."WZB LZE EGPNN KEM OFKRC \B KNB IGN[N OKNGMK
FMHK ,OKZ\S \NKDPC ZBG\PF KV NT ,IK[PF LB ,GNXB EGPNN GTKDF BN OKMNPF KRCG
:GRPP EGPNN FP OFN [K[G G\GB OKMKZX OF[ NC\ KC[GK NM GTEKG GZKMK[ LMC
GNXB NCYN GKNB GBGCK ONGM |OKMN~'PF KRC NMG" 49;"|OKMNP KRC~ 'PC GN GIN[KG"
50
."FPMI
,WZB LZEN OXPGXP GRKB QPIR 'Z NXB EGPNN OKMNPF KRC GNMGK[ EGPKNF
\NCGF KEM ET YGPTG K\GTP[P BGF EGPKNF BNB ,EGCMG QING[ KSGPKR N[ \GTP[PC
51
."NBZ[K \EN LGPS" ONGTF \GPGB NM
"GCZM \GKFN ECTN GKE LB"
KEM GC [K EXKMG ,GRKRVN[ Z[YFC "GCZM \GKFN ECTN GKE LB" KGJKCF [GZKV FP
GKE" KGJKCF ?GN NDGSP BGF Z[B CGJF NM \B \G[TNP QPIR 'Z TRPR TGEP ZBCN
\B[ FBZR LB 52,OKRG[ OKZ[YFC OK[ZEPCG EGPN\C TKVGP "GCZM \GKFN ECTN
Z[YFF TYZ NTG QNFN BKCR[ \GZGYPF TYZ NT QKCFN NMGR GRN[ Z[YFC GRCGP
.GKZCE \B QPIR 'Z ZPB GC[ KJZYRGYF
FZHDR [EYPF \KC CZI[ OGKP QRIGK KCZ ZPB" :BCGP C"T IR \GMZC \MSPC BZPDC
Z\B NT K"[Z ."GCZM BFK[ ECTN GKE FKN ZPB ...GCZIK[ OKYKEX N[ QFK\C NT FZKHD
LGZC [GEYF N[ G\KC BGF[ ,CZI [EYPF \KC KZF[ { GCZM BFK[ ECTN GKE" :ZBCP
EGERN OFKNT ZHDR[ OKYKEXN \SIKK\PM ZFGHF KRGYK\ NTC KEK NT FRCGF GH FZHD ."BGF
.FIGRPG FGGN[C O\KCC \C[N OKNGMKG OKB[Z OF QKBG O\KCPG OPGYPP
.ESZ 'PT ,(K) RZ O[ ,O[
KVZ[ IK[) "WZB LZE QTRZTN GX ZTERKY TZTKKH ZKP GX QYK[ QTRTY OKZSKY QGB OKMNP"
.(EN 'PT ,ET ,D YNI ,[EGY
.13 'G[ ,FRG[BZ FIK[
.19=18 'G[ ,FKKR[ FIK[
ZCTP GDZI QGYK\N QPIR 'Z N[ GK\GVKB[[ ,QKZD OFZCBG QKNJKKX NNF LM NT GZKTF ZCMG
ONGT QGYK\C OKYSGT[ GKZGVKSC JNGC ZCEFG ,FNGM \G[GRBF QGYK\N NBZ[K OT \GNGCDN
\GZGYPCG ,102 'PT ,OKZGSKF NTC ,QKZD FBZ .\KEGFKF FZCIF \ZDSPC OK[IZ\P ORKBG
.42 FZTF 421 'PTC OKBCGPF
IKM[G .E YZV ,FZ[ KKI ,BPGIR\ ;F ,CP FCZ \GP[ ;C ,JP FCZ \K[BZC ;C"T IR \GMZC
.\KEKSIFG \KNCYF \GZVSCG [GZEF \GZVSC
47
48
49
50
51
52
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
76
EEGR [KB QM" EGTG ...F[P FH ,(FH BGF KP) 53"GPGYPP EEGR [KB QM" ,EGTG
(B\RKM[M) B\RKM[C FKZ\BP ERG TR NHBE YKEX [KB GFKBE QBP "GPGYPP
CZI\BE BRPHC QRCZ GFGPYGB KMFE 54,"IGRP FRGKF FBXP BNG" FC ZP\BE
GKEE ,GPGYPP EEGR EI NM QKNHBE ,GCZIKE OKYKEXF K\C NT ZHD B[EYP KC
55
.QKMZ\\P QKNHBE FZG\ KZBPN OZD KBF ... .FKCZM KGFPN ECTN
OT GPGYPP ERG TR LNGF[ YKEX [KB BGF[ KP .GPGYPP EEGR [KB QM EGTG~
OKPMI GFGEKPTF LM[ .IGRP FRGKF FBXP BN FC ZPBR[ ,(FRKM[M) FRKM[F
EIB NM OKMNGF[ ,GCZIK[ OKYKEXF K\C NT ZHDR [EYPF \KC CZIR[ QPHC
OKMNGF[ FZG\ KNTCN OZD FH... .GCZM \GKFN ECTN GKE[ ,GPGYPP EEGR
|56.OK[ZDR
OKMZEC OKYKEXF \GEEGC\F QKRTC" "OFZCBN ESI" GZVSC QE KBNGHB OFZCB 'Z
"QK[GZKD"F DFRP QFC EFEFP[ ,OKYKEXF KEGERC \GVSGR OKRV FNDPG ,"\GZCEPCG
57
:\VX KNCGYP GC GDFR[
NT GKF OFKZCE CGZ[ GKZCIG QGTP[ 'Z QGDM OKYKEXF K[GZKD QKRT TER[ LKZX
OB[P NM[ FRGGMF EX NT YZ FZYPC ZCEF FKF BN[ YVS QKBG ,OKMZEF
F[ZD\R [EYPF \KC CZI[ ZIB KM QKRTFG .OKMZEC FKF FZG\C OR\PG
LGEP FEERPG BNHB BKFG ,GPT EGIKK FN QKBG ONGT N[ GMNP NMKFP FRKM[F
NT ZHDG ,GCZM \GKFN ECTN GKE GZPB O[G ,OKRGYK\C ZMHRM Z\BN Z\BPG LGEN
O\GKFN IM OFN [K FNCY KZBP OF[ OKYKEXF ORPB ...GCZIK[ OKYKEXF K\C
GKF GKZCIG F"T QGTP[ KCZ FNCYF KNTC QMN ,LGEN LGEPG Z\BN Z\BP OKEEGR
O\GKFN OFK\CP OK[ZGDPG OGYPN OGYPP OKEZJR FNCYF \PMIC OKYSGT
F\KF BKFG FN OKMGH GKF FH [GZDG EGRER KEK NTG ,F\GND EGSC \GMNPN FCMZP
58
.OFKNT \RMG[
FNTF OFC[ OGYPFG QPHF \B OKZMGH GRB Z[BM FZ\
+K \GTP[P OKNCYP GNB \GZGYP
,H"SY\ ZEBC GZPBR QPIR 'Z KZCE ."GCZM \GKFN ECTN GKE" YGPKRF \B QPIR 'Z
,FTKSRF N[ QGZIBF ETKF F\KKF BN [JKZGGBR 59.[JKZGGBRN LZEC FCMZPC G\GKFC
LM ZIBG" .GPXT NT QPIR 'Z ZHD[ OKKZG\SP OKEGER N[ LGZB TSPC QG[BZ ETX BNB
.(I ,HM KN[P) "GPGYPP EEGR [KB QM FRY QP \EEGR ZGVXM"
.J ,I \K[BZC
.(E 'PT) C ,B ZFGH KRGYK\
.E 'PT ,ZFGH KRGYK\ ,KTZEB FEGFK 'Z KV NT ODZG\P
.72=71 'PT ,FNCYN BGCP ,[KPNI FBZ QK[GZKDF DFRP NT
.IM ZFR ,E QKTP ,OFZCBN ESI
.JVY 'PT ,(D) DRY ,[JKZGGBRN G\TKSR ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI FBZ
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
77
|
QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPE QCMG KCNSZC YKEXM IK[PF NT
\GPGYP ZB[ EGTG EBZCCG BRCGECG BFZJSGBCG CBNSBHC FKFG [JKZGGBRN TSR
G\GB N[ GPGXKTC GKEKSIN QPIR 'Z IN[[ C\MPC 60."GRPP OKTEGK GKF BNG [VI\RG
:\G\KPXN FBZRM ,CNSZC \B CGHTN \KJPZEF G\JNIF NT OFN ZVSP BGF TSP
\GZXF NEGDP CNSZC \CK[KC K\XY KM GRPGN[ K[RB NMN BRTEGFP
TY\[FN BNG 61NFB NB NFBP LNF\P FKFB GK[MTG ,KNT GETE \GBY\VZFG
OKRCF \\KPG OKZGSKF KN GPZD K[TPG K\T[ZF KRBG YKEXF 'E ...ZGDN BNB
YSTF OD[ K\TEK OD K\TEK QM-KV-NT-UB .OKDGZJYFG \YGNIPFG ,OKBNGSPF
YZI GK@Rr
] G [JN GKRKT FNB NM NT P"SF K+Rr
] P OM\B BKXGFN OMPT K\YST[
62
.KNT
G\KCC C[KN YKEXN \Z[VBP FRKB[ FZHDN FH Z[YFC HPZP "GCZM \GKFN ECTN GKE"
,\GBY\VZFFG \GZXF \GTXPBC QBM \[PP\P FZHDF .G\NGTV \B NGTVNG FGGN[C
WGYN QPIR 'ZN OKPZGD FNB NMG { OKDGZJYFG \GYGNIPF ,OKRCF \\KPG OKZGSKKF
K[TP" ZPGBG GK\GBN\ NT \K[KB \GKZIB IYGN ORPB QPIR 'Z .EGERNG OGYNG GPGYPC
P"SN OZD[ BGF GC YSGT BGF[ KRIGZF "YSTF"[ TRMG[P BGF FH OT LB ,"KN GPZD
\B CGJ ZPD KEKN BKCFNG NGTVN LK[PFN GN Z[VBN BNG GKRKT \B GKNT [GJNN
ET \TDP G\KZIB[ GRKBZ ZCM LB GKEKSI OT G\EGCTC G\K[BZ[ NTVP G\GB ,GNTVP
N[ \KCC" C[+K G\GRYHC[ FNKI\ ZCS QPIR 'Z ."ONGM ONGTFG \GPGBF NM" QGYK\N
ONGTN NKTGFNG OGZ\N \GKRIGZF GK\GNGMK \B [PPN NMGKG 63"KBEGC USM N[ ,CFH
OD ZHDR \GNDFG \KCF QCZGIP[G ,"GCZM \GKFN ECTN GKE"[ TEGK BGF F\T GNBG ,GNGM
\B CZYN G\NGMK \B [PPNG NTGVN BKXGFN GN GIKRK BNG CZIK YKEXF N[ G\KC[
'Z N[ GK\GKRM\C OKGRK[ GNI 64OKEGER TSP N[ FR[ KXIM ZIBN .LZC\K O[FN ONGTF
KXI KZIB GP\ BN OKDGZJYFG \GVKEZF ,\GZXF 65.CNSZCC TY\[FG C[ BGFG ,QPIR
.QGZIBF GPGK ET QPIR 'Z \B GGKN OFG ,FR[
.KKZCE L[PFC OD SIKK\B GH FTKSRN .BXY=XY 'PT ,(H) HRY ,O[ ,O[
NFBC LNF\P FKFBG ...\KCC K\C[K BN KM" FRKM[F KEGERC YSGTF NBGP[C YGSVF LZE NT
.(G ,H C NBGP[) "QM[PCG
.GXY=FXY 'PT ,GSY ,[JKZGGBRN G\TKSR ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI
KVE NT EGPKTC HJ 'PT) GKNB OKCZY\PF \NTP ,ZYKNVJ EK C\M Q"ZFGP KKI ZVSP \GJP[F
.(EKF C\MC GRRKB[ OGNKXF
.HVY 'PT ,(B) BRY ,[JKZGGBRN G\TKSR ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI FBZ
FCIZFC FBZ \GRG[BZF GK\GKRM\P GC ZGHIN QPIR 'ZN GPZD[ \GCKSF NTG GH FTKSR NT EGT
.225=219 'PT ,OKZGSKF NTC ,QKZD
60
61
62
63
64
65
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
78
KIK[PF LKNF\C FNKV\F N[ FPGYP
ORMG\N ZCSF QKB .ONGTF \GPGBN OKSGPKRF \KK[TC NNMR FP \JZVP FRKB FNKDPF
\EN O\CZY N[ \KNNMF FTKCYF ECNP F[TK IK[PF[ OKSGPKRF O\GB N[ OKKVGBNG
IK[PF NTVK GC[ B[GRM \GIK[F K\[C \ZMHGPF FNKV\F \JNGC FH TYZ NT .NBZ[K
'GMG FZGZC FV[ LVF\K[ ET DFR\K FMMG FNV\ OFN QY\KG |OKS~'GPKR ONGMN F[TKG"
BGF[ QKCG ECN FNKV\ NT CSGP "...DFR\K FMMG" JV[PF L[PF[ QKC 66."ONGMN
FNKV\F N[ EIGKPF FPGYP [DEGPG ZMHGP FZYP NMC ,OKSGPKRF \KK[TN OD SIKK\P
NB LVFB HB KM" :FNKDPF \HPZP FKNB[G OKBKCRF GBCKR FKNT[ \KIK[PF FMVFPC
67
."EIB OM[ GECTNG 'F O[C ONM BZYN FZGZC FV[ OKPT
"FNKV\C BGF GYST NM"
68
\MZTP N[ [GPKP BGF OKZ\S \NKDPC ZBG\PF IK[PF[ ,\GBZN Q\KR FH OGI\C OD
\B CKXF QPIR 'Z .QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPEN FZGZC \GVY\[F GC [KG \KCNSZCF OKMZTF
G\GPE OD BKF[ ,YKEXF N[ G\GPE \B ZBK\G OKK\EF OKMZTF ONGS [BZC FNKV\F
EIGKPCG OEB NM N[ OKK\EF GKKIC KEGSK LCER BKF FNKV\F ."FNKV\ NTC"M ,GN[
EKYV\ FNKV\N[ EGPNN Q\KR QPIR 'Z N[ GKZGVKSPG GK\G[ZEP LB ,YKEXF N[ GKKIC
.KIK[PF LKNF\C OD TKZMP
FDKZIF \GCK[IF[G GKRKKTP [BZC \EPGT[ BKF FNKV\F[ LM NT EKTF QPIR 'Z
TKZMP QVGBC FTKV[F GKEKSI OT GNTGVC QFG K[KBF GPNGTC QF FNKV\N YKRTP BGF[
:GKKI NT
N"H GRK\GCZ GZPB KM ,GKNT OKYNGI GKF[ \YGNIPF QKRTN ZPB[ GP[C K\TP[
OEB KRCG ONGT N[ GPGZC OKEPGTF OKZCE GNB { 69'OEB KRCN \GNH OGZM'"
QKRTC KM ,FNKV\ GYST NM[ \PIP QM NT .FNKV\ ?GFKR KBPG 70,OFC OKNHNHP
\GEEGC\FG FNKV\C \GCZFN EBP OZKFHFG ,GK[RB OT ZCEN FCZP FKF FNKV\
GRPT ZCEN FCZF FHP Z\GKG ,OK[GEYF GKZVSC ZBGCPM ,GRGY QKCN GRKC FIK[G
KRC QM NT ,\GEEGC\FG FNKV\C \GCZFN ZGT[ KNC \GYHI\FC GR\GB YHKIG
OF[ ,FNKV\ BGF GYST NM KM ,GKNT QKYNGIG G\GB QKHCPG GC QKNHNHP OEB
71
.QCFG OFC QKNHNHP OEB KRCG ONGT N[ GPGZC OKEPGTF OKZCE
.67=65 'G[ ,FKKR[ FIK[
.J ,D FKRVX
.DX BRKR\ Q"ZFGP KJGYKN
.JK ,CK OKNF\
.C"T G \GMZC
.DX BRKR\ Q"ZFGP KJGYKN
66
67
68
69
70
71
79
|
QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPE QCMG KCNSZC YKEXM IK[PF NT
.GNPTG "GYST NM" BGF FNKV\F QGYK\G ,QPIR 'Z N[ GPNGT OGZC \EPGT FNKV\F
NGHNHF \B DVGSG FNKV\F OT FFGHP[ ,QPIR 'ZC NGHNH GKZIB ZZGD FNKV\C NGHNHF
'Z FBZ ,ZGTK[ KNC \GKGNE\[FG OKXPBP GN [KEYF BGF[ ,FH YSTC 72.FC IJGPF
QFP NCS[ \GCZF \GVKEZNG \GYGNIPN GPZD[ \GCKSFP \IB GB FCKSF \B QPIR
.GKKI NM LZGBN
73
QKKRTN FZGCJC FZG[YM ,OKVSGR \GZGYPC QMG ,FH ZGYPC FTKVGP \GEEGC\FF
BKF 74,CNSZC \GEKSI N[ OKJNGCF OKRKKVBPFP EIB BKF[ ,\GEEGC\FF .FNKV\F
FCGIF \GNKV\N ZCTP[ FNKV\F N[ FRGRKM \B Z[VBN KEM QPIR 'Z I\KV[ \ZDSPF
FC FBZG \K\EF FEGCTC FRGKNT \GCK[I FN SIKK QPIR 'Z[ \ZDSP ,ZGCKXC \G[TRF
BGVB TK\VP BN 75.NBC \KJSKP \GYCEN TKDFN UBG[F OEB N[ GKKIC KRGKI CKMZP
IK[PF N[ GPGK ZESC TGCY CKMZPM 76\GEEGC\FF \T[ FTKVGP OKZ\S \NKDPC[
|N~MBK[ FT[ |O~'GKF N[ |Z~'ES |F~'KFKG" :FKK\[FG FNKMBF \GTKCY EXC
NMN \GNKV\ QY\P YZ BN IK[PF 77".|\GEE~'GC\F GN |F~'KFK[G |Q/F\~'[K[G
.TGCYG CG[I OGYP FNKV\NG \GEEGC\FN GN[ GKKIC OD BNB ,\GPGBF
,QBZGGBSP KCX F[P CZF UEZ FPN ,YZP FBZ QPIR 'Z NT \YGNIPF B[GRC \GZGYPN
.1 FZTF 487 'PT
\GEEGC\F IRGPF NT .\KEGFKF FYKJSKPC \GEEGC\F ,NEKB FBZ \GEEGC\FF NT
,N"RF ;FNCYC HGMKZM \GEEGC\F ,N"RF FBZ FNCYCG FKVGSGNKVC \GRG[F GK\GKGTP[PG
FDFRFM \GEEGC\FF .OGNIG OSY FBGCR ,KCNSZC-QKKNY ;FKVGSGNKVC HGMKZM \GEEGC\FF
\K\ZCI \GEEGC\F N[ \GTP[PC QF \GEKSIF \K[BZC OD FTKVGP F[TPN FMNF
,O[) FC[IPF HGMKZM \GEEGC\F N[ \GTP[PC QFG (26 'PT ,CV QPKS ,["CKZF \BGGX)
,\GDFRFF \GZVS ,SKZD FBZ EGT .42 'PT ,HSY QPKS ,CGJ O[ Z\M OD FBZ .(B"T C ,I QPKS
.224=222 'PT
"GRIRB" QKCN OKZ[MF ZB[ QKC NECFF ZEDGP (JPY=IPY 'PT) IMZ \GB ,Q"ZF \GIK[C
HGRDF ZGB BGF[ 'YF GRKCZ ZGB OGTJN FXGZ[ KP" :BCGP Q\R 'Z O[C .\GEEGC\FF \DFRFC
GH FEGCT CKCS"[ FEPTF FZGD[ OGKF ODG .(JS 'PT ,NHZC F"KRCB) "\GEEGC\FC FCZK
C\MN FPEYFF LG\P) "OKK\KPBF CNSZC KEKSI N[ OPNGT NM F[TPN CCGS ,|\GEEGC\FF~
.(5 'PT ,|E"R[\ NGNB~ 23 ,NIRF ZGBP \TF
OD FBZG .(FM BRKR\ Q"ZFGP KJGYKN) "NMF QP FNGEDG FRGKNT FNTP BGF \GEEGC\FF"
KKI ;CRY=IPY 'PT ,ENZ=HMZ ,O[ ;BKY 'PT ,ERY ,Q"ZF \GIK[ ;BY=FX O[ Q"ZFGP KJGYKN
ZJNB 'Z C\M[ ,(1903) "[VRF \GMV\[F" SZJRGYF .GXZ=CXZ 'PT ,DP\=GN\ ,Q"ZFGP
FKKVGB NT EGT .145=142 'PT ,OKZGSKF NTC ,QKZD OD FBZ .FH B[GRN GNGM [EYGP ,ZYKNVJ
'PT ZYKTCG ,256=232 'PT ,QGTDK[G FYKJSKP ,YZP FBZ \GEEGC\FF \EGCT N[ KJSKPF
.238=235
Q"ZFGP KJGYKN) "\GEEGC\F FT[ FHKB OKRV-NM-NT OFN FKFK[ OFN \GGXN IZMFC QM-NT"
.(GX BRKR\
.25=24 'G[ ,FRG[BZ FIK[
72
73
74
75
76
77
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
80
KIK[PF LKNF\FG FNKV\F NTC
YGSKTMG ,\KIK[PF FMVFPC KRGKI CKMZPM FNKV\F \B QPIR 'Z ZB\P \GPGYP FPMC
"FNKV\ NTCP F[TP" ZGVKSC .FRGRKMC \YSGTF \KHMZPF \GPEF N[ QKKVBP
\GZK[G FNV\C :N"RF OKRKKRTC YZ OKYSGT"M G\ZGCIG FNKV\F NTC OKZBG\P
FZGCIM \ZBG\P FRKB[ ,FZGCIN OKVZJXPF NMN 79."LZC\K O[FN \GIC[\G
F[TR[ ,LGZB LKNF\ ZIBN 80."\GNKV\ OFN QY\P" FNKV\F NTC FKF ,\KEGFK
GN [K[ KP NM \B TRM[N FBNR K\NC WPBPC FGGNP[G FNKV\F NTC N[ G\DFRFC
QGYK\C ZGVKSF OKK\SP ,ONGTF \KNM\G OEBF \KNM\ BKF FNKV\F[ TGP[N \GRGMR
FCG[\G FNV\CG FZG\C YZ GYSTG LZC\K O[F NB GC[ ONGTF NMG" :FNGM \G[GRBF
'Z QKCN FNKV\F NTC N[ G\GPE QKC FKDGNRBF 81."QGXZ KFK QM QPB ,OKCGJ OK[TPG
\GR[ZVC QF F[ZV\FG F\NT ZCMG ,\[YC\P FNKV\F QKKRT NT NPTF QPIR
82
.ZYIPC QFG \K\ZGSPF
OKGBZ O\B :\"RZFGPN ["RB GZPB" :[EGY KVZ[ IK[C \BCGP GH FTKCYN FPDGE
:\"RZFGP OFN ZPBG ,(C"K F[TPC \GK[TP KZGVSC GRPP ZVSPF) FNV\ NTCF \GKFN
FNKV\F NTC \B QPIR 'ZC \GBZN F[Y FKF ["RBN[ FBZR 83."GRCZ BGF FNV\ NTCF
'Z BGF EKYV\N Z\GKC OKB\PF EPTGPF QMNG ,QYG\ OZJ ONGTFG ZJVR QPIR 'Z QM[
ZGPDN FMH BN ORPB .FNKV\F NTC BGF QPIR 'Z[ OFN FRGT \BH \PGTN Q\R 'Z .Q\R
ONGTF NM QMB[ ET G\GP ZIBN UB NTV\G ZTC\ YKNEF[ [BF NCB ,GKKIC GXVIM
.FNKV\CG FZG\C YGSTKG LZC\K O[F NB CG[K GNGM
78
84
"FNKV\F BGF IK[P N[ GRKH-KNM ZYKT KM"
GKNB \GYYG\[FFG QIF \PIP YZ FPINPG [TZ KNC GNXB GNJC\K ONGMG
FV[ LVF\K[ ET DFR\K FMMG FNV\ OFN QY\KG |OKS~'GPKR ONGMN F[TKG
85
.ONGMN 'GMG FZGZC
FBZ FNGBDF ZGVKSM ZGVKSF NT .CK F[TP ,F"P[\ OKN[GZK ,\GK[TP KZGVKS ZVS
.FNKV\F NTC ,SKYSGZ ;153=132 'PT ,F"R[\ OKN[GZK ,\GK[TPF KZGVKSP F[[ ,WNHRKKJ[
.FTY 'PT ,CK F[TP ,\GK[TP KZGVKS ZVS
.JKZ 'PT ,O[
.DNZ 'PT ,O[
'PT ,BXY\ \GB ,C YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[) "GRCZ BGF FNV\ NTCF :\"RZFGP OFN ZPBG"
.20 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV FBZG .(GNY
.GNY 'PT ,BXY\ \GB ,C YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[
.B ,C BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN ,"OKRFMF NB ZGPB"
.FKKR[ FIK[
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
81
|
QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPE QCMG KCNSZC YKEXM IK[PF NT
.[TZG FPINP NGJRM ,YEX NBGD \BKC ZES \B ,KIK[PF LKNF\F \B \ZB\P FNKDPF
FMVFPF .'F O[C \BZGYF FV[ N[ FMVFP ,FJY[ FMVFP BKF \KIK[PF FMVFPF
LG\PG IK[PF N[ QIF \PIP \[IZ\P BKF BNB ,FPKBCG TGZHF IGMC \KVMR FRKB
OKEYP KBR\M [ZGEF ,FZG\ FR[PC O"CPZF \EPTN JNGC EGDKRC .GKNB \GYYG\[FF
N[ G\GNKTV 86,'F \GPINP \B \KHKV OINKK LNPF[ "IK[P \YHI" ZEDC NNMKFN
ZZGTP BGF[ LMC IK[PF N[ GIGM .\GPINP \NNGM FRKB OKZ\S \NKDP KV NT IK[PF
LVF\K[ ET DFR\K FMMG" ,OKSGPKRG \G[EI \GNKV\ QGYK\C YSGTG QIG \GYYG\[F
FKDGSN CG[B ,"IK[PF \GPKC ONGTF TCJ" ,D YZVC QNFN ."ONGMN 'GMG FZGZC FV[
G\YKH N[G IK[PF N[ GNB OKKEGIKK OKRKKVBP OD[ \GBZFN KRGXZC F\T LB ;GH
'Z N[ G\GPEN OD QKVKYTC OKZ[GYPG ,Q"ZFGP KJGYKNC OKKGXP FNKV\N \EIGKPF
:\GZKFCC GH FKDGS FNGT 87"OKRFMF NB ZGPB" FZG\C .QPIR
CG\M[ GPM ,OJGI \RKIC BGF[ ,FNKV\F BGF IK[P N[ GRKH-KNM ZYKT KM
\G[KCMF NMG F[TK[ G\PINP NMG ,G\GKI ZYKT O[PG 88,"LN OJIB K\NF\G"
\RKIC FH { 89"'GMG 'F \BZKC GIKZFG" CG\M[ GPM ,O[P NMF [GCMK[
FNV\" K"[Z [ZVG 90,"K\[YCG KCZIC" CG\M[ GPM ,GRKH-KNM ZYKT FHG ,OJGI
\RKIC 91,"GRNNF OKFNBC 'GMG IJCB K\[YC BN KM" CG\M[ GPMG ,"F[YCG
."LN OJIB K\NF\"
NMG \GPINPF NM .\G[YCFG \GNKV\F QF ,\G\[YFG \GCZIF ,IK[PF N[ Y[RF KNM
.FNKV\ N[ FIGMP BGF UB GPXT IK[PF N[ "G\GKI ZYKT"G ,"O[P NMF" OK[GCKMF
ORKB[ O\GB [ZVNG QPIR 'Z N[ GNB GKZCEC[ [GEKIF \B \GFYFN FZGBMN Q\KR
\GPINP Q\GB NM[ ZPGN BNB ,OJG[VP GK[GCKMG IK[PF \GPINP \B TKYVFN OKBC
QMB[ GR\GB \EPNP OKZ\S \NKDP ONGBG .FNKV\F IGMP OK[TR OKKHKV OK[GCKMG
GIGM ."FPINPG [TZ KNC" NTVK BGFG ,ZYKTG NNM FPINP [KB FKFK BN IK[PF
KZCEP .ZZGTK BGF[ OKTGDTDFG QIFPG FNKV\ NTC G\GKFP ZK[K QVGBC GTCRK G\PXTG
,"OKRFMF NB ZGPB" FZG\C QPIR 'Z KZCE NT OD LKN[FN Z[VB FNKDPC QPIR 'Z
BN IK[PF .OJG[VM GZPBR FNKV\ BGF IK[PF N[ GRKH KNM[ QPIR 'Z KZCE[ QKCFNG
NM ,G\GKIG GIGM NM BNB ,\GKHKV \GPINPC YGSTK BNG FPINP CZI ZGDI FKFK
.E BK OKMNP \GMNF ,FZG\ FR[P ,O"CPZ
NT FC\MR GRKKFE ,"GRKCZ QG[N" BKF GH FZG\ .B ,C BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN ,"OKRFMF NB ZGPB"
\GCGJ FBZ .C"SY\ GB B"SY\ \R[C TKNBVKJBNHC FZPBR FZG\F .GPXT QPIR 'Z KEK
.DY 'PT ,\GRGZMH
.J ,IP GFKT[K
.D ,BK O[
.C ,IP \K[BZC
.J ,EP OKNF\
86
87
88
89
90
91
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
82
YZ BN[ QPIR 'Z ZKCSP FZG\F L[PFC 92.G\NKV\ IGMC GKFK GK\GPINPG GK[GCKM
:OEBG OEB NM N[ G\NKV\N OD BNB ,FNGBDF LKNF\C EKYV\ [K IK[PF \NKV\N
NCB .YKZN OF \GNKV\F NM[ ,OCNC OGN[G SI OKTGJ[ NBZ[K KRC GRPTP [KG
OKPKYPG O\GB OKNTP OF ZGEG ZGE NMC[ OKYKEXF ,\GNKV\F NM \PBC
BVK[G BVK[ NM QKNTPG 93,"QM[PF \B F[P OYKG" CG\M[ GPM ,O\GB
HB .F\PGY ZGT[ ON\[K[ ET ,JTP JTP FRKM[F N[ F\PGY QKRGCG ,F\MGEN
.\GPN[C F\GB OYKG F\GB OKN[KG ,F[P BE ,IK[PF BGCK
N[ ON[ FPGY ZGTK[ \KKRCN OKKRGKI OKJZV QF ,YKEXF N[ YZ BN ,\GNKV\F NNM
\GNKV\C JTP JTP ,JB JB ZXGR[ NM \B EIK JYNNG UZXN GEKYV\ IK[PF .FRKM[F
BKCFN LKZX" QM NT .FRKM[F N[ F\PGY \B EIK FH NMP OKYFNG \GRCNG ,\GZGE N[
NT BCGP GRRKB FH ZGBK\ 94."QM[PF \B OKYK BGFG IK[P F[P \RKICN \GNKV\F NM
Z[BM .OGKF \GZYN LKZXG NGMK[ LKNF\M BNB ,YGIZ KREK\T ZGBK\M QPIR 'Z KEK
GBKCK OB ,BGF KHB ,"F[P \RKIC BGF[ ZGEF YKEX"C \[PP\P IK[P F[P \RKIC
QM[PF \B OKYFN NMGK LM LG\PG 95"FNV\F \B ZKBKG ZKFHK" ,\GNKV\F NM \B GKNB
.FRKM[F N[ FPGYF ZGTK[ \B OKN[FNG
\RKIC BGF[ ZGEF YKEX" NT QPIR 'Z N[ OKRGZIBF GKZCE[ IKRFN ZKCS EGSK [K
'Z[ OGYP NMC[ \KNNMF FIRFF NNDC BN \BH .GN[ G\GPE NT EIGKPC OKCSGP "F[P
\GR[ZVC QF F\KC[ FN F\RY[ FIRF ,GPXT NT ZCEP BGF YKEX NT ZCEP QPIR
,GPXT \B FBGZ QPIR 'Z[ QMN OEGY GRKBZ[ OG[P BNB 96,ZYIPC QFG \K\ZGSPF
G[VR \B ZSGP[ KPMG FNKV\F OT EIGKP QVGBC FFGHPM ,GZGE KYKEX ZB[P FRG[C
\B UG[IN UZF BNN FSRPF YKEXF KZF BGF QPIR 'Z .FC NHNHP ONGTF EGTC FKNT
\B \GNTFN FSRPF YKEXF BGFG ,FZFGH \B JKNCFNG FNKV\F N[ OKZKBPF FKRV
.ONGT N[ GPGZN FNKV\F
97
IK[P-F[P \RKIC YKEXF N[ GEKYV\C QPIR 'Z YSGT "\GPGF\" FZG\C OD
FZTF NKTN FBZ) C"SY\ GB B"SY\ \R[C TKNBVKJBNHC FZPBR "OKRFMF NB ZGPB" FZG\F
\B QPIR 'Z FRK[ ,OKZ\S \NKDP FRG[BZN FZPBR FC[ ,G"SY\ \R[ ET[ QM\KK QMNG (87
OKZ\S \NKDP \B \PNGF "OKRFMF NB ZGPB" FZG\C GRTXF[ FBKZYF[ ZIBP LB .G\EPT
.FEPT KKGRK[ LMC \GBZN FYEXF QKB ,\XNGBP FRKBG
.IK ,P \GP[
OEBF K[TPC FPGY ZGTK[ N[ [EIP FKKRC N[ GH FSKV\ NT .G ,C BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN
.227=221 'PT ,OKKIK[P OKBYKJSKP ,NEKB FBZ \GEKSICG FNCYC FNGBDF \BCFM
.O[ Q"ZFGP KJGYKN
,OKZGSKF NTC ,QKZD ;10 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV ;152 'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG FPDGEN FBZ
.31 'PT
\C[C FZPBR BKFG ,"GRKCZ QG[N" BKF GH FZG\ UB .E ,J BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN ,"\GPGF\"
92
93
94
95
96
97
83
|
QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPE QCMG KCNSZC YKEXM IK[PF NT
KRC KRKTC \GNKV\F N[ QMZT QKI \BNTFC YZ ZCGEP BN QBM .\GNKV\F \B \GNTFN
:OKRGKNTF \GPNGTC QGMRF QPGYPN FBNTFC BNB ,OEB
OKZT[F QGGMN TEGK YKEXFG ,ZGEF YKEXN G\NV\ \B Z[YN OEB NM LKZXG
-F[P \RKIC BGF YKEXG YKEX NM KM ,LKK[F ZT[N FNV\G FNV\ NM \GNTFNG
BCK KM ET'" CK\MG 98,"|\ZPB FVK~ \ZPBY ZKV[ ,F[P" GZPB[ GPM ,IK[P
FH NKC[CG ,\GNV\F NM NGNM BGF IK[PG 100."'F[P |FH~ BE' { 99'FNK[
GPM ,OJGI \RKIC OF \GNV\F KM 101,"|QEG IKZP~ QKBEG IZGP" IK[P FKFK
."LN OJIB K\NF\G" 102CG\M[
\B FBZ QPIR 'Z[ YVS QKBG ,"ZGEF YKEX" OT IK[P-F[P \RKIC \B FFHP QPIR 'Z QBM
,"IK[P-F[P \RKIC BGF YKEXG YKEX NM"[ ZKCSPG UKSGP BGF LB ;ZGEF YKEXM GPXT
.GN[ G\GPE QKCN IK[P-F[P \RKIC QKC KGFKHF \B JTP FFYPG OTPTP BGF LMCG
NB ZGPB" FZG\C OD GRKBZ[ LNFP G\GB QPIR 'Z F[GT "\GPGF\" FZG\F L[PFC
ZG[KPN KBCXF KHKVF ZG[KPFP IK[PF N[ \GPINPF \ZKH \B ZKCTPG ,"OKRFMF
OF \GNKV\F NM KM ...'K\[YCG KCZIC' :CG\M[ GPM ,FNKV\ \RKIC FH CZI" .FNKV\F
YSGT[ YKEXF ZGBK\ QBM OD[ LMN \KZ[VB B\MPSB 103."'IK[P NXB CZI \RKIC
QGMNF\K OKT[Z CKCS" YGSVC [GPK[F BKF GPXT QPIR 'ZN SIKK\P \GNKV\F \BNTFC
FCKSF[ ,FRTJF \B QPIR 'Z FN\ GC[ YGSVF BGF[ 104,"OEB KRCN \GNH OZAM
105
.FNKV\F \GPPGZC G\NGTVG GYST BKF \GRGKHCG \GYGNIPP NCGS BGF FKKJTC[
IK[P-F[P ZK[K HB
EBP EBP GC KYC |F~'KFK QGDKRF \PMI KM OK[EI OKRGDRG |ZPH KNM~ 'HM F[TKG
106
.GN[ OKRGDKR OKTPG[F N[ O[VR FNM\[ ET GH FPMIC \G[EI FNDKG
.HS 'PT ,JR ,\GZG\FN \GMK[F \GIK[ ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI FBZ .D"SY\ FZK[
.C"T BY \C[ FBZ .F[P FKF BN QCGPM OP[[ UB FHN FH OKPMI OKZPGB GKF[ IC[ ZCE GFH
.K ,JP \K[BZC
.C"T FM ,\K[BZC ZFH
TP[PN BNG JGV[K GKRKT FBZPN BNG 'F \BZKC GIKZFG" CG\MFP [ZER .C"T DX QKZEFRS
.(E=D ,BK GFKT[K) "OKNE YEXC JV[G .IKMGK GKRHB
.J ,IP GFKT[K
.E ,J BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN
.GH F[ZE N[ D UKTSC BCGP ;J ,CK OKNF\
ZG[KPC YZ BJC\FN FNGMK OKYKEXC[ IK[P-F[P \RKIC[ ,FNTP QPIR 'Z \GZIB \G[ZEC
B[GRC FV GRRGKE \GNGCDP \GDZGI QF LB ,OKVSGR OKB[GRCG FZG\ EGPKNC OD BNB FNKV\F
.IKY BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN FPDGEN FBZ .FNKV\F
.55=52 'G[ ,FKKR[ FIK[
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
84
\B \GGNP FZK[FG FRKDRF .KIK[PF QEKTC FZK[NG FRKDRN ZGP[ EGCM N[ OGYP
\GTKSV FHKB LNKG ,NKI K[RB F\GB GB[KG BSM GN FKFKG" .LNK Z[B NMC IK[PF
GZZG[KG ZK[ KNMC |\ZGPH\G FNFYP~ TKNTVBY GKFKG ,C[KG BSMF GN GEKPTKG ,ZVSPC
,FZK[G FYKHGP N[ TC[GP QMZX YZ FKFK BN IK[PF LB .(FRG[BZ FIK[) "OTV NMC
107
."EBP EBP GC KYC FKFK QGDKRF \PMI KM" :FH OGI\C NGED QTEKG FIPGP OD BNB
ZPH KNM F[TKG" :GNB OKPGI\C KR[EI ZXGKG QPB FKFK GPXT IK[PF ,QM NT Z\K
QF OK[ZV\P IK[PF N[ GK[GEKI 108."GH FPMIC \G[EI FNDKG ...OK[EI OKRGDRG
GH FPMIC \G[EIF KGNKD .OKRGDKRF \RINF OGI\N QFG OK[EI ZPH KNM \BXPF OGI\N
OKJCKFN SIKK\P BGF[ OD QM\KK LB ,QKINK[ OK[EIF OKRGDKRN SIKK\P BGF[ QM\KK
GKRGDKR .OK[GEKI IK[PF [EIK OFC OD[ FYKHGPF \PMI N[ ,Z\GK OKKNNM ,OKVSGR
FNM\[ ET" :OKRKHBPF NT FPGXT FTV[F KNTCM OKZBG\P IK[PF N[ OK[EIF
109
."'GMG GN[ OKRGDKR OKTPG[F N[ O[VR
QKZYPF ,IK[PF N[ G\GPEC QKKRT BNPG ZMGP K\NC QV BGVB \V[GI OKZ\S \NKDP
BGF IK[PF .KIK[PF QEKTFG KIK[PF LKNF\F N[ OKKVGB NT K\GTP[PG YHI QVGBC
G\MKNF NM .LNK Z[B NMC G\GB GGNK \ZGPH\G FNFYP[ DBGEF ,TC[GP FYKHGP CFGB
.ONGTF KCIZ NMC \KNYKHGP \GZZGT\F N[ KCKSRJRKB TSPM \ZKKJXP IK[PF N[
\GTP[GPF FZK[CG FRKDRC ECNC FZXY FDGVF BKF "ZVSPC \GTKSV FHKB" FMKNFF
\PMIC NGED KYCG OMI YZ BN BGF GPXT IK[PF .TKNTVBYF KEK NT UZF BNN
QPB ZYKTCG ,FYKHGPF ONGTC OKRG[ OKPGI\C LZE WZGVG Q[EI ZXGK OD BNB FYKHGPF
TKDFN KNCP FKRVC EGPTN NGMKF OEB QKB[ ,\VIGSG FZKEB FPXT NTC KNYKHGP KRIGZ
QIGM KEK NT F[TR[ ,\GCCNF [GCKM BGF IK[PF KEK NT ONGTF [GCKM .[VRF QGKNKMN
N[ \GCCNF \[CGM FPXTF KEK NT LMP \GIV BN LB ,FPMIFG FNKV\F N[ CZF
110
.OK[EIF OKZK[FG OKRGDKRF
QYGKE \B \JJZ[P OKZ\S \NKDP[ ,OKBXGP GRB QGDKRFG FZK[F \KKDGSC OD
OKKCNSZCF \GZGYPFP FNGT BGF[ KVM YKEXF \GPE N[ ON[GP [GPKPM IK[PF
.CNSZCP QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPEN \YFCGP \GVY\[F FC [K[ \GPE ,OKKGNDF
.O[ ,FKKR[ FIK[
F[EI LZE FNDK IK[P :ZPB" :[EGY KVZ[ IK[ ZVSC OD BCGP FH QKTPG .O[ ,FKKR[ FIK[
.(IN 'PT ,JV ,D YNI) "FRKDRC
.O[ ,FKKR[ FIK[
KNCCF EGPN\C OKBCGPF BZVY ZC KZCEN IG\KV IK[PF N[ FH ZGBK\C \GBZN Q\KR
BNB ,IK[PN LNPF FKYHI \B \G[TN [YKC BGF LGZC [GEYF[ LM NT (B"T EX QKZEFRS)
FCZPG ,FH ODV QY\P OKZ\S \NKDPC IK[PF .IK[P F[TR BN QMNG FZK[ ZPB BN FKYHI[
'Z[ FNKN FZYPN QGYK\NG KNNMF QGYK\NG KIK[PF QEKTN QGDKRFG FZK[F \YKHC .QGDKRG FZK[C
.ZIB OGYPC CKIZFN E\T\P KRB ESKK QPIR
107
108
109
110
85
|
QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPE QCMG KCNSZC YKEXM IK[PF NT
YKEXF N[ QGDKRF
BGF FH Z[YF LG\PG ,KGRVF NNICG OGXPXF EGSC QPIR 'Z QE "FTZV NB BC" FZG\C
CG[I LCER BKF KGRVF NNIF \KKDGS .KIK[PF QEKTN G\YKHNG QGDKRF B[GRN OD SIKK\P
\\N KEM 111.FCIZFC GH FKDGSC GYST QMB ZYIPCG ,CNSZCP QPIR 'Z N[ G\GDFC
KHMZPF LNFPF \B FZXYC ZB\B FZK[NG QGDKRN QPIR 'Z ETKKP[ EKYV\N TYZG Z[YF
112
.ZIB OGYPC FCIZFC FC K\YST[ ,GH FZG\C TXGPF
OZYKTC OKSIKK\P OFG ,K"ZBF \NCYC GI\GV[ OKD[GP OF OGXPXFG KGRVF NNIF
\KFGNBF \GKNJGJF FBNKP BZCR ZKXK NM OZJC .ONGTF \BKZCN GPEY[ OKMKNF\N
\B BGZCN OKFGNB FXZ Z[BM .FECNP ZCE OGKYN OGYP EGT FKF BNG ,NGMF \B
GPGKY OXTP .ONGTF \B BZC GMG\CG ,GZGBP KGRV NNI ZXKG GPXT \B OXPX ONGTF
\GVY[FG \GK[GY \GTCGR ,QPIR 'Z QTGJ ,OKKFGNB \TEG ZGCKEP KGRVF NNI N[
NT .FRTP QFN \\N \GNGMK[ \TEG FPMI QKBG \GCG[\ QKB GNB \GK[GYN .\GKSZGYKVB
IMGR CXKR BGF Z[BM FYK\[F \EKP \B WPBN YKEXF NT QMG NKDZF OEBF NT QM
OEBF .JG[VF OEBF N[ GMZEN YKEXF N[ GMZE QKC OKNECF OR[K LB .GNB \GK[GY
QKKTN BNG GC CMT\FN BN ,KGRVF NNIF NT FRGPB N[ FYK\[C ZGCTN BZYR JG[VF
KEM KGRVF NNIFP \GBCF \GKSZGYKVB \GZG\C QKKTN CKGIP \BH \PGTN YKEXF .GC
YKEXF \CGD\C QGZIBF CN[F FRKB FYK\[F .QFC GTY\[R[ \GP[RF \B \GNTFN
KEK NT[ ,TEG" .QGDKRF { TKZMPF CN[F \B Z[VBPG QKMPF OKKRKC CN[ YZG LB BNB
\BHF \GSZGYKVBF QP \GP[RF \B FNTP BGF ,F[P \RKIC BGF[ ,YKEXF N[ QGDKRF
BKF FYK\[FG ,QGDKRP BN LB ZGCKEP KGRV NNIF 113."O[N GNVR[ KGRVF NNIF N[
NGTVN F[P \RKIC YKEX BZYR OFC[ LZEFG KNMF .QGDKRP BNG ECNC ZGCKEP FYK\[
'Z .FZK[FG QGDKRF OF KGRVF NNIFP \GBCF \GKSZGYKVBF \GVY[FF OT EEGP\FNG
ZPHF FHPG ...EIGKP QGDKRG ZPH FN [K ,ONGTC[ FPMIG FPMI NM[" ZBCP QPIR
OKRGDKRF UBG ,FGCD NTP FGCD ,\GDZE QFC [K \GPMIFG 114."\BHF FPMIF \M[PR
OKRGDKRFG \GPMIF LZTP N[ OKRGKNTF OKCN[C .\GDZE OFC [K \GPMI Q\GB N[
:OEB N[ G\D[FP FNTPN BKF[ FPMI FKGXP
BGF UGS QKB KM ,F\GB DK[FNG TEKN Z[VB KB UGS QKB ZGBC O[ [K[ FPMIF
,FRGPB \RKIC YZ O[ QKBG NNM DK[FN Z[VB KB G\PMIG ,GPXTC LZC\K O[F
GPMG ,FRGPBN EIGKPF QGDKRG ZPH QM OD FN [K ,FRGPBG ...LZC\K GC OKRKPBP[
EIGKPCG ,149=109 'PT QMG ,95=87 'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG ;14 'PT ,CNSZCP QPIR 'Z ,QKNJKKX
;OKVSGR OKRGKE TYZC OD KGXP LB ,313=305 'PT ZYKTC ,OKZGSKF NTC ,QKZD ;141=121 'PT
.KGRVF NNIF LZE ,EKDP ,SKKG
.280=257 'PT ,QGTDK[G FYKJSKP ,YZP
.F ,ES BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN
.O[ ,O[
111
112
113
114
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
86
O"GMT N[ FRGPB NMN [K O\GTJ KZCEC O"GMT \GRGPB GNKVB[ OKBGZ GRB[
NM ,F[GEYC LVFN QM { O\NV\ \KCC GC QKMZGTG GC QKZPHP[ ,EIGKP QGDKR
FRGPB BGF[ ,N"RF FRGPBN EIGKPF ZPHF G\GBG .QGDKRG ZPH FN [K FRGPB
UGS QKB ZGBFC FRGPB GRKKF ,ONGTC[ \GRGPBG \GPMI KRKPF NMP FRGKNTF
\GRKDRF NMP FNTPN QM OD BGF ZPHF G\GB ,N"RM QKPNT NM CCGSF GPXT
115
.FRGPBG FPMI NMN OKMKK[F ,ONGTC[ \GZKPHG
FBCF \GSZGYKVBN GNVR[ FNB \B \GNTFN YKEXF NGMK FH FRGPB QGDKR KEK NT YZ
,F[P \RKIC YKEXF N[ FH QGDKR 116.ZGCKECG \TEC FCG[\ FKNT QKB[ ,KGRVF NNIFP
.KIK[PF QEKTF N[ GZK[ BGF FH QGDKR .BCF ONGT QKTP BGF ,QPIR 'Z ZPGB
NMFG 117,'F O[C ONM BZYN FZGZC FV[ OKPTF NMN LVFK[ BGCN EK\TNG
"FRPB [BZP" 118."FRPB [BZP KZG[\ KBGC\" OKKY\K HB ,LZC\K GC GRKPBK
\GRGPBF NMN [BZ BGF[ ,N"RF GH FRGKNT FRGPB \RKIC GRKKF ,|BYGGE~ BYKKE
119
.GH FRGPB [BZN LK[F ZPHFG QGDKRF GRKKF ,BYKKE "KZG[\" FHG .N"RM
G[PGPK FRGPBF N[ ZPHFG QGDKRF ,ZK[F ,OKZ\S \NKDPC GRKBZ[ FPN NKCYPC
.OKPTF NM CZYC [IZ\FN FEK\TF FMVFPFP YNIM KIK[PF QEKTC YZG LB OBGNPC
\B \NNG[ FRRKB KIK[PF QEKTN FRGPBF ZK[ N[ G\GMKK[ :CN OK[N CG[I LB
BGF[ QGDKRF \B TKP[FNG TGP[N NGMK F[P \RKIC YKEXF .OGKF OD GPGKY \GZ[VB
:KIK[PF QEKTF NIF OZJC ,F\T ZCM BCF ONGT QKTP
BGF[ ,ZGEF YKEX OB KM FMHK[ KP QKB \BHF FRGKNTF FRGPB N[ ZPH \RKICNG
GRKPMI GZPBG 120"F[P ZK[K HB" FHG ...GH FRGPB \DZEPC BGF[ ,F[P \RKIC
121
,"FZG\F QP OK\PF \KKI\N QBMP ,ZK[K BNB ,ZPBR BN Z[" FMZCN ORGZMH
N[ QKC FHF ONGT N[ QKC ,\GZK[F NM KM .QM OD BGCN EK\TN ZK[N F[P EK\T[
LKK[[ ZPHN FMH[ ,FYK\[ \RKIC BGF[ ,F[P NXB YZ BGF ,BGCN EK\TN
122
.FRPP OKM[PR ONM KM ,\GZKPHF NM QKNNMR O[[ ,NMF NT FRGKNTF FRGPBN
DK[FN NGMK ,OK\PF \KKI\C OY BNG "F[P \RKIC" YZ ORPB BGF[ ,ZGEF YKEX OD
FMGH[ YKEXF N[ G\CGI QM NND .BGCN EK\TN F[P ZK[K[ KEK\T QGDKR G\GB F\T ZCM
.O[ ,O[
.270=266 'PT ,QGTDK[G FYKJSKP ,YZP FBZ FH QKKRTN JZGVP ZGBKCN
.J ,D FKRVX KV NT
.I ,E OKZK[F ZK[
.F ,ES BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN
.B ,GJ \GP[
.C"T BX QKZEFRS
.F ,ES BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
87
|
QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPE QCMG KCNSZC YKEXM IK[PF NT
\BZGYF FNGEDF FRGPBF \MVFP N[ QGDKRFP YNI BGF[ ,KIK[PF QGDKRF \B DK[FN
GNB \B FRGPBF QGDKR \ZHTC \GNTFN ,FZKVMG \GSZGYKVB NM \NJCPFG 'F O[C
:\GSZGYKVBN GNVR[
OKNGT FH KEK NT ,N"RM F[P \GRKIC BGF[ ,YKEXF N[ QGDKR KEK NT QM NTG
GRGDKR KM ,KGRVF NNI N[ \BHF \GSZGYKVBF LG\C GNVR[ \GP[RF NM OKBXGKG
QGDKR KEK NT[ ,NMF NT FRGKNTF FRGPB GRKKF ,FRGPB [BZ \GRKICC BGF
LG\C OKRGDKRF NM OKNJC\RG OKNNMRG \GSZGYKVBF NM OKNJC\R GH FRGPBG
123
.NMF QP FNTPN BGF[ ,FHF QGDKRF
ONGF OKZ\S \NKDPC IK[PF ZGBK\ FZK[FG QGDKRF \KKDGSC OD[ OKBGZ GRB
IK[PF N[ KREK\T ZGKX [K FNKDPC .QPIR 'Z N[ \GKGNDF GK\G[ZEP FNGTF \B
,"\GSZGYKVBF NM OKNJC\R GH FRGPBG QGDKR KEK NT[" QGZYKTF \B [PPPF
\KIK[PF FMVFPC FZK[NG QGDKRN [K[ CG[IF OGYPN KZGBK\-K\GZVS IG\KVG
ZK[KG QDRK G\GB[ YKEXF N[ QGDKR G\GB[ ,QPIR 'Z [KDEP \G[ZEC .BGCN FEK\TF
BGF[ ,ZGEF YKEX ,KGG[MTF YKEXF N[ QGDKRF OD BGF BGCN EK\TN IK[P-F[P
."F[P \RKIC"
QPIR 'Z ZK[K[ ZK[F
ZK[K BGF[ QGDKRFG ZK[F NT QPIR 'Z ZVSP EK C\M Q"ZFGP KKIC FZP[R[ FJP[FC
:BGCN EK\TN
OKYKEXF NM N[ BCF ONGTF FKFK FH[ BGCN EK\TN ZK[ ZK[B KRB :ZPB
124
.OKEKSIFG
125
.F\T FC GRYST[ ,"FTZV NB BC" FZG\N GH FZKPB Z[YP EKF C\M N[ YK\TPF
,"NMF QP FNTPN BGF[" ,IK[P-F[P N[ KEK\TF ZK[F QKC Z[YN BN[ F[Y QMBG
FFGCDF FD[FF FKFK[G BGCN EK\TN Z[GK[ ,GN[ GZK[ NT QPIR 'Z N[ FHZMFF QKCN
BCF ONGTF FKF\ FPXT BKF[ FD[F ,OKEKSIFG OKYKEXF OTV KB FN GMHK[ Z\GKC
N[ \PKGSP FPZ OD BNB OKZK[FG OKZ][
@ F QKC FNCYF YZ BN QBM [K[ FBZR .OFN[
.OFKRKC \GFH
;IK[P-F[P \RKIC YKEXF NXB F\T ZCM KGXP KEK\TF ZK[F[ ,QMN OEGY GRKBZ
126
.O[ ,O[
;CZT 'PT ,(HM) HSZ ,G\D[F \GBZGR \NGED ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKIC \BCGP FJP[FF
.EK KC\MC OD LMG .CK[ 'PT ,(B) P[ ,G\ZG\ \NTP ,O[ CGZY ISGRCG
QGER GRBG ,B"TY\ FR[F [BZC FZPBR[ "FIMG\ GTY\" FZG\N OD FRVP YK\TPF .O[
.GRKZCE L[PFC GH FZG\C
.F ,ES BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN
123
124
125
126
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
88
NGMK GRKB G\GB TPG[[ ZGXK OG[[ QGDKR ,QPIR 'Z N[ BGCN EK\TF QGDKRF OD QMBG
:F\T ZCM OKKY ,GKRVC EGPTN
KRB[ \IB FZG\ YZ QKTPG[ GKF GNB .QKKET OGNM K\GB GPTJ BN ONGTF ZPB
ONGTF NM GRKKF .ZGPD NGJCC OKNJC ONM GKF ,FN[ EGYZFG QGDRF OT ZPGB
[VRF \GNMC QKNJC\P GKF NMF ,ONGTC [K[ FP NMG OKC[TG \GKI GNKVB GNM
127
.EGBP EGBP DNVGPFG BNVGPF DGRT\F OXGT NEDP
QGDKR [K FRGPBG FPMI NMN[ ,"FTZV NB BC" FZG\C QPIR 'Z ZKCSF[ FPN FPGEC
TGP[N IKNXP[ KP YZ .FN[P EGYKZ ODG QGDKR [K ZPGB BGF[ FZG\ NMN LM ,FN[P
G\ZG\ FTP[R GNKB[ FRTJF 128.QPIR 'ZP GF[P OTGJ EGYKZFG QGDKRF OT FZG\F \B
GNGM ONGTF NM GKF EGYKZFG QGDKRF KECGZC OD BNB KNGNKPF ECGZC YZ BN QPIR 'Z N[
IK[PF QGDKR N[ GIGM ZGBK\N FNKCYP QGDKRF \PXTP "[VRF \GNMC QKNJC\P"
129
."GN[ OKRGDKR OKTPG[F N[ O[VR FNM\[ ET" OKZ\S \NKDPC
GZKEDPG ,QPIR 'Z N[ GRGDKRP FNGTF DGRT\F \PXT \B Q\R 'Z IC[P OKZCEF L[PFC
KR[ JZVP BGF QMP ZIBN 130."FHP NGED DGRT\ QKBG OKDGRT\F NMP NGEDF DGRT\"M
GNGM NM ,FKK[T GC QKBG FRCF GC QKB QG[BZF CN[F .GKTPG[ NT QGDKRF \TV[FC OKCN[
\GNM OFN [K YZ ,\G[TN FP QKTEGKG QKNGMK QKB GCKCS OKEPGTF GNBG" :OKVGSKMG OKTGDTD
,FKK[TN OKNKCGP OKTGDTDF QMP ZIBN LB ."DGRT\F OXGTP BNVR \GYYG\[FG [VRF
:BNKPP \K[TR BNB FTKEKG FRCFP \TRGP FRRKB BKF OD[ FKK[T
[GIC FBZRM ,BNKPP \GTGR\F NM GNXB F[TR Z\GK CZGYPG LGPS[ KP NM OD
GNXB QK[TR ,Z\GKC QKCPG EGYKZFG QGDKRF NB Z\GK LGPS[ KP[ N"RF N[PC
QM GPM ...DGRT\F NEGD \PIP EGYKZFG QGDKRF N[ \GTGR\F NM BNKPP
EGYKZFG QGDKRFG FZG\F NB Z\GK LGPS[ FP NM ,F[GEYF NB Z\GK CZGYP[M
K\TP[ FH NM .BNKPP F[GEYF N[ N"RF NM N[ \GTGR\F GNXB QM-OD F[TR
131
.KPXTC
\B UIGS ZK[F ,"BNKPP" \G[TKFN FZGPB QPIR 'Z N[ F[GEYF QGDKR N[ G\TV[F
OKZGBK\ .F[GEYF QGDKR \B GPXTP EGYZNG QDRN NKI\P BGF UB LM LG\PG ,TPG[F
FKKR[F FIK[C .OKZ\S \NKDP KV NT IK[PF N[ G\TV[F LZE \B CJKF OKPNGF GNB
G\GB \MVGFF FPXT \CZ FPHKZM NTCM IK[PF N[ G\GPE \[DEGP FNKDPC \BCGPF
GRKB IK[PF .G\CZYN \DZGTF ,FNGM \G[GRBF N[ FKTGDTD B[GPNG FRGKNT \GMPSN
.K[ 'PT ,(B) P[ ,OK[GEYF GKZVSG G\ZG\ \NTP ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI
.[EGYF EGYKZ ,QGJRV ;OKYKEXN NGIP ,QKKC[KV FBZ QPIR 'Z N[ G\GDFC EGYKZF NT
.55=54 'G[ ,FKKR[ FIK[
.127 FZTF NKTN FBZ
.O[ ,O[
127
128
129
130
131
89
|
QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPE QCMG KCNSZC YKEXM IK[PF NT
ZGBK\ QKB .OKKNGNKP OK\GPKTG OKIGMKG BN UBG \[YCG CZIC \GK[PP \GPINP NFRP
\K[TR IK[PF \TV[F .\GCZ\G \E \GPINP BNG ,OKK\E-QKC OKIGMKGG OKSGPNGV
KZZGTP OK[EIF GKRGDKR IGMPG ,G\PMIG OKKBGVZF GKZG[KM ,GPSYG GRI IGMP
.[VRF QGKNMG OKVGSKMF
LGPS GZGEK ONGM KM" 132;"'GMG GN[ OKRGDKR OKTPG[F N[ O[VR FNM\[ ET"
;"GETNC \GKFN GNMGK BN[ ET GKNB \GYYG\[FF NEGD \PIP GKNB
|ONGM NT~ 'MT |ZS~'KY |LM ZIBG~ 'MIBG |NBZ[K LNP~ 'KP |F~'KFK FNKI\C"
\YYG\[FG FCFBFG ZEFFG QIF \PIP GKNB ONGM GNJC\K UGSC Z[B ET
GNJC\K ONGMG" 134;"KZPDN GKRVN GNJC\K[ ET GKNB ONGM GYYG\[KG GVSMK[
135
."GKNB \YYG\[FFG QIF \PIP YZ FPINPG [TZ KNC GNXB
133
\PXT .IK[PN \GZ[Y\FF \B OKRKKVBPF \G[DZF OF FCFBG ZEF ,QI ,\GYYG\[F
KEM UB UGSCNG ,"GETNC \GKFN GNMGK BN[ ET" \JNIGP \GN\N FTKDP \GZ[Y\FF
\B QPIR 'Z KZGBK\N BKNVFN OKCGZY GNB OKDNVGP OKZGBK\ .GKRVC "KZPDN" \GNJC\F
EGYKZFG QGDKRF OT GN[ \GZG\F \B GTP[ LB GNKB ONGTF NT GN[ G\TV[F IGM
\GKI GNKVB GNGM ONGTF NM GRKKF .ZGPD NGJCC OKNJC ONGM GKF" HB KZF[ ,QFN LKK[F
DGRT\F OXGT NEGDP [VRF \GNMC QKNJC\P GKF NMF ,ONGTC [K[ FP NMG OKC[TG
136
."EGBP EGBP DNVGPFG BNVGPF
\TV[FN ONGTF NT TKV[FN G\NGMK QVGB \B QPIR 'Z FPKE OKVSGR \GPGYPC OD
[K[ LM NT ZCKE [JKZGGBRN QPIR 'Z TSR Z[BM[ ,QMN OEGY GRKBZ .OKTPG[F NT QDRPF
OKK[YF NNDC LB ,NBZ[K \EN LGPS OMKNGFNG CJGPN ONGTF NM \B ZKHIFN GEK NBN
GEKC B\NKP TKK\SP BN "GCZM \GKFN ECTN GKE"[ OG[PG GMZE NT P"SF OKZTP[
\GSIKK\FF \GZPN .OKZGSKKG \YGNIPP NGCSNG NJNJKFN GKNT ZHDRG ,GXVI OKN[FN
:FIP[ UBG \GNGED \GGY\ QPIR 'ZC FTKSRN FBKXKF FZZGT OKZGSKKNG OKK[YN
ZCE NKI\P OGKF ZPBG FIP[C UM NB UM FMF N"RF FTKSRF TSR[ OEGY
QKCP GRKB[ KPG QKEYZP ONGTFG ,QDRP[ KP GPM QKPGE GRIRB ZPB KHBG ,[EI
LM ,QKEYZP OF FPG GKZIB OKXZ OF FP GKRKTC FBKNV BKF QGDRF \B TPG[G
NMGB KRB KMZEP CG[B[M .KZIB OKXZ O\B FP NT ONGTF NXB FBKNV BKF
137
...[JKZGGBRN TSR LM ZIBG .EYZN GNMG\ O\BG QDRN
.55=54 'G[ ,FKKR[ FIK[
.36=35 'G[ ,O[
.16=13 'G[ ,O[
.65=64 'G[ ,O[
.CK[=K[ 'PT ,(B) P[ ,OK[GEYF GKZVSG G\ZG\ \NTP ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI
.XY 'PT ,(H) HRY ,[JKZGGBRN G\TKSR ,O[
132
133
134
135
136
137
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
90
[EI\K FPG ,OKEYGZ GKEKSIG QDRP BGF F\T OD KZF :QPIR 'Z KZCEC \GZKFC ZSGI [K
,CGJ O[ NTCF ,GCS N[ TGEKF N[PF EPGT GKZCE TYZC[ QM\KK ?GMZEP GCG[ ZIBN
OKZVB 'Z ,QPIR 'Z N[ GEGE G\GB BKCP[ KVM N[PF QG[N FHG .OKRDRPFG [ZKIF NT
:CGYNKESP
EGBP FVK ZPH KNMC QDRP EIB FKF[ F"FNNH H"BB QP N[P K\TP[[ LZE NT
NEGDP YVB\FN GNMK BN FH OKTPG[ OF[ O\GBG NGED \GCKZTG \GYK\PC
DGRT\F NEGD \PIP FZY\N ET JTPM OKEYGZ GKF[ ET DGRT\FG \GYK\PF
KNMF TGP[N GPXT CZYP FKFG Z\GK CGZY FKF[ KP NMG \GYK\PFG \GPKTRFG
GRKB[ [ZI EIB BC LM LG\CG EGBP ET EYGZ FKFG DGRT\ Z\GKC GN FKF ZPH
OFG EGBP ET OKEYGZ OK[RB[ FBZ YZ CZTF ZPH KNM N[ NGYF NNM TPG[
BGF FKF GNKB \PBCG F[GT FH FP FIP[N KM GCNC ZPGBG OKTD\[PM GKRKTC
FKF ZPH KNM N[ NGY \GPKTRFG DGRT\F NEGD \PIP BGF[ QKCFG TEKG OMI
138
.QCGP N[PRFG ,O[ EYGZ QM OD BGF
GCG[ ZIBN[ BKF QPIR 'Z \GGY\[ ,QKCFN Q\KR J"[TCF N[ FH N[P TYZ NT
\B GPXTC TP[K QPIR 'Z KZIB OKXZ FPN QMN OEGY BNV\F[ "ONGTF" OD GMZEP
N[ OKKGPKEF FE[ .OKEYGZF NDTPN GPXTC UZJXKG GRKKRT QKCK \GIVN GB QGDKRF
IGM \B ZBCN OKZ\S \NKDPC [P[PF OKKGPKE FE[ G\GB BGF GNB OKN[P
NT QPIR 'Z TKV[P FC[ LZEF ZGBK\N [P[PF OD BGFG ,IK[PF N[ G\TV[F
NM BNKPP GNXB QK[TR ,Z\GKC QKCPG EGYKZFG QGDKRF NB Z\GK LGPS[ KP[" .G\CKCS
NB Z\GK CZGYP[M QM GPM ...DGRT\F NEGD \PIP EGYKZFG QGDKRF N[ \GTGR\F
\GTGR\F GNXB QM-OD F[TR EGYKZFG QGDKRFG FZG\F NB Z\GK LGPS[ FP NM ,F[GEYF
139
."N"RF NM N[
\NKDPC G\BKC ZESG IK[PF ZGBK\N ETCP[ ,FRYSPF \B CG[ FNTP GH FKDGS OD
.GPXT QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPE KGGY \B ZGZKCC \GFHN Q\KR OKZ\S
BVGZM IK[PF
|N~'MBK[ FT[ |O~'GKF N[ |Z~'ES |F~'KFKG .|\G~'[EI |\G~'CMZF F[TKG
|G~'BGCK[ |OK~'NGIF NM QKC LNK[G .|\GEE~'GC\F GN |F~'KFK[G |Q/F\~'[K[G
|OKNK~'TGP OKZCE |EIB NM~ 'BM IYK[ FP |EIB NMN~ 'BMN |F~'ZKFPC FGXKG
140
.|\G[E~'IF |\GCM~'ZFFP |SE~'ZVF G\GBP
QKRTC YGSTK \GT[ 'D |,~'GMG \BH F[TK GH FT[C |,~OGKF FNCK[ FP NT TKEGKG
.BY 'PT ,NGY F"E ,GZ\K \[ZV ,OKZVB FRIP NDE 138
.BK[ 'PT ,(B) P[ ,G\ZG\ \NTP ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI 139
.27=23 'G[ ,FRG[BZ FIK[ 140
91
|
QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPE QCMG KCNSZC YKEXM IK[PF NT
BGFG GNXB |O~'KNGI GBGCKG ,|\~'BNGI |F~'KFK HB OD KM GBGCK[ |O~'KKNGIF
BN[ |\G[~'EI |\GC~'MZF GC |F~'KFKG F[TK[ |S~'EZVF QP IYKN OFN FGXK
|EIB NMN~ 'BMN IYKN OFN FGXKG |O~'KNGIF QKC LNK BGFG ONGT \GPKP |G~'KF
141
.C[TG C[T NM NT OGK NMC OKEZGK[ OKRGPPF N[ \GIMF KVM TEK[ FP KVM
.OKZG[KP FPMC [EIPG NTGV IK[PF ,FRKDRF OGI\N FPGEC ,FBGVZF OGI\C OD
IK[PF .FBGVZN OK[P[PF OK[EI OKIPXG OKC[T GCG ,EIGKP SEZV N\G[ IK[PF
\G[TN ,OKRG[F OKRGPPF N[ O\NGDSCG FNTP N[ ONGTC \GBKYC LG\P ,TEGK OD
.ONGT \GPKP GKF BN[ \G[EI \GCMZF
ZCGTG OKRGPPFP NKI\P[ LKNF\C \GBGVZF N[ QIGM EGS \B FNG\F FVY[FF
OKPTV ZVSP FTKVGP BVGZF QFP F[GT[ \PKGSPF FCMZFC OKK\SPG OKC[TF LZE
FZG\C \GBGVZF N[ QIGM EGS \B QPIR 'Z ZKCSP N[PN LM .QPIR 'Z N[ GK\G[ZEC
:"FT[C"
IM Q\GR EIB NMG ,OKP[F BCX OF[ OKNDNDF \GIM KEK-NT \GBGVZF NM
,\GBVZN IM OKC[TG OKPSF OKNCYP OFPG ,GN LKK[F C[TG OS FHKBC
FHG FH C[TC IM Q\GR FH[ OKNDNDFP \GIM FPM OKZCI\P FBGVZ OKMKZX[MG
142
.FBGVZN FCMZF OFP QK[GTG ONGM OKZCI\PG ,BXGKMG ZIB C[TC
\ZBG\P OD FC[ 143,"GKEKPN\ GNB[" FZG\C KGXP GH FVY[F N[ Z\GK CIZ JGZKV
GNB[" :QKZEFRS \MSP LG\P JGJKXC \I\VR FZG\F .IK[PF QKCN GH FKDGS QKC FYKH
FHF ZT[F NGVK[MN :QFN ZPB .'GMG BC EGE QC K\PKB :BPSY QC KSGK KCZ \B GKEKPN\
JGJKXF ZIBN 144."BC EGE QC[ ET G\GRCN QKYKVSP QKBG .NGVKG ,FRCKG NGVKG ,FRCKG
\CMZFC \PKK\SPG 'F ZCEC \I\VRF FKGGFF \Z[Z[ N[ ZGBK\C QPIR 'Z I\GV
:\GBGVZ
NMG ...145LBNP GRPP BZCR BGF LGZC [GEYF KVP BXK[ ZGCEG ZGCE NM KM ,TE
OFKNT [K OKC[TG \GRNKB NM GNKVBG ,ZCE GFHKB NT FRGPP BGF LBNPG LBNP
GN QKB[ FJPNP C[T LN QKB" FMZCN ORGZMKH GRKPMI GZPB[ FPM ,OKRGPP
ZCEF LG\N TKV[PG ,ZGCEFP G\GKI NCYP LBNP NMG 146,'GMG "FNTPNP LBNP
...GKNT FRGPP BGF[ ZIB ZCE GB C[T FHKBN GRKKF ,GKNT FRPR[
.63=55 'G[ ,FKKR[ FIK[
.BNZ BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN
BKF GH FZG\ .C ,B \GK\GBN \GMKK[G FZG\F UGSC \GBCGPF \GVSGFC ,HR BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN
.FZG\F \NKI\C BCGP LM ;GPXT QPIR 'Z KEK NT FC\MR GRKKFE ,"N"H GRKCZ QG[N"
.B"T IX QKZEFRS
.B"T EK FDKDI
.K F[ZV ,FCZ \K[BZC
141
142
143
144
145
146
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
92
KM 147,"BVZP GZ[C NMNG" \RKICC ,FZG\C OKKGN\ \GBGVZF NM[ BXPR
OKBVZP OKC[TG ,OKC[TN OKTKV[P OKMBNPFG ,OKMBNPN IM \R\GR FZG\F
148
.FZG\F IMC
OF \GBGVZF NM KM" ZBGCP FZG\F UGSC \SVEGPF FZG\F N[ FH YNIN FPN[FC
,OPXTN[M OKC[TC KGXP GRKB BVZN IGMFG FBGVZF \PMI[ [DEGPG 149,"\GCMZF
IMF KEK NT [EI ZIB IM FN F[TR[ ,FCMZFF KEK NT FBGVZF IM ZYKT" BNB
QKBVZP BYGE FCMZFF N[ IMF FHCG ,GCZT\R[ OKC[TF GNB NMP FNCY[
GRKB[ KP NCB" ,"FIPGP BVGZ" N[ GEGIKKG GPGI\ BKF \GCMZF \TKEK 150."\BNGIF
QKB KM ,NNM NTVK BN FH NM OT \GBVZN IM OFN [K[ OKC[TF IYK OB UB FIPGP
\GCMZFFG OKC[TF OKNCYP BVZN IGMF \B[ ZIBP 151."OCKMZFN LKB TEGK
IGM[ KZF ,FZG\C KGXPF 'F ZCEP OIGM \B OKNCYP FNBG ,OKRGPPF OKMBNPFP
NT FIPGPF TEKC LZGXNG FBGVZF KC[T N[ FCMZFF LKNF\N .FZG\C KGN\ KGVKZF
:FZG\C OK[IZ\PF OKMKNF\C FNKCYPG [ZG[ [K FCMZFF \B QKMFN \RP
QKB ,"BVZP GZ[C NMNG" CG\M[ GPM ,ZCE NMN FBGVZ BKF[ ,FZG\F QM GPM
\GEP FZ[T [N[C F[ZEN OFN FZSPR KM ,ZGEF KPMI OB KM F\GB TEGK[ KP
KV NT OB KM ,ZCE TEKN Z[VB KB FPXTC FZG\FP NCB QFC \[ZER FZG\F[
OGYPC FZK[TG FPGYPC FKRT FZG\F KM ,F\GB OK[ZVP OF[ ZGEF KPMI
F\GB QK[ZGEG FZG\F \B QKCKMZPG QKCZTPG QKJYNP OKPMIFG 152.ZIB
BZ\C BCC) QK[ZGEG QKVKSGPG QKTZGD OFG \GEP FZ[T-[N[C OGYPN OGYPP
OGYPCG FCK\ GB \GB FRPP OKTZGD OF LM FZG\FC CG\M[ UBG ,(C"T BKY
153
.OFN FZSPR[ GPM ,QKTEGK[ FP KVM F\GB QK[ZGE FHCG ,QKVKSGP ZIB
KC[T QKCN F\GB QKCKMZPG OK[ZGE OKPMIF GC[ QVGBFG FZG\F CXP QKC FNCYFF \B
\K[PP FYKHM BNB ,ECNC \KJZGB\ FKDGNRBM FBGZ QPIR 'Z QKB O\CMZFG BVZPF
:\GKBGVZG \GK[TP \GMN[F FN [K[
FBGVZF IM ZYKT KM ,G\MPN FBGVZ QKB OMI EKPN\ EGCMC ODGV[M QM NTG
FZSPR OFN KM ,ZGEF KPMI KEK NT OB KM NCYN Z[VB KB FZG\FP QKNCYP[
,N"RM FBGVZF IM ZYKT FH[ ,N"RM FZG\F \GK\GB CKMZFN OKTEGK OFG ,[GZEN
.CM ,E KN[P
.B ,HR BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN
.\GVSGFC O[
.O[
.O[
.B"T HK FR[F [BZ KPN[GZK
.'CG 'B \GBN LKK[C ,O[ Q"ZFGP KJGYKN
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
93
|
QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPE QCMG KCNSZC YKEXM IK[PF NT
BGF \GBVZN OIM ZYKTG ,NKTN ZBGCPM ,FZG\FP IM OKNCYP OKC[TF NM KM
OKTEGK OF[ KEK NT[ ,ZGEF KPMIC KGN\ ZYKTF QM NT .N"RM FCMZFF KEK NT
NM IM QKNCYP FH KEK NT ,N"RM FZG\F \GK\GB CKMZFNG ,FZG\F \B [GZEN
GN FKFK[ ZYKTF QM NT .FZG\FP IM OKNCYP[ ,OKC[TF NM N[ \GCMZFF
QKPBFN LKZX QM NT ...EBP OFP BZKN ,OEGCMC ZFHFNG ,OKPMI \RGPB
FZG\F FZSPR OFN KM ,OFKNT LGPSN YZ ,G\TEG GNM[ LKN[FNG ,OKPMIC
154
.N"RM F[ZEN
Q\GR[ QGPBC \KR\GP \KBGVZF FCMZFF NT TKV[FN \KRZG\F FCMZFF N[ F\NGMK
BN GH OB ,F[EI FCMZF GZXK ZGEF KPMI[ UB .GK\G[ZECG OMIF EKPN\C FNGIF
OKI\GVP GNB \GRGKTZ ."G\MPN FBGVZ QKB" QKKET[ KZF FNGIF QGPB \B NCY\
EIP OGXF N[ \GNGMKF QGDM ,\G[EI \GTKCYC QGKEC OCGNK[ LG\ F[ZEF L[PFC
QPIR 'Z ZHGI FZG\F OGKSC .CKGBG ZX \KC[FN BSKD LEKBP \C[ \NKMB N[G BSKD
:FCHMB JTP BZGYN FRGMR QBM LB ,"BC EGE QC K\PKB" ,FC I\V[ \RZYSPF FKDGSN
\KKDGS QKC[ FYKHF \B CJKF ZBC QPIR 'Z ZBKC FV-NTC F[ZEC[ KV NT UB[ ZZC\P
C\MF NT OKZCEF GNTGF[ \TC ,EGE QC \BKC QPH QKCN FCMZFFG OKC[TF \BGVZ
TJYF BCGP QNFN .GPXT \B ZHRXNG FHF QKKRTF ZGBKC \B YGIPN QPIR 'Z JKNIF
FJP[FF NT OKEKTPF Q\R 'Z KZCE OKBCGP GKZIBNG ,JP[GFG YIPR GRPP YNI[
:F\[TR[
FH NGVK[M :OFN CK[FG ,BC EGE QC K\PKB ,BPSY QC KSGK KCZ \B GNB[[ GFHG
QC[ ET G\GRCN QKYKVSP QKBG ,OKPTV [N[ NGVK[ ZCEF ZYKTG ,'GMG ZT[F
ZIB FNKVR NGVK[MG ,BZIB-BZJSE ZT[ \RKIC FH OZB ZT[ KM ,BC EGE
.F[GEYF KZT[ FRCKG ,EGE QC BGCK HB ,N"RM *K\BCF[ \GRKIC KEK NT ,FNKVR
ZT[C IKMGPNG" \RKICC ,OFN TPG[ QKBG ,OKPMI \GRGPB QKB[M GRKKF
156
(HY OKNF\) \RKICC ,N"RM BVZP QKB ET KNGIN OKBC FH KEK NT 155,"QG[YK
KZT[ OFN OKI\VR KHB ,FRGPB OFN [K[M NCB ."\GP KZT[ ET GTKDKG"
157
.F[GEYF
GRGZMH ,GRCZ DNE QBMC~ *K\BCF[ \GRKIC KEK NT \CK\ ZIB ,NKTN LKK[
KN Q\R[MG ,F[GEYF G\CK\MC ,O[ GRG[NC OKCG\M GKF[ \GCK\ FPM ,FMZCN
KEM ,F[GEYF GEK \GCK\MP \GCK\ FPMG FPM FRGGMC YIP ,\BH FZG\ YK\TFN
,OKPTV FPM GMZE FKF QMG ,FPN[ FRGGM FHC GN FKF[ K\KBZG ,OYK\TB BN[
.O[ ,O[
.BM ,JM GFKT[K
.IK ,HN OKNF\
.I ,HR BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN
154
155
156
157
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
94
FPM O[ YGIPN ,FYK\TFN G\ZG\ Q\R[M EBP YEYEP FKF[ ,\GZG\ FPMC
GND\K[ FXZ BN KM ,TXPBC DNEG ,EBP QKRTFN OKIZMGP GKF[ \GCK\ FPMG
TXPBC O[ ZSI[ QKCFN NMGK \GPGYPF GNBC CJKF QKKTPFG .OKZGCKEF GNB
KEK NT 'GMG NGVK[MG C\M KM ,\XY \GBZN QKNGMK \BHF FZG\C ODG ,QKRTF
ZBGCP ZGEF CG\M GNXB FKF FH NM LB GRG[N LZE FH QKBG ,K\BCF[ \GRKIC
SNVC GKF OK[GEYF GKZCE NM KM ,TXPBC DNKE \YKGEP FRGGMC LB ,CJKF
YEYEP FKF FZK\K \IB FCK\ GNVBG ,\GNDN BN[ FPG \GNDN FP NGED NY[PG
,FPGXTF G\D[F KV NT TEGK FKF[ FP KVM YK\TFN BN[ GB ZCEN BN[ FKNT
,N"RM OYK\TFN Q\R[ \GZG\ FPMG FPMC FKF QMG... .\BH \GNDN QKMKZX QKB[
158
|.OKYK\T OKZCEFG
Z\GR[ KGNDF ZPGIFP LB ,OPKNTFN JKNIF TGEPG QPIR 'Z KZCE GKF FP \TEN F[Y
FMGZM EGE QC \BKC .GRRKKRTN FZK[K FTKDR QFN [K[ \GZKPB ZVSP \GNGT GRKEKC
GH FRGPB ."OFKNT LGPSN YZ ,G\TEG GNM[ LKN[FN" \[ZGEF FRGPB ,OKPMI \RGPBC
.BVZP QFN QKB[ \GNIPP BCF KTCJ \GGPP FNXFN KBR\ OD LB 159,CKGBP FNXF BKF
\GCMZF ZGXKN OKPMI N[ O\GMPSG O\NGMKC FZMF \NNGMF OKPMI \RGPB YZ
BKF ,FZG\C [ZGVPC CG\M[ \B \GZ\GSM \GBZR GNB[ UB ,\G[EI \GKRZG\
KBGVZF QIGMG \G[EIF \GKRZG\F \GCMZFF N[ \GKGZ[VBF KGXKP \B \Z[VBPF
."EGE QC BGCK HB"G ,FNGI NMN ZGHP GYKRTK[
QM OB KGXP KIK[PF QEKTF QKCN \G[EI \GBGVZG OKC[T \GCMZF QKC FYKHF ZGBK\
QKC ZK[K KGFKH QKB GRKRVN BKF[ KVM FZG\C[ EGTC LB ;"GKEKPN\ GNB[" FZG\C ZCM
OKZ\S \NKDPC ,KIK[PF QEKTC G[EI\K[ \GBGVZFG BVGZF QKCN GPXT IK[PF
\GVGZ\G \G[EI \GCMZF ZXKKN EK\T[ Q[EIF BVGZF BGF GPXT IK[PF[ ZBGCP
\GCMZFF \B NTGVC YNIK Z[B BVGZF FKFK UB BGFG ,ONGTP GKF BN[ \G[EI
CKMZPM FH QKKRT \ZB\P UB OKZ\S \NKDP .GI\VN GZI[K[ OKCZF OKNGIN \G[EIF
.IK[PF N[ GPGK ZESC TGCY
,FNIPG FNGI NMN ZGHP YKRTFN IK[PF N[ QGZ[KMF[ ZZC\P FH B[GRC OD LB
\GCGJFP ZETR GRKB BGF UB ,KIK[PF QEKTC YZG LB OKKY\FN NGMK FZGBMN[ QGZ[KM
:\G[TN NGMK QPIR 'Z OD[
ZPB ,ZIB OGYPC O[ZRF \GBGVZF QKRTN |\GEPF ZVS~ \KC-UNBFN LKK[
FKF BNG ,\GBGVZF NM O[ CG\M FKF[ FBGVZ NT 'Z \GB \KC-UNBFC GN FKF[
160
.GVZ[G GYK\TFN FXZ BN LB ,G\BGVZ O[ CG\M FKF BN[ ONGTC \BNGI
.O[ Q"ZFGP KJGYKN 158
.O[ ,O[ 159
.GV 'PT ,(GJ) ET ,\GEKPF ZVSN OKMK[F \GIK[ ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI 160
95
|
QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPE QCMG KCNSZC YKEXM IK[PF NT
GRGXZP BGF LB ,ONGTC[ FNIP NM BVZN \NGMKFG TEKF QM OB GKF QPIR 'Z KEKC
N[ ZGHI[M FBZR FH F[TP .\GBGVZF KC\M \B UGZ[NG GH \NGMK NT Z\GGN JKNIF
FKF LNPF GFKYHI KEKC[ \ZVSP BZPDF .LNPF GFKYHI KEK NT \GBGVZF ZVS \HKRD
GKNT[ ,GFKYHI 161.LM NT OKPMI G\GB GMZKCG ,G\GB HGRDN JKNIF BGF LB \GBGVZ ZVS
GB ,FMH BN FZK[ ZPB BN[ OG[P LB IK[P G\G[TN F"CYF FXZ[ BZPDF \ZVSP
NT GZPBR[ \GBGCRF NM G[PP\F GCG IK[P FKF QMB BZPDC \PKGSP FTE KVN
JKNIF BGF LB ,FNGI NMG FNIP NM BVZN \NGMKFG TEKF NTC OD BGF 162,IK[PF
163
.\GBGVZF ZVS \B HGRDNG GH \NGMK NT Z\GGN
GRKC FNCYFF \B \YHIP \GBGVZF \PK[Z \B UGZ[N QPIR 'Z N[ FPGEF FJNIFF
QPIR 'Z .TKDF OZJ KIK[PF QEKTF[ FZKPBF \B FNKMP OD LB ,IK[PF LNPF QKCN
FMHK BN ZCM BGF[ LMN TEGP BGF LB ,IK[P \GKFN KGBZ FKF LNPF GFKYHIM
[K QMNG ,TKDF OZJ FNIP NMN FBGVZ [K GC[ KIK[PF QEKTF[G ,IK[P \G[TKFN
.\GBGVZF ZVS \B UGZ[NG HGRDN
EGE QC \BKCG OKPMI \RGPB
FRGPB ZGZ[\ Z[BM[ BKF FRTJF OBF ,ZGZC BN "GKEKPN\ GNB[" FZG\F QG[NP
,KIK[PF QEKTF N[ F[GEYF ZT[N TKDFN FKFK Q\KRG EGE QC BGCK KHB OKPMIC FBNP
OKPMIC FBNP FRGPB ZGZ[\ KHB EGE QC BGCK Z[BM :LGVF OKZCEF ZES BP[ GB
OKKR[ OF FBNP OKPMI \RGPBG IK[PF \BKC[ ,OD QM\KK .LMP ZHDRF CGJF NM TKVGKG
.EIB KRIGZ LKNF\ OKBJCPG EIBM OKBCF
KEKIKF NECFF[ ,QPIR 'Z N[ G\TKCY \B GRBCF FNKDPF Z[VC GRRGKE \K[BZC
OD GRKBZ .G\KKXK IK[PNG OK\KKXP BN QPIR 'ZN :\GKXF \NB[ BGF IK[PF QKCN GRKC
EGT ZGPDN GRPP GTRP OKRG[ OKPZGD[ ,IGMC IK[PM QPIR 'Z N[ \KPXTF G\SKV\ \B
YNIF[ ,FZT[FF \B \GNTFN Q\KR GNB \GVY[F TYZ NT .G\NGTVG GXVI \B GKKIC
UB KNGBG K[KBF Z[YFN SIKK\F[ ZIBP YIPR "GKEKPN\ GNB[" FZG\FP YIPR[
FBNP OKPMI \RGPB ZGZ[\ QMB OB[ \GZ[VBN GRKKFE ,OKZCEF N[ 164KNBGJYBF
,G\TEG GNM[ LKN[FNG OKPMIC QKPBFN" FBNP \GRGMR FKF\G ZGEF OMIM QPIR 'ZC
.C"T K \GMZC
.B"T EX QKZEFRS
.B BRKR\ ,Q"ZFGP KJGYKN ,"FN[PP GTY\" FZG\C FH B[GR I\VP QPIR 'Z
FZPBR (GR BPY) FKRVN[ FZG\F ."GKEKPN\ GNB[" FZG\F FZPBR K\P ZGZC TEKP GRN QKB
\GZEGSP QRKB \GZG\F[ UB .G"SY\ FR[F [BZC (JR=IR) FKZIBN[ \BHG ,F"SY\ \GTGC[C
OKMKZB\ KR[ QKC[ QPHC FZPBR BKF[ ,IKRFN OGYP [K KDGNGRGZM ZES KV NT EVYGP QVGBC
ET ZZ[[ ,KIK[PF I\PFP [GBKKG FCHMB QPIR 'ZC GHIB OZJ FZPBR[ KZF ,QM OBG .GNB
.G"SY\ WKYC GRC \ZKJV
161
162
162
164
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
96
QKCN GRKC KEKIKF NECFF[ KZF 165,"F[ZEN FZG\F FZSPR OFN KM ,OFKNT LGPSN YZ
\B [PPN NMGK QPIR 'ZG ,YIPKK ,GN \KKXNG GKZCEN ZGSN \GRGMRF GRKKFE ,IK[PF
\B UB FH NNMCG ,ONGT KBC NM KRVC F[GEY KZT[ IG\VNG ,GC[ IK[P \RKIC
166
.OKC[TCG FZG\C OKKGXPF KGVKZF \GIGM KGXKPN \GZ[VBF
KIK[PF QIF
ET |ONGM NT~ 'MT |ZS~'KY |LM ZIBG~ 'MIBG |NBZ[K LNP~ 'KP |F~'KFK FNKI\C
\GYYG\[FG FCFBFG ZEFFG QIF \PIP GKNB ONGM GNJC\K UGSC Z[B
167
.KZPDN GKRVN GNJC\K[ ET GKNB ONGM GYYG\[KG GVSMK[
168
.GKNB \YYG\[FFG QIF \PIP YZ FPINPG [TZ KNC GNXB GNJC\K ONGMG
FZG\FP ZCM GKNB [ZER QPIR 'Z[ B[GR BGF QIF \BK[RG QIF N[ CG[IF GPGYP
,"\K[BZC" FZG\F ETG ,"LZE KPKP\ KZ[B" ,Q"ZFGP KJGYKNC \BCGPF FRG[BZF
169
.GKKIN FRGZIBF FR[C FZPBR[
NT QI FNTP[ ,QI-\NTK"M FZG\F NT QPIR 'Z ZCEP "LZE KPKP\ KZ[B" FZG\C
QKCN NBZ[K QKC OKSIKF \MZTPC CG[I EKYV\ [K QI
+N ."(C"T ER QKCGZKT) FKEPGN
OD [K QIN LB ."\G[YCFG \GNV\F NM QKNCY\R" QIF \ZHTCG ,OKP[C[ OFKCB
GRK\GRGGTC GK[MT KM" ,ONGTF \GPGBN SIKC NBZ[K N[ OEPTP QGYK\C KRGKI EKYV\
BGF QIFG \GCK[I ZYKT GK[MT KM ,NVR NBZ[K N[ K\KPBF \GCK[IG QI OKCZF
KP NM KRVC OPGZ\RG FNTR NBZ[K N[ \GCK[IFG QIF" FZG\F \ZHTC GNKBG ,"ONXB
FMH GRKCB CYTK[ QKGXP "LZE KPKP\ KZ[B" FZG\C ."KP[DC QF KRIGZC QF ,QKMKZX[
GB YKEXF QIC \YSGT FRKB F\GNNMC FZG\F LB ,USGK OD LMC FMH GK\GCYTCG QIN
OTN \GSIKK\F QKB \BH \PGTN OKZ\S \NKDPC .NBZ[K OTC KGXPF QIC BNB ,IK[PF
GPSYC[ QI \NTC \GK[KBM IK[PF ZGBK\C CKMZP BGF QIF BNB ,QI NTCM NBZ[K
\NCYG GKRVC \GNJC\F KEM ET OKTGDTD OKBNP\PG ONGTF \GPGB KRC OKC[R K[KBF
GRI LZE ZCGT OFKNB \GPGBF SIK \B FR[PF NBZ[K N[ QIF OKZ\S \NKDPC .G\GZP
.IK[PF N[ K[KBF
.'CG 'B \GBN LKK[C ,O[
\B OKDKXPFG ,OKZ\S \NKDPC QFG Q"ZFGP KJGYKNP \GZG\C QF OKTKVGPF ,GNB OKZGBK\
EK\TN FC LNK IK[PF UB[ LZE ,OEBF KBGNI\C NVJN FKGBZG FRGMR LZEM OKC[TF \BGVZ
YKEXF[ OKNTPFG QPIR 'Z NXB OKPKKYF OKZIB OKZGBK\N EGDKRC FZGBMN OKEPGT ,BGCN
\Z\KKP FNKV\F .ZYKTG NNM OKC[TF \BGVZN OKYYHR ORKB IK[PF QMG FNKV\F NTC
.QGCKN OKMKZX OKZCEFG .OFP \G[TRF \GCMZFCG OKC[TF \BGVZC LZGXF \B QKJGNIN
.16=13 'G[ ,FKKR[ FIK[
.65=64 'G[ ,O[
.T"Y\ \K[BZC \[ZVC FZPBR (HS BRKR\ Q"ZFGP KJGYKN) "\K[BZC" FZG\F
165
166
167
168
169
97
|
QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPE QCMG KCNSZC YKEXM IK[PF NT
KJGYKN \B IG\VN FZICRG J"SY\ FR[F [BZC FZPBR[ ,"FN[PP GTY\" FZG\C
QIF \BK[R QGZ[KM BCGP OTVFG ,QIF B[GR \B CG[ QPIR 'Z FNTP ,BRKR\ Q"ZFGP
\NGMK NTCM IK[PF \B ZB\P QPIR 'Z .IK[PF N[ G\NGTV KRKKVBP ZGBK\P YNIM
170
.OKC[TF \GBGVZ \BG OKBVGZF \B KZPDN Z\KKP[ QVGBC G\NKV\ \ZHTC BVZN
:QNGM \GNKV\F NM \B GKNB CBG[G NCYP BGF BNB ,NNV\P YZ GRKB IK[PF
\GIKZF NM GRKKFE ,FE[F IK[P NCYPG YRGK BGF KM ,IK[P BZYR FH NKC[CG
;'GMG "OJIB K\NF\G" \RKIC ,OJGI \RKIC BKF[ ,FNV\F LG\C OKBC[
\RKIC FHG 171.N"RM ,"'F IK[P GRKVB IGZ" \RKICC O\GB NCYP IK[PG
NM[" { 172"FKBGZ NM KRKTC QI \B[GR Z\SB KF\G" \RKICC ,QI \GBK[R
,'F ZCE \RKICC BGF FNKV\ NTCF FH KM 173."G\PA
BM GN FPER EIBG EIB
NTG ,GRPP OKNCYP ONGM OKP[F BCX NMG \GIGMF NM[ ,QGKNTF [ZG[ BGF[
GRKKF ,G\PBM GN FPER EIBG EIB NM OKRGKNTF OKZ[F NMG OKP[F BCX NM QM
KM ,ECN GPT YSGT BGF[ GN FPER EIBG EIB NMG ,OFKRKTC QI B[GR BGF[
174
.GRPP OKNCYP ONGM
\ZHTC NBZ[K \B FNBD[ ,Z\SB N[ F\GPEC OND\P ,FNKV\F NTC BGF[ ,IK[PF
ZGXKN \NGMKM ,EGPN\F \GCYTC ,QPIR 'Z ZKCSP GHF QIF \BK[R \B .QI \B[N FRGZ[KM
,GPT \C BKF Z\SB[ [I EIB NM[ QVGBC EIBG EIB NM OT KEGIKKG K[KB Z[Y
\CSGP "FKBZ NM KRKTC" QIF \BK[R .GPT YZG LB \YSGT BKF[ FPER EIB NMNG ,G\PGBP
FBC BN GH FCIZF[ FBZR LB ,OKRGKNTF OKZ[FG OKP[F BCX NM NT QPIR 'Z KV NT
.QG\I\F ONGTC OD \GRG[F \GPGBF KRCP "EIBG EIB NM" KRKTC QIF \BK[R \B TKYVFN
QIF .ZBVG ZEF ,KVGKN NKCYP ZBG\M QIF TKVGP (HS BRKR\) "\K[BZC" FZG\C
YKEXF QI ."ONGTF N[ KVGKFG QIF BGF[" ,USGK \RKIC YKEXF N[ G\RGM\ OF KVGKFG
,USGK \RKIC BGF[ ,K\KPBF YKEXF" BNB ,QING KVGKN OKCZ KRP EIB KGJKC YZ GRRKB
CZY\P[ KP NM ;QIN FMGH GPXT YKEXF YZ BN ."ONGTF NM N[ KVGKFG ZGEKFF BGF
.LMP ZHDRF CGJF NMC FMGHG GN[ QIC OD NNMR GC NNMRG GKNB
Z[YP GH FIK[C OD .Q"ZF \GIK[C FZP\[R QIF B[GRC \VSGR FZXY F[ZE
\GPGNI OGNIN \NGMKF \B GN YKRTF[ BGF QIF[ QTGJG ,USGKN QIF \B QPIR 'Z
175
.OKZIB OK[RB N[ \GPGNI FRGMR ZG\VNG OKYEGX
.166 FZTF NKTN FBZ
JGV[K GKRKT FBZPN BNG 'F \BZKC GIKZFG" YGSVC IK[PF ZGBK\ OD BXPR OKZCEF TYZC
.GK\GCYTC GBC[ \G[ZECG (D ,BK GFKT[K) "IKMGK GKRHB TP[PN BNG
.GJ ,C Z\SB
.B"T DK FNKDP
.DK=CK ,B BRKR\ Q"ZFGP KJGYKN
.D[=C[ 'PT ,CSZ ,F"R[\ OKN[GZK ,Q"ZF \GIK[
170
171
172
173
174
175
OKZ\S \NKDP
QI NTCM QPIR 'Z
176
|
98
:"\TV[F NMN L\NV\C KM /\B[R NM KRKTC QI"
GKNT FKFG" .QI NTCM QPIR 'Z IC[ \B \GCZ OKPTV OKBXGP GRB \KCNSZCF \GZVSC
GKVP BXK[M KM" 177;"ONGTC[ FBNVR FCFBG FBZK BNP FKFG .ONGTC[ QI KRKP NM
FCZF GRPT IK[PG ZCEP FKF" 178;"EBP [GEYG \PB QI KRKP NMC BXK [GEYF ZGCEF
ZGCEF \RGP\ ZBCN Z[VB KB" 179;"EBP EBP BZGRG BNVR K\PB QICG FNGED FIP[C
FZFJCG F[GEYC [GEYF GKVP BXK[ \GPKTRF \KNM\C YG\PFG OKTRF BZGRFG [GEYF
KP NM QGEKDKG QGEKTK Z[BM ONGTC[ QI QKP NM GN FKF[ ,TKHG \\ZC FBZKCG FPKBC
180
."BPNTE KNKPC GNKVB GPT ZCEN FMH[
ZIBN UB QPIR 'Z N[ GKRV NT LGSR FKF[ BNVRF QIF \B \GPTV\FC ZB\P Q\R 'Z
:G\ZKJV
...WZBF NT IRGP ZCM GK\BXPG GZEIN FMZCN GRGZMH GKNB K\BCG K\ZHI
\GBZGRF GKRV Z\SNY \GMH \GBZGRG ,\XY LKKIP GPM FKFG FNGDP GKRV GK\BXPG
FP C[IG FRBG FRB G\KCC LNF[ \TC GKKIC GKRV ZBG\ GPM [PP GKF ,HB
BZGRF QIF G\GB ,\GPNGTF NMC[ K\PB QI KRKP NM GKNT IRGP FKF[ C[I[
\BH ZKKXN Z[VB KBG WZBF NT IRGP GK\KBZ[ \TC HB GKNT GKF BNVRF KVGKFG
\IBG FRF \IB G\KCC LNF[M N"RF \TC GKKIC G\GBZN FMH[ KPN OB-KM
181
.FRF
EIK \XCYPG QPIR 'Z N[ EIGKPF QIN BKF UB \SIKK\P "Q"ZFGP KKI" ZVSF \PK\I
:IK[PNG QPIR 'ZN ,QIN OKZG[YF OKCKMZP
FHC Q\R KCZ CZF GRZGP O[ C\M[ EK \CK\M Q"ZFGP KKI ZVSC K\BXP FH
FZFJCG F[GEYC GKVP BXK[M [GEYF ZGCKEF ZBV NEGD ZBVK KP :QG[NF
GKZGCE NT IRGP FKF \GKP[DC GNKVB[ ,\GZKFCF \KNM\C \GMHCG \GIXC
EBP GNFCR OKJG[V OK[RB GNKVB Z[B ,ONGTC[ QI KRKP NM OK[GEYF
ZK[ ,"GRPGN[ K[RBP EIB N[ G\I\PBC BXPR"G QPIR 'Z EGCMN C\MR[ "\GEKEK ZK[" LG\P
ZIB \GEKEK ZK[CG .E 'PT ,KR[ YNI ,(D"P[\) Q"ZFGP KKIC OD SVER FH ZK[ .IR 'PT ,\GEKEK
\GEKEK ZK[F K\BXPG" ,"LKRV \ZEF NT L[PR FKF K\PB QIG ESI N[ JGI" OKBXGP GRB
"TYGGKETGGETPP N"H NKERTP NBKIK F"GP 'GMG KRCZF F"F FMZC GKZIB IKRF[ OKC\MF LG\C
.(DK PT ,\GEKEK ZK[)
.CSZ 'PT ,(D) DPZ ,G\D[F \GBZGR \NGED ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI
.(DM) HZ ,QKPGBC G\CK[KG G\TKSR ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI
.JXY 'PT ,DRY ,Q"ZF \GIK[
K\PBF F[GEYE QI :\"RZFGP OTV ZPB" :[EGY KVZ[ IK[C BCGP LMG .CSZ 'PT ,JKZ ,O[
,[EGY KVZ[ IK[) "ZY[ N[ QIP KRB KYR ,NBN FEG\ ONGB ,GHM \PB QI KN QKB KRB ,GRCZN FKF
.(JTY 'PT ,IM[\ ,C YNI
.EX 'PT ,FS ,QG[BZ YNI ,\"RZFGP KPK
176
177
178
179
180
181
99
|
QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPE QCMG KCNSZC YKEXM IK[PF NT
GPT ZCEP FKF[ KP NMG .GKVP GKZGCKE TGP[N EKP\ OKVSMR GKFG ,GKZGCKEP
[EGY \NFYC[ OKT[ZF GNKVBG .NGED \GYYG\[FC GKZIB LZMRG L[PR FKF
KZGFZF FPMG FPM OFN GKF[ ET \XY GZZGT\RG GKZIB OKMGZM GKF ONGM QPGB
ZCM[ ,[GZVC OFKVC GZVKS Z[BM .ONGTP OCN NT FNT BN[ FP ,FCG[\
ZGFZF OG[ OFN FKFK BN KBEGC[ OKEPGTG OKTC[GPM GKFG ,QPXT G[BKK\F
FKF[ KP NMN OSZGVPM FCG[\ ZGFZF EX OG[P KZPDN OKYGIZ GKFG ,FCG[\
-UB ,FCG[\ ZGFZF QM-OD OFKNB TKDF OK[GEYF GKZGCKE KEK-NTG .O\GB ZKMP
,BN NNM NNM ,F[GEY KRKKRTPG FCG[\ KRKKRTP OFPT ZCKE BN ONGTP[ KV-NT
-KV-NT-UB ,BPNTC OKZGVKSG QKNGI \GIK[ OFPT ZCEP FKF EKP\ BCZEB YZ
CG[N EBP OKMGPS GKF[ ET ,ECN GN[ OKZGCKEP F[GEYF KZIB GM[PR QM
YN\SRG EBP DGZJYF ZCD\F[ FT[F FVZJR F\KKF BN OBG .LZC\K GKNB
182
.'GMG 'GMG LZC\K GKNB OKC[ GKF KBEGC ,TXPBC
QI KRKP NM"C QKICFN FKF Q\KR \GKP[DC GNKVB[ ,QPIR 'Z KZGCKE IC[C I\GV TJYF
GNKVB ZZGTP FKF[ ,QIF N[ G\PXT \ZBG\P L[PFC .OFKNT OKZG[ GKF[ "ONGTC[
GKZGCKE TGP[N EKP\ OKVSMR GKFG" ,FNGED \GYYG\[FG OKVGSKM OKJG[V OK[RBC
QMG\F QF ."NGED \GYYG\[FC GKZIB LZMRG L[PR FKF GPT ZCEP FKF[ KP NMG .GKVP
IK[PF N[ QIN OKZ\S \NKDPC OKBCGPF OKZGBK\N EGBP ET OKCGZY QG[NF QFG
FCFBFG ZEFFG QIF \PIP GKNB ONGM GNJC\K" :GN [K[ \MNF \YKIZP FTV[FNG
ONGMG" 183;"KZPDN GKRVN GNJC\K[ ET GKNB ONGM GYYG\[KG GVSMK[ \YYG\[FG
184
."GKNB \YYG\[FFG QIF \PIP YZ FPINPG [TZ KNC GNXB GNJC\K
'Z QKC F\KKF[ \RKKRTPF OKSIKF \[ZV \ZHTC \PDEGP QPIR 'Z N[ QIF \PXT
QPIR 'Z 185.QPGB KNKM[P FPF BNF ,"QPGB [EGY \NKFYC[ OKT[ZF" QKCN QPIR
KZCE GB ZSGP \VJF ,SGPNGV \ZHTC BN F[GEYF NB OKNKM[PF \B LG[PN IKNXF
QIF KRKPC FKF OIGM[ ,"BPNTC OKZGVKSG QKNGI \IK["C YZG LB BNB 186,FZG\
'Z N[ GEGCM[ UB .FCG[\N OKTPG[F \B GZZGT[ OFG OFKNT OKKGZ[ GKF[ F[GEYFG
.BT\=T\ 'PT ,(G) EKZ\ ,O[F \EGCT ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI
.16=14 'G[ ,FKKR[ FIK[
.65=64 'G[ ,O[
,OKZGSKKF NTC ,QKZD FBZ QPGB KNKM[PG QPIR 'Z QKC OKSIKF \MZTPG OK[DVPF NT
,ZRKKV OD FBZ OKNKM[PNG FNM[FN GPXT Q\R 'Z N[ GSIK NT .\GZTFC O[G 260=245 'PT
.ECNC FRGPBC
"ONGT KNYF" OT QPIR 'Z N[ GYGSKT[ Z\GK UB [DEGP QKZFT[JP QPIR 'Z N[ GRG[NC
GRKCZ ZIB EBP GM[PR OFP \XY QM-KV-NT-UB LB FIMG\G IGMKG LZEC FKF BN" QPGBC[
QPHF CGZKYC GRKCZ YN\SR FKF BN OB[ BNP FVC GZPB[ ET EBP GKRVN GTRMRG GNJC\RG N"H
GTY\ ,KR[ YNI ,FPMIN \GBZVZV) "FCG[\C OKZHGI OF OD GKF KHB QKPGBC G\CK[KP LM NM
.(110 'PT ,I FIMG\
182
183
184
185
186
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
100
FBZR ,GNM[ \GVKZIG G\GRKR[N OKYGIZ CZYN G\INXF FSIGK GNKB ODVR FKF BN QPIR
KVGKFG QIF KRKP \TV[FC BYGGE F[TR OKYGIZF CGZKY[ [KDEFN Q\R 'ZN FKF CG[I[
EPGT OKZCEF TYZC[ FBZR .ZIB QVGB OG[C BNG ,QPIR 'Z KZCE NT OKZG[ GKF[
KNKM[P N[ FZYPF .QIF NTCG FNKV\F NTC ,USGK \RKIC YKEXM QPIR 'Z N[ KGFKHF
FT[F FVZJR BNGN \G[TNG NGTVN NGMK FKF QPIR 'Z[ FPN ECNC FPDGE BGF QPGB
'GMG LZC\K GKNB OKC[ GKF KBEGC"[ Q\R 'Z N[ G\ZKPB .G\NGTV TXPBC YN\SRG
O\CK[ BNB ,LZC\K GKNB OKC[ GKF QPGB KNKM[P YZ BN[ ,\HPZPM \KBZR 187"'GMG
FCZF DGZI\[ QPIR 'Z N[ \CIZRG \MNGF FTV[FC QG[BZ CN[ \GKFN F\KKF FZGPB
FBKZY Z[BP OKZCEF L[PF QMBG .NBZ[K KRGPB KPGN[ NFYG GKEKSI DGIN ZCTP
'Z N[ G\TV[F \GCIZ\FC ECNC CGMKT FKF QPIR 'Z N[ G\GP[ FNGT GMG\PG ,\BH
QKCN G\ZG\ \NTPG QPIR 'Z \GNEDC FZMFF \GJ[V\F QKC FZK[K FYKH [K[ QMG ,QPIR
:KIK[PF QEKTF
\DNVF OXGT LZTC GNXB \GRDN C[IR NMF GRPP OKZVSP GRB[ FP NMG
G\NTP OXGTP GFXY SVB ZVSN Z[VB KB 'GMG GKE OKPKF NM GNB KM .G\NTP
BPS 'GMG G\[GEY OXGT QFG ,OSZGVPF G\ZG\G G\PMGI \NGED QF ,G\[GEYG
GRCZ \NGED OXGT GBZKG GTEK HB 189FNK[ BGCK KM ET 188.BYG\[P B\NPE
IK[P BGCK[ \TC FCZF GRPP GZVSK HB KM ,FMZCN GRGZMH BZGRFG [GEYF
NBGDF[ LZC\K O[F NXB NTV[ OKCZC ZVKS Z[BM ,GKXNIP BXK[ GRYEX
191
.QPB GRKPKC FZFPC BGCK[ QGXZ KFK 190.GKXNI KBXGKP FKFK YEX
FYK\[ FVK[ [I BGF EIB EXP .Q\R 'Z KZCEC ZMKR FZKPBG FYK\[ QKC I\PF
ZZGTN NGNT QPGSZV[G \GRZPGK N[ CGJZGYP Z\GK QFC [K[ FBZR[ ,GNB \GVY[FN
BN GPXT QPIR 'Z BNF ,BSKD LEKBP ."BYG\[P B\NPE BPS" QM NTG ,\YGNIPG DTN
,KIK[PF QEKTC .GKXNI KBXGKP FKFK IK[PF[ OKCZC ZVKSG EGSC GNB OKZCE ZP[
.BT\ 'PT ,(G) EKZ\ ,O[F \EGCT ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI
,FYK\[F BKF QKRPPSF NM ZICP { BYG\[P FNGME BPS" :ZBCP FNKDP \MSPC K"[Z
.(B"T IK FNKDP) "FNF\ FKPGE LN (C ,FS OKNF\) GRKKFG ,OKZCE \GCZFN BN[
.K ,JP \K[BZC
FKFK YEX NBGDF[ LZC\K O[F NXB K\NTV FH NCB ,TEGK KRKB KPT F[TR FKFK[ FP ZPB"
OF KM GKRC \B NGED \GCK[IC YKHIFNG ECMN EBP ZKFHFG ,OKCZC \BH ZPBG .KXNI KBXGKP
IYN GKXNI KBXGK[ ZPB OD .EBP OKBNVRG OKCGJ \GZV OFP OKNED GKFKG ,EBP OKZYK \GRNKB
.(HTZ 'PT ,|EN~ ETZ ,G\D[F \GBZGR \NGED ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI) "\GNKXBF ONGTP
,QPIR 'Z N[ FRTJN QCGPM FZG[Y QPIR 'Z N[ GXNI KBXGKP FKFK NBGDF[ \GZ[VBF
,|H~ GNZ ,'F \EGCTC G\IZJG G\TKDK ,O[) "ONGTFN TGEKM EGE \KC \GMNPP FBC G\IV[P["
.(FRZ=ERZ 'PT
.BT\ 'PT ,(G) EKZ\ ,O[F \EGCT ,O[
187
188
189
190
191
101
|
QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPE QCMG KCNSZC YKEXM IK[PF NT
FRRKB GH FTKEK .QPIR 'Z \NGED OXGT GBZKG GTEK ONGM ,FNK[ BGCK KM \T ,Q\R 'Z ZVSP
,KIK[PF FGGFN \KNBGJYB \GTP[P \NTC BKF BNB QPIR 'Z N[ CGJF GP[ QGYK\ YZ
QM[ ,\K[KB FKF\ IK[PN QPIR 'Z \YKH ,QM NT Z\K ."FCZF GRPP GZVSK HB KM"
ECNC \KDGNGKC FRRKB GH FTKCY \GTP[P[ KBEG ."GKXNI KBXGKP KFK YEX NBGDF"
OKZCEF .IK[PN QPIR 'Z QKC [K[ \K\GFPF \KRIGZF \GKM[PFN KGJKC BNB
\NKDPC ZKKJXP BGF[ KVM QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPE QCM IK[PF ZGBK\C CJKF OKCN\[P
\B ZPD KEKN BKCFN IKNXK Z[B BGFG G\KKXK GN[ IK[P .Q"ZFGP KJGYKNCG OKZ\S
BGCK KM \T FCZF GRPP GZVSKG GC GYSTK ONGM[ ,CNSZCP QPIR 'Z N[ KRIGZF NTVPF
.FNK[
FKKNTF KIC[N [EYGPF ZVS ,"\RKGXPF QGKX" GZVSN FPEYFC WKCGZGF NBGP[ 'Z
KVGBN \KCNSZCF FSKV\F N[ K\KXP\G ZXY ZGBKC BKCP ,QPGBC QPIR 'Z N[ GRGKXN
:IK[PN QPIR 'Z QKC[ FYKHF
GRKCZ QGYK\C ONGTF QY\K IK[P[ TGEKMG .IK[P \P[R [ZG[ BGF N"H GRKCZG
Q"ZFGP KKIC BCGP QMG OK[GEYF GKZVSC BCGP[ OKRGYK\FG \GXTFC GRKKF N"H
YGNKIF[ YZ ,\G[TN NGMK KRB NBZ[KN \GCGJ F[TK IK[P[ FP NM[ ZPB[
Z[YK IK[P ODG .QKKET ZGPDN NGMK KRKB KRB NCB OGYKG ZGHDK IK[P[ BGF
USGK \GPXT \B F[P IYKG |\R~'KICC |QPIR 'Z~ YN\SR ZCM[ YKEXF OT GPXT
193
.'GMG 192GPT
\P[R BGF QPIR 'Z N[ G\P[R [ZG[[ QTGJ GRKB WKCGZGF NBGP[ 'Z ,YKKEN KGBZ
BKF IK[PF \GNKTV .QPIR 'Z BGF IK[PF \P[R [ZG[ :LVFN YGKEC BNB ,IK[PF
ZCM IK[PF LNK FC[ \KRIGZF LZEF \B .QPIR 'Z GC NIF[ QGYK\N L[PFG FENG\
NTG ,GKZVSC FCIZFC \GJZGVPF GK\GDFRFCG GKRGYK\C CNSZCP QPIR 'Z CXKTG NNS
LMCG ,F\ZHTC GNGM ONGTF \B QY\NG FC \MNNG GH LZE O[KKN YZ NJGP IK[PF
194
.OKKSN FMH BN \GRG[ \GCKSP LB \G[TN QPIR 'Z NIF Z[B \B ZPD KEKN BKCFN
YN\SR ZCM[ |QPIR 'Z~ YKEXF OT GPXT Z[YK"G ,\TEGP FKF\ QPIR 'ZN IK[PF \YKH
."GPT |QPIR 'Z GRKKFE~ USGK |QC IK[P~ \GPXT \B |IK[P~ F[P IYKG \RKICC
.JK ,DK \GP[ 192
.F=D 'PT ,\RKGXPF QGKX 193
:FBG[F KRVN[ F[ZGGC OKJNGCF CNSZC KEKSIP ,ZJKKZC YIXK 'Z C\GM GH IGZC OKZCE 194
GRYEX IK[PN OKNM QKMF BGF KM ONGTC FKF BN FPM'I ZGY'P TCG'R NI'RF [GEKI KM TEKN"
FKDGNRBF Z[VN .(ET 'PT ,YIXK \KZB[ ,"YKEXF EGPT") "ONGTF QY\N OFC OGINK IK[PFG
.L[PFC SIKK\B USGKN QPIR 'Z QKC
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
102
QPIR 'ZG KZDRGFF QKKF ,IK[PF
OTV .|KZDRGF~ ZT[KZDRKB CGJ QKK OT NGED ZIGS TSR \IB OTV[ ,N[P ZPB
OT FHF LZEC OKTSGR GRB BNF \KCF-NTCFN FNDT-NTCFG \Z[PF GZPB \IB
FHP OGTJN OFN Q\RG .JTP OGTJN GRN GR\ LM NM ZTXF OKNCGS GRBG ,FHF QKKF
ZKTC QKK K\G[ OT EIK ETGG\R \Z[PF FH[ NDND\R OKPK ZIBN .CGJF QKKF
\Z[PF ZPB .ZT[KZDRGB QKK BGF[ GZPBG ,EBP G\GB GIC[G QKK G\[G FRJY
,NNM ZT[KZDRGB CGJ QKK FH QKB[ TEGK KRB ZPBG .GN GR\RG OGTJN KN GR\ N"RF
KM ,NNM ZT[KZDRGB QKK FH QKB[ TEGK KRB BNF ZPB BGFG .G\GB GVIEG GC GZTDG
NCB ,ZPBG .GKNT GIKD[F BN OFG 'GMG FHM NGED ZIGS NXB K\KKF KRB BNF
\GTJFN GNMGK OKZIBN KHB ,ZPG[PF QKK GR\K[M GTEK HB IK[P BGCK[M EK\TN
,ZPG[PF CGJF QKK BGF[ OFN GZPBKG ZKJXKGGBZJS QK[IKNBGG QKK OFN GR\KG
195
.'GMG CGJF QKKF GRPTJ GRIRB KM \GTJFN GNMGK BN GRPGN[ K[RBN NCB
OTJ[ KPG ,"GBZG GPTJ" \RKICC BNB \GKRGKT FEKP \GPBC F[TR GRKB IK[PF QICP
ZPGB 196,"QKET OGNM K\GB GPTJ BN ONGTF" .ONGTN GC FTJK BN KZDRGF QKK \IB OTV
QKKF N[ GPTJ BGF FHF OTJFG ,JTP KRPP O\PTJ O\B LB ;GKEKSIN QPIR 'Z
CNSZC KEKSI \B NKX\[ BKF GH FPKTJ .IK[PF \GPKN ,BGCN EK\TN ZGP[F KZDRGFF
OD QPIR 'Z SIKK\F KZDRGFF QKKN .ZY[ N[ \GZG\CG OKVKGHP OKYKEXC \GTJNP
:ZPB LMG ,\VSGR \GRPEHFC
ZTKKH ZFKB JTGG ZY[ N[ OKPSZGVP ...LZC\K O[F NXB K\NTV OKZCE F[N[
QKKGG Q[KZBDRGB OTE JMGHZBV QKG[ JBF ZFKB QYGY QB QTRTY JKR OKRV
QKKFP O\PTJ ZCM O\B ,OVGXZVC JKCFN GNMG\ BN ZY[ N[ OKPSZGVP~
197
.|KZDRGFF
KCNSZCF YKEXF BNB ,K\PBF ZCEF N[ F[GNY FBGCCC ZCGEP QKB ,[KDEFN CG[I
QKKF OTJM GPTJ[ QKK BNG K\PB KZDRGF QKK GPTJ OKEKSIF .K\PBF ZCEF BGF
198
.KIK[PF QEKTF N[ GPTJ \B OGKF ZCM OTGJ QPIR 'ZP OTGJ[ KP .KZDRGFF
BN BGF ,\GZGEF YKEX GB \PBF YKEX \RKICC ,YKEXF" :GZPBC QKNJKKX NNF QGMR QGGKM
199
."GPXT IK[PF N[ OGEY KGNKD ,QGMR Z\GK ,GB ,QYGKE \GPE OB KM ,IK[PF NB ZCTP YZ
\GCKSP[ ECNC \KNBKXRJGV \GMKB FRKB QPIR 'ZC \PKKY\PF "IK[PF \RKIC"
QPIR 'Z .F[PP\FG FPKKY\F[ FRKIC BKF BNB ,[PP\FN FN Z[VB\F BN \GRG[
.ISZ=HSZ 'PT ,(M) SZ ,G\D[F \GBZGR \NGED ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI
.K[ 'PT ,(B) P[ ,OK[GEYF GKZVSG G\ZG\ \NTP ,O[
.JM\=IM\ 'PT ,GM UKTS ,NHZC F"KRCB
.269 'PT ,QGTDK[G FYKJSKP ,YZP FBZ \GKEK\TF \GD[FF \B F\T DK[P[ YKEXF NT
.327 'PT ,\GPNGT KR[ NGCD NT ,QKNJKKX
195
196
197
198
199
103
|
QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPE QCMG KCNSZC YKEXM IK[PF NT
:OTV ZPB"[ Q\R 'Z KZCEN Z[VF GFH 200.FNGBDC FMH GN \KKX[ KPG ,IK[P FKF
ZCM IK[P G\RKICPG ,IK[P CGMKT ZCM QKB GEKXP[ ,ZPGBM ,'BC ZCM KN[ IK[PF'
201
."QTPGYKD QKG[ HKB IK[P QKKP" ,BC
,N"RF ;188=179 'PT ,\KEGFKF \GKIK[PF ,QE FBZ QPIR 'Z N[ G\EPT N[ JTP FRG[ ZGBK\N 200
.311=309 ,263=253 'PT ,FSVKNYGVB
"QKVRB ZKTHC FNGBD QEKT QKTP"M YKEXF NT .BVY 'PT ,JN[\ B ,C YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[ 201
.175=174 'PT ,FYKJSKPM \GEKSIF ,ZPKKFRVGB-W"[ FBZ FNNMC \GEKSIC
C YZV
OKZ\S \NKDPC ENKMG YGRK\M IK[PF \GPE NT
:IK[PF N[ ZKTXF GNKD BGF OKZ\S \NKDPC FFKP\ ZZGTPG TK\VP B[GR
ZMHRF~ 'NRF 'B OGK GRKKF OGKF G\GBC .|EIB OGKG~ 'BGKG |FR[ C"K~ '[CK QC
|S~'RMK OGKF G\GBCG |ONGTF NM~ 'TFM NT |ZS~'KY F[TR |F~'KFK HB |NKTN
'KFGBC |EIB OGKG~ 'BG |2B"K~ 'GB |\~'C |F~'KF\ |BKF1G~ 'KFR) :|FV~'GIN
GN GR\KG (FVGIN SGRMK[ |OGK~'C 'ZP[ 'N[K 'DK 'F[ 'C 'B |OGKF G\GBC~
3 44 3
.|YRB~'[KD |F[~'ZE
SRMR OD BGF OGKF G\GBCG ,ONGTF ZSKYM IK[PF Z\MGP FZ[T OK\[ NKDC ZCM
\BG ,IK[PF N[ \KZGCKXF GMZE \K[BZ GH QKB[ OKEPN GRB FNKDPF L[PFP .FVGIN
:QMN OEGY EGT OKCG[I OKEKYV\ ZVSP BNKP[ ZIBN YZ NCYP BGF ONGTF \GZSKY
|FZ~'G\C QKKTN NKI\K[ NBZ[K NMC |FBZGF FZGPN~ 'GFGPN NCY\K FNKI\CG
NCY\K[ ET |\GCG[\G \GNB[~ '\G[ GKNB IGN[N GNKI\KG \GD[F DK[K[ ET
:|NBZ[K NMC~ K'MC |EIB~'B |FBZGF FZGP~ 'ZGFGP BGF[ ONGM NXB
ET |ONGM NT~ 'MT |ZS~'KY |LM ZIBG~ 'MIBG |NBZ[K LNP~ 'KP |F~'KFK FNKI\C
GVSMK[ \YYG\[FG FCFBFG ZEFFG QIF \PIP GKNB ONGM GNJC\K UGSC Z[B
5
.KZPDN GKRVN GNJC\K[ ET GKNB ONGM GYYG\[KG
.'RC 'G UKNIFG ,YK\TPF FTJ FBZRM
.G"BC B"K UKNIF[ ,YK\TP \GTJ KNGB
.FRG\I \R\P GRKKFE ,F[ZE \R\P
,IK[PF N[ GNKDN SIKC JGZKV QKB FRG[BZF FIK[C[ CN OK[N KGBZ .7=3 'G[ ,FKKR[ FIK[
FIK[C OKBCGP FH QKKRTC OKJZVF NMG ,GDGH \C \B BXPK GC[ LKNF\NG FRG\IF QPHN
SIKK\P ,FKKR[F FIK[C BCGPF "|OKR[ 'K~ [K ZIB FKFK FHG" JV[PF[ QM\KK .FKKR[F
Z[T ZIB FRGGMF[ QM\KKG ,FKBZ LMN QKB LB ;KIK[PF YGRK\F N[ G\ENGF HBP OKR[ Z[TN
.KIK[PF LKNF\C OEGY CN[P OKR[
.16=9 'G[ ,FKKR[ FIK[
1
2
3
4
5
105
|
OKZ\S \NKDPC ENKMG YGRK\M IK[PF \GPE NT
QRGKDFP OD ZC\SP LMG ,\G[IZ\FF ZES KV NT \GZEGSP GNB \GBYSV K\[ OB
LNP FKFK QM KZIB ,NBZ[K NMN FBZGF FZGP IK[PF [P[K FNKI\[ KZF ,KPKRVF
\VSGR \GSIKK\F FR[K FNKDPF L[PFC .ONGM NT ZSKYM Z\MGK QMP ZIBN YZG ,NBZ[K
:FNMF NKDNG FRG\IN
FKF[ |KV NT UB~ 'VTB LGEK[ GN G[YCK HB |NBZ[K WZBC~ 'KBC |F~'KFK[M
ZKHIP FEKCB NTC[ \PIP LB |[EGYF IGZ~ 'YFGZ |KV NT~ 'VT FKFK[ KGBZ
|EIB OGKG~ 'BGKG |B"K \C~ 'BKC FKF\ BKFG .LGEK[ GN G[YCK |QM NT~ 'MT 'GMG
6
.GPT |FV~GIN SGRM\ OGKF G\GBCG
:FNKDPF UGSC TKVGP NKDF QKKRTC Z\GKC TK\VPF QG\RF
HB |F~'KFK[ ZVKS[ FPGEPM |NKTN ZMHRF~ 'NRF |FBZGF FZGP~ 'ZGFGP QKRTC
7
.|NBZ[K NMC~ 'KMC |FBZGF FZGPN~ 'ZGFGPN NCY\K HBG |OKR[ 'D~ '[D QC
OKZ\SF \NKDPC YZG LB FZGYP[ OKEPNPF ,OKTCGZP OKKZDGSC FTKVGP GH FYSV
BKF QKB Q\R 'Z N[ GEK C\MC FCG\MF FNKDPC GNKBG ,QPNH 'Z N[ GEK C\MC FCG\MF
8
.FTKVGP
QGZMKH FC \GBZN I\V \I\GV[ ,"FPGEPM" ,\DKGSP QG[NC \BCGP GH FYSV
GEK C\MC OKZ\SF \NKDPC TKVGF BN G\GZKZC-KB NNDC[ QM\KK[ ,ZGZC BNG YVGSP
OK\[ IK[PN \GBNP OZJC OB[ ,\R\GR \TEF GH FYSV BNC OD ONGBG .Q\R 'Z N[
FZGP \GKFN ZCM YKVSF QMN OEGY EGTG ,ONGTF ZSKYM Z\MGP ZCM BGF FR[ FZ[T
\B NKI\FN ZGPB[ ,BNV ENKC ZCGEP FZYP NMC[ KZF ,NBZ[K NM NT LNPG FBZGF
.EGBP QJY ENK GEGTC \KZGCKXF GMZE
IK[PF ENKF .1
9
Z\GK \NNGM FVY[FP YNI OF OKZ\S \NKDPC OKCZ OKCKMZP[ ,OEGYF YZVC GRKBZ
GKC\MC OD K\GDFG KR[ZE KGJKC OD GNCKY GNB OKCKMZP[G ,IK[PF NT QPIR 'Z N[
GK\G[ZEC FZK[K \GSIKK\F JTPM QKB ENKM IK[PF \KKDGSN[ KRPGEPM .OKKGNDF
.71=68 'G[ ,O[
.95=94 'G[ ,O[
SZJRGYFC K\BXP BN FRKCN KBXI KR[C OKZDSGPF OKZGCKEF GNB |YK\TPF ZPB~ 'FB"
K\KBZ[ FP \BH K\Y\TF YZ |FMZCN GZMH Q\R 'Z CZF GRZGP~ 'NH '\RZFGP GRZGP EK \CK\M
\CK\MC C\MRF TYGGEKGGETPP |FMZCN GZMH~ 'NH QPNH 'Z |YEX FZGPG~ 'WGPG CZF \Y\TFC
.(FKKR[F FIK[F UGS) "GEK
,OGN[ OD FBZG .F[GN[ ,QPZEGZ ;ENKF N[ VKJKMZBF ,DRGK FBZ TK[GPF ENKF CKJGP NT
.YGRK\F NBKED KCZ
6
7
8
9
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
106
,QPIR 'Z N[ GKKI \GZGYN Z[YFC \BH \PGTN FNGT BKF LB ,QPIR 'Z N[ GK\GIK[CG
.G"SY\ { OKZ\S \NKDP FRG[BZN FZPBR FC[ FR[ F\GBC EIGKP NY[P FN [KG
I\PC FNGED \GPXT\F FNI FMNFPCG G"SY\ \R[ \BZYN[ ,GBZF QKZDG 'HBYKKV
\GTGC[F DI ZIBN ET ZP[R FHF I\PF .GC OKKGZ[ GKF GKEKSIG QPIR 'Z[ KIK[PF
GNKCGF OKVSGR OKPZGDG ENKF \ZKJV .OKZVB FPN[ ,QPIR 'Z N[ GRC ZJVR[M ,G"SY\
QPIR 'Z KZCE 10.FGGY\F \B FVKNIF FCHMBFG ,KJGYBF KIK[PF I\PF \GDDGV\FN
OKPKDEP ,E"R[\ \R[C "[EGY KVZ[ IK[" ZVSC FRG[BZN GPSZV\F[ ,QNFN BKCR[
:ENKF \ZKJV \GCYTC BC[ IGZF LNFC KCJGYF LVFPF \B CJKF
EDCC [GCN FKF GRCZ QC OKZVB FPN[ KCZ N[ \KZCF \IP[N NEGK KCZ BC[M
KRV NCY\ EGT FHF EDCF OT :GN ZPBG FIP[C GKNB FRV GRCZ GFBZ[M ,[EI
FR[ FBP ET BGCK BN ZCM IK[P :GRCZ ZPB ,ENKF ZJVR[M LM ZIB .IK[P
KCZ GNB[ .KBEGGB ZBK JZTERGF HKC QTPGY J[KR QKG[ JTGG IK[P { KBEG
LM :GRCZ GN FRT ?FHF EDCF OT IK[P KRV NCYB[ KN O\ZPB KZF :NEGK
JRKKF JDBHKD JNBPTE LKB CBF KGHB { \ZIB KRB ZPGB OGKFG ,HB K\ZPB
11
.J[ZTERB LKB DBH
OFN [K[ OKPZGD O\GBC EYP\B QM NTG ,ZYIPC FCIZFC GRGEKR FZC[G FGGY\F
.GRRKKRTN FZK[K FTKDR
NKMFN NGMK[ F[P \RKIC YKEXM GPXT \B FBZ QPIR 'Z[ UB[ ,FIGMR FBZF QKZD
G\YKH ZYKT[ [I[ KZF ,EGE QC IK[P \RKIC \B ODG USGK QC IK[P \RKIC \B OD
\GGY\ OKZVB FPN[ GRCC FN\ QPIR 'Z 12.USGK QC IK[PN OKZG[Y G\P[R [ZG[G
,ZPBG FRT" .KPNGT UBG KPGBN QGSB BNB K[KB QGSB YZ BN FBZ G\ZKJVCG ,\GNGED
ENKF \GYN\SF QKRT ONGTC FKF[ FHF ZC[F OGXTG NGED FP OKTEGK O\B FP
OKNGMK GRB ENKF \ZKJV \GCYTC BC[ KPNGT ZC[ G\GB N[ G\GFP NT 13."N"RF
.QPIR 'Z N[ \GVSGR \GZKPB FPMP EGPNN
NXB K\NTV FH" QPIR 'Z N[ \KCPGVFG FZGZCF G\HZMF \EPGT OKZCEF TYZC
ZZGTN F\KKF FNGNT[ UB ,GH FHZMF ."KXNI KBXGKP FKFK YEX NBGDF[ LZC\K O[F
ZHGI C\GMF Z[BM ,CNSZC KC\MC OKPTV FPM FSVEGFG ,FZ\SGF BN ,\YGNIP
OSZVN C\GMF GPXTN F[ZF OD QMN FBZRMG ,"OKCZC \BH ZPB" QPIR 'Z[ [KDEPG
OKJZV OR[K .213=180 'PT ,OKZGSKF NTC ,QKZD ;82=56 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV FBZ
OKGGYF OT OKMSP KRB LB ,QKZD O\GB ZBK\ FC[ LZEFP ZIB QVGBC FBGZ KRB[ OKRG[
KIK[PF I\PN KNNMF QGYK\FG FNKN FZYPN QGYK\F N[ G\YKH \NB[C .GZGBK\ N[ OKKHMZPF
.O\G[CD\F LKNF\ ,YZP FBZ
.CKY 'PT ,\"RZFGP \GENG\ ;GN 'PT ,CNY ,C YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[
.194=182 'PT ,OKZGSKF NTC ,QKZD
.JK 'PT ,BK ,QG[BZ YNI ,\"RZFGP KPK
10
11
12
13
107
|
OKZ\S \NKDPC ENKMG YGRK\M IK[PF \GPE NT
OKEYGPP OKZCE OD OKBCGP "Q"ZFGP KKI"C 14.\YGNIPF KGCKNP [[IF UB NT \BH
GKF KNPNBG" :OKZVB FPN[ YGRK\C F\N\R[ FGGY\F NEGD \B ZBCN OFC [K[ ,Z\GK
ONGTF FKF ZCM ,GPGYP BNPPF QC FMZCN GRGZMH GRCZP ZB[R FKFK[ ONGTF QKMGH
15
."CGJ Z\GKF EX NT G\GPN[G GRGY\G GBGNP NT QY\\R
ONGT QGYK\N ZCEF NKCGK OKKIC QCF ZB[KK OB[ ,F\KKF FGGY\F[ BGVB ZZC\P
,TCGR NGEDF ZC[F .KIK[PF QEKTC YZG LB [IZ\FN NGMK FZGBMN[ QGYK\ ,GBGNPG
FKFK ,QPIR 'Z N[ GKXNI BXGK ,OKZVB FPN[ YGRK\F[ \GZ[VBF \XPIFP ,QM OB
QGKTP OD Z\GK ZZC\P FH QKKRT .IK[PF \BCFC KHMZP EKYV\ BNPK GB IK[PF GPXTC
.QNFN[ \GZGYPC
:ENKF \ZKJV \GCYTC QPIR 'Z ZPB[ OKZCE NT Q\R 'Z ZVSP "Q"ZFGP KKI"C
.FMZCN GRGZMH OKZVB FPN[ ENKF GRC ZJVR QGKS [EIC G"SY\ \R[C WKYC HB
GRGZMH GRCZ ZPB[ FP ,FHF [GEYF ZYKF ENKF QKRTP ZIB OGYPC ZBGCP ZCMG
16
.'GMG QMGP FKF ZCM[ FMZCN
F\KKF \KPKRVF FZGHRXF EK[ EKTP 'GMG ZGXKYF YZG ,QBM ZCSGP BN QMGP FKF FP
OFC Z[BG Q\R 'Z N[ OKC\MF \I\PBC QKZFT[JP QPIR 'Z BXP[ OKZCEC .OKZCEC
OKZCEN FPN[F FR[K FZVGS FC[ FKXBGJKSF NTG OKZ\S \NKDP NT Q\R 'Z ZVSP
:QMGP FKF ZCM FP FNB[NG "Q"ZFGP KKI"C GZ\SGF[
CB OIRP 'F QG[BZ OGK Y"VN G"SY\ \R[ ,GRG[N FHG O[ CG\M K\BXP EGT
FKF ZCM[ ZPBG ,GRKPKC FZFPC YEX NBGDF \BKC ZES NM [GEYF GKVP GRTP[
BGCK OGK FHKBCG [EI FHKBCG FR[ FHKBC TEKG OKR[ FHKB EGTC BGCK[ QMGP
FKF CGMTF[ FKF GKZCEP QCGPF KVMG QPHF G\GBC BGCK BN KBEGC G[MT LB
.FMZCN YKEX ZMH OKZVB FPN[ QJYF GRC GNXB ZJVR[ \PIP
N"RF QKRT QM OD ZPBG N"RF ENKF \ZKJV ZIB LGPS KPT ZVKS OEGYP OD
G[MT LB 'GMG [EGI FHKBC TEKG 'GMG OKR[ \XY LZTC BGCK[ QMGP FKF ZCM[
:HB BGCK BN KBEGC
Z[B OKZCE QBM C\MRF EGS GRN FNKD FTKSRF LZEC HBG ...CG\M K\BXP EGT
QKRTF O[ C\MRG N"RF YEX-NBGDF \BKC ZES NM GRKKF) 'GMG ONGTP GTP[R BN
FH YK\TFN BN[ EBP ZKFHPG \GC\-K[BZG QGYKZJGR LZECG BPNTC BHKPZC
C\MR[ KV NT UB ,GSKVEFN BN[ QM[-NMPG OKZ\S \NDP BZYRF SZJRGYF
.('GMG \GNDN FNKNI FH OD FHKPZC
NTV[ OKCZC ZVS" QMG .HTZ 'PT ,(EN) ETZ ,G\D[F \GBZGR \NGED ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI 14
.(BT\ 'PT ,|G~ EKZ\ ,O[F \EGCT ,O[) "GKXNI KBXGKP FKFK YEX NBGDF[ LZC\K O[F NXB
.R\ 'PT ,(PY) DVY\ ,'F \EGCT ,O[ 15
.FVY 'PT ,(B) BRY ,[JKZGGBRN G\TKSR ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI 16
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
108
\GT[ KR[ LZTC FF[ FH QKRT ZGVKS KM NNM C\MR BNG EKP IM[R FCZFG OKKSG
17
.EKP C\MR BN KM CGZF IM[R UMK\G HPZC CG\MNG FHP ZCEN BN[ ,FGXG
QMGPG CGZY FKF ZCM IK[PF N[ GBGC[ LM NT Q\R 'Z OT QPIR 'Z IIG[ OKKPTV
FKF BGF OGK FHKBCG [EGI FHKBC ,FR[ GHKBC TEK UB BGF[G ,"OKR[ \XY LZTC"
QPIR 'Z TEGK F\T .[GCK[G CGMKT FPZD OKZVB FPN[ ENKF \ZKJV LB ,BGCN ZGPB
.ETGKPF QPHC BGCK BN IK[PF[ ,\GBEGGC
FKKR[F FIK[F .OKZVB FPN[ ENKF \ZKJVN LGPS F\KKF LM NT FRG[BZF FIK[F
NBGD \BKC ZES" \B Q\R 'ZN QPIR 'Z FNKD Z[BM ,QMP ZIBN OKK[EGIM FPKKY\F
ZCM LB BGCN QMGP FKF[ FP NT GPT ZCKE OD FIK[ F\GBCG ,(OKZ\S \NKDP) "YEX
,F\T FH TP[ GBGC ZES \B[ ,IK[PF \BKCC CGMKTF[ FKF ZGZC Q\R 'ZN .[PP\K BN
."FMZCN YKEX ZMH OKZVB FPN[" ENKF \ZKJV \PIP BGF
:OKZVB FPN[ ENKF \ENGF NT Q\R 'Z ZVSP "\"RZFGP KPK"C ZIB OGYPC
GRGZMH OKZVB FPN[ 'GM GRC ENGR QSKR [EI [BZN LGPS N"RF F"SY\ \R[C
ZBCN Z[VB KB OKKIC ZB[R FHF YGRK\F FKF OB F[TR FKF[ FPG ...FMZCN
18
.BPNTC HPZC GRNXB CG\M \XY JTPG
FKF FP Z\GK JTP JZGVP QVGBC O[Z QMB BGF ZIB OGYPC[ Q\R 'Z GRN FNDP QBM
ZT[N Q\KR" :SKKG USGK C\M GNB OKZCE NT .OKKIC FHF YGRK\F ZB[R GNKB F[TR
-\NKDP N[ JSMJF BNB GRKB 'BPNTC HPZC' CG\M BXPR[ FP[ ,FCGZY FZT[FM
BHKPZC" FCG\MM OKPTV FPM \ZBG\P OKZ\S \NKDP QMBG 19."\ZMHRF OKZ\SF
OKZCE 21."BPNTC HPZC" CG\MM ZBG\P ZJVR[ QCF N[ GZGVKS OD FRFG 20,"BPNTC
:"Q"ZFGP KKI"C QKZFT[JP QPIR 'Z N[ G\GETN OKZCI\P GNB
\ZKJV~ FH QKRTC FBZGR FIK[ FMZCN GRGZMH Q\R KCZ CZFP \IB OTV K\TP[G
C\MC FH ZBCN Z[VB KBG ,\BH GTP[C OEB [BZ \GZT[ ZPS\ Z[B |ENKF
22
.HPZC GNVB
OKZ\S \NKDP ZGBK\N EGBP CGZY HPZC GNKVB F\GB ZBCN ZGSB[ FIK[F ZGBK\
FNKNI FH OD FHKPZC C\MR[ KV NT UB" "\"RZFGP KPK"C QKZFT[JP QPIR 'Z BKCF[
GNKVB ZBCN ZGSB[ FIK[F QMB[ ,\GZ[VBF \B \YHIP GH FCZY 23."'GMG \GNDN
.M 'PT ,BK ,QG[BZ YNI ,\"RZFGP KPK
.BK 'PT ,F ,O[
.79=78 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV OD FBZ .197 'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG
.M 'PT ,BK ,QG[BZ YNI ,\"RZFGP KPK
.BK 'PT ,F ,O[
.R\ 'PT ,(PY) DVY\ ,'F \EGCT ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI
.M 'PT ,BK ,QG[BZ YNI ,\"RZFGP KPK
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
109
|
OKZ\S \NKDPC ENKMG YGRK\M IK[PF \GPE NT
QECBF YPGT FP FND\P FC[ FBZGR FIK[ FPXT BKF[ ,OKZ\S \NKDP BKF HPZC
GRGY\G GBGNP NT QY\\R ONGTF FKF" OKKIC ZB[R GNKB[ ,ENKF \ZKJV OT OZDR[
24
."CGJ Z\GKF EX NT G\GPN[G
-ENKF N[ G\GPE \CXKR FHMZPC QMB[ ZZC\PG GRKEKC OKZ\S \NKDP Z[BM ,F\T
FPN[ BNVGPF QCF ZB[R GNKB FZGY FKF FP \ZVSP FNKDPF[ FZT[FF ,IK[PF
.KBEGGN FCGZY \GKFN \MVGF ,OKKIC OKZVB
,FKKR[F FIK[C YZG LB KGXP IK[PF N[ ZKTXF GNKD QKKRT NM[ ,ZKTFN KGBZ
GRB[ ZIBP LB .G"SY\C FZPBR[ ,FRG[BZF FIK[C ZMHGP GRKBG ,J"SY\C FZPBR[
"EKP IM[R FCZFG" QM[ ,C\MF NT FNT BN G"SY\C FIK[FP NGED YNI[ OKTEGK
GTP[[ FP" OKCZ OKYNI OR[K FKKR[F FIK[CG 25,"EKP C\MR BN KM CGZF IM[R"G
,Z\GK \K\KXP\G FZXY BKF[ ,FRG[BZF FIK[C OD OKPKKY[ 26"FH QKRTC OTVF EGT
NT FNT BN[ UB FRG[BZF FIK[C ZPBR IK[PF ENKF QKKRT[ ZT[N OGYP [K
27
.C\MF
KZF { \BH \G[TN BN[ FCKS QKB[ FBZR ZGPBMG { GH FZT[F OKNCYP GRB OB
YKEX ZMH OKZVB FPN[ YGRK\F N[ GZGVKS BGF OKZ\S \NKDPC ENKF IK[PF ZGVKS[
.GKKI \NKDP \GKFN \MVGF OKZ\S \NKDP F\KKF OKKIC ZB[R GNKB[ ,FMZCN
\GKFN NGMK FKF FP ZB\PF ZGVKS OD \IB FRGTCG \TC BGVB BKF OKZ\S \NKDP
.YEX NBGD \BKC \TC [IZ\FN EK\TF N[ ZGBK\ ODG ,EGT FKFK BN LB
28
KGPKEMG \GPEM \PFG KIF ;IK[PF ENKF NT EGT .2
LB ,N"H OKZVB FPN[ YGRK\F N[ \K[PPF G\GPE \EPGT IK[PF-ENKF TYZC[ GRKBZ
N"HI \GZVSC ,BZYPC KGPKEMG \GPEM OK[ZG[ OD OR[K IK[PF-ENKF \GPEN
ENKM IK[PF N[ \GPE CGXKTN \VSGR FRCF OGZ\N OKNGMK[ \KNCYF \GZVSCG
.YGRK\MG
:ZPGBG BCRP FKT[K
NB WTGK BNV GP[ BZYKG GPM[ NT FZ[PF KF\G GRN Q\
#]R QC GRN E#NAK ENK KM
NTG EGE BSM NT WY QKB OGN[NG FZ[PF FCZON .OGN[ Z[ ETKCB ZGCD
29
.ONGT ETG F\TP FYEXCG JV[PC FETSNG F\GB QKMFN G\MNPP
.R\ 'PT ,(PY) DVY\ ,'F \EGCT ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI
.M 'PT ,BK ,QG[BZ YNI ,\"RZFGP KPK
.O[ ,O[
.4 FZTF NKTN FBZ
.124=120 'PT ,FNCY KTY[P ,FNK[ FBZ FNCYC GK\GZGYP NTG QGRDT NXB FH CKJGP NT
.G=F ,J GFKT[K
24
25
26
27
28
29
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
110
FBGCRM N"HI GBZ ONGT ET EGE BSM \B QKMK Z[BG ENGR F\T FH[ QCF NT FBGCRF \B
F"CYF .ZCE N[ GVGSC F[PP\F BN LB ,LNPF FKYHIC [PP\FN F\KKF FZGPB[
,\GRPEHFF FXPIGF FZK[ ZPB BN[ OG[P LB ,IK[P FKYHI \B \G[TN [YKC
QKCFN Q\KR ORPB 30.BGCN EK\TN IK[PF LNPF BGCK Z[B ET FIER FBGCRF [GPKPG
,NEDK[ ZIBN LNPGK F\T ENGR[ QCF[ BNB YGRK\M LNPGK QCF[ FRKB FBGCRF \RGGM[
Z\MGP G\EKN OT ZCM[ QC N[ BGF ZKKJXPF ZGKXFG ,EPGT GPGYPC KGPKEF QKKET LB
.GPM[ NT FPZF FZ[PF \B B[GRG LNPM
31
OKBXGP GRB ,'F N[ "GIK[P" BGF[ LNPF N[ GEPTPC YSGTF ,OKNF\C C YZVC
'F" ZPGBG ZVSP LNPF ZGPHPC .GPGK QC YGRK\M LNPF KGPKE \B Z\GK UB JNGC QVGBC
N"HI G[ZE FHF YGSVFG FHF ZGPHPF \B 32."LK\ENK OGKF KRB F\B KRC KNB ZPB
FC [P\[P QPIR 'Z OD[ F[ZE 33,\GND\FN EK\TF IK[PF LNPF NT OKCSGPM
\Z\MF \B TP[PNG ZB\N FBCG ,\KNPS BKF \[IZ\PF FEKNF ORPB 34.GK\GZG\C
QKKET LB ,NBF N[ GRCN G\Z\MF OGKC LNPF LVGF GC[ [EIP FEKN N[ TGZKBM LNPF
.FEKNF OGK BGF FZ\MFF OGKG ,EPGT GPGYPC KGPKEM KGPKEF
FKYHI QC OIRP YGRK\F NT TGEKF ZGVKSF TKVGP FCZ [ZEPCG KPN[GZK EGPN\C
,EZ[ BN YGRK\F .IK[PF LNPF FKF BGF[ ZPBR GKNTG ,[EYPF CZIR[ OGKC ENGR[
FZY FP ZVSP GRKB [ZEPF 35.ONTR BGF HBPG ,GPB KEKP G\GB GVJIG GBC \GIGZ
,'BIK[P BMNP' BGF[ YGRK\M TCY\P BGF BZGYF \TEG\CG ,G\VKJI ZIBN YGRK\N
FKYHIN G\YKH NT EPNN FBZRM BC YGRK\F N[ GKCB O[ .GRRKB \P OD LB KI GRRKB
-YGRK\F CKJGP LB 36,FMH BN LB IK[P \GKFN KGBZ FKF[ ,EGE \KC KMNPP ,LNPF
.USGK QC IK[PN SIKC UB OKKY IK[PF
FKIB NB FBC GPBG ,FNI JCR QC OTCZK N[ GRC FKCB KM ZVGSP OKMNP ZVSC
37
.\P ENKF QMBG ,"ENKF \PG" ZHGD FKIB LB ,G\PNIF NT NNV\K[ [YCN BKCRF
38
."NBZ[K KFNB 'F NB CGJ ZCE GC BXPR QTK ...NBZ[K NM GN GEVSG" G\GP ZIBN
OTCZK[ \ZBCP BZPDF LB ,FKCBC GBXP[ CGJF ZCEF FKF FP JZGVP BN BZYPC
.B"T EX QKZEFRS
.C ,C OKNF\
.H 'SV ,O[
KRPP NB[ BGF LGZC [GEYF GN ZPGB GRKPKC FZFPC \GNDFN EK\T[ EGE QC IK[P QRCZ GR\"
"L\NIR OKGD FR\BG KRPP NB[ LK\ENK OGKF KRB 'GDG YGI NB FZVSB ZPBR[ LN Q\BG ZCE
.(B"T CR FMGS)
.BS BRKR\ Q"ZFGP KJGYKN
.(FP 'PT ,J"RZ\ BRNKG ,ZTCBC '[ \ZGEFP) B FCZ FMKB ;(C"T F) E ,C \GMZC KPN[GZK
.2 FZTF 173 'PT ,KBMH QC QRIGK QCZ KKI ,ZRHGKR LM NT FBZG .C"T IP QKZEFRS
.CK ,EK B OKMNP
.DK 'SV ,O[
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
111
|
OKZ\S \NKDPC ENKMG YGRK\M IK[PF \GPE NT
,F[T[ CFHF KNDTN BNB OKN[GZKN GNTK BN OKNDZ KNGT[ ZGP[N FKCB \B FRKP
ZCEF \B GFKH ZFHC 39.OKN[GZKN GPXTC FNT UBG G\ZP[P \B NJKC FKCB GNKBG
:KIK[PF QKKRTF OT FKCBC BXPR[ CGJF
,FKCBE FKZC KGF JCR QC OTCZKE BTZHPG ,BGF OKZVBE BJC[P BE BIK[PG
YKVR ,FKCBE FKZC KBFPG ...ZC FKN EKNKK\B ,\PE BPGK BGFFG ,\P KGPKNGTCE
'F NB CGJ ZCE GC BXPR QTK ...NBZ[K NM GN GEVSG ,CK\M BE NTG .BIK[P KBF
40
.'F NB CGJ ZCE GFKBE ,BIK[P KBF BE .OTCZK \KCC NBZ[K KYNB
N[ GRC ,FKF JCR QC OTCZK N[ GTZHPG ,BGF OKZVB JC[P FH IK[PG :OGDZ\
BXK FKCB N[ QCF FHPG ...QC GN ENGR \P[ OGKF G\GBCG ,\P GKPGNTC[ FKCB
'F NB CGJ ZCE GC BXPR QTK ...NBZ[K NM GN GEVSG" CG\M FH NTG .FHF IK[PF
.'F NB CGJ ZCE BGF[ IK[P G\GB FH ."OTCZK \KCC NBZ[K KYNB
41
.GC QGPJF USGK QC (OKZVB QC) IK[P NBKXRJGV BGF \PF ENKC BXPR[ CGJF ZCEF
"WZBF FEVSG" NGEDF EVSFF \B ZKMHP KIK[PF ENKF NT NBZ[K NM GEVS[ EVSFF
43
."DZFR[ USGK QC IK[P NT" FKF[ \ZPGB BZPDF GKNT[G 42,FKZMHC ZBG\P[
\B FIZKB[ \K\VZXF FRPNBF N[ FRC ,USGR KIK[P ENK NT ZVGSP OKMNP ZVSC
[ZEPF ZPGB FH YGRK\ NT 44.FKKI\N G\GB OKYFN IKNXP GFKNB LB \P ENKF .GFKNB
FKKI\N OYG \P[ YGRK\F \GPE QKC FKDGNRBF 45."FKF USGK QC IK[P YGRK\ G\GB"[
DZFKK[ ZIBN OKGSP QPH[ ,\GZVSPF \GZGSPF ZGBN \YHI\P USGK QC IK[P QKCG
46
.FKKI\N OGYK BGF USGK QC IK[P
.C"T IM QJY ETGP
.(P"X) KN[ OGDZ\F .RY\=JPY\ 'PT ,GR UE ,CYTKP CMGM LZE ZPBP ,YNC \[ZV ,[EI ZFH
'PT ZYKTC ,K\KPB QC FRGK ,SCKN FBZ USGK QC IK[PN GKCB JCR QC OTCZKG FKCB \YKH NT
IK[P ,QPRKKF FBZ G\GPG USGK QC IK[P NT Z\GK OKZIGBPG OKKBR\ \GZGYP NT EGT .288=286
.OKZVB QC
.CK ,CK FKZMH
.B"T CR FMGS
.HK B OKMNP
FH [ZEP .(98=97 'PT ,OGN[ [KB \ZGEFP) IK YZV ,BJGH GFKNB ZESG FCZ GFKNB ZES
GFP" F"E ,C"T=B"T EKY BTKXP BCC \GVSG\F [GZKV FPDGEN FBZ .\GCZ OKPTV JJGXP
.BX 'PT ,CN FPEYF ,OKNGDNDF ZT[ ;"GZESK[
EGSK ,|CNSZC \GEKSIC~ [EI EGSK" BKF FKKI\N OGYK USGK QC IK[P[ FGGY\F[ C\M QKZD
NTC) "FKI\N OGYK[ FGY\F :USGK QC IK[PC FZG[YF \ZGSPC NNM LZEC TKVGP GRKB[
\KEGFKF \GZVSC IK[PN SIKC BXPR GRKB FH EGSK[ QGMR ZCEF[ FBZR .(193 'PT ,OKZGSKF
\BHM FRGPB QKKRTC ;31 'PT ,F[EIF \KZCF N[ FKDGNGB\F ,QPJNGC FBZ) .\GZXRN \PEGYF
ZYKTC ,IK[P \GCYTC ,NFGRY FBZ QBZPGY \NKFYC IK[PN SIKC .38 'PT ,KEGFKF G[K ,SPZG
G\KKI\C FRGPB BGXPN Q\KR \KNCYF \ZGSPCG OKZIGBP \GZGYPC[ QKKXN KGBZ LB (.62 'PT
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
112
NT \RT[RF 47,"ZTR BZYR USGK QC IK[P[" FTKCYF \B BGXPN Q\KR K"ZBF KC\MC
GY BGF ZTR KGRKMF[ ,TP\[P F[ZEF Z[YFP .USGK \B ZB\PF 48,"ZTR BGFG" CG\MF
\B NNG[ ZCEF QKB LB .NKDF QGKX YZ BNG ,USGK QC IK[P N[G USGK N[ G\GPEC K\GFP
NGMK BGF FZYP NMCG ,USGK QC IK[P N[ KDGNGKCF NKDN OD SIKK\P ZTR[ \GZ[VBF
FC UB[ ,OKZ\S \NKDPC ZTRMG ENKM IK[PF N[ G\GPE \KKRCFN [ZG[ [P[N
N[ G\GPEC K\GFP GY QKKVBN BC BGF BNB ECNC KRMJ JZV GRRKB NKDF[ ZC\SP
.IK[PF
OPXT GBZ NBJKG OKKI 'Z ODG K"ZBF OD[ OKEPNPF OKCZ \GZGYP BKCF ZP\ EGE
FBZRG OKEYR F\T LB ;L[PFC FH QKKRTN ZGHIR GRBG 49,ZGEF G\GBC[ USGK QC IK[PM
\GD[FN GMH[ ,NBJKG OKKI 'Z N[ GKRC ,OKKIK[P BNV \GYGRK\ KR[ N[ OFKZGVKS \B
NBJKG OKKI 'Z ZVSP GNB GKRC KR[ NT .OKMZ OKENKG \GYGRK\ O\GKFC EGT \GKBGCR
:ONI[ OKGSP OGNIN Z[YFC \GRGKHIF ZVSC
FRF :KN ZPBKG ,[PP [P[M FZKBP ,\IB FCGJ QCB KN Q\RG EIB [KB BCG
LN QKR\GR GRB F\T LB ,ZRF FCMG QP[F ZSIG ,YNGE EIB ZR LN GR\R FNI\
,GNSM [EGIC ,LM ZIBG .WYKBG .FCM\ BNG QP[ FMKZX FRKB[ ,GH FCGJ QCB
OD ZVMF O[ NTG BGFF YKEXF N[ QGKXF O[ NT ,FKPIR GK\BZYG QC KN ENGR
FR[ QC ZJVRG \GBGCR ZCKE[ ...N"RF ,USGK KRC FKF FCM[ ZRF KM K\RCFG .QM
,FR[ D"K QC ZJVR BGF OD ,K\GRGTCG .FKPIR BKF QCBF GHG ZCT[ NGNBC KXIG
E"TNRG ...OKR[ 'E QC BGFG .WKYFC \GBNVR \GBZP FBZG ,\GBGCR ZCKE FH ODG
50
.|K"ZBF~ KZGP NDND\R GC OD KM |K\TE \GKRTN FBZRG~
,GFKNB GPTG ,(EGE QC IK[P) NBKPT QC OIRP[ ZVGSP NCCGZH ZVSC .USGK QC IK[P N[
'PT ,FNGBD K[ZEP ,"NCCGZH ZVS") (USGK QC IK[P) NBK[GI QC FKPIR \B FKKI\N GPKYK
DZ ,D YNI ,ZFH) "OGYKG ...ET \KP BFKG ...USGKE FZC BZIB IK[P" OKBXGP GRB ZFHC .(83
"EGE QC IK[P GFKKIK[ ET OGK 'P OKKY GVGD ZB[K ...DZFR[ ZIBG" NBJKG OKKI 'Z NXB ;(C"T
QC IK[P DZFK[M BCN EK\TN"[ \GYGPT FNDPC ;(C"T JR UE ,KIKG \[ZV ,B"I ,\TEF WT)
F"N[C OD LMG ;(B"T CT ,KIKG \[ZV ,FZG\F NT \GYGPT FNDP) "FKIKG ZGHIK FNKV\CG USGK
NGEDF \C[N 'D [GZE ,OKISV \MSP ,\KZCF \GIGN KR[) "FKIKG ZGHIK DZFK[ USGK QC IK[P"
NT OKEIB \GPGYPC ZCEP ZFHF GNB \GZGYP ECNP .(B"T IK UE ,TZGXP \[ZVC NI[
.(C"T H ,C YNI ,ZFH) "QKIZK ZSKZ\ ET IK[P HRD\KG" QGDM ,FP QPHN ONTRG HRDR[ IK[PF
G\GP ZCEC \GSKV\ \GI\V\FN \K\[\ [K IK[PF "\HKRD" NT GH FSKV\C OD[ QM\KK
.IK[PF N[ G\KKI\G
.GR[ 'PT ,EK QPKS ,OKJGYKNF ZVS
.C ,HN \K[BZC
.G"IZG K"ZBF ,ZP\ LM NT FBZ
ZKTF ZCM ZP\ EGE .JP 'PT ,O[ OD FBZ USGK GRCC K"ZBF NGDND NT .JR 'PT ,\GRGKHIF ZVS
KZCE ZCEP FKF[ BVGJY QPIR BYGRKF NT ZGVKSN FH ZGVKS QKC Z[Y [K[ \GZ[VBF NT
47
48
49
50
113
|
OKZ\S \NKDPC ENKMG YGRK\M IK[PF \GPE NT
NGDND QMB GKF 51,FKPIRG USGK |QC~ ,OKKIK[PF \GP[F KNTC BNVF \GYGRK\[ ZZC\P
OD .OFC FNDND\R ,USGK QC IK[P FKF[ ,K"ZBF N[ G\P[R QM[ ,USGK QC IK[P N[
\\KPM GKEKPN\ KRKTC FSV\R ,FRGP[G OK[GN[ NKDC ,GPXT K"ZBF N[ G\ZKJV
:K"ZBF NT LNPF YPT NTC C\GM LM ."ZTR" G\GKFC EGT IK[PF
GRZPB Z[B ,O\G\KI[C EMNR 'F IK[P GRKVB IGZ FHF BZYPF [ZGE KRB GKNTG
,ZTR |\GCK\ K[BZ~ \"Z ,GRK[BZ \ZJT FNVR ZPBR GKNTG ...OKGDC FKIR GNKXC
52
.|OKCZF GRK\GRGGTC~ F"GTC OKR[ \GZXYC \P[
I\VR LMCG 53,FRGP[G OK[GN[ NKDC ZJVR QPIR 'Z OD[ FH Z[YFC ZKMHFN KGBZ
DZFR[ GZGE N[ USGK QC IK[P ,K"ZBN \YKGEP FNCYFC ,GC OD \GBZN GKEKSIN I\VF
54
."ZTR BGFG"
\BZYN CNSZCC \GKIK[PF \GGY\F \GI\V\FG \GYGPT FNDP ZVSF .3
G"SY\ \R[
TJR Q\R 'Z NCGYPF N[ GZVSC OKKGXP IK[PF ENKF \KKDGSN OKYFCGP OK[ZG[
.F"RY\ \R[C CGCNC FRG[BZN SVEGF[ ,"FZG\F NT \GYGPT FNDP" BZKV[
Q\R 'Z N[ ZIB ZVS LKB FBZFG ,QPIR 'Z NT FH NCGYP \TV[F NT ZKTF ZCM QKZD
YGSVF NT \G[ZE C"RZN [EYGP LB "\GYGPT FNDP" BZYR BGF UB[ ,BZKV[ TJR
YKEXF \SKV\C OKRG[ OKJCKF NT TKV[F ,(H"X[ BYBZY) QRI\BG \[ZV \B I\GVF
GEKYV\ \BG GKVGB \B QPIR 'Z QKCF FC[ LZEC FPDGEN \ZMKR FTV[FF .QPIR 'Z N[
BJI \B QY\N FEKYV\G ZGEF KYKEXC ZGE NMC \NDND\PF \GPEM USGK QC IK[P N[
KR[ \B NKMFN NGMK F[P \RKIC YKEX[ QPIR 'Z \SKV\C QMG ,JCR QC OTCZK
55
.EIK OD ,EGE QCG USGK QC ,OKIK[PF
\GNKTVF[ FECGTF[ ,\GZ[VBF \B FNTP QKZD BZKV[ Q\R 'ZN Z[Y BNN
G"SY\[ ,LMN FZG[Y KBEG G"SY\ \R[C FBK[N FTKDF \KCNSZCF \KIK[PF
,\KCNSZCF \GZVSC \ZMHGP FRKB GH FKKZJPKD ORPB .USGK QC IK[P FNGT FKKZJPKDC
NBJKG OKKI 'Z \JNIF TYZC FEPT GH FYKH OD[ QM\KK[G ,IK[PG FNGBD KRKKRTC \GBGCR
.28 FZTF FTY 'PT ,G"IZG K"ZBF ,ZP\ FBZ .FKPIR GRCN BGZYN
KIK[PF Z[YFF NT .46 FZTF NKTN FBZ .NCCGZH ZVSC USGK QC IK[P N[ GP[ BGF FKPIR
.141 'PT ,\GZ[Y\FF ZJ[ ,OGN[ FBZ O[F Q\P N[
.CTY 'PT ,G"IZG K"ZBF ,ZP\ FBZG .B"T DK UE ,G YZV ,\K[KN[ FPEYF ,LNPF YPT
.HNY 'PT ,(B) EY ,G\EKN OGYP ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI
.OKZCEF L[PFC SIKK\B USGK QC IK[P OT QPIR 'Z KGFKH QKKRTN
.33 FZTF 420=419 ,25 FZTF 418=417 ,76 FZTF 403 ,189=188 'PT ,OKZGSKF NTC ,QKZD
.90 FZTF 440 ,7 FZTF 431 'PT ,KNNMF QGYK\F ,SCKN OD FBZ
51
52
53
54
55
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
114
BKF G\RTJ LB 56,QPIR 'ZN FPEY[ \GZVSC F\NT GH FKKZJPKD[ QTGJ GRKB UB QKZDG
FCZFG USGK QC IK[P \KKDGSC LM-NM YKPTF[ ,QPIR 'Z KM \TEF NT \GNTFN F[Y"[
57
."GH FKKZJPKD NT BYGE ISV ,\GKZJPKDC YGSTN
FN FKF UBG QPIR 'ZN FTGEK F\KKF GH FKKZJPKD[ ,QKZD \ZT[F[ ZZC\P FRFG
GH FKKZJPKD[ ,FECGTFP CZ YGHKI \NCYP ,KJGYBF KIK[PF I\PF \PXTFC OGYP
QNFN FBZR ,QM NT Z\K ."FZG\F NT \GYGPT FNDP" ZVSC ZCM \GEIB OKPTV FTKVGP
"\GYGPT FNDP" ZVSC OKKGXPFG FH B[GRN OKZG[YF OKCKMZP N[ ON[ NGM[B [K[
NT \TZMP FTV[F OFN F\KKF[ QM\KK[G ,OFN TEGP FKF QPIR 'Z[ EGBPN ET ZKCS[
.G"SY\ \R[ \BZYN FPXT\F[ \KJGYBF \GKIK[PF \[GI\
ZYKT QKB QNFN F[TR[ "FZG\F NT \GYGPT FNDP" ZVSF LG\P \GZGYPC QGKTC
FBZ[F ZGYP OFC \GBZN \GZ[VBC BNB ,\KZGYPF O\RGGM ZGHI[C GRRKKRT
.CNSZCP QPIR 'Z N[ \GKIK[PF GK\GVY[FN
QGC[IN OKNGT OF QKIK[P QKZ\ ODG 58,NGIE QKPGK UNB F[PN F"CYF FBZF
QC IK[PG 59,G"SY\ 'KDC G"PB K"E[P Y"RGK Y"GRK\ BGF USGK QC IK[P KM UNB
FNGT BGF[ ...60BNP EGE OKPKF KZCEC QM[ 'KC BNP 'KFK BCN EK\TN EGE
LN UNBF EGS FH 62UNB KZF G"SY\ FNGT BGF[ USGK QC IK[P OT 61E"N\
FHG~ ["HG ...F[PN F"CYF FBZF O\GBG OKIK[P 'C NT HPGZ[ 63FPN[
OKNCGS OF[ UNB OEGS[ OKIK[P 'C NT OF[ 64OKNCGSP GRKVGNBG |CG\M[
KHB 66EIK GDGGEHK[M 65B[R BGF GRKKNI QMB |CG\M[ GPM~ ["PM NBZ[K ZGCT
67
.USM UNB GKZVC BCK WZV QKB
"OKZ\S \NKDP" BZYRF KJSKPF GRPGKC BKCP[ ,BRZPGYP QKZVS FEGFK YIXK 'Z \B QKKXP QKZD
GH FECGTC .USGK QC IK[P FKKZJPKDC \BXGKF ,G"SY\ BKF G\EKN \R[[ ,(E"[\ \R[C SVER)
.(30 FZTF 418 'PT ,OKZGSKF NTC ,QKZD) KIK[PF GEGTKKN HPZ QKZVS FEGFK YIXK 'Z FBZ
.191 'PT ,O[ ,QKZD
.C"T HMZ ,KEGYV \[ZV ,C YNI ,ZFH
OT G"SY\ FKKZJPKDC FNGT GPB KE[P YRGK QMG .(G"SY\) 566 YGRK\ USGK QC IK[P
.NNGMF
.EKGE BNP CK\MC EGE O[F CG\M OKPKF KZCE ZVSC
.(E"N\) 434 EKGE QC IK[P
1000 434+566
.CK ,I OKZK[F ZK[
.EK ,EPY OKNF\
.E ,DR GFKT[K
,ZFH) "BRPKFP BKTZC QKIK[P QKZ\ KZ[Y\P KMFE" FPDGEN FBZ .ZFHC FH QGKTZ N[ GK[ZG[
.(C"T GPZ ,SIRV \[ZV ,D YNI
.JM 'PT ,EV QVGB ,GX \[ZV ,BZYKG ZVS ,FZG\F NT \GYGPT FNDP
=
=
=
=
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
115
|
OKZ\S \NKDPC ENKMG YGRK\M IK[PF \GPE NT
ZG[KYF BGF QG[BZF CKMZPF .I\KVG WPKB FBZRM QPIR 'Z[ OKEIB OKCKMZP QBM [K
IK[PF ZGBK\N I\V I\GV FH ZG[KY ."GPB KE[P YRGK YGRK\" QKCG USGK QC IK[P QKC
\NKDPC BNV ENKMG YGRK\M IK[PF ZGBK\ TYZC EPGTF BGF[ QM\KKG ,YGRK\M GPXT
EGT \BHG ,USGK QC IK[P \GKFN NGMK OKZVB FPN[ YGRK\F[ FGGY\F TYZCG OKZ\S
68
.ZDGC OEB FKFKG NEDK Z[BM ,\GMGZB OKR[ ZIBN YZ BNG ,YGRK\ G\GKFC
OKHDFN F[Y .USGK QC IK[PN G"SY\ QKC \Z[YPF FKKZJPKDF BGF KR[F CKMZPF
KZVM F\GB \GNTFN LKZX FKF BN QPIR 'Z[ F\T ZZC\P[ ,GH FKKZJPKD \GCK[IC
F\KKF FKGXP FKKZJPKDF BNB ,\GTP[P \ZF FKKZJPKD FC \GBZN QMP ZIBNG GKRGKTZ
FP 69.BYBZYP BZKV[ TJR Q\R 'Z NCGYPFG CZF N[ ZMGPG C[IR KNCY ZVSC ZCM
,USGK QC IK[P=G"SY\ ,\PKKYF FKKZJPKDF QKC ZCIN BGF \G[TN QPIR 'ZN Z\GR[
.G"SY\ \R[ ,LKZB\F QKCG
QKC DGGKHN \GZ[VB [K[ FSKV\F BGFG ,\GCK[I CZ BGF UB K[KN[F CKMZPF
.N"IPZ \ZGCI KC\MC KGXP YRGK YGRK\M IK[PF QGKVB \B OKBXGP GRB GC[ USGR QKKRTP ZGYP 68
TGEP ZKCSP ,N"IPZ N[ G\ZGCIC KHMZP EKYV\ \NTCG \JNGC \GPE ,KNBG EGE F[P 'Z
.OK[K[YG OKYK\G OKPMI KEKPN\ BNG FNGBDF \B IKPXFN "OKYRGKG OKNNGT" BYGGE GZICR
ONKDN KSGPNGV ZCSF OFC FBZ ,KNBG EGE F[P 'Z N[ GNB OKZCE BKCF[ ,KC[\ FKT[K
\B IKPXFN OKNTGVF OKZICR \ZGCIM FPXT F\BZ[ ,N"IPZ \ZGCI KRC N[ ZKTXF
\GYPRFG OKZG[KY N[ USGR DZBP OFC [K QM[ ,KNBG EGE F[P 'Z KZCEP BKCB .FNGBDF
\NKDPNG QPIR 'ZN \GZK[K OKZG[Y ORKB[ UB YRGKMG NNGTM IK[PF N[ G\GPE \TKCYN
OKYRGKG OKNNGT K"T GPKN[FN |LZC\K O[F~ K"[F FXZ FHF NGEDF QGYK\F ORPBG" :OKZ\S
N[ CNIF QP OKYRGK QM KV"TBG OKR[C OKNNGT [PP OFG ,OKRY\PF |O~'KYKEXF OF[ ,[PP
OKYRGKG OKNNGT KVP :|D ,I OKNF\~ |EGS FHG~ S"HG ,\GZ\SRF \PMI BKF[ FRGKNTF FPMIF
QK[K[Y |OKPMI KEKPN\~ I"\P O\NGH BNG OKYRGKG OKNNGTF GNB GZICR[ OTJFG .HGT \ESK
QKYSGT QK[K[Y I"\ GKF OB[ ...OYR\PG CKGB \KC[FN BGF OTJF ,KGBZF QP FKF[ GPM
OKPIZF \B ZZGTNG DZJYPF CKGB N[ GKV OG\SN QGYK\F YKVSP FKF BN FPMIF \BHC
N[ OIM WPBP GRKB OFN[ QG\I\F \GZZGT\FFG LMC OMZE GNB KZF[ ,FNGBDF \B IKPXFNG
LMC OMZE QKB[ ,OKYRGKG OKNNGT N[ QG\I\F \GZZGT\F WPBP[ GPM |LM NM~ M"M OKRGKNTF
|TZF ZXKFG~ Z"FZXKFG TCJF EDRM F[GEYF KMZECG \GZ\SRF \PMIC OKZIGC QM KV"TBG
OKN[FN OKYRGKG OKNNGT GZZGT\K[ EGBP FCZF BNV ZCE BGF KM ...\GZICF KPKC ZCD\P
NGED ZCE NTG ...OKRGXKIF EDRM OKPIGNG OKBKCRG QKIK[P OFP GZICR QM NTG ONGTF QGYK\
F\T BNG CGYTK [GCK F\T BN |ZGBKC \GVSG\CG OKKGRK[C ,DM=CM ,JM FKT[K~ BKCRF ZPB
'F [GEKY OK[GT[ ,KP[ G[KEYK KCZYC GKEK F[TP ,[PP GKENK ,GKENK G\GBZC KM ,GZGIK GKRV
F[GEYF NB IM OKR\GR FH KEK-NTG ,'F [GEKY NT OPXT \B OKZSGPG FRGMRF O\ZKICC
,851=850 'PT ,K[KN[ LZM ,FK\GIGN[G FNCY KZYI ,KC[\) "ONGTC J[V\FNG ZCD\FN
.(C 932 UE ,386 \KJKZCF FKKZVSF EK C\M KV NT ,12 FZTF
WRKNP FKNED 'Z QM[ ,\GYGPT FNDP ZVSC ZHTR ,J"[TCF ,QPIR 'Z N[ BCZ BCS OD[ FBZR 69
FNDP [GEYF ZVSC G[EY KV KZCE BXPR M"IBG" J"[TCF N[ \PKGSP F[ZE NT EKTP
.(BX 'PT ,WZBCG OKP[C NB KP Z[B F"E ,QRI\BG \[ZV ,QI \GBG[\) "\GYGPT
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
116
ZVSPF \B FNTP OKIK[PF KR[ N[ FH DGGKH YZ[G ,EGE QC IK[PN USGK QC IK[P
QPIR 'Z N[ \KPXTF G\SKV\P YNI \GKFN FMVF[ FSKV\ ,"FPN[ LN UNBF" ON[F
.OKIK[PF KR[ \B NNGMF F[P \RKIC YKEXM
OD[G ,\GZIB \GKDGSC OD \ZMKR QPIR 'Z NT BZKV[ TJR Q\R 'Z \TV[F[ FECGTF
BZKV[ TJR Q\R 'Z BKCF[ \GCK\ K[BZG \GKZJPKD WPKB QPIR 'Z[ OKBXGP GRB QFC
FP 70.GKRKT EDRN FKF F\T GC OKRE GRB[ ZGYPF OD[ ,\GZKCSF \B \YHIP ,GKZVSC
GB FH ,EEGC CKMZP \GBXPKFC ZCGEP QKB[ FECGTF BGF Z\GK UB GH FTKCY [[BP[
FNDP"C OKKGXP[ EIB B[GRC OKZGD[ K\NC OKCKMZP N[ UGVX WCYPC BNB ,ZIB
.QPIR 'Z NXB OD ,QMP ZIBN ,OKKGXPG "\GYGPT
DGGHN LZGXFG YGRK\M IK[PF \SKV\ ,G"SY\ { GNB OKCKMZP F[GN[ N[ UGZKXF
\KNBGJYBN "\GYGPT FNDP"P GHF FYSVF \B LVGF { EIK OKIK[PF KR[ \B
BGF G"SY\ \R[N ETGKPF IK[PF KZF .GKEKSIG QPIR 'Z ZGCT F\GPM QKBP \KJRGGNZG
.OKIK[PF KR[ N[ CGNK[ BGF[ ,OKZVB FPN[
,QKIK[P KZ\ \GP[R "OKZVB FPN[" FH GRC O[C GRKCZ HPKZ NCGYPF KVM
QC IK[P |EGE QC~ "FPN[" O[CG |USGK QC~ "OKZVB" O[C ,USGK QC IK[P
71
.EGE
IK[P EXP ZYKTF FKF ,EGE QC \P[RP OD GC BXPR[ KV NT UB"[ YVS QKB \BH OTG
YGRK\" QMB BGF OKZVB FPN[ ,G"SY\ \R[ BKF ,USGK QC IK[P \R[CG 72."USGK QC
."GPB KE[P YRGKF
\GZGXC GNB OKCKMZP OKTKVGP QFC[ "\GYGPT FNDP"F N[ \GVSGR \G[ZE QR[K
:\GRG[
GKNB T[GFK 'Z ZPB[ BYGRKF BGFG YKEXF USGK N[ GNGDND 'KF NBTP[K
CK[FG OKHHGCN NBZ[KG CYTK FSK[PN Q\R KP |B"T IR~ H"R UE QKJKD \MSPC
ZTR N[ BRYGKE 'KF BGFG ZGE NMC BGF[ USGK QGT NT 73GN GRBJI 'F GH BNF
FBZRM OFK[ZG[G Q"ZFGP KJGYKNC OKTKVGPF OKRGYKZJGR KR[G \IB FKKZJPKD ,FPDGEN ,FRF
,IK BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN) "UB-QGZI BKZJPKD F[P" :QRI\BG \[ZV NT \GYGPT FNDP ZVSC
\YGNIP \GC\-K[BZ BGF F[P" ;(B"T BKY ,HNY QVGB ,QRI\BG \[ZV NT \GYGPT FNDP ;K
;(B"T DR ,ET QVGB ,QRI\BG \[ZV NT \GYGPT FNDP ;I ,GR BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN) "NNF KBP[
FNDP ;HTZ BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN) "TDZ G[CK GCG[K KCKB \GC\-K[BZ ZKKB \GK\GB QM-NTG"
.(C"T IX ,BMY QVGB ,QRI\BG \[ZV NT \GYGPT
.IP 'PT ,JNY UKTS ,E YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[ OD FBZG .6 FZTF CVY\ 'PT ,\"RZFGP \GENG\
.GX\ 'PT ,CK UKTS ,C QPKS ,FRGC\G FPMI QMG ;DMY 'PT ,GN UKTS ,OKZGVKSG \GIK[ FBZ
.GPXT QPIR 'Z NT OKCSGP OKZCEF
QKJD) "T[KNB QC NBTP[K KCZ |GFKPG~ GRPG" BYGRK G\GB NT \ZVSP BZPDF .EM ,CP GFKT[K
.(B"T IR
70
71
72
73
117
|
OKZ\S \NKDPC ENKMG YGRK\M IK[PF \GPE NT
YGSV (GJ \GPCK) 74"K\RYH ODG K\KKF ZTR" OKRGYH QC ZTR BGFG USGK GPM LGRI
75
...GZPB |QGZJJP~ ONGT N[ Z[ FH
USGK N[ GNGDND ,USGK QC IK[PC OKYSGT GRB QBM OD[ TP\[P F[ZEC Z[YFFP
USGK QC IK[P"[ FTKCYF FTKVGP GH F[ZE OGKSC OD .ZTRMG BYGRKM FND\PF ,YKEXF
76
."G"P"B K"E"["P Y"R"G"K Y"G"R"K"\
'ZN USGK QC IK[P \B Z[GY[ "\GYGPT FNDP" KZCEC Z\GKC TK\VPF CKMZPF LB
:\YI \[ZVN GK\G[ZEC BXPR YGEF Z[YC QPIR
FJ"R Z["B OKNIR"F E["BG 77,I"K[P L"NP BKZJPKDC "OKNIRF E[BG"
FPMI ZGYP TCGR NIR BGF KM 79,USGK 'KDC |\GCK\ K[BZ~ \"Z 78Z"T \C["N
IK["P |\GCK\ K[BZ~ \"Z 81F\["K LZE"C NIR"P F\[K LZEC FHF NIRF QPG
82
.USG"K Q"C
80
HB USGK QC IK[P \"Z F\["K LZE"C NIR"P" :CG[ FH ZG[KY TKVGP \CYGTF F[ZECG
83
."'FPMI ZGYP TCGR NIR'
,QPIR O[F \GK\GBM I"PRR GK\GCK\ K[BZ[ ,"FPMI ZGYP TCGR NIR" YGSVF
GKC\MPC QPIR 'Z \B Q\R 'Z FRMK LM .QPIR 'ZN YFCGP KGRKMM CNSZC \GEKSIC [P[P
KGXP LMG 84,"FPMI ZGYP TCGR NIR FMZCN [GEYG YKEX ZMH BZGRFG [GEYF GRCZ"
\B[ QKKXN CG[I GRRKKRTN LB 85.FK\GZGEN \KCNSZCF \GZVSC ZVSP QKB OKPTV
.FM ,HN OKNF\
.D"T G ,\GP[ \[ZV ,FZG\F NT \GYGPT FNDP
.O[ ,O[
.448 IK[P LNP OKNIRF E[B
.GJ ,BM ZCEPC
OD LMG ,156 FKKZJPKDC OKNGTF ,"ZT \C[N FJR Z[B OKNIRF" N[ \GCK\F K[BZN FRGGMF
.USGK
.E ,IK KN[P
.H ,KY OKNF\
.C"T BN ,\YI \[ZV ,ZCEPC ZVS ,FZG\F NT \GYGPT FNDP
.O[ ,O[
.EGTG BRY ,BN OKC\MPC OD LMG ;IK 'PT ,J C\MP ,FVGZ\N OKNT
\GZG[YF \G[ZE \ZES QHI OFZCB 'Z I\GV N[PN LM .14 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV FBZ
TCGR NIR O[C BZYR[ FPC OKF QP FVJP \GIV QKCRG TER GRKNBP F\TG" :QPIR 'Z N[ GP[N
OKZ\S \NKDPN ZJNB 'Z \PEYFC [K \VSGR FPDGE .(CY 'PT ,FRKCG FPMI) "...FPMI ZGYP
NBGDF \BKC ZES NM PIRRF [GEYF Z"GPEB KVP N"XH Q\R 'ZF Z"FGP TP[ Z[B" C\GM[
.QPIR O[N NNM YYHKFN KNCP "YEX
=
=
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
118
OKBCGP FH QKKRTC GKZCEG ,GPXT QPIR 'Z F[T QPIR 'Z QKCG FH YGSV QKC KGFKHF
86
.K"C[ZF EGS FRGMP[ FP \ZDSPC
BN FCXPF NT .QCB N[ USGR FRCPC F\SGM OZJC QPIR 'Z N[ GZCY NT FCXPF
\GK\GBC \GTKVGP QF GC[ ZESC GP[ \GK\GB YZ BNB "QPIR" O[F O[ZR
\MGZVF NT OGKF OD ."FPMI ZGYP TCGR NIR" YGSVF \GNKP N[ \GRG[BZF
QPIR 'Z [GEYF GRCZ FPMI ZGYP TCGR NIRF QGKX" :OG[Z ZCYF \B FSMPF
"N"YGXH CNSZCP
QVGBC SVEGF BGFG ,T"Y\ \R[C QPGBN G\TKSR \TC QPIR 'Z FNKD K"C[ZF EGS \B
FPEYFF QG[N FHG .ZVSN FPEYFM Q"ZFGP KJGYKN N[ FKKR[F FSVEFC ZHRGXP
:FSVEGF[
QC QGTP[ KCZ KYNBF BR\F \NED EGSP BNVR \GND\F ,'F \GNTVP GHI GMN
.N"H KBIGK
KZCEC BCGPM ,GEK NT NBZ[KP FZG\ IM[\ BN[ IKJCF KBIGK QC QGTP[ KCZ
FZG\ FEK\T :GZPB FRCKC OZMN GRK\GCZ GSRMR[M" FMZCN ORGZMH GRK\GCZ
88
ZPBR[ ,IM\[\ BN[ KBIGK QC QGTP[ KCZ ZPBG" 87,"NBZ[KP IM\[\[
BZGCI KBFC" :(:EMY B[R) ZFGHC ZBGCPMG 89,"'GTZH KVP IM[\ BN KM'
.15=13 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV FBZ K"C[ZF EGS NT
.C"T INY \C[
.BM ,BN OKZCE
.L[PFC C"T INY \GP[
86
87
88
89
119
|
OKZ\S \NKDPC ENKMG YGRK\M IK[PF \GPE NT
GC GBXK ZFHF ZVS BGF[ ZGCKIF FHC~ "B\GND QP FC QGYVK ZFHF ZVS GFKBE
KM ,F[GEYF GR\ZG\ N[ \GZ\SR \GBNVR QCFG FBZG BGC F\TG 90.|\GNDF QP
,"GTZH KVP IM[\ BN KM" YGSVF FH NT GPXT KBIGK QC QGTP[ KCZ LPS QM NT
KBIGK N[ GTZH KEK-NT[ ,FHF EGS Z\SRG HPZP GPXTC YGSVF FHC \PBC KM
\GC\ KVGS KM ,NBZ[KP FZG\F IM\[\ BN GEK NT KBIGK QC QGTP[ KCZ BGF[
FNDPG HPZP[ FHG ,KBIGK \GK\GB OF "GTZH KVP IM[\ BN KM" YGSVF FH N[
FH N[ GTZH KVP GRKKF ,|BYGGE~ BYKE GTZH KVP ,GTZH KVP IM[\ BN KM YGSVF
N[ GTZH KEK NT KM ,KBIGK BR\F BGF[ ,YGSVF FHC Z\SRG HPZP BGF[ GPXTC
NT ,KBIGK QC QGTP[ KCZ BGF[ ,N"RM \GC\ KVGSC YGSVF FHC HPZP[ KBIGK
KCZ EGS[ ,TEG .N"RM B\GND QP QGYVK BE ZFGHC KM .FZG\F IM[\ BN GEK
BGF QGTP[ KCZ [GEYF BR\F KM ,TE KM .ZIB YGSVC HPZP BGF GPXTC QGTP[
.'GMG QGTP[ \GCK\ K[BZ { 91\KI'R BKP'[ Q'P [KEY'G ZK'T \RKIC
KJGYKNNG K"C[ZF EGSN FP ZGZC FH QKB ;\RCGP FRKB FSVEGF[ KVM FPEYFF
FZ\VR FPGNT\F .QPIR 'Z N[ GZVSN FPEYF [P[P[ GH FIK\VC [K FPG ,Q"ZFGP
BGF ,K"C[ZF EGS ZVGS QMKFG K\P ZVSP Q\R 'Z Z[BM ,"Q"ZFGP KKI"C .OKCN[C
:Q"ZFGP KJGYKNC GSVEGF BN[ FIK[F N[ OKVSGR OKYNI UKSGP
NBZ[KN ZHGT LZC\K O[F QM-KV-NT UB ZPBG FRT QKPGBN G\TKSR \TC LZEC
BR\ FHKB ZPB[M KBIGK ZC QGTP[ KCZ ZPB[ GPMG .OG\K ZGE QKBG ,EKP\
QGYVK BE ZFHC KM ,GBN ZPBG QGTP[ KCZ FRT ,NBZ[KP IM\[\[ FZG\ FEK\T
EPT QM-NTG GTZH KVP IM[\ BN KM .|\GNDF QP GBXK FH ZFHC KM~ B\GND QP
\NEDP O[ QKT G\NI\C 'B KJGYKNC SVERF EGSF HB FNDG YGSVF FH-NT GPXT
FBRF KBEGC QM-OD GN [K QGTP[ KCZ GN K\ZPBG K\KRT .KBIGK ZC QGTP[ KCZ
QGTP[ KCZ ZPBG FRT LM-ZIB ,QF CK[F .BNVRF [GEIF FHP GRKKF ,FHP
O[ SVERM \KIR BKP[ QP [KEYG ZKT BGF QGTP[ KCZ KM ,ZIB QKRT BGF GPXTC
NT ZPB[ TP[R ZCM OD .'GMG (IK KN[P) FPMI ZGYP TCGR NIR [K GK[MTG
92
.OKP\MF NMP ZFJPF ZFR BGF[ GPXT
\PN[F .GBGNPC BCGF BNG ZXGYG ZHRGX FH ISGR OD ,'GMG KGJKCF \VSGFP TP\[PM
WKCGZGF NBGP[ 'Z SKVEF[ "Q"ZFGP KKIP \GJP[F"C FRG[BZN FSVEGF OKZCEF
93
."QCFG .O[P NCYN QM OD LKZX [KEYG ZKTF |GN~'KVB[" :D"XZ\C
O[M[ EPNN FBCF FNCYF ,KBIGK ZC QGTP[ 'Z QKCG GRKC FNCYF ZXGK QPIR 'Z
.C"T EMY ,D YNI ,ZFH
.K ,E NBKRE
.GJZ=EKZ 'PT ,(F) JVY ,QKPGBC G\CK[KG G\TKSR ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI
.FXY 'PT ,Q"ZFGP KKIP \GJP[F
90
91
92
93
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
120
LM 94,\GNDFP NBZ[K GBX+K ,ZFHF ZVS ,GZGCKI \ZHTC[ QTJ KBIGK ZC QGTP[ KCZ[
NBZ[K GBX+K ,Q"ZFGP KJGYKN ZVSF GRKKFE ,GZGCKI \ZHTC[ F\T QTGJ QPIR 'Z
ZCM Z[VB ONGTC KZVS NCY\K[M" HKZMF QPIR 'Z[ OKTEGK GRB QMBG .\GNDFP
ONGTC BXK[ Q"ZFGP KJGYKN GN[ [GEYF ZVSF[ ZPB[" QMG 95,"IK[PN QRGM\FN
FIK\VM BKCFN Z\GK ONGF QKB TGEP ZGZC \BH ZGBN 96."FNGBDE B\NI\B BGF
N[ GEKYV\N FPGE EKYV\ BNPP[ ,ZVSF N[ FH IC[ Q"ZFGP KJGYKN ZVSN FPEYFG
ZC QGTP[ 'Z OD QM[ ,ZFHF ZVS NT FNGT UB FH ZVSG 97.FNGBDF \BCFC ZFHF ZVS
98
."FPMI ZGYP TCGR NIR"P NCYN LKZX GPXT KBIGK
LZE \KIK[PFG \KPXTF G\SKV\ \B BJCP QPIR 'Z[ ,FECGTF \TM FCG[I GRN
[ZGE BGF[ F[ZEFG "FPMI ZGYP TCGR NIR" YGSVF QKCG GRKC F[GT BGF[ KGFKHF
\B OKYKVPFG [EIP OKZEGSPF \GCK\F K[BZ \GK\GB UGZKX \GTXPBC G\GB
KBIGK \GP[N OKHPZP[ OKYGSVF \B QMN OEGY [ZE[ QVGB G\GBC ,QPIR O[F
QKCG "FPMI ZGYP TCGR NIR" YGSVF QKC KGFKHFG ZG[KYF \B[ ,QM OB ZZC\P .QGTP[G
ZXGK[ QVGBC \BH F[T BGFG ,GPXT QPIR 'Z BNB CNSZC KEKSI G[T BN QPIR 'Z
\GTP[P F\ZG\ \XVFN[ ,\KIK[P \GPEM KBIGK ZC QGTP[ 'Z QKCG GRKC FNCYF
.\YFCGP \KIK[P
BZKV[ TJR Q\R 'Z CG[IF NCGYPF KZCEC QPIR 'Z BXP Z[BM[ ,YVS QKB FH ZGBN
TCGR NIR' HB USGK QC IK[P \"Z F\["K LZE"C NIR"P" KM \GXZIR \GTCGYF \GBYSV
KGFKH CG[ BZYG ,"|OKSMP OKN~ OKPM |'F \B~ FTE WZBF FBNPG |HBG~ 'FPMI ZGYP
LZEC FHF NIRF QPG { FPMI ZGYP TCGR NIR BGF KM" USGK OT IK[PF N[ ZHGI
FH QKKRTC ZFHF ZVS EKYV\ NT .ZFGHF N[ IK[PF ,SCKN FBZ IK[PM KBIGK ZC QGTP[ 'Z NT
.105=104 'PT ,O[ FBZ
.DV 'PT ,HVY ,D YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[
OD FBZG .JK[=EK[ 'PT ,(H) GP[ ,OK[GEYF GKZVSG G\ZG\ \NTP ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI
ZGMPNG" :GKC\MPC Q\R 'Z BJC\P OD LM .FP[=PE[ 'PT ,C\ ,GKNT[ \YGNIPF QKRT ,O[
.(BKZ 'PT ,EX ,KR[ YNI ,\"RZFGP KPK) "FNGBDE B\NI\B OF[ OK[GEYF GKZVS O[
-CB K"C[ZC \GBZN OKVSGR OKKEKSI OKYKEXG J"[TCF N[ OMZE \B QKKXP SCKN FEGFK
.102 'PT ,ZFGHF N[ IK[PF ,SCKN FBZ .\GKIK[P \GKGPEN SGVKJ
FVK FPDGE .\GVSGR \GJP[FP ZGZKCC FNGT K"C[Z N[ GHP FFGCD QPIR 'Z N[ G\DZE[ FTKCYF
GPM BKZCI QKIYGN LKB :TDTD\PM ZPBG KPT ZCE \IB OTV" :GH FJP[FC \GBZN Z[VB LMN
ST BKGG O\SF QPG OFKRKC K[BZ CIG\ QM OD K\KKF KRBG ,BXGKMG KBIGK ZC QGTP[ KCZ NXB FKF[
KCZF KRB K\KKF BKZCI F\KKF[ QMKF O\SF QPG~ KCZ ZTKKH QTGGD LKB JNBG BKZCIB QTGGKD JNBGG
KKIP \GJP[F CGNK[C DMZ 'PT ,|FP~ FVZ ,G\D[F \NGED ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI) "|OFN[
OD FCeIC \NNGM KBIGK ZC QGTP[ 'ZP GNKVB FZ\+K FNTPN QPIR 'Z \RTJ .(FXY 'PT ,Q"ZFGP
OKRCGPC FNGTM GPXT \B FBGZ KBIGK ZC QGTP[ 'Z QM[ ,GRCZ F[P NTP \PKGSP FNTPN FRTJ
KEKSI .87 FZTF 209 'PT ,QGKZ[FP F[TPF ,YZP FBZ LM NT \GZGYPN .F[P NT OKPKGSP
.EMY 'PT ,IN UKTS ,OKZGVKSG \GIK[ FPDGEN FBZ .GH FZPGKN OKTEGP QCGPM GKF CNSZC
94
95
96
97
98
121
|
OKZ\S \NKDPC ENKMG YGRK\M IK[PF \GPE NT
SIKK BGF { 99"USG"K Q"C IK["P |\GCK\ K[BZ~ \"Z F\["K LZE"C NIR"P F\[K
GB I\VP QFC \GBZN NGMKG OFC \GZG[YF \GKZJPKDNG GNB \GK\GB KVGZKXN CZ NY[P
KVGZKXC FBZ QPIR 'Z[ ,FH Z[YFC QKKXN KGBZ .\KIK[PF \K[KBF G\SKV\N ZG[KB
QF \GK\GBF KVGZKXC [P\[P BGF QFC[ \GZG\F[ QTJG ,"EBP NGED" QKKRT \GK\GBF
100
.C\M[ Z\GKC \GCG[IF \GZG\F
ZG[KB GKF BZKV[ TJR Q\R 'Z KZCE OBF :OKZCEF GNDND\F LKB ZT[N F[Y
\EIGKP FYKH NTCMG \KIK[P \GIKN[ NTCM QPIR 'Z N[ \KPXTF G\TEG\N ECTKEC
G\TEG\ \KKRCFC QRGMP EKYV\ FKF QPXT GNB \GBYSVN BP[ GB ,USGK QC IK[PN
BGZYN FJNIFF OBF ,\TEN F[Y QM GPM .USGK QC IK[P \RKICC QPIR 'Z N[ \KPXTF
\GTP[P SGIKK LG\PG GNB \GZGYPN \GTEGP LG\P F\KKF OKZVB FPN[ GN ENGRF GRCN
."\GYGPT FNDP"C FZ[YFG FKKZJPKDF NT \MPSR[ ,G"SY\ \R[N \KIK[P
FBKZYF QKC QKNPGD KMKNF\ N[ FCIZ \GKGZ[VB \[Y N[ \GGXY QF GNB \GKGZ[VB
KB NMGR[ IKRFN F[Y[ ,QPIR 'Z N[ \KIK[PF G\TEG\ \KKRCF KMKNF\ QKCG ZVSC
.NTGVC FPKKY\F QFP GHKB TKZMFN OTV
KGFKH OT "FPMI ZGYP TCGR NIR"N \GSIKK\PF \GBYSVF UGZKX ,OGYP NMP
,"BYGRK"G "GPB KE[P YRGK YGRK\" OD FRGMPF ,USGK QC IK[PM G"SY\ FKKZJPKDF
G"SY\ \R[C BYGGE KIK[PF I\PF \GPXT\FN UNBPG [EI ,USGR TYZ GRN Q\GR KBEG
\GPE CGXKT Z[VN OD LM LG\PG ,OKZVB FPN[ [GEYF YGRK\F \EKNN F\YKHNG
.ENKMG YGRK\M OKZ\S \NKDPC IK[PF
KE@KPF KIK[PF I\PF \GDDGV\F ,OKZVB FPN[ YGRK\F \ZKJV .4
OKZ\S \NKDPG
OKZCEF ZES[ ,\GZ[VBF FNJC YGRK\F ZJVR[ ZIBN[ FRTJF \B \GNTFN FKF Q\KR
TKVGK BGCN EK\TN Z[BM .YEX NBGD \BKC ZES FKFK QMB OKZ\S \NKDPC ZBG\PF
\NKDP \B[ KZF ,GH LZEC LNR OB .ZIB ZESCG \ZIB LZEC TKVGK BGF ,YEX NBGDF
FP N[ ZGBK\M YZG LB BNB ,[IZ\FN EK\TF N[ ZGBK\M EGT QKCFN QKB OKZ\S
.YGRK\F \ZKJV BNGN [IZ\FN FKF NGMK[
FNFR\F[ FIK[F LG\P QM[ ,OKZ\S \NKDP N[ FH ZGBK\ NCYN F[Y[ FBZR LB
ZES[ FVXP QMB Q\R 'Z[ ,TP\[P OKZ\S \NKDP \ZKPB ZIBN Q\R 'ZN QPIR 'Z QKC
.C"T BN ,\YI \[ZV ,ZCEPC ZVS ,FZG\F NT \GYGPT FNDP 99
CZF NY[PF .IPZ 'PT ,DZ \GB ,O[ ;DR 'PT ,EP \GB ,G\D[F \GBZGR \NGED ,Q"ZF \GIK[ 100
CG\MN ,CGZKPRP Q\R 'Z KEKPN\P ,FEGFK QC Q\R 'Z \B TKRF[ BGF \GK\GBF KVGZKXN Q\KR[
NT .QPIR 'Z KC\MC OKKGXPF \GK\GBF KVGZKX NM N[ FPK[Z BGF[ ,OKVGZKXF SZJRGY \B
.51 'PT ,FKVZDGKNCKC ,USB ;IRY 'PT ,OKYKEX FGR FBZ OKVGZKXF SZJRGY
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
122
:BGCKG [PP\K YEX NBGD \BKC N[ FH
.EBP FNGED FIP[ GRKNT BC LM ZIB ,N"RF QKRT QG[BZF OTV ZVS[ ZIB
GRN FKF[ GPT GRZCE G\KCN BC[M LM ZIB .GMZEN TSR FMZCN GRGZMH BGFG
K\ZPBG N"RF ZGVSF ZIB EBP IP[ F[TR BGF OD[ ZPBG ,HB FNGED FIP[
ZGVSF NCB ZPBG FRT \BH FKFK K\P LB ,EBP ZCEF FVKG CGJ[ \PB GN
FP ONGTF FHC FIK[ LG\N FH QKRT BC[M EBP NGED ZCE BGF FHP GPXTC
TGP[N GRKMH[ GRKZ[B EBP NGED ZCE BGF GPXTC FH ,OKZEI KZEIC HGRD FKF[
EK \CK\MP K\Y\TF QBM ET) ONGTP GTP[R BN Z[B FNBM OKHGRD OKZCE
101
.(N"RF
\B \ZB\PM OKZ\S \NKDP \B QKCF BGF[ ,\EPNP "\BH FKFK K\P" Q\R 'Z \NB[
'Z \CG[\C .OKKIC YGRK\F Z\GR GNKB FZGY FKF FP \ZB\PM YZ BNG BGCN EK\TF
BNB ,[IZ\FN EK\T YEX NBGD \BKC N[ FH ZES QMB[ FIRFF N[ FNKN[ QKB QPIR
FIP[F OD .[PP\FNP OF OKYGIZ QKKET OB UB OKZCEF ZGVKS N[ \GCK[IF QGKX YZ
QKB[ \EPNP YEX NBGD \BKC ZES NT FIK[F ZIBN OKEKSICG QPIR 'ZC \HIGBF
ZZGTP ZGVKSC BNB ,CN QGCBE YZG LB ZZGTN NGMK[ ECNC FXPIF N[ ZGVKSC ZCGEP
\BKC OT [PP\FNG BGCN FEK\T EGT[ FIP[FPG CGJFP GC [K QM[ ,BYGGE FIP[
.YEX NBGD
.USGR CG[I B[GR FNTP OKZ\S \NKDP KGNKD \GCYTC \ZZGT\PF FIP[F QKKRT
FHKB EGTC" FCGZY FNGBDN FGGY\F \B \IBC FTED ENKF \ZKJV[ ,NKTN GRKBZ
LEKBP .IK[PF BGCK BN FR[ FBP WYP UB[ ,\CBGM \GTEGPN FNKCGFG 102,"OKR[
YGSTN LK[PP QPIR 'Z FGGY\F \GDDGV\FG ENKF \ZKJV ZIBN OD TK\VP QVGBC ,BSKD
F[TR BN B[GRC YGSKTF[ GRKBZ QM NT Z\K .OKZ\S \NKDP \B ZVSPG KIK[PF B[GRC
\ZKJV NT ZTXF[ UB ,"FNGED FIP["N NKCGP[ QVGBC BNB LGEMEG [GBKK LG\P
.DV OZJ ENKF
GN\R[ \GKIK[PF \GGY\F \GXVR\F[ ,ZCEF FZY EXKM :FFKP\ FNTP FH QKKRT
G\GB FNKCGF BNG QPIR 'Z N[ \KIK[PF G\SKV\ \B FZTZT BN G"SY\ \R[C ENKC
ZIBN[ ,FZY FH EXKM ,EGTG ?BGG[ \GGY\ F\KKF FGGY\F[ FRYSPN GKEKSI \BG
WZPC LK[PFG KPXTF GRGIJKC \B QPIR 'Z ECKB BN G"SY\ \R[C NNGI\F[ ZC[PF
CXYC JKTPFN KNCPG ,QEXCG ,\G[EI \GZG\ ZPGN \KNER K\NC \KRGBD \GK\ZKXKCG CZ
UGTP KCZ \GK[TP KZGVKS N[ F[EI FZES N[ FZKXKC FR[ F\GBC I\V ,Q\ZKPB
?"\GK[TP KZGVKS ZVS"C QMP ZIBN GSRGM[ FNB { QGKPEG
.BK ,QG[BZ YNI ,\"RZFGP KPK 101
.O[ ,O[ 102
123
|
OKZ\S \NKDPC ENKMG YGRK\M IK[PF \GPE NT
\GMKZEF NM 103.GH FFKP\N \PKGSP FCG[\ TKXFN Q\KR FM ET GRKBZ[ FP ZGBN
LG\P F[TR NGMF ,G"SY\ \R[N YGRK\F QKC FYKHF NMG ,IK[PF \BKCN FKKVKXFG
FH KGFKH NNDC BYGGEG ,USGK QC IK[P \RKIC ZYKTC OF GRC QFG QPIR 'Z QF[ FSKV\F
QC IK[PM K"ZBF GCZ NT NBJKG OKKI 'Z KZCE .\T OZJC F\KPN OKETGP OF GPXT
:FH QKKRT FVK OKPKDEP USGK
QGKNJCBG FKTP[ QGKX NT GRMNF[ 'B OGKC ,EGBP F"FNH KZGP GRN ZKFHF
\NPC QKGMN ,FNV\G FNV\ NMC ZKMHR[ ,ZPGN GRN O[ NKVMFG ,O[ GRNNV\FC
BZYR BGFG ,T[ZF SGNKPZB K"T \GPK BNG ,USGK QC IK[P FKIK[ ,"LECT EGE"
CG\M[ GPM~ P"ZC ["PM ,"LPP NB[ OKKI" EGS FHG ."LECT EGE BSM"
TEGK O[FG ,GKZCE GRKCF BNG .\GPN USGK QC IK[P EK\T[ 104|BRPKFP BKTZC
105
...F"GTC F"FNH EKSIF KZGP \P[ ,G\NI\ NT IKMGP GVGSG ,\GZ\SR
:BCGP O[ FFDFCG
106
[K OB ,NGDNDC USGK QC IK[P BCK ZGEG ZGE NMC[ ,F"T OKRGYK\C ["PM
,GKNT QKDK[ KP BXPR BN[ ZIBPG ,\GPK BN[ GKNT OKRKDP GKFK[ ZGEC OKYKEX
107
.\GPN GPXTC BGF IZMGP
[BZP GKNT FZHDR FHMMG ,USGK QC IK[P N[ NGDND BGF[ OEB GR[K ZGEG ZGE NMC
,GKNT QDFN "ZGEC[ OKYKEX" N[ O\GSKKD\F QGDM ,QVGE KBXGK OK[TP YZ .F\KP
OD LM N[C ."\GPN GPXTC BGF IZMGP" QM BN OB[ ,F\KPP GNKXFN OKNGMK
,QPIR 'Z OD QMNG ,OI\VN \CZGBF \GGPF \RMS \B [BZP GTEK QPIR 'Z ODG K"ZBF
:QGSBF \B TGRPN KEM GNNV\K[ GKEKPN\P [YKC ,K"ZBF GPM
FPN[ [GEYF ENKF BGF[ GN[ YGRK\F NT NNV\FN FCZF K\GB ZKFHF LB
QTPN ZKFHFG FGX N"RF ZVSF GEKC ZSP[ [KBFN ODG FMZCN GRGZMH OKZVB
N"RF YGRK\F NT OPXT GIYK[ TEK KM ,N"RF YGRK\F NT NNV\K[ O[F
G\GBC \GTGC[ ZIB ENKF ZJVRG ,GRK\GNV\ GNKTGF BN OKCZF GRK\GRGGTCG
FKF[ FHF NGEDF ZC[G FZXP NBZ[K NMG GR\GBG G\GB OIRK OGYPF ...WKYF
GRYEX IK[P GRN BKCKG ,OKNVMC GR\GB OIRKG [GZKVC ZPB Z[BM ONGTC
108
.QPB GRKPKC FZFPC
.82=80 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV FBZ
.(IP\ 'PT) C"T GTZ UE ,BX\ KM \[ZV ,ZFH FBZRM
,ZP\ FBZ USGK QC IK[PM K"ZBF NT .GPZ=FPZ 'PT ,JK YZV ,FEKPTF ZT[ ,OKKI WT KZV
.G"IZG K"ZBF
.(JS[\ 'PT) C"T GPY O[G (IM[\ 'PT) B"T JNY ZFH KRGYK\N G\RGGM KNGB
.GPZ 'PT ,JK YZV ,FEKPTF ZT[ ,\GRGKHIF ZVS
.JK 'PT ,BK ,QG[BZ YNI ,\"RZFGP KPK
103
104
105
106
107
108
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
124
NT F\[TRG ,ENKF N[ G\NIPN FPEY ENKF NT NNV\FN QPIR 'Z N[ G\[YC[ QM\KK
.GN \CZGBF FRMSF \BG ENKF N[ GCKJ \B QPIR 'Z N[ FBNVGPF G\TKEK LPS
FKGXP ZGE NMC[ USGK QC IK[P N[ GI\VN \CZGBF \GGPF \RMSN \VSGR FPDGE
,\GEK\T TEGK NGED OMI" O[C GN ZSP QFM EGTSP 'Z[ ZVSPF ,NBJKG OKKI 'Z KZCEC
QC IK[P NT N"H GRK\GCZ GZPB[ FPG ...USGK QC IK[P |NBJKG OKKI 'Z GRKKFE~ BGF KM
NB[ OKKI :ZPBR GKNT KM ,FZKHDF F\GBP GNKXFN KIM NMC NE\[B KRB ,DZFK[ USGK
109
."GN \\R ,LPP
BGF[ IKMGP GRKB[ YZ BN ,K"ZBF N[ G\GP GPM ,OKZVB FPN[ YGRK\F N[ G\GP
Q\GRF BGF QM[ ,USGK QC IK[PM GKGFKH \B YHIP BYGGE BNB ,USGK QC IK[P FKF BN
,ZJVR[ QG[BZF KIK[PF YGRK\F GRKB OKZVB FPN[ .\T OZJC G\GPN ZCSFG Z[V
KP ,Q\T OZJC G\P[ USGK QC IK[P N[ \GRG[ \GKGPE N[ FMGZB FZG[N UZJXP BGFG
."ZTR" \RKIC BGF[ ZDGCM GB ZTRM KPG GPB KE[P YRGKF YGRK\M [PP
QC IK[PN FGGY\F OXTC LB ,FVNI ORPB G"SY\ \R[C FRGPJ F\KKF[ FGGY\F
N[ G\GPC OKK\SFN NGNT BGFG [PP\K BN ZCEF[ \GZ[VBF \KRCGP F\KKF ZCM USGK
\KIK[PF G\VY[F NT ZTZTN KEM \P KIK[PF YGRK\F[ FECGTC QKB QMN .ENKF
NBGDF \BKCC GKBXBX EKYV\CG GN[ G\GIKN[C G\RGPB NTG QPIR 'Z N[ \KSKSCF
,\KIK[P \GIKN[ NTCM \G[TNG NGTVN LK[PP QPIR 'Z QMN .USGK QC IK[PM
.BGC\ BGC ,BKF FYGIZ OB OD ,F\BXG\[
IK[P \GKFN LVGF FKF OKKIC OKZVB FPN[ YGRK\F Z\GR GNKB[ ZPGN OD Q\KR
.FPN[ GP[C FHGPZFG GC FRGPJF EGE QC IK[P \RKIC \B [PPP FKF LMCG ,NTGVC
F[PP\F OKZVB GP[C FHGPZF USGK QC IK[P \RKIC[ LMN FPZD YGRK\M G\ZKJV
110
.[GPKP BNNG ECNC IGMC FZB[R EGE QC IK[P \RKIC LB ,NTGVF NB IGMF QP FBXKG
,G"SY\ CB [EGIC FRG[BZN FZPBR[ ,YEX NBGD \BKCC \YSGTF OKZ\S \NKDP
OD .FXVR\F FCGZY FNGBDN FGGY\F[ ZIBN FZPBR ,YGRK\F \ZKJV ZIBN OKK[EGIM
FNGBDN FGGY\F FDGPRG FMM[[ ZIBN ZPBR ,T"Y\ \R[C ZPBR[ ,K"C[ZF EGS
LK[PP QPIR 'Z[ FECGTF \B OKV[GI K"C[ZF EGS ODG FNKDPF OD \BH OTG .FCGZY
OD NBGDF \BKCC K\GTP[P EKYV\ FN [K[ \KIK[P \GK[KB ,F\T OD ,GPXTC \GBZN
.FPFP\K OB
FTEG\F KVGB \B ZKFCP ,QPIR 'Z N[ GEGS ZCE N[ G\PBN BGF[ ,K"C[ZF EGS
G\GKIK[PN FPGEC ,QPIR 'Z N[ G\GKIK[P .GH FVGY\C QPIR 'Z N[ \KIK[PF \KPXTF
FBZ \P[ IK[P CG[JGNHP NMKP NBKIK 'ZC \GBZN \GZ[VBF NT .F 'PT ,\GRGKHIF ZVS 109
.128=124 'PT ,KIK[PF EGSF ,ZNG[JNB
EK\TN [PP\\ EGT EGE QC IK[P \RKIC UB[ FGGY\N I\V CNSZC KEKSIN I\GV FH ZCSF 110
FKFK IK[PF[ NGTVN IKNXF[ ZPB[ ,QPIR 'Z KZCE OKRGGMP LMN KNGBG ;GF[NM QVGBC BGCN
.CNSZC KEKSIP FPM NXB \PKKY GH FRGPB[ KRPGEPM .GKXNI KBXGKP
125
|
OKZ\S \NKDPC ENKMG YGRK\M IK[PF \GPE NT
ZFHF ZVSP OD FNGT[ KVMG QPIR 'Z F\GB ZBK\[ KVM KBIGK ZC QGTP[ 'Z N[
\GMGZB \GGY\C BNB ,\KE@KPG FCGZY FNGBDN FKKVKXC FGGNP FRKB ,"ZFH KRGYK\"PG
QGTP[ KCZ GRCN KBIGKP) \GZGEF \Z[Z[C ZGCTN \ETGKP \KIK[PF \GIKN[F .IGGJ
QPIR 'ZG K"C[Z G[EKI[ FZG\F \ZHTC F\NGTV \B NGTVNG (GKXNI KBXGKN QPIR 'ZPG
O\XVF[ ,GRTJ OKZVSF KR[ NT .(Q"ZFGP KJGYKNCG ZFHC) OFKZVSC FIXRGF[G
.O\NGBD QEKT \B GNIKG \GNDFP NBZ[K GBX+K FC[ LZEF BKF ONGTC
BRZPGYP QKZVS NBKIK FEGFK YIXK 'ZN OKZ\S \NKDP .5
FRYHN TKDFN FMHG G"SY\ \R[C ENGR[ USGR KIK[P BNV YGRK\ ZGMHBC FH YZV OKKSR
FRGMPF ,KJSKPF GRPGKC .BRZPGYP QKZVS NBKIK FEGFK YIXK KCZ BGF BNF ,FCK[NG
\B BRZPGYP CZF U[GI ,E"[\ \R[C FRG[BZN OSZV\F[G ,OKZ\S \NKDP BGF UB
BGF[ FECGTN \YFCGP \KIK[P \GTP[P SIKKPG USGK QC IK[PM \KPXTF G\SKV\
\GCZ OKPTV ZMHBP BGF GRPGKC .USGK QC IK[P FKKZJPKDC FNGTF ,G"SY\ \R[C ENGR
GK\GRGKHING GPNGTN FYGPT FYKH FNDPG ,NBJKG OKKI 'Z N[ \GRGKHIF ZVS \B
NT BRZPGYP CZF ZVSP[ \GRKKRTPF \GECGTF \IB .NBJKG OKKI 'Z N[ OKKIK[PF
:G\GB OKNBG[N \GCG[\ CK[FNG \GRGKHI \GHIN NIF GC[ NKDN \TDGR GPXT
K\D[FG \GBNVR \GBZP K\D[F OKR[ [PI QC ET OKR[ K\[ QC K\KKF[ OGKP
UGSP K\KVXG OKYNB-ZCEC [KB NB[K[M \GBKCR KZCE K\ZCEG [EGYF-IGZ
KCX 'Z Z"ZFGP BZGR OKYGNBF [KB KEGE-KZGPG .[PP GVGS ETG ONGTF
NB[K Z[B NM GN CK[BG GN ZVSB[ TGC[ NMC [KRBZ KR[ KN Q\R CG[JKEKHP
\GTPFG KRPP NB[K Z[B \GNB[F NM NT KYRG ZGZC K\ZPBG K\ZCEG .KRPP
111
.FYEXN K\YNI
KIK[PF YGRK\MG 112NBJKG OKKI 'Z N[ GKRCM ,BGF OD[ USGR KIK[P YGRK\ QBM [K
[EGYF IGZN OKK\R[ QC G\GKFC EGT FMGH ,CNSZCP QPIR 'Z N[ OKZ\S \NKDPC
ZCM .GVGS ETG ONGTF UGSP 113,GRCZ F[PMG QG[BZF OEBM ,FBGZ UBG FBGCRNG
,CG[JKEKHP KCX 'Z GEGE G\GB NBG[[ \GNB[F NM NT CK[P BGF QJY ENKMG YGRK\M
Z[B NM NT CK[FN TEGKG ,GPXT KRVC CG[I KEKSI Z"GPEBG YFCGP NCGYP FKF[
.GRPP OKNBG[
QPIR 'Z QM[ ,QPIR 'Z ZB\P[ KIK[PF YGRK\N OKEY\ [PK[ BN FH KIK[P YGRK\
OZJC FR[ OKK\BPMG OKR[ [[ BRZPGYP KIK[PF ZTRN GBNP OZJC EGT ZJVR
.J 'PT ,(QKZVS) OKZ\S \NKDP 111
.50 FZTF QGKX EKN NKTN FBZ 112
.DM\\ HPZ ,OKZCE ,KRGTP[ JGYNK { F[P NT ;C"T CK FDKDI FBZ QG[BZF OEB NT 113
OKZ\S \NKDP
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126
FBZRM CNSZCP QPIR 'Z N[ OKZ\S \NKDP OD .C\M[ OKZ\S \NKDP FRG[BZN FPSZGV
EGSM FZP[R BKF QM[ ,BRZPGYP CZF N[ OKZ\S \NKDPN FBZ[F ZGYP F[PK[ BN
\GNKDP K\[ N[ QHMZPC[ ,FECGTF \VNBP QMN BYGGE .FNB GRKPK ET SGPM KCNSZC
[K[ KIK[P BNV YGRK\ EPGT GH OT GH ZK[K Z[Y BNN GZXGR[ \GRG[ \GKEKSI OKZ\S
.USGK QC IK[P \R[ { G"SY\ \R[N FYGEF FYKH GN
FNCYF \VP NT FNTF[ ,"\GYGPT FNDP" BZKV[ TJR Q\R 'Z N[ GZVSN[ QM\KK
YGRK\" \RKIC BGF[ IK[PN F\GB Z[KYG USGK QC IK[P=G"SY\ FKKZJPKDF \B
BRZPGYP CZF N[ \KIK[PF \KPXTF G\TEG\ CGXKTC YNI FKF ,"GPB KE[P YRGKF
.QBMP CNSZCP QPIR 'Z N[ \GKIK[PF GK\GGY\G GK\GSKV\ \GI\V\FCG QBMP
ZGVKSM OKZ\S \NKDP NTG \GK[TP KZGVKS ZVSC BNVF \GYGRK\ NT .6
F [T P
\GYGRK\ N[ O\GPEC QGKT LG\P OKNGT YGRK\M IK[PF \GPE CGXKT N[ OKVSGR OKJCKF
YGRK\ TKVGP "FNKV\ NTCP F[TP" ZGVKSC .\GK[TP KZGVKS ZVSC OKTKVGPF BNV
DNVGP OMI BGF [GN[ NKDC ZCM[ ,BNV YGRK\M IK[PF ZGBK\ \B ZKMHPF BNV
:NBZ[K NMN FBZGF FZGPF
KVGK FKF BN[ EBP EBP ZB\-FVK FKF YGRK\F G\GBG ENG FMNP-\CF FENKG
GKF GKRVG ,OKRGGDF NM OFN FKFG ,CFH N[ GKF GK\GZT[G ,NNM K[GRB QKP N[
GBZ KM FZGPD FPMI OT ENGR FHF YGRK\FG ,OKZIB \GZGB GKF GKRKTG ,FPI KRVM
,OEB-KRC OKZCEP GKF[M[ ,ZGPD OMI BGF[ ,(FENGFF \T[C) UMK\ GC
OMI BGF[ ,GC GZKMF KM ,FHC BXGKM QMG ,YIG[ FKF YGI[N QKMKZX[ OGYPC
114
.BXGKMG ZGCE QGDM ,NGED N[ \GTGR\F GN QKB QKET[ YZ ,NGED
N[ G\GPEN HPZPM FBZR OKRGGDF NMC \GKG[TF CFHF \GZT[ NTC ON[GPF YGRK\F
:ZFH KRGYK\C ZVGSP EGE NT QM[ EGE QC IK[P
,YZYZK CFH ,|GZT[C FKF CFH KRKP \TC[~ GZT[C FGF BCFE KRKP FTC[ EGE
NM |GNGM~ NKNM CFH ,[K[Z\ CFH ,ZGDS CFH ,OKGZV CFH ,ZKVGB CFH ,HVGB CFH
115
.BC[ CFH |BGFG~ GFKBG ,OKRGGD
:WNHRKKJ[ QKET CZF FH QKKRTC C\GM LMG
\RKICC ,NBGDF N[ FRGKNTF \GPND\F BGF ,LNPF \CNG ZGCKDN ENGR[ QCFG
.EXY=DXY 'PT ,\GK[TP KZGVKS ZVS ,"FNKV\ NTCP F[TP" 114
,KTZEB FEGFK 'Z OGDZ\ KV NT OGDZ\F .(RZ\ 'PT) B"T E"MY=C"T DMY ,T QGYK\ ,ZFH KRGYK\ 115
.O[
127
|
OKZ\S \NKDPC ENKMG YGRK\M IK[PF \GPE NT
NTFG \GK[GRBF ,\GKGPN[F NMC ON[GP FKFK G\NKI\P Z[B ,EGE QC IK[P
NB OKZG[Y ZGVKSC OKZIB \GPGYPCG QBM YGRK\F N[ GKZGBK\ .\GK[GRB
117
..."GRN ENGK ENK KM" 116:GFKT[K ZVSC \GPGYP FPMC ZBG\PF
\ZESN USGR Z[YC G\GB \Z[YP G\VKJIG ,ON[GPF YGRK\F UJIR F[TPF L[PFC
:GRZMF ZCM[ OKKIK[PF \GYGRK\F
\KC LG\N FHF FZTS IGZF BCG ...ONGTC FNGED FZTS IGZ FKFG ,OGKF KFKG
-\CF N[ ENGF \B UJIG FZTS IGZF SRMR[ YZ ,YHF OG[ O[ F[T BNG LNPF
ZYKF YGRK\F \B UJI[M UM\ ,(JKVPGB QKZGY[) [TZF LG\CG N"RF FMNP
BNG ,ONM GZHV\R[ ET ,LNPF QMG FMNPF QMG GKZIB FMNP-\CF FVEZ ,N"RF
118
.OKKB OPGYP TEGR
OIRP YGRK\F \B GVJI[ \GIGZF N[ NGDNDM \KBZR YGRK\F \B \VJGIF FZTSF IGZ
FRGC\G FPMI ,QHI OFZCB 'Z N[ GZVSC .KEGPN\F ZGVKSC "BIK[P BMNP" FKYHI QC
:FH ZGVKS NT Q\R 'Z KZCE OKBCGP ,\GK[TP KZGVKS NT
'KF[ FNV\ NTCF ZVKS[ F[TPC ,FNV\ NTCF N[ F[TPFC BCGP[ QKRTF
FZTS IGZF BCG 'GMG ONGTC NGED FZTS IGZ |F~'KFG OGKF KFKG ,'GMG FMNPG LNP
UJIG FZTS IGZF SRMR[ YZ YHKF OG[ O[ F[T BNG ,LNPF \KC LG\N FHF
QYHF N[ \YGNIPF UYG\ 'KF G"SY\ WKYC KM 'GMG 'GMG FMNP \CF N[ ENKF
-KEK-NT~ H"KT GZCD\F[ ET N"HZ EDRM ZY[ N[ \GET |\K~'KCD 'KI F[TG TGEKF
119
.|QPB GRKNT QD\ G\GMH~ B"TKH FHF |[GE~'YF YGRK\F YN\SRG OKDGZJYF |FH
ENGR[ ON[GPF KIK[PF YGRK\F BGF OKZVB FPN[ 120Q\R 'Z N[ GH \GR[ZV KV NT
GH \GPEP ZCTPF .QPIR 'Z NT \YGNIPF \ZTSC UJIR[G FZGPD FPMI OT ZCM
ZGBK\ \B \ZB\P FNKDPF .KTCJG JG[V BGF OKZ\S \NKDPC KIK[PF YGRK\F \GPEN
FZGP \GKFN LVGF FKF FZGPDF G\PMIC[ BNVGP YGRK\ G\GB N[ G\GNKTVG GKKI
G\GB GVJI BNPNB { ONGTF ZSKYG NBZ[K LNP FKF L[PFCG NBZ[K NMN FBZGF
QYHF" QBM FRGMPF ,FNGV[P BCSF KEK NT FDFRGF[ \YGNIPF N[ \GTZF \GIGZF
."TGEKF
.F ,J GFKT[K
.140 'PT ,\GK[TPF KZGVKSP F[[ ,WNHRKKJ[
.HXY=GXY 'PT ,\GK[TP KZGVKS ZVS ,"FNKV\ NTCP F[TP"
.79 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV LM NT FBZG .JNY\ 'PT ,B \GB EK QPKS ,FRGC\G FPMI
FNTP GRRKBG ,"FNKV\ NTCP F[TP" ZGVKSF \B \GMKZBC Q\R 'Z ZBCP \GMNF KJGYKN ZVSC
.VY=CTY 'PT ,E FMNF ,FNKV\ \GMNF ,OKKI IZGB ,B LZM ,\GMNF KJGYKN FBZ .FH KGFKH O[
116
117
118
119
120
OKZ\S \NKDP
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128
,QG[BZF QXCYF ."OKRXCYF \TC[P F[TP"C KGXP ,BNVGPG CG[I ,USGR YGRK\
:ZPGBG GPXT NT ZVSP ,ZGGKT FZGBMN BGF[ QXCYF
GRKB ,GNM ONGTF QPH NM[ YZ NNM ZGGKT KRB QKB ?ZGGKT KRB[ OKZGCS O\BG
NNM \GNM\SF OG[ GN QKB KM ,ZGGKTM FPER BGF QM NTG) QKT UZFM KNXB FNGT
LKK[ QKB QM NTG QKT UZFM GNXB FNGT GRKB ONGTF QPH NM[ ZIBP ,ONGTF NT
ZKTX~ YKRK KRB QKETG ,EBP QYH KRBG (NNM ONGTF FHC FKBZG \GNM\SF GNXB
QYH KRB QM KV NT UBG NNM \GKIN QKET K\NI\F BNG (DRGK GRKKF) ,KZPDN |EGBP
NGEDF Z[RFP FH NT FPMSF KN [K[ YZ ,\BH ZPGB KPXTC KRB BNG EBP
121
.F[TP OMN ZVSBG
FNGT GRKB ONGTF QPH NM QM[ ,\GKIN NKI\F OZJ[ KIXR YKRK BGF ZGGKTF QXCYF
GC OKKY\P BGF[ ZG[KPC QMNG ,"QKT UZF" ,Z\GKC FRJYF QPHF \EKIKN GNKVB GNXB
FRG[BZF QPHF \EKIK KEM GNKVB HH BN QKKET "QGT[F"G \GRPKFN NKI\P GRKB QPHF
122
.Z\GKC FRJYFG
NT FKF BGF 'KZPDN YGRK\' FKF BGF Z[BM[ ,ZZC\P QXCYF ZVSP[ F[TPFP
GTKDFG GNXKR ,GPT OKZIBG ,BGFG ,'\GRKVSF \B ZC[G FZTS IGZ BCG' OKC FRKVS
EBP QYH' F\B KM K\GPM F\B" :GKNT EKTP QMB NGEDF Z[RF F[TPF UGSC .NEDPN
123
."NNM \GKIN \NI\F BN QKETG 'EBP YKRK F\B QKETG
QPIR 'Z Q\GR[ ZCSFFG ZGBK\F \B CJKF OKPNGF ZGGKTF QXCYF N[ GNB OKZGBK\
QPIR 'Z [ZGV FC[ FZG\ ,"QPHFP FNTPN BGF LZC\K 'F" FZG\C IK[PF N[ G\GPEN
N[ G\GPE \B BKCP BGF LMN FPDGEMG ,OKKSIK OKZCEM OGYPFG QPHF NT G\R[P \B
:IK[PF
,NCS[ FP NCSG ONGTF \BKZC OGKP ZCT[ FP GKNT ZCT[ ,IK[P QM-NTG
124
."LK\ENK OGKF KRB ,F\B KRC" :LZC\K O[F GN ZPBK UGSC FH NM ZIBG
N[ GNM[ OXGT NEGD \PIP FH NM LB ,FZGBMN ,EBP BNVRG FGP\ ZCEFG
NEDK[ ,GNM[ \NTP OXGT \DNVF \PIPG HB HIBK[ G\DZEP NEGD KVN ,IK[P
.DPZ 'PT ,\GK[TP KZGVKS ZVS
QXCYF ,F\GB BNPP GRRKB ONGTFG Z\GKC FRJYF FKKBZF \EKIK OD BKF "QKT UZF"[ ZIBP
.FHF ONGTF \GBZPN "ZGGKT" BGF QG[BZF
Z[RM [EI\\" YGSVF LZE NT OKKVGS-QKBF OKZGTRFG \EP\PF \G[EI\FF \B NPSP Z[RF
;"OTF KZ[B" F[ZEC OD Z[RC QPIR 'Z [P\[P OD FH QVGBC .(F ,DY OKNF\) "KMKZGTR
\RKIC FHG ZGCKT \RKICC F\KNTC [VRF [EI\R[ [GEIF FH { [VR \RKICC[ Z[RG"
\RKICC ,B\KZGBE QK[GEI \RKIC FH { FZG\C[ Z[RG ...'KMKZGTR Z[RM [EI\\' { Z[R
.(F ,DK BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN) "'Z[RM [EI\\'
.H ,C OKNF\
121
122
123
124
129
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OKZ\S \NKDPC ENKMG YGRK\M IK[PF \GPE NT
G\GB ET ONGTF \BKZC OGKP GKNT ZCT[ QPHF NM FKFK QM-NT EBP EBP HB
QPHF NM NJC\K KM ,OGKF ENGR GNKBM [PP FKFKG ,[PP SVBG QKB GNGM QPHF
{ "LK\ENK OGKF KRB" LZC\K O[F GN ZPBK QM-NTG EBP NGED FKFK[ ,GNM[C
125
.N"RM KZPDN SVBG QKB ZCT[ QPHF NM KM ,[PP "OGKF"
'Z KZCEP ."[PP OGKF" ENGR[ YGRK\M IK[PN QPIR 'Z N[ FZK[K \GSIKK\F QBM FR[K
FH OGKC .IK[PF N[ G\Z\MF GB GBGC OGK BGF GKNT ZCGEP[ "OGKF"[ ,TP\[P QPIR
\GYRK CXPC BXPR BGF LM LG\P BYGGEG ,GNM[ \NTP OXGT \DNVFN IK[PF TKDP
BGF QMNG ,"KZPDN SVBG QKB" BGF FM ET ZCT[ ONGTF QPH NM IK[PF \TEG\C .KEKP\
BGF QM[ ,Z\GKC QYHF OD BGF IK[PF \BH OT ."OGKF ENGR GNKBM [PP" \TF NM ZB[R
EIB BGF IK[PF N[ GP[[ N"HI ZPBP LZE NT ,"ONGTF \BKZC OGKP" EGT OKKY
126
.ONGTF \BKZC OEGY EGT GBZCR[ OKZCE FTC[P
\GVY\[F [K ZGGKTF QXCYF \GPEC[ ,QPIR 'Z KZCE OKBCGP "Q"ZFGP KKI"C
:GN[ G\GPEN
OBG 127.QKCSE BCS KRB QG[NF GHC ZPBG GPXT NT [GEYF GKVP BXK \IB OTV
ZKNJTCF N[ ZGVSFC SZTNJTC FTC[ N[ FBZGRF F[TPFC QKC\G NM\S\
QM-KV-NT-UBG ,EBP QYH BGF[ NGEDF Z[RF GN ZPB[ ZGGKT FKF[ QG[BZF
,O[ OKZMHRF OKRYHF NM EDR QYH FKFG 'GMG NNM \GKIN NKI\F BNG YKRK BGF
128
.FH QKRT \XY QKC\
\B OD BNB ,QPIR 'Z N[ GRC \B YZG LB \DXKKP FRRKB YGRK\F \GPE[ ,BGVB ZZC\P
,IK[P \RKIC GC [K[ ZGGKTF QXCYF QKCG GRKC KGFKH ZXGK QPIR 'Z 129.GPXT QPIR 'Z
YKRK ODG ,ONGTF BZCR OZJC EGT OKKYF ,QKCSE BCS OD \IB FRGTCG \TC BGF[
.[PP OGKF ENGR[ YGRK\M ,KZPDN
QKC[ FYKHF FMG\P FNGT[ OKZCE \GMKZB FR[K \GMNF KJGYKNC .BS BRKR\ Q"ZFGP KJGYKN
,E FMNF ,FNKP \GMNF ,FTE FZGK ,\GMNF KJGYKN) BS BRKR\ FZG\F QKCG ZGGKTF QXCYF \GPE
.(IT=DT 'PT
.B"T ER OKISV
OKNT FBZ .QPIR 'Z \B ZB\N \GCZ OKPTV Q\R 'Z [P\[P ,ZFHC GZGYP[ ,FH KGRKMC QMBG
.EGTG EM\ ,BM\ ,EX[ ,DR[ ,CSY ,EX ,IK ,J OKC\MP ,FVGZ\N
.GTZ=FZT 'PT ,(CN) CTZ G\D[F \GBZGR \NGED ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI
NM \B QBM \GXPN K\GZ[VBC QKB" :SKKG USGK ZKTP ZKTX QYHM GPXT \B QPIR 'Z \SKV\ NT
F\GB[ ,ZKTX NKD OT \IBM FBCF \DNVGP FRYKH N[ OKKDGNGMKSVFG OKKIK[PF OKRM\F
49 'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG) "\KCNSZCF \GZVSC \GPGYP FPMG FPMC GPXTN QPIR 'Z SIKKP
.(15 FZTF
125
126
127
128
129
OKZ\S \NKDP
130
|
130
ZGVKSM OKZ\S \NKDP .7
OKTKVGPF BNVF \GYGRK\ QKCG OKZ\S \NKDPC IK[PF ENKF \GPE QKC \GZMKRF \GYKHF
ENKF KZGBK\ \B OD OBF ,FNB[F \B \GNTP QPIR 'Z N[ \G[ZECG \GK[TPF KZGVKSC
ZGBK\ ,KIK[PF YGRK\F N[ USGR K\GZVS ZGBK\M BGZYN [K OKZ\S \NKDPC IK[PF
.QPIR 'Z \ZKXKC KIK[PF YGRK\F N[ \GTVGF NGNMP LG\P EIB JCKF FNDP[
OKZ\S \NKDP N[ FKKVGB ZCEC \KRGZYTF FNB[C EZVF KNCN FMGZM GH FNB[
USGR F[TP BKF BP[ GB \KREK\T \KIK[P FYKRGZM BKF OKZ\S \NKDP OBF 131.FNGM
.YEX NBGD \BKCC YSGT ,\GK[TPF \KCZPM ,BGF ODG ,QPIR 'Z N[ \GK[TPF KZGVKSC
KN\VR 'ZG Q\R 'Z ,QPIR 'Z QKC FNFR\F[ FIK[FP FNGT FH B[GRC \PKGSP FZKPB
NT FHN FH GZVKS OKV\\[PF[ ,LMC FI\VRG FNKDPF KGNKD ZIBN \GTGC[ FPM
:YEX NBGD \BKC ZES KGNKD \GCYTC OFC FHIB[ \G[DZ\F
GRKNT BC LM ZIB |YEX NBGD \BKC ZES~ N"RF QKRT QG[BZF OTV ZVS[ ZIB
G\KCN BC[M LM ZIB .GMZEN TSR FMZCN GRGZMH BGFG EGBP FNGED FIP[
ZIB EBP IP[ F[TR BGF OD[ ZPBG ,HB FNGED FIP[ GRN FKF[ GPT GRZCE
132
.\BH FKFK K\P LB ,EGBP ZCEF FVKG CGJ[ \PB ,GN K\ZPBG .N"RF ZGVSF
QM[ ,FCGZY FNGBDF[ LM NT FCGJ FZG[CP FBXG\ F\KKF BN \XZV\PF FIP[F
FRYSPN QPIR 'Z TKDF ,OKZVB FPN[ GRC \ZKJV ZIBN ,GH FVGY\C BYGGE[ GRKBZ
,FPXT GH FEGYR[ QM\KK .\GCGZYF OKR[F FBPC BGC\ BN ZCM FBZRM FNGBDF[
FFKP\F \B FZZGT[ BKF ,KR[ EXP QPHF YGIKZ NT FTKEKFG EIB EXP FIP[F
133
."\BH FKFK K\P LB ,EGBP ZCEF FVKG CGJ[ \PB" ,Q\R 'Z FNTF[
QGKSKRC EYP\PG "\BH FKFK K\P" CK[P BGF QKB[ ,FNGT QPIR 'Z \CG[\P
:F\G[PP\F QPH NT \GNB[C FKGN\ FRKB OKZ\S \NKDP N[ F\GCK[I[ ,ZKCSFN
LG\N FH QKRT BC[M EGBP NGED ZCE BGF FHP GPXTC ZGVKSF NCB ,ZPBG FRT
NGED ZCE BGF GPXTC FH ,OKZEI KZEIC HGRD FKF[ FP ONGTF FHC FIK[
134
.EGBP
FCKJ ,F\T OKYSGT GRB FC[ FEGYRC YGKEC \EYP\P QPIR 'Z \CG[\[ FBZR
FBGCR FRRKB OKZ\S \NKDP[ Q\R 'ZN ZKCSP QPIR 'Z .OKZ\S \NKDP N[ K\GZVSF
."\BH FKFK K\P" QGDM \GNB[C FRGPJ FRRKB F\GCK[IG ,IK[PF \GZGY NT \YKGEP
.(213 'PT ,O[) "\KZGVKS FZGX" FNKDPN[ ,FRGMR ZTK[ SKKG
.150=136 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV ;152 'PT ,O[ LM NT FBZ
.BM=M 'PT ,BK ,QG[BZ YNI ,\"RZFGP KPK
.O[ ,O[
.O[ ,O[
130
131
132
133
134
131
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OKZ\S \NKDPC ENKMG YGRK\M IK[PF \GPE NT
,"\BH FKFK K\P" FNB[F OXT NT \HPGZP \ZGYKC QPIR 'Z \CG[\C [K[ UB QM\KK
\NKDP N[ F\GFPC FRCF ZSGI NT FEKTP BKF QM[ ,FKNT CK[FN IZGJ GRKB QPIR 'Z[
HGRD FM ET FKF[ ZGVKSF \MKVF OXTC FNKDPF N[G FIK[F N[ Q\GCK[I .OKZ\S
.ONGTC FND\PG FTKVGPF FIK[N OKZEI KZEIC
OXTC BKF OKZ\S \NKDP N[ F\GCK[I[ ,QPIR 'Z N[ \Y\ZP FTKCY QBM [K
LG\N" YEX NBGD \BKC ZES NT [EI ZGVKS \SRMF .IK[F OGI\C QRGMP TGZKB F\GKF
,\GCK[IG LZT NTC BGF "GPXTC ZGVKSF" ."EGBP NGED ZCE BGF GPXTC FH ...FIK[
FIK[ BKF FNKDPF ."EGBP NGED ZCE BGF GPXTC FH" :\BH [KDEPG ZHGI QPIR 'ZG
ET HGRD FKF[ ZGVKS ,ONGTP ZVGS BN[ [EI KIK[P ZGVKS ,YEX NBGD \BKC NT F[EI
NT FIK[F ZGBK\ \B Q\R 'Z O\GI GH IGZC .FIK[N LVF F\TG OKZEI KZEIC FM
GTP[R BN Z[B FNBM OKHGRD OKZCE TGP[N GRKMH[ GRKZ[B" FBKZYC OKZ\S \NKDP
135
."ONGTP
ZIC GC[ OGYPFP OD \TP\[P \GK[TP KZGVKS QKCN OKZ\S \NKDP QKC FYKHF
N[ GVGSC ."\"RZFGP KPK" LG\C OKZ\S \NKDP ZGVKS \B CN[N QKZFT[JP QPIR 'Z
:Q\R 'Z ZVSP OKZ\S \NKDP QKKRTC FIK[F \BCGP GC[ "\"RZFGP KPK"C UKTS G\GB
TYCKEGEPN LZEN TSR ,N"RF YGRK\F ZJVR[ ZIB ,N"RF G"SY\ \R[C
BC[MG \GK[TP KZGVKSC[ FRG[BZ F[TP ZVSN NKI\F O[G ,FK\GCKCSG
K\ZVKS LZEC ,ZPBG ,F[TPF F\GB GRKRVN ZVKSG ZHIG GNXB K\KKF LZEFP
136
.\GK[TP KZGVKS ZVSC O[ SVERM 'GMG F[TP
,FNDTC QPIR 'Z FNKD FRG[BZF OKZ\S \NKDP \B[ GRN ZVGS QMN OEGY[ ZIBP
ZVKS OD BGF GPXT TSP G\GBC[ ZZC\P ,FRKBZYGBC K\R[F GTSPN CNSZCP G\BXC
FRGP\ FNGT 137.LNP \C \ECBP F[TP ,\GK[TP KZGVKS ZVS \B I\GVF F[TPF \B
,LNP \C \ECBP F[TP \B QPIR 'Z ZVKS GMNFPC[ TSP G\GB N[ G\K[BZC .\RKKRTP
FNGBDF LKNF\CG IK[PC YSGT QPIR 'Z OFC[ OKZGVKS \ZES LG\P EIB ZGVKS BGF[
138
OKZ\S \NKDP N[ FH Z[YF
& ."YEX NBGD \BKC ZES" \B BGF ZVKS ,OKRG[ OKRVGBC
NTG FNGBDF NT \VSGR FZKPBG USGR "ZGVKS" FNKDPC \GBZN \GZ[VBF \B FNTP
OKZGVKSG \G[ZE ,\GZKPB N[ QGGDPFG CIZF NGNMPFP EIB CKMZP YZ BKF[ ,IK[PF
\YKGEP FBGCRM FNKDPF \B QKCFN QKB LM LG\P KNGB .IK[PF B[GRC QPIR 'Z ZPB[
.BM 'PT ,O[
.BM=M 'PT ,O[
FNKD CB OIRPC 'F 'B OGKC ,YKEXF \NGTV GZVSC YK[ ZHTKNB 'Z BKCP[ OKZCEF ZES KV NT
,QG[BZF F[TPF \B QPIR 'Z ZVKS ,QKZFT[J ZKTC ,GPIR \C[CG ,OKZ\S \NKDP \B QPIR 'Z
.HP[=GP[ 'PT ,BKZ\=KZ\ OKVKTS ,YKEXF \NGTV FBZ .LNP \C \ECBP F[TP
.FNKV\F NTC ,SKYSGZ ;150=132 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV FBZ
135
136
137
138
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
132
FZKPB QPIR 'Z ZPGB GMZE[ \KJSKNBZF FDGSC ZGVKSM BNB YEX NBGD \BKC ZES NT
.YEX NBGD \BKC ZES NT \VSGR
Q\KR BN ,OKZ\S \NKDP N[ K\GZVSF FCKJ NT GNB \GKF\ UB NT ,\BH NMCG
BGZYN \KRG[BZFG FJG[VF LZEF[G ,ZGVKSM FKGRC FRKB FNKDPF[ LMP ONT\FN
.YEX NBGD \BKC ZES N[ KNPS BNG KREK\T ZGBK\M BKF F\GB
D YZV
IK[PF \GPKC ONGTF TCJ
FKFK IK[P BGCK[M[ \XY QKZCGS[ GPM BNG
GK[MT N[P ZIB ONGT
1
N[ GTCJ FKFK FP ,BKF \GKIK[PF B[GRC QKKRT \GZZGTPF EGSKF \GKDGSP \IB
"WCZK KED OT ZPRG [CM OT CBH ZDG" NT \GBGCRF OBF .KIK[PF QEKTC ONGTF
."DFGR GDFRPM ONGT" BP[ GB ,\MN YKIZP QVGBC TCJF \GMZTP EGEK[ Q\GTP[P
.FZCIFG OEBF TCJN SIKC QFG KHKVF TCJF ONGTN SIKC QF \NB[R FNB[F
NT ,KIK[PF QEKTC ONGTF .FRGZIBF FTEN FJGR OKZ\S \NKDPC \TNCGPF FVY[FF
QF F\T GRN ZMGPF ONGTFP K\GFP QVGBC FRG[ GRKB ,OKZ\S \NKDPC ZBG\PF KV
\VY\[P OFC[ FNKDPC \GPGYP FPM FBZR .G[VRG OEBF TCJC QFG KHKVF TCJC
.GH \KIK[P FSKV\
KHKVF TCJF .1
|F~'KFKG .|\G~'[EI |\G~CMZF F[TKG GC |O~'KNKED |G~'KFKG |SE~'ZV F[TKG
.|\GEE~'GC\F GN |F~'KFK[G |Q/F\~'[K[G |N~'MBK[ FT[ |O~'GKF N[ |Z~'ES
FP |EIB NMN~ 'BMN |\G/F~'ZKFPC FGXKG |G~'BGCK[ |OK~'NGIF NM QKC LNK[G
|\GCM~'ZFFP |SE~'ZVF G\GBP |OKNK~'TGP OKZCE |EIB NM~ 'BM IYK[
2
:|\G[E~'IF
QKRTC YGSTK \GT[ 'D |,~'GMG \BH F[TK GH FT[C |,~OGKF FNCK[ FP NT TKEGKG
BGFG GNXB |O~'KNGI GBGCKG |\~'BNGI |F~'KFK HB OD KM GBGCK[ |O~'KKNGIF
BN[ |\G[~'EI |\GC~'MZF GC |F~'KFKG F[TK[ |S~'EZVF QP IYKN OFN FGXK
.BS\ 'PT ,(ERY) HXY\ ,O[F \EGCT ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI
.27=22 'G[ ,FRG[BZ FIK[
1
2
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
134
|EIB NMN~ 'BMN IYKN OFN FGXKG |O~'KNGIF QKC LNK BGFG ONGT \GPKP |G~'KF
.C[TG C[T NM NT OGK NMC OKEZGK[ OKRGPPF N[ \GIMF KVM TEK[ FP KVM
3
\GVGZ\ QZXKM FND\P BGFG ,IK[PF N[ GPGK ZESC TGCY OGYP SVG\ FBGVZC YGSKTF
HB OD" QM[ ,OKKY FBGVZC LZGXF .GI\VN OKZI[P NGMF[ FNGTP BVZPMG \G[EI
KEK NT BNB \GNGDSG \GTKPY \ZHTC BN UBG SR LZEC GRKB KGVKZF QVGB ."\BNGI FKFK
OKSEZV IK[PF NG\[K O\RMF LZGXN[ ,OKC[TG OKIPX N[ \G[EI "\GCMZF"
N[ OKKRIGZF GK[ZG[ \B \TEN G\NGMKP OKTCGR IK[PF N[ GKZG[KM ORPB .OKEIGKP
TCJF[ ,QM OB TP\[P .TCJF LZEP DZGI GRRKB G\NGTV QVGB LB ,C[TG C[T NM
QGDM ,\GKTCJF \GMZTPC OK[GCK[F OD LMG ,KIK[PF QEKTC KGRK[ ZGCTK BN KHKVF
\GYYHKFF OXT LB ,\G[EI \GVGZ\ GKFK ORPB .BGCN EK\TN OF UB GPKKY\K ,\GNIP
\GGPG FEKN KEK NT ZEDGPF K[GRBF OGKYF .GP\KK BN \GNIPF[ \EPNP \GVGZ\N
OKRC GN FKFKG \GPK GPXTC |I~'K[P" UBG ,KIK[PF QEKTC UB GH LZEC NFR\FN LK[PK
4
."...FBZK \GZGE FZ[T .FCZF
\SKV\ \EPGT \DNVGP OKPK \GMKZBN FMHKG \GPK IK[PF[ FTKCYF TYZC[ QM\KK
:O"CPZF
BN G\\KP \B BKCRF ZBKC ZCMG ,GRC QCG GK\I\ GRC LGNPKG \GPK IK[PFG
,EBP ET OKCZ OKPK G\GMNP LKZBKG JV[P WZBC OK[K ET WGZK BNG FFMK
KPK GMZBK \GRGDKFG \GDBEF GZGSK[M[ KVN QM OD OEBF KRC KKI GMZBKG
5
.OEBF
6
,"ECNC \GKGMNP EGCT[ BNB FHF ONGTN IK[PF \GPK QKC QKB"[ G\JK[N ,O"CPZF
\GBKXPC F\T OKKY GRKB[ QVGBC OKPK LKZBK IK[PF QMB .\GPK IK[PF UB[ ZCGS
,TCJF LZEP O"CPZF KV NT \DZGI FRRKB GH \DNVGP OKPK \GMKZB LB ,GRN \ZMGPF
\GBKZC NT \K[VRF FGGN[F N[ FMGZCF F\TV[F NT QT[RF KTCJ ZCSF FN [KG
.OKPKF \GMKZBG UGDF
OKZCGS ONGTF" :Q"ZFGP KKI ZVSC OD FTKVGP \GPK IK[PF UB[ FTKCYF
\BH ZPBG .\GPK BGF OD GPXTC IK[P GNKVB BGF QM BN ,G\GPK BN IK[P BGCK[M[
Q\R 'Z FKF LM BNGN[ ,TP\[P OKCZC \BH ZPB QPIR 'Z[ Q\R 'Z \[DEFP 7."OKCZC
OKZ\S \NKDPC FKGXP GH FZKPB[ FECGTF[ QM\KK .EGSC GH FZKPB ZGP[N FJGR GPXT
OKCZC FZPB GPXT QPIR 'Z BNPNB[ EGSFP YNI FC \GBZN Q\R 'Z \B FBKCF[ BKF
.63=55 'G[ ,FKKR[ FIK[
.45=44 'G[ ,FKKR[ FIK[
.IKY 'PT ,\GPEYF [GN[
.CK ,BK OKYZV O[ OD FBZG .B ,CK OKMNP \GMNF ,FZG\ FR[P ,O"CPZ
.HTZ 'PT ,(FN) FTZ ,G\D[F \GBZGR \NGED ,\GJP[F OT Q"ZFGP KKI
3
4
5
6
7
135
|
IK[PF \GPKC ONGTF TCJ
FP EDR \BXGK[ ,GH QKTP FZKPB[ ZCS Q\R 'Z[ OD QM\KK .FPSZVN FKF ZGSB
N[ GZFGHC \TDGVMG IK[PF \GPE \B \JTPPM SV\KFN FNGMK ,"OKZCGS ONGTF"[
.O"CPZF \TE OD KFGH ZCE N[ G\PBN[ UB QGEPG \YGNIP ZZGTNG KIK[PF QEKTF
YZ BN TCGRM FNKDPF \B ZK\SFN LZGXF \B QKCF Q\R 'Z[ EGPNN KNGB Z[VB QBMP
QKCG OKZVB FPN[ ZJVRF GRC QKC GB ,IK[PN QPIR 'Z QKC FNDP FNKDPF[ FYKHFP
\BHG ,FNKDZF \K[GRBF \ZDSPC NTGV[ F\GP\ QCM IK[PF ZGBK\P OD BNB ,IK[PF
8
.IK[PF \GPKPG IK[PFP OKVXPG "OKZCGS ONGTF"[ FPN EGDKRC
FZCIFG OEBF TCJ .2
ZCE NM LB |G~'KF[ OKZCEF ZB[ NMG QKZEFRSG 'GMG |TZF ZXK~ 'ZFXK |F~'KFKG
KRKT GI\VK G\RKIC KVN |EIBG EIB NMG~ 'BG 'BMG .OEGYP FBR FKFK ZCEG
9
.G\RKIC KVN |EIB NM~ 'BM OEGYP FZK\K FRCFC [EI\KG GNM[
F[EI IGZG ,[EI CN OMN K\\RG" QGDM FBGCRF KYGSV \B GBZY[ \GKGR[ZVN EGDKRC
\ZB\P OKZ\S \NKDP ,OEBF TCJC KNJGJG K\GFP KGRK[ OKIKJCPM 10"OMCZYC Q\B
FTK[VG BJI N[ \GTVG\ OD[ ZHDR LMPG 11,TZF ZXK NTCM KIK[PF QEKTC OEBF \B
LZGX FKFK BGCN EK\TN OD QMN .KIK[PF QEKTC UB \K[GRBF FZCIF \B GGNK
KKI \B ZKESFN OEKYV\[ \GESGPF ZB[ NMCG ,FYKSVG JGVK[ \MZTPM QKZEFRSC
FKFK ZCEG ZCE NM LB" ,FKFK[ BGF FKF[ NM ,QPIR 'Z TCGY ,ZCE N[ GNNM .FZCIF
."OEGYP FBR
QKC \GDZE KNECFG \GKMZZKF \NJCP FRKB \KNNMF \GPEY\FF FNKDPF KV NT
OKPM 'F \B FTE WZBF FBNP KM" QGDM OKYGSVC GN\R[ \GGY\N EGDKRC .OKRG[ OK[RB
FNKDPF ,\GDZE KNECF BNN ,'F \TKEKC QGKGG[ OKZB\PM GRCGF[ 12,"OKSMP OKN
FRCFC [EI\FN GNM[ KRKT GI\VK G\RKIC KVN EIBG EIB NM" GC[ CXP \ZB\P
NT .3 UKTS ,D YZV ,KTKCZF YNIC QNFN KGXP OKZ\S \NKDP FZ\SGF FPN FNB[C CIZ QGKE 8
NHZC F"KRCBC \ZGSPF NT .17 FZTF 198=197 'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG FBZ Q\R 'Z N[ GH FZTF
KNT OT WTF QMKF :G IVSRC FBZ OKZ\S \NKDPP YNI FKF[ "CFH KNT OT WT" NT \ZVSPF
?CFHF
.81=78 'G[ ,FKKR[ FIK[ 9
.GM ,GN NBYHIK 10
EK\TN GNKVB "ONGTF QP NJC TZF ZXK QKB"[ TCGYF ,ZFHF \GCYTC GH FKDGSC LNGF QPIR 'Z 11
,\K[BZC ZVS ,\GKNDZP \ZGEFP ,ZFHF ZVS LM NT FBZ .Z\GK "QCN" F[TR BGF KM OB ,BGCN
\GZGYP OKBCGP ZFH KXGXKRC O[G .275=273 'PT ,INY=HNY ,ONTRF [ZEP ,\GENG\ \[ZV
.GH FEPTN OKVSGR
.J ,BK GFKT[K 12
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
136
GH FKDGSC G\EPT \B ."G\RKIC KVN EIB NM" [KDEPG ZHGI QPIR 'ZG ,"OEGYP FZK\K
\B DKXP BGF FC[ ,"ZKPJ BYK\T" FZG\C OD \GZKFCCG \GMKZBC QPIR 'Z ZBKC
."OKSMP OKN OKPM 'F \B FTE WZBF FBNP KM" YGSVN G[GZKV
WZBF FBNPG" ,NKTN ZMRM O"GMT GNVB ,O[F \B GTEK NMF EK\TN FRFG
\TEF LB ,GRPP ZCENG TEKN GRN Z[VB ,HB OFN FKFK[ \TEF LB ;"FTE
...GRPP ZCEN GNVB \TM Z[VB KB FH ,HB GRN FKFK[
,KPKRV NM[ UKYPF NM[FP F[TR FKFKG ,FTE WZBF BNP\[ ,EK\TN OD[ ,TEG
EIB NM YZ ,LZC\K O[F \GFP GTEK BN KBEGC KM ,OKZIB OKVKYP GKFK HB OD
ONGTF FHC IZJG TDK Z[B GIZJG G\TKDKG G\EGCT KVNG G\DZEP KVN DK[K
...LZC\K O[F NKC[C
QM[ NMP ,YKEXG YKEX NM QKC NGED [ZVF FKFK KBEGC ,QPXTC NBZ[K QKC ODG
[GZV BCGPMG ...FHN KPKRV FKFK FHN UKYP FKFK[ FP KM ,T[ZN YKEX QKC
U\G[PF NM[FC KM ,"OKSMP OKN OKPM 'F \B FTE WZBF FBNP KM" YGSVF
NM FKFK FPMIF \GYPTC LB ,O"GMT GNVB ,'F \B GTEK NMF[ ,OKG[ ONGM GKFK
LB ,OGYP NMC OKG[ OKPF FNTPN[ ,OKN OKSMPF OKPM ,G\DZEP KVN EIB
,WZBN OKMGPSG OKMGPR OKPF OGYPF FHC KM ,EBP OKNECP
A OF \GYPTC
QM { OGF\F ET OKYGPT OF ZIB OGYPCG ,Z\GKG Z\GK OKYGPT ZIB OGYPCG
13
.EK\TN LZC\K O[F \D[FC FKFK
\TKEK ZG[KPC IK[PF \GPKC [IZ\\[ FNGEDF \GPEY\FF UB NT[ ,BGVB ZZC\P
EK\TN OD .FKF[M ZB[R K[GRBF TCJF QKKET 'F \TEC BNPK\ WZBF[ KV NT UBG 'F
GKFK BGCN EK\TN OD ,OKKGDF \TKEK QKCN 'F \B NBZ[K \TKEK QKC ZTV FKFK BGCN
GTDKK\K[ OK[RB GKFKG ,\GYKEX N[G FPMI N[ \GRG[ \GDZE GKFKG OKT[Z GKFKG OKYKEX
GDFRPM ONGT K[GRBF TCJF ZG[KPC OD .OFP G\IVK OKZIBG 'F \EGCTC Z\GK GIZJKG
ZCE NM" OB OD ,KIK[PF QEKTC OD GKF[M GZB[KK \K[GRBF FZCIF KRKKVBPG ,DFGR
14
."OEGYP FBR FKFK ZCEG
.BK ,BM BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN 13
\GEIB\F \KKGGI ZIBN OBF ,FNB[N \TDGRF \VSGR FKDGSC \VY\[P QPIR 'Z N[ GH G\SKV\ 14
QM NTG" :\GDZE KNECF GKFK QKKETG FZKIC FKF\ QKKET BGCN EK\TN FN GMHK OK[RB[ \KJSKP
BN ,EIB GNM FKFK[ ZIBP KM (D ,ES GFKT[K) 'L\NGH OKYNB F\BZ BN QKT' ,BCF ONGT ZM[
KM .QKCFN Z[VB KB[ FP BK[Y [K FHC OD[ ,HB ZPBG :'L\NGH OKFNB' YZ ,FBZK[ QKT FKFK
ONGTF FHC G\TKDKG G\EGCT KVNG ,G\DZEP KVN EIBG EIB NMN ZM[F YGNI FKFK LKB QM OB
,EIB GNM FKFK[ ZIBPG ,OKG[ ONGM GKFK BN QGZIBF UGSFC OD KBEGC KM LZC\K O[F NKC[C
OKZCEFG ,GRKCFN Z[VB KB[ EGS FHC [K LB ?G\DZEP KVN GZCIN EIB QKC YGNKI LKK[ LKB
.(P"X ,KN[ F[DEFF ;BR BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN) "OKYK\T
137
|
IK[PF \GPKC ONGTF TCJ
ONGT N[ GTCJG ENKM IK[PF .3
GKPK \GMKZB QKVKYTC \ZBG\P NKCYPCG ,QJY ENKM IK[PF LNPF ZBG\P FNKDPC
FZGBMN OKEPGT GNB OKZGBK\ .KZK[T ZGE GKKIC \GBZN GN \Z[VBPF ,\DNVGPF
ZMGPF ONGTF TCJ \ZDSPC IK[PF \GPK \B ZB\PF ,FNKDPF N[ NNGMF GYN EGDKRC
15
."GK[MT N[P ZIB ONGT"M BNG ,GRN
DFGR GDFRPM ONGT IK[PF \GPKC UB[ \ZCGSF FVY[F \ZDSPC OD[ ,ZPGN Q\KR
,BKF FNB[FG ;\MN KYKIZP OKKGRK[ GNNGI\K IK[PF \GPKC[ ,BKF EGSKF \IRF QKKET
16
.OGKF OKPKKYF TCJF KYGI \ZDSPP OKDZGI OF FPM ETG ,GNB OKKGRK[ N[ OCKJ FP
BN SV\KFN QKKET OKNGMK FN FMGH BGF[ OKPKF \GMKZBG IK[PF N[ ZKTXF GNKD
N[ QVGE BXGKG KNPKJVGB KGXKPM BNB TCJF KYGIP DZGIF \K[BZC F[TP KGRK[M
ET FCGZY GH F[KD .NNM LZEC [GPKP KEKN BC GRKB \GRG[ \GCKSP[ ,OEBF TCJ
OKPKF \GMKZBN Q\GR BGF[ ZCSFFP \VY\[P BKF[ KVM O"CPZF \[KDN EGBPN
17
.GZGE KRCG IK[PF FN GMHK[
OKYKEX NT OKCZ OKZGVKS OKKGXP \KEKSIF OKIC[F \GZVSC[ ,ZKMHFN KBEM
\GYKEXC OKDFR\PG OPB CNI NT OKMZCPF BNV KENKM GND\F O\GYRKC ZCM[
QP [GZVN FXZ [[ NKDC ZCM[ ,ZVGSP OKBXGP GRB GPXT QPIR 'Z NT 18.\DNVGP
OKXPBPC QPIR 'Z FSKR FH NKDC ZCM 19.\DNVGP \G[KZVC DFRG \GGB\F QPG ONGTF
FVGIN SRMR QPIR 'Z[ OKTEGK GRB 20.GN FMH UB[ QM\KKG KJSKP QGKHKIC \GMHN OKNGED
QVGBC 'F \EGCTN OK[RB CZYN NIF QPHF G\GBCG 21,GN[ FGGXP-ZCF ZIBN ZXY QPH
.QNFN 36 FZTFN FMGPSF FBCGPF OD FBZ
BNG CTZ BN O[ FKFK BN"[ QEKTM IK[PF \GPK \B O"CPZF N[ GZGBK\ OD LMN FPGEC
BNG ZVTM QKKGXP OKRETPF NMG FCZF \TV[GP FKF\ FCGJF[ ,\GZI\G FBRY BNG FPINP
GC [K[ ,(F ,CK OKMNP \GMNF ,FZG\ FR[P) "ECNC 'F \B \TEN BNB ONGTF NM YST FKFK
,\GZI\FG FPINPF ,FBRYF NGJKCM ,\GKZCF N[ OTCJC \MN KYKIZP OKKGRK[ FZGBMN
GNNF OKKGRK[F NM LB ,ZVTM OKKGXP OKRETPG CTZ QKB FC[ \GBKXP QGDM ,ONGTF TCJCG
.ONGT N[ GTCJP FDKZI GKRKTC OKC[IR ORKB QKKET
.5 FZTF QGKX EKN NKTN FBZ
:CG[JBMGSP QKKJ[RZGC OFZCB KCZ NTG ZGDP ZKBP YIXK 'Z NT OKZGVKSF FPDGEN FBZ
.K=J 'PT ,OKTGZF ZKCB ;6 'PT ,HJ ,FNGDF KRKT ZKBP
FBZ .G\NKMBP FBRF NM NJCN KEM G\GB SGTNN KNCP NMGBF \B TGNCN \GSRN GMZE QGDM
.F 'PT ,B ,Q"ZF KIC[
,YZP LM NT FBZ .CRZ 'PT ,(C) BNZ ,'F \EGCTC G\IZJG G\TKDK ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI
.247=246 'PT ,QGTDK[G FYKJSKP
OKBNKDC OKENKF QG\KI NT .S=JR 'PT ,YKEXF \NGTV ;47 'PT ,OKZGSKF NTC ,QKZD LM NT FBZ
'PT ,OKEGFKFG SGZB ,NBKC FBZ GH FVGY\C FVGZKB IZHP KEGFK CZYC \NCGYP FPZGRM GNB
.137=131 'PT ,QKNGVC OKEGFK ,JZERGF NXB FBZ \XYPC FRG[ ZGBK\ .170=167
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
138
YKEX \GKFN GMH\ KBEGGC |QPIR 'Z~ O\B"[ YGPT TGRM[ OFC ZXK[ K\GMPS
YGRK\M IK[PF ZGBK\ QKCN GNB OKZGBK\ QKC K\GFPG NGED ZTV [K QCGPM 22."OSZGVP
,QKCFN GREKC TKKSN OKNGMK OF LB ;NBZ[K NMC FBZGF FZGP ZCM [GN[ NKDC[ ,BNV
\GNGMK N[ KNPKSYP KGXKP FC \GBZN Q\KR QKKET FDKZI BKF GH FTVG\[ KV NT UB[
.TCJF KYGI N[ FJGC FZKC[ BNG ,OEBF
GH KZF TCJF ZEDP FDKZIG BNV IK[PF N[ ZKTXF GNKDC QVGB NMC FBZR OB OD
ENKG GDFRPM DGFRN LK[PP GNNMC ONGTF QM[ ,KIK[PF ONGTF N[ GTCJP OD FDKZI
OTCJ FC[ FVGY\ N[ ZGBK\ OKZ\S \NKDPC QKB .NNMF QP BXGKF BGF KIK[PF BNVF
NKDCG FBZGF \GZGFN OF OKNKI\P [GN[ NKDP ZCMG FR\[P OKENKFG \GYGRK\F N[
,DFGR GDFRPM ONGT KIK[PF QEKTC OD .NG[PNG DKFRFN OKZ[MGP OF FZ[T OK\[
ZEDP DZGI GRKB GKRKKVBP ZB[C ,BNV BGF OEYGPF GNKD[ ,GPXT IK[PF GNKVBG
.OKSR F[TP QRKB GK\GNGTVG TCJF
"\KRKEP \GRGKX" .4
,NBZ[K WZBC IK[PF FMHK FC[ LZEF \B KZGYPG [EI QVGBC \ZB\P OKZ\S \NKDP
IB FN QKB \TDP K\TKEK[ FPM ET[ LZE ;G\GMNP \B QRGMKG OKIEKR WGCKY Z[VBK
.QPIR 'ZN FPEY[ \KEGFKF \GZVSC TZG
|EIB NMG~ 'BMG .|OKMNP KRC~ 'PC GN GIN[KG |OKP~'MIF NMN |\G~'ZDB IN[KG
|ZD~'G\F OT UKNIK |LM ZIBG~ 'MIBG .Q\K |EIB NM[~ 'BM[ ET GKCBN CG\MK
NM OT~ 'KMT O[N LNKG .|FH OT FHG~ 'HTHG |FH OT~ 'HT UKNIK YGIZ |F~'KFK OBG
23
.|NBZ[K LNP~ 'KP |F~'KFK HBG |NBZ[K
:FKKR[F FIK[C Z\GK OKZGZC OKZCEF
GN GR\K O\XY KM OK[RB GB FRKEP GB FR\P GN Q\K |OKMN~'PFP |EI~'B NMG
WZB~ 'KB QKVKNIC NCYK Z[B ET |EIB NM~ 'BM OT UKNIK BGFG |TKER~'KVTJS
FRKEP FH NKC[C NCYKG GNGCDN LGPSF FRKEP |EIB NMN~ 'BMN Q\K KM :|NBZ[K
'KBN TSKG .|NBZ[K WZB~ 'KB QKVKNIC NCYK[ ET |NBZ[K WZBN~ 'KBN FMGPSF
'DY |F~'KFK HB |NBZ[K WZBN~ 'KBN BGF TSK[ FR[F G\GBCG |NBZ[K WZBN~
YKHI\ |NBZ[K WZBG~ 'KBG |NBZ[K WZBN~ 'KBN ONGM GTSK HBG |\GKGND WGCKY~
24
.|NBZ[K WZB~ 'KB J[V\\ |LM ZIB~ 'MIB .ONGM
.JNY 'PT ,(D) GY ,G\CK[KG G\EN OGYP ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI FBZ 22
.16=13 'G[ ,FRG[BZ FIK[ 23
.30=23 'G[ ,FKKR[ FIK[ 24
139
|
IK[PF \GPKC ONGTF TCJ
FRGM[ FP \ZHTC BNB ,NBZ[K OTN NBZ[K WZB \B IK[PF CK[K IGMC BNG NKIC BN
NT OK\\[GPF \GTYZY KVGNKI KPMSF N[ \MZTP \ZHTC ."\KRKEP \GRGKX" OKPKN
NBZ[K WZB NT QGJN[F \B IK[PF NCYK OKKRKEP OKECZ QFN [K[ \GKNMNM \GBYST
FKFK HBG" NBZ[K WZBN ONGM GTSKKG ,\GKGND WGCKY FKFK HB YZG .OKPTF \G[ZCG QKEC
."NBZ[K LNP
G\GNCY\F OD .\GBNVRG OKSR BNNG TCJF LZEP FDKZI BNN \[IZ\P WZBF \NGBD
IZMF [K[ KNCP ,K\DZEF QVGBC \K[TR \GPGBF NT DKFRPMG NBZ[K LNPM IK[PF N[
[[I KNCP KIK[P OHKCKJYB \Z[VBP GH LZE .TCJF ZEDP DZGIF SR FC \GBZN
BN[G FNGDF QP FPGIC \GNTN BN[ OPXT NT NBZ[K GNCKY[ \GTGC[F NT ZGCTN
LG\P OK[TR FC \GMNPF QGRKMG WZBN FKKNTF NM QM[ 25,ONGTF \GPGBC EGZPN
.O\G[ZCG OKPTF ZG[KBC OKKRKEPG OKKNMNM OKPMSF
OKZ\S \NKDPC \ZMHR FRKB DGDPG DGD \PINP .5
CK[FN KEM JYGR BGF[ LZEF N[G IK[PF N[ G\GDKFRP \GI\V\F N[ GNB OKZGBK\
OEGY GC GRTDR[ ,OKZ\S \NKDP N[ USGR CG[I QKKVBPN OKZG[Y GXZBN NBZ[K OT \B
ORKB KIK[PF QEKTFG WZBN FCK[F .FNKDPFP KJVKNYGVB EPP NM ZETKF BGFG ,QMN
,TCJF KR\KB N[ QVGE \BXGK \GNKTVC OZGYP[ QCZGIG SZF N[ OKTGZKBC BN OKMGZM
\GCZ\FG FZCIF KRV \B \IBC \GR[PF OKEPP \GZKEB [GRB KRC \GPINPC BNG
.\GNKDZ \GPINPC LGZMF SZFC BN UBG ,\K[GRBF
K\PINP BNF KVGBF NB OKSIKK\PF Q\R 'Z KZCE OKBCGP "NHZC F"KRCB" ZVSC
DGDPG DGD \PINP ,ZPGB FKF \"RZFGP" :OKZ\S \NKDP N[ KJVKNYGVB BNFG
GRN[ QGKSRF FKFK FHG ,ONGTC \GSZGYKVB FKFK[ TP[P .OKZ\S \NKDPC \ZMHR FRKB
DGD \PINP[ QM\KK BN[ ,F\KKF Q\R 'Z N[ EGSKF \IRF[ FBZR 26."IK[P N[G
BN OKZ\S \NKDPC OBG ,FKNT GBCR\F OKBKCRF KZF[ ,ZYKTG NNM [IZ\\ BN DGDPG
ZG[KPC [PP\\ DGDPG DGD \PINP[ LMP TP\[P ,\KHKV FPINP OG[ \ZMHGP
.KRIGZF
FHG" Q\R 'Z KZCE ODG \GSZGYKVBCG FZKVMC YCBPM DGDPG DGD \PINP OD FZGBMN
FNKDPC OKZMHGP BN QM[ ,OKZ\S \NKDPC OKZMHR ORKB "IK[P N[G GRN[ QGKSRF FKFK
BGXPN Q\KR Q\R 'Z KZCEN HPZ LB ;OTF N[ BNG IK[PF N[ BN ,QGKSKR BNG YCBP BN
KP KZ[B" :FKKR[F FIK[F UGSC OKR[RG OKZHGIF FRGPB KRKKRTC YGHKIF KZCEC
.305=277 'PT ,FNGDPF WYF ,KYXKCZ FBZ FH B[GRC \GZGYPN 25
'PT ,\"RZFGP \GENG\ OD FBZ \KRIGZ FPINPM DGDPG DGD NT .CT 'PT ,S UKTS ,NHZC F"KRCB 26
.8 FZTF ,EVY\
OKZ\S \NKDP
FHN FMGHF KZ[B EBP FBRG FVK FKFKG"
|
140
27
;"GNB OKPKC FZK\K FRGPBC YHI\K[
28
."HB FRGPBC YHI\K[
\ZBG\PF IK[PF N[ G\GNKTV NGNMP \B \GBZN Q\KR GNB YGHKI KZCEN ZCTP
OKPTCG NBZ[KC OZF GEPTP \B[ GRKBZ .\GSZGYKVBC KRIGZ YCBPM OKZ\S \NKDPC
G\PMI .KHKV IGM \NTVF \ZHTC BNG ,GN [K[ \KRIGZF FTV[FF IGMC IK[PF DK[F
OKRGGDF \CZ G\GNKTV ,OKPTCG NBZ[KC Q\GR BGF[ \GPK[ZPF \G[ZEFG FNGEDF
OKM[GP FNB NM { BVZP KC[T ZXKKPMG BVGZM G\GNKTVG FYKHGPFG QGDKRF OGI\C
FRGPBF \PMI OF[ GN[ QGDKRFG FPMIF \B TGP[N OKBPX OFG ,\GKZCF N[ OCN \B
KRVC OKEPGTF OKZD\BF GNB ,QM OB .GBGNPG ONGT GKZIB OKVIGS[ FRGPBF ZK[G
.\KHKVF FPINPF FE[C OKZD\B BNG ,IK[PF
IK[" ZVSC \BCGP IK[PF N[ KRPIGN K\NCF GKVGB \B F[KDEPF \VSGR \ZGSP
IK[P' ,'EIB WVR ZGEM \KKZK BNN ONGTF NM \B [GCMK IK[P' :ZPB" :"[EGY KVZ[
Z\GK QGMR KN FBZR[ OGDZ\C GB 29."'ZTGNKV SB[ QKKY QB JNTGG KE QTPTR VB JTGG
\GZGYPC OD \BCGP GH FZPB ."WVR ZGEM \KKZK BNN ONGTF \B IYKK IK[P"
30
.OKZ\S \NKDPN F\GB OKZ[YP[ ,OKZIB OKKCNSZC
NNMKFN NMGK HB YZG "'F \GPINP OINK[" KPM IK[PF \B DKXF[ ,O"CPZN EGDKRC
,DGDPG DGD \PINPN ZGMHB OG[ QKB[ YZ BN OKZ\S \NKDPC 31,"IK[P \YHIC" ZEDC
\G[DZF .FNKDPF N[ FKKVGBG FIGZ NM \B \Z\GS FPINP N[ \GZ[VBF OXT BNB
N[ G\NGED 32.G\CZYC \GF[N \GYYG\[FG FCFB ,ZEF ,QI OF ZZGTP IK[PF[
YSGT BGF[ QGDKRFG FZK[FP ,FBGVZFP ,FPMIFP \GBC G\TV[F \PXTG IK[PF
SZFC BN ,KGVKZCG QGYK\C IK[PF N[ GIGM .FPINP [KBG BKCXP G\GKFP BNG ,OFC
.74=73 'G[ ,FKKR[ FIK[
BNG ,IK[PC BKF YGHKI FMKZXF FRGPBF[ QKCFN Q\KR \GPGYPF KR[C KM OB .93=91 'G[ ,O[
NT[ ZPB[ K\TP[ |\IB OTVG~ 'BVG GNB OKPKC FZK\K FRGPBC YHI\K[ KP KZ[B" .NBC
IK[P |QG[NF FHC~ 'NFHC GZPBKG (FKP\C) IK[P GFH GZPBKG NGED \YGNIP |F~'KFK IK[P
FR[ OKVNBN CGZY \GNDFP ZCT[ FP ZCT[ |KV NT UB~ 'VTB ZCEF NNM) ...TNKXKP FB QKB
'VTB ZIBK BN BCK BC GN FMI FPFP\K OB |QM KV NT UB~ 'MVTB BGCK[ OGK NMC OKVXP GRBG
FRGPBC YHI\K[ FHN FMGHF KZ[B EBP FBRG FVK |F~'KFKG KBEGGC BCK BC QKXKYF NM GNM[
.(93=73 'G[ ,FKKR[ FIK[) "HB
.HK 'PT ,HS ,C YNI ,[EY KVZ[ IK[
.8 FZTF EVY\ 'PT ,O[ ;HJY 'PT ,\"RZFGP \GENG\
\JK[ \B FMK[PP OKZ\S \NKDP[ FBZR ONGTF TCJ \KKDGSC \BH \PGTN .E ,BK OKMNP \GMNF
[EIPG OK\VGPG \G\GB \G[TN LKZX IK[PF LNPF[ L\TE NT FNTK NBG" :C\GM[ ,O"CPZF
.(D FMNF ,O[ ,O"CPZ) "LM ZCEF QKB GNB OKZCEC BXGKMG OK\P FKIP GB ONGTC OKZCE
;(15=14 'G[ ,FKKR[ FIK[) "GKNB ONGM GYYG\[KG GVSMK[ \YYG\[FG FCFBFG ZEFFG QIF"
'G[ ,O[) "GETNC \GKFN GNMGK BN[ ET GKNB \YYG\[FF NEGD \PIP GKNB LGPS GZGEK ONGM"
.(36=35
27
28
29
30
31
32
141
|
IK[PF \GPKC ONGTF TCJ
FBXG\ FKF\ IK[PF N[ G\NCY[ \GZ[VBF \B [ZGVPC \NNG[ FNKDPF .\GGPCG
OD 33."FPINPG [TZ KNC" F[TKK NGMF[ \TCGY BKFG ,KF[NM FPKNB \GNKTV N[
\YYG\[FFG QIF \PIP YZ" BNB ,FKKVM \PIP GKFK BN IK[PN \GNJC\FFG \GKXF
34
."GKNB
,DGDPG DGD \PINP EIGKPCG ,FPINP NM LB ,TCJF LZEP DZGI[ ZCE QRKB \GPINP
ONGT QKKRCN QKMP CN[M Q[K ONGT N[ QCZGIG SZF KEM LG\ \GMZTP EGEK[ \NPSP
\KRGKI F\KKF \ZGSPCG FBGCRC \RDGTPF DGDPG DGD \PINPP \GPNT\FF .[EI ,ZIB
ONGT" \[ZGEF FKXGNGCZM BN YEX NBGD \BKC ZES \B ZB\NG CXTN FKFK Q\KR[ KEM
\GMZTPF NT \ZPG[F ,\KTCJ ,\K\DZEF FKXGNGCBM BNB "FCKZIR EGSKF ET Q[K
."OEGYP FBR FKFK ZCEG ZCE NM LB" \GPKKYF
ONGT ORKB IK[PF \GPK[ ,FSKV\F \VY\[P QPIR 'Z N[ \GZIB \GKGBJC\FC OD
:KIMGRF GRPNGT Z[BP ZIB
BC[ NGED [TZ NGY F[TR FKFKG ,OGB\V BGCK IK[P[ ZPB[ GP[C K\TP[
QING[F LKN[K KRING[F GC YSGT BGF[ Q\PG-B[PF LKN[K EIB NMG IK[P
GVSM KNKNB [KB GMKN[FG FKT[KC CG\M[ GPMG FGT[F LKN[K FHG ,GN[
N[P ZIB ONGT FKFK IK[P BGCK[M[ \XY QKZCGS[ GPM BNG 35.GCFH KNKNBG
,GK[TP KVN EIB NM GK[TP \GJ[P [KKC\K EIB NMG .N"RM BGF YZ GK[MT
36
.[GEYF GKVP \BH FIK[ TP[ KP QKKET FNB[G FZKYI QKMKZXG
\BKC[ ,FZGCSF FSKV\N Z[Y\FN FZGBMN FNGMK IK[PF BGCK FC[ \GKPGB\VF
LK[PP QPIR 'Z LB ;F\T OKKYF FHP QKJGNIN ZIB ONGT N[ G\NKI\ \Z[CP IK[PF
BNB ,ONGT N[ GTCJC OKKGRK[ GKFK BN IK[PF BGC OT GNGIK[ OKKGRK[F[ ZBCPG
37
."GK[TP KVN EIB NM ,GK[TP \GJ[P" F[GC N[ YGPT [DZP OKTCGRF OKKGRK[
BKF G\GIMGR OXT BNB FZCSF GB FIMG\ KZVM BN QBM \ZBG\P IK[PF \TV[F
OKZ\S \NKDPC OKKGXPF OKZGBK\N FPGE QVGBC ,GK[TPC F[GC [GIN OEBN OGZD\[
QPIR 'Z GH FIK[C .FIMG\C YSGT BGF QKB[ UB IK[PF N[ FYGPTF G\TV[F NT
N[P ZIB ONGT FKFK IK[P BGCK[M[" \GSZGDF \GSKV\F EDR EIG ZFXGP QVGBC BXGK
.OFKKIN OEBF KRC N[ OSIKC [IZ\K NGIK[ KGRK[FG ,ONGT G\GB BGF ONGTF ."GK[MT
OKZKMP GRB[ ONGT G\GB OKMK[PPF OKPKM IK[PF \GPKN FM ET GRKNTF[ ZGBK\F
.64 'G[ ,O[
UGMKG"[ IK[PF LNPF \B ZB\P[ O"CPZF \TEN EGDKRC BGF FH ZGBK\ OD .65=64 'G[ ,O[
YZG LB BNB ,ZCE IKZMP GRKBG FVGM GRKB OKZ\S \NKDP N[ IK[PF ."FC LNKN NBZ[K NM
.GMZE \B NCYN LM LG\PG GKNB CZY\FN FFKPM ZZGTP
.M ,C GFKT[K KV NT
.BS\ 'PT ,(ERY) ,HXY\ ,O[F \EGCT ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI
.FNKV\ NTCP F[TPF OGKSC ZBG\PN NKCYP
33
34
35
36
37
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
142
N[ \GPKGSP \GZG\ OT I\PC EPGT "GK[MT N[P ZIB ONGT" OKZXGK ORKBG F\T
HB ,EK\TN ONGTF [GEKI FKFK[M" BGCN EK\TN[ ,[ZGVPC QTGJ BGF QFC[ QPIR 'Z
BN[ ,\GBNVR \RKIC BKF[ ECN FID[F KEK-NT GRKKF ,\GBNVR KEK-NT ONGTF DFR\K
HB ,N"RM ,NBZ[K-WZB \RKICC GNGM ONGTF NM \B [EIK[ ,EK\TNG ...TCJF LZEM
,KZPDN TCJF NJC\K HBG ,NBZ[K WZB GPM ,ECN FID[F KEK NT GNGM ONGTF NM DFR\K
38
."TCJF LZEM BN[ \GBNVR \RKIC BGF[ ,ECN FID[F KEK NT ONGTF DFR\KG
.\GRG[ \GVGY\ K\[ NKMFN YKVSP CIZ BGCN EK\TF QPIR 'Z KV NT[ QM\KK
F"CYFG OKR\[P ONGT KZES ,Z\GK \ZIGBPF ,FKKR[CG ,DFGR GDFRPM ONGTF FRG[BZC
,FKKR[F FVGY\F[ QM\KK ."TCJF LZEM BN[" FKGND FID[FC ONGTF \B DKFRP
,ZVGSP FKKR[F FIK[C .FC \HPGZP BKF FNKDPC \ZBG\P FRKB[ UB ,\KBNVF
J[V\\ LM ZIB" ONGM \B YKHI\ NBZ[K WZBG NBZ[K WZBN GNTK ONGM[ ZIBN[
N[ \GMN[FF GRPR BNG "LM ZIB" QPHF QGKX [ZV\R BN FNKDPC ."NBZ[K WZB
\B OKN[FN FNGMK "FIMG\ GTY\" FZG\F[ ,BGVB QM\KK .NBZ[K WZB \GJ[V\F
;FNGBDC [EI CN[N KJPZE Z@CTP FCGIC \RPGJ GH FZXY FZKPB[ ,EPNNG FRGP\F
QEKT NKI\PG ,OKR\[P ONGT KZES NM "NBZ[K-WZB \RKIC" \GJ[V\FP FBXG\M QM[
KV NT FDFRFP KJKZYF ZCTPF CN[ BKF BKF NBZ[K WZB \GJ[V\F .FNGBDC [EI
.TCJF LZEM BN[ \KBNV FDFRFN TCJF LZE
BN LB ,"LM ZIB" FNKDPF KV NT BGCK NBZ[K WZB \GJ[V\F N[ FH CN[ ,ZGPBM
,Z\GK \ZIGBP FVGY\C ZCGEP QMB OBFG ,"LM ZIB" G\GB BGF K\P FNKDPFP ZGZC
QVGBC FRPP FRG[ Z[BG OKZ\S \NKDPC \ZBG\PF FVGY\FP YNI FRRKB ZCM[
FKKNTF KZIB EKP FBCF \CYGT FNGTVN ZGBK\ BGF "LM ZIB"F BP[ GB ,K\GFP
NT OKZ\S \NKDPC ZBG\PF KIK[PF ONGTF N[ QPHF \ZDSPP DZGI GRKB BGFG ,WZBN
.GRKZCE L[PFC CG[R EGT GH FNB[N .GKRKKVBP NM
\RKIC" N[ GH FRCF NT .B"TY\ FR[F [BZC FZPBR GH FZG\ .K ,I BRKR\ Q"ZFGP KJGYKN 38
.293=281 'PT ,QGTDK[G FYKJSKP ,YZP FBZ "NBZ[K=WZB
143
|
[EYPF \KC
E YZV
[EYPF \KC
GZFRG \GTCDP B[RG OKZFF [BZC 'F \KC ZF FKFK QGMR OKPKF \KZIBC FKFG
KFNB \KC NB 'F ZF NB FNTRG GMN GZPBG OKCZ OKPT GMNFG .OKGDF NM GKNB
1
.OKN[GZKP 'F ZCEG FZG\ BX\ QGKXP KM GK\IZBC FMNRG GKMZEP GRZKG CYTK
NT QGXZN OFKICHG OFK\NGT K\NV\ \KCC OK\IP[G K[EY ZF NB OK\GBKCFG
2
.OKPTF NMN BZYK FNV\ \KC K\KC KM KICHP
BGF NBGDF \BKCNG OKPKF \KZIBN \KEGFKF FTEG\C Z\GKC OKKHMZPF OKNPSF EIB
KYGSVC 3.OKPTF ZGCTG NBZ[K ZGCT Z\GKC [GEYF OGYPM GRGRKMG [EYPF \KC \PYF
\B QGXZC NCYNG GPT \B IP[N 'F EK\T GC[ OGYPM [EYPF ZBG\P FBGCRF
GKNB[ HMZPFG ONGM OKPTF N[ O\NKV\N EYGP [P[K[ OGYPF OD BGFG ,GK\GRCZY
.OKKGDF NM GZFRK
OKDFRPFG FMNFF ONGTC JNGC QVGBC OKIMGR GRKKRC \GGY\G GRCZGI ,[EYPF
FNKV\ NMC \KR[RG \ZHGI 4"L\KC ZKCEN FEGCTF \B C[FG" F[YCF .KEGFKF
F[YCNG OGKF \GRCZY ZGMHBN USGPF \NKV\ \[EYGP ETGPG \C[ KPKC .FNKV\G
KIK[PF QEKTF QKC FYKHF .GRKKRC \IP[C \GBZN \GMHNG GRGMP NT [EYPF \B QRGMN
BKF [EYPF \KC \KKRC[ ,TCGYF K\MNF NNMN O"CPZF KEK NT FMVF [EYPF \PYFN
IK[PN IK[PF LVGF GPGKY OT YZ[ KIZMF KBR\ BKF[G ,IK[PF NT \NJGPF FPK[P
5
.KBEG
NNM ZMHR GRKB [EYPF \KC[ ,FECGTF EGBPN ET FFKP\PG FTK\VP \BH ZGBN
.OKZ\S \NKDPC
.D=C ,C GFKT[K
.H ,GR O[
.27=26 'PT ,FTKY[N FIKZHP ,ENGRKZD
.\C[CG NGIC FEKPTF \NKV\
EK ,O"CPZ) "KBEGC IK[P FH KZF NBZ[K KIER WCYG GPGYPC [EYP FRCG IKNXFG F[T OB"
.(E ,BK OKMNP \GMNF ,FYHIF
1
2
3
4
5
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
144
\GZGFN NKI\K BGF GC[ CN[FP YEX NBGD \BKC ZES \B \ZB\P OKZ\S \NKDP
\B \ZB\P FNKDPF .ONGTF NM NT ZSKYG NBZ[K LNP G\GKF ETG NBZ[KC FBZGF
\GKGNDF WGCKYC \YSGT BKF .NBZ[K WZB \B IK[PF LNPF NCYK FC[ LZEF
TCZBP GTKDK[ FMBNP KNTC NT \ZVSP FNKDPF .NBZ[K WZBN IK[PF OT Q\KKNTCG
ZGCT OKVSGR \GRGPZB N[ FZG[G IK[PN QKJNV \GRCN KEM NBZ[K WZBN NC\ \GVRM
,ZMHG \GSIKK\F OG[ QKB \BH \PGTN LB .IK[PF \CZYC ZGDN OKVSMRF ONGTF KMNP
\NGD FZGBMN .GPGKYN GB [EYPF \KC \KKRCN ,FKKR[C BNG FRG[BZF FIK[C BN
\NKDPP ZSI ,OKZFF [BZC B[KRF 'F \KC ,GZYKTG KIK[PF QEKTF N[ \Z\GMF
.OKZ\S
{ FNKDPC BXPR[ FP \B FJKNCP OKZ\S \NKDPP [EYPF \KC N[ \GZETKFF
JNGC EGDKRC FHG .KIK[PF QEKTF HMZPC \EPGTF \PKGSP \GK[KBM IK[PF N[ G\GPE
FRRKB JTPM IK[PF \GPE FC OKKY[ CZF KIK[PF I\PF UB NT[ ,K"ZBF \NCYN
K"ZBF \NCYC IK[PF LNPF .QGYK\F LKNF\C GF[NM EKYV\ FN ETGKP BNG FC \IMGR
\BH \PGTN 6.GBGC OZJC EGT ONGTC NI[ LZGCPF KGRK[N NPSG FBXG\ YZ BGF
DKFRPFG ZXGKF BGFG ,QGYK\F \B \NNGIPF \GPEF BGF GPXT IK[PF OKZ\S \NKDPC
.GN OKNIKKP ONGM[ USMRF KGRK[F \B
\B ZZGTP BGF[ FHC FXP\P GRKB OKZ\S \NKDPC IK[PF N[ GEKYV\ ,LMP Z\GK
GRBXP[ GPM ,[EIF KPNGTF ZESF OG[KK QTPN NGTVN G\GB EEGTPG FCG[\N OTF
IK[PF BNB ,O"CPZF NXB NBZ[K \GPINP OIGNG FCG[\C CK[PM IK[PF ZGBK\C
\B[ ,BGF NCY\PF O[GZF :ZPBRG EEIR 7.NGBDF ONGTF HMZPC EPGTF BGF GPXT
.IK[PF LNPF BNPP OKPKF \KZIBC [EYPF \KC BNPN FKF ZGPB[ EKYV\F
OKTGDTDF HGIP BGF ,KCNSZCF YKEXF N[ G\GPE KGG\C JJZG[P ZGPBM[ ,IK[PF
BNB ONGTF KMNP \GRGPZB OKRCR [EYPF \KC CKCS BN .GNGM ONGTF N[ OKVGSKMFG
G\CZYC OKXVIG OKKGDF NM OKZFGR 'F \KC ZF NB BN ,IK[PF LNPF N[ QKJNVF CKCS
\GKFN GNMGK BN[ ET GKNB \YYG\[FF NEGD \PIP GKNB LGPS GZGEK ONGM" BNB
8
."GETNC
,GHP FZ\K .[GEYF OEBC [GEYF OGYPF N[ \MN \YKIZPG FVKZI FZPF QBM [K
OGYPN [GNYG KRPH UKNI\M [GEYF OEBF \DXFC \YV\SP FRRKB OKZ\S \NKDP
ET GRRKB[ [EYPF \KC N[ GPGYP \B F\T \TN BNPPF "JTP [EYP" QKTP ,[GEYF
,GDC OKZCE ,OGN[ LM NT FBZ .IK[PF N[ G\P[R KNGDNDC K"ZBF \ZG\ FNDP[ QKKRTF JTPN
.DPY=CPY 'PT ,FVKNYFG TZF \ZG\ ,KC[\ ;213 'PT
K\GTP[P EKYV\ FN ETGKP[ FBZR BN LB ,IK[PF \GPKC QKZEFRS OGY\[ GRN ZVGSP ORPB
OK[TR FNKDPC OKZBG\PF OKKIK[PF OKRGYK\F NM .KJGVK[ UGDM FEKYV\N ZCTP FDFRFC
.EEGC DKFRPM GPXTC IK[PF LNPF KEK NT
.36=35 'G[ ,FKKR[ FIK[
6
7
8
145
|
[EYPF \KC
FTGCY FZPFM BNB 9,\GEKSIC OKRG[ OKDGF NXB GRBXP[ LZEM ,FNK[ BGCK KM
NBEKB N[ ON[FG BNPF [GPKPF .KIK[PF QEKTC OD \PKKYG FZKZ[ BF\[ \JNIGPG
LB ,OKZ\S \NKDP KV NT ,O[D\K K[GRBF OGKYF HMZPC EPGTF [GEYF OEBFG YKEXF
YKEXF BGF[ ,IK[PF CKCS GNGM ONGTF \GEIB\F BGF GZYKT[ ,KIK[PF QEKTC YZG
.KCKJPKJNGBF
FNKDPF[ ,LMC FNKDPFP [EYPF \KC N[ GZETKF \B ZKCSFN Q\KR FZGBMN
[EYPF \KC[ QM\KKG ,YEX NBGD \BKC ZES N[ OKRG[BZF OKCN[C YZG LB \EYP\P
\GNGCDP DZGI GZGBK\[ ,FNGBDF LKNF\ L[PFC GN ETGKPF OGYPF \B SGV\KG OGYK
\NKDP QM[ ,FH ZCSF NCYN F[Y LB ."YEX NBGD \BKC ZES"C \YSGTF ,FNKDPF
OD \ZB\P BKF BNB IK[PF \BKC N[ OKRG[BZF OKCN[C YZ BN \YSGT OKZ\S
ZCM[ ZIBN GXZBN NBZ[K OT \CK[ \B \ZB\P FNKDPF .FNGBDC OKPEY\P OKCN[
NBZ[K LNPP LVF ZCM IK[PFG ,GMNPM FBZGFF FZGP IK[PF \B ZK\MF QMN OEGY
\B FRGPG IK[PF FBZK[ KZK[TF ZGEN ET FTKDP FNKDPF .GNGM ONGTF NT ZSKYN
QVGBC BGXPN Q\KR [GEYF OGYPF N[ GEKYV\ \B BNPPF UKNI\M [GEYF OEBF \KKBZ \B
KM" FBRNGVP USGK CYTK 'Z KZCEC OKBXGP GRB FPDGEN LM .\GEKSIF \K[BZP ZCM ZGZC
Z[BMG ,FHP OKRGPEY KZCEC OSZGVPG TEGRM FK QMG[ GC[ 'F [EYPG 'F NMKF BZYR YKEXF
,IRTV \RVX) "[PP LZC\K GC YGCE BNKPP FRKM[F FZG[ GC[ OMI EKPN\N GPXT YCEP
BZYR OMI EKPN\F OEBF LM ...'F [EYP BZYR OMI EKPN\F KM" ;(223 'PT ,GZ\K \[ZV
YGSVF NT FTGEKF F[ZEF \B BKCP QPIR 'Z OD .(329 'PT ,FPGZ\ \[ZV ,O[) "QM[P
BGF LGZC [GEYF[ EPNP ,OMG\C BNB ZPBR BN GMG\C" :(I ,FM \GP[) "OMG\C K\RM[G"
\SIKK\PM FRKM[F \BZ[F ZYKT \B \GBZN KGJKCM "NBZ[KP EIB NM LG\C G\RKM[ FZ[P
.(EX BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN) [EYPN BNG OEBN
N[ NGJKC \GEKSIC QKB[ [KDEP QKZD .YKEXF ,QKZD FBZ .ZYIPC FCIZFC QGEKR FH B[GR
,[GEYF OGYPF N[ EKYV\F \B BNPPF HMZPM OEBF N[ FVSGF YZG LB BNB [GEYF OGYPF
OKVSGR OKJCKFC .KEKSIF ONGTC OD \PKKYG FZKZ[ [EYPNG NBZ[K WZBN CG[N FGGY\F[G
BKF OD .(177=168 'PT ,FYKJSKPM \GEKSIF) ZPKKFRVGB-W"[ FYCZ \YSGT FH B[GR N[
KZCEG ,[EYPF \KC \B OKYK[ KZGJSKFF IK[PC FRGPBF N[ NGJKC \GEKSIC QKB[ F[KDEP
;OKKEKSIF OKDGFF NXB CG[G CG[ OKNGT KZGJSKFF IK[PF N[ GBGC \[IFN FNKV\G FGGY\
OG[ QFN QKBG KJPGJGB QVGBC \GNGTF \GK\ZGSP \GNGPZGV QF GNB \GZKPB F\RTJN LB
EIGKPC ,O[ ,FBZ) \GEKSIF \B \GRKKVBPF \KNBGJKZKVSF \G[EI\FCG \GDFC NKTV EKYV\
OEBC [GEYF OGYPF \ZPF N[ FH B[GRC FBGZ OEB [EYP GZVSC QKNGDZP QGZ .(175 'PT
FK[ZG[ Z[BG \GEKSIF \B \RKKVBP[ \K\EF FPRVFF \PDPN \KHMZP FPDGE [GEYF
ET OKKEKSIF OKDGFFP [KB NXB FTKDF BN GH FPDP[ ZGCS QKNGDZP OD .Z\GK FCZF OKYK\T
[EYPF N[ G\PGY\N FGGY\F NGJKCN GB \GGXPF N[ K[TPF ECGZF OGKY NGJKCN FBKZY KEM
,ZRHZE FBZ FH B[GRC EGT .398=390 ,138=127 'PT EIGKPC ,OEB [EYP ,QKNGDZP FBZ .KHKVF
N[ FRG[ FRCFN .37 FZTF O[G 356 'PT ,\GEKSIF ,NEKB ;277=276 ,123=122 'PT ,YKEXF
,OGMKSF KZCEC EIGKPC ,J"[TCN [EGYF \ZDB ,FKEV FBZ KIK[PF QKKRTN J"[TCF SIK
.354=350 'PT
9
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
146
\ZMHGP ,FCZF OKR[ FBZK[ ZIBN ,IK[PF N[ G\GP \ECGT UB .GKRC N[ OKEKYV\F
,OKKGDF NM OKZFGR 'F \KC ZF NB BN FNKDPC OKRG[F OKCN[F NM LZGBNG ;FNKDPC
.IK[PF LNPF YKEXF \KC NB BNB
\NKDPC \ZMHR FRKB DGDPG DGD \PINP"[ LMN SIKK\F Q\R 'Z[ LZEM ,\BH ZGBN
YZ BNB \KHKV DGDPG DGD \PINP FKF\ BN QPIR 'Z KV NT QMB[ LMP YKSFG 10"OKZ\S
GRKB[ QBMPG "OKZ\S \NKDPC ZMHGP GRKB [EYPF \KC" ZPGNG TGCYN Q\KR LM ,\KRIGZ
.IK[PF \GPKCG YEX NBGD \BKC ZESC CG[I OGYP SVG\
NBZ[K WZBN FNTK IK[PF QM[ ,OGYPF \[GEY N[ JNIGP NGJKC QBM QKB ORPB
,FNKDPC ZGBK\F KV NT ,FPXT OKN[GZK LB ,OKN[GZK FMGNPF ZKTC G\KC \B FRCKG
\KC EPGT FHMZPC Z[B \ZBGVPG \KYRT \KEKSI ZXIMG FMGNP ZKTM QRGMK\G FRCK\
ZFC FRCKK IK[PF N[ QKJNVF[ IKRR OB UB .[EYPF \KC BNG ,IK[PF LNPF ,YKEXF
,FZKFRF[ FNKDPC ZBGCP QKKET KZF ,[EYPF \KC N[ GEXNG [EGYF OGYPCG \KCF
BNG IK[PF LNPF \BZYN OKRGGMP ONGM ,OKMNPF NM N[ NDZN FKKNTFG OKVGSKMF
OGYP FBZRM SVG\ GRKB ,BN[ QKCG OKKY BGF[ QKC ,[EYPF \KC .[EYPF \KC \BZYN
.OKZ\S \NKDPC ZMHGKG FNTK GP[[ ,LM KEM ET CG[IG K\GTP[P
GPNXC IK[PF N[ G\GPE \KKRCFN OKZ\S \NKDP LZGB NMN GRKBZ[ FPDPF
FBZR .Z\GK FCZF \MN \YKIZP \GTP[P F\T \NCYP KCNSZCF YKEXF N[ G\GPECG
OKPZGDF OF \GRGCKZG \GMNP BNG [EYPF \KC \PYF BN ,FXZB FCK[F BN[ F\T
YKEXM IK[PF N[ G\GKHMZPG G\GIMGR ,GPGKY BNB IK[PF \GPKC Z\GKC OKK\GTP[PF
G\MKVFG IK[PF N[ G\GPE LZE ZCGT BGCN EK\TN ETGKPF CGJF NM .[GEY [KBMG
.OKPTNG NBZ[KN OKTGDTDFG WVIF HGIPN
Z\GK OKPNGF GK\GNGTVG GPGK ZES ,ZSKYG LNP BGF[ UB ,OKZ\S \NKDPC IK[PF
EIVG FBZK ZZGTP GRKB IK[PF .OKMNPF KDFRP \B Z[BP [GEYF [KBF \GPE \B
O[ NTC YKEXM NTGV BNB GRGPZBC QGVS GRKB IK[PF .FCFBG OKTGDTD ,OKVGSKM BNB
OKPTNG NBZ[K OTN \G[ZE Q\PCG OKNGI \BGVZC ,\GVGZ\ ZGXKKC YSGTF QGRIG OGIZ
,FZK[FG QGDKRF ,FPMIF KPGI\C [EIPG ZXGK BGFG OKSGPKRG \GNKV\ QY\P BGF .ONGM
.FNKV\NG \GEEGC\FN FKGRV FT[ OGK KEP GPXTN ZGP[N IKNXP BGF \BH NM OTG
QCBFG FKK\[F QCB BGF ON[ ONGT GKZIB UIGSF KJPHKZMG [GEY [KBM IK[PF
\KCC LZGXF \B Z\KKP GPGKY OXTG ,BGCN EK\TN NIGKPFG QGMRF OGKYF N[ F[BZF
11
.FNGBDF QPHC [GEY HMZPMG OGYPM [EYPF
\GENG\ OD FBZ \KRIGZ FPINPM DGDPG DGD \PINP NT .CT 'PT ,S UKTS ,NHZC F"KRCB 10
.8 FZTF EVY\ 'PT ,\"RZFGP
NNV\FNG [EYPF QCZGI NT QRGYN GMK[PF \GZGEF NM LZGBN CNSZC KEKSI[ QKKXN KGBZF QP 11
FZG\C QGDM ,\GRG[ \G[ZEC \GBCGPF QPIR 'Z \GKIRFN GRTR OF LMC .GRKKRCN UGSMNG
GRN KGBZ ,GR[EYP-\KC \GRCNG ZHING GRKNB CG[N FVXP LZC\K O[F[ ,\TM" :"\K[BZC"
147
|
[EYPF \KC
OEBC [GEYF OGYPF N[ \JNIGP FZPF FKF\ BGCN EK\TN UB[ FVY[FF
KJGYKNC \G[ZE ZVSP [K \BH \PGTN LB ;Q"ZFGP KJGYKNC FKGXP FRKB [GEYF
EKYV\F \B BNPN NGMK YKEXF[ FEPTN \KRGKTZ \K\[\M [P[N \GNGMK[ Q"ZFGP
\B FPEP QPIR 'Z[ ,"QGTP[ 'Z KEI" FZG\C OKBXGP GRB LM .[GEYF OGYPF N[
:NDZN \GNTN [K OFKNB[ OK[EGYF [EGYNG FKK\[F QCBN YKEXF
BPGK BGF FR[F [BZ KM .OKYKEXN FR[F [BZ NT QKTSGR[ FP \RKIC FHG
YKEXF NB GKPGXPKXG G\[GEY OT BC EIBG EIB NMG ,FR[F NM N[ FRKEE
OFKNT[ OKYKEXF OF[ ...FK\[ QCB \RKIC ,OK[EY K[EY \RKIC BGF[ ,ZGEF
QCB \RKIC BGF[ ,ZGEF YKEXF LG\C OKNNMRG OKBC ONGMG ...ONGTF \\[R
12
.FK\[
ZGYP BGF ,\PBF YKEX ,[GEYF OEBF[ ZCGS QPIR 'Z[ ZZC\P "\K[BZC" FZG\FP
.[EYPF N[ GPGKY OXT NM KGN\ GCG [EYPF \KCC \PKKYF FZBFF
ZMHR ,[EYPF-\KC QKRC ZMHR[ OGYP NMC QM-NTG ...\C[ \RKIC BGF YKEXF
OGYN ZFHN LKZX EBP QM-NT GRKRCC NE\[FN YZ ,[EYPF-\KC QKRC ,OGN[G SI ,CMTN BN[
OKN[GZKC QMBG .(HS BRKR\ Q"ZFGP KJGYKN) "...[EYPF \KC QCZI NT NCB\P \GKFN ,\GXIC
TKDFN EIGKP QVGBC O[VR OKZSGP[ KPM CNSZC KEKSI GKF OKTGEK FRKEPF \PYF OZJC
GZVSC KGXP LMN EF) [EYPF \KC QCZGI NT QRGYNG \GXI QGYK\C KCZTPF N\GMC NNV\FNG
FNKNF \GXIC OKTKDPF CNSZC KEKSI \B [DGV ZVSPF GC[ ,OG[N[ NGP\ QGRDT K"[ N[
OKVGSKMFG [EYPF \KC \GCK[I .(376 'PT ,O[ FBZ ;"QCZGIF NT QRGYN" KCZTPF N\GMN
YZ BGF FNGBDF \GPKN[ ZYKT KM" ,\GMNF KJGYKNC Q\R 'Z KZCEC OD ZGZKCC OKNGT GRKKRCN
ZYKTF QK[YCP GRB FNGBDF NT QK[YCP GRB[ OTV NMC QM-NTG .[EYPF \KC QKRC ON[R[M
\GZZGT\F \RKIC BGF[ FNGBDF \GPKN[ ZYKT FH KM GRKPKC FZFPC [EYPF \KC FRCK[
\KC QKRC GRKKFE 'GMG 'FN OGYP BXPB ET FPGR\ KVTVTN KRKTN \R[ Q\B OB \RKIC FRK[F
NBG FIGRPF NB F\T ET O\BC BN KM ZPBR [EYPF \KC FRCR BN[ QPH NM KM N"RMG [EYPF
FZGK \GMNF ,\GMNF KJGYKN) "[EYPF \KC QKRC BGF FNGBDF \GPKN[ ZYKT KM 'GMG FNIRF
EYVR BN Q\R 'Z ZCKI[ \GNKV\C OD .(42 'PT ,E UKTS ,F FMNF ,OKZER \GMNF ,F LZM ,FTE
QGMR \KCF NB FZFP GRNTFG" :\GNKV\ KJGYKNC BCGP FPDGEN LMG ,[EYPF N[ GPGYP
[KI\G ZFP\G LKRV ZGBC GRKNT ZKB\G FRPBR FKZY YEXF ZKT OKN[GZK \GCZI FRC\G ...B[RG
QCZY CKZYFN FMHRG GRK\GCGI \GRCZY \B LKRVN CKZYR O[G ,GR\ZBV\G GR[EY \KC \GRCN
,FN FNKV\ ,\GNKV\ KJGYKN) "...FRPHC \ZJY ZKJYFNG ,G\MNFM GPGYPCG GETGPC EKP\F
.(BPZ 'PT
KGXP [EYPF N[ GEKYV\G GPGYP \B BNPPM YKEXF N[ FH ZGBK\ .H ,BS BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN 12
T[GFK OFZCB 'Z NT ZVGSP N[PN LM .QPIR 'Z \B EIKKP GRKBG ,\GEKSIC OKCZ \GZGYPC
H"IB .BVZ\RG |GRKNT BN~ T"N [GBKKC FNIR NBZ[K CFGB CZF KRYH KEGE" :BJVBP N[F
ZPB .FEG\ QCZY \BCF BN FPN GNB[ OGNIC |CFH KZGJF~ H"GJF |\B~ KRKYH FBZ |FH KZIB~
\GBNVR) "QKNCGNN BCG ...JTP [EYP QKNCGNC :H"GJF 'B .CZI |[EYPF \KCF~ Y"PFCF GN
.NKTN 9 FZTFC FH QKKRTN \GZGYP EGT FBZG .(RZ UKTS 83 'PT ,KCZF
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
148
OGYP NMC QMG 13,"GBZK\ K[EYPG ,GZP[\ K\\C[ \B" CG\M[ GPM ,\C[
-\KCFN ZKBP \C[ KM ,\C[ NT OEYP ZKFHF ,QM[PF \MBNP NT ZKFHF[
...[EYPF
[EYPF-\KCF OGKY GEK-NT ...ONGTF N[ ZBVFG KVKF BGF[ ,\PBF YKEXF
14
...NBZ[K N[ \GZKEFG OK\CF OGKYG
\KC ,[GEYF OGYPN QMG ,\C[ ,[GEYF QPHN UYG\FG FZBFF \B Q\GRF BGF YKEXF
KGN\ [EYPF \KC UB .ONGTC[ F[GEYFG KVGKF NMN KHMZPF ZGRKXF BGFG ,[EYPF
.YKEXFP OGKYG FZBF ONGTF NCYP GMZE Z[B USGR ZGRKX [P[PG ,YKEXC
[GEYF CIZPF \GJ[V\F
N[ LZGXF .[EGYF WZB \B IK[PF [EYK OKGSP CN[C[ ,ZVGSP FRG[BZF FIK[C
OBF ,FNB[C \YSGTF \KEGPN\F FKDGSN ZG[Y NBZ[K WZB \B [EIP [EYN IK[PF
F[GEY[ OMSGP .BGCN EK\TN OD FVY\ GB ECNC F\T[N FVY\ FKKR[ F[GEY
NBZ[K[ ZIBN FNJC WZBF [GCKM \TC NBZ[K WZB \B QGR QC T[GFK [EKY[ FRG[BZ
F[GEYF GRKKFE ,FKKR[ F[GEY OBF FNB[C BKF \YGNIPFG FNB[FG ,FRPP G[ZGD
BP[ GB FKKR[F \GNDF ZIBN FNJC ,BZHT KPKC NBZ[K WZB \B NBZ[K G[EKY[
[EGYF WZB \B [EYK IK[PF[ FTKCYC 15.BGCN EK\TN OD \PKKYG FVY\ GH F[GEY
BGCN EK\TN LZGXG QKKRT [KG ,FNJC FKKR[ F[GEY[ ,\ZCGSF FEPTM QPIR 'Z TKZMP
.NBZ[K WZB \B [EIP [EYN
OD GC [K IK[PF F[TK[ FNGTVP FBXG\M NBZ[K WZBC F[GEYF [GEKI ZGBK\
BNB ,FKNB NBZ[K N[ O\CK[ UYG\P FKNBP \[EY\P FRRKB NBZ[K WZB[ ,FTZMF
YEX NBGD \BKC ZESC FH QKKRT \BCF 16.\ZEDGPG FPGHK FNGTV LKZXP WZBF [GEKY
YHIK QCGPM LMCG ,NBZ[K WZB \[GEY \B [EIP QRGMN NTVK IK[PF[ ,BGVB \EPNP
.[GEY OGYPM FEPTP \B
WZB N[ F\GCK[ICG FPGYPC \VSGR FPXTF NT FZGBMN ZVGSP FKKR[F FIK[C
YKHI\ NBZ[K WZBG" .NBZ[K WZBN OKNGT ,\GKGNDF NM GPTG ,IK[PF[ ZIBN NBZ[K
JTGP \GKFN NBZ[K WZB \MVGF FNKI\ 17."NBZ[K WZB J[V\\ LM ZIB .ONGM
.C ,GM BZYKG
.(P"X) KN[ F[DEFF .HS BRKR\ Q"ZFGP KJGYKN
UB[ EKIK \TE FR[K .OKYSGVF QKC \YGNIPC OGKF OD FRG\R BKFG ,FTZMGF BN GH FNB[
.IKZ=DKZ 'PT ,NBZ[K WZB ZXGB FBZ GH FKDGS NT .FNJC BN FRG[BZ F[GEY
\TC FKNBP \[IZ\PF FNGTVC ZCGEP[ GB NBZ[K WZB \B [EYN LKZX OBF ,FNB[F NT
.HKZ 'PT ,NBZ[K WZB ZXGB FBZ ,FKNT NBZ[K \CK[K GB NBZ[K WZB [GCKM
.30=29 'G[ ,FKKR[ FIK[
13
14
15
16
17
149
|
[EYPF \KC
NMP C[F GNGM NBZ[K OT \B YKHIFNG NKMFN FIKNXP BKFG ,FCGZPF \B YKHIPF
FK\GNGCDN ZCTP \J[V\PG \CIZ\P NBZ[K WZB CYGTF CN[C ;GK\GKGND
.OKKRG[BZF
OKKHMZP OKRVGB KR[C FNGT FK\GNGCD \B CKIZ\ NBZ[K WZB[ \GZ[VBF
FBXG\M NBZ[K \GMNP N[ \GNGCDF \GJ[V\F LZE \ZCGT \IB \GZ[VB .OK[ZEPC
GC OMNDZ UM LZE\ Z[B OGYP NM" FIJCFF KZVMG LNPF F[GT[ K\PINP [GCKMP
OGYP NM[ ,\K\MNFF FTKCYF \B N"HI KV NT \NNGM[ FIJCF 18,"GK\\R OMN
\GGXPF \B GC OKKYN FKFK Z[VBG ,WZBF \[GEY GKNT NGI\ NBZ[K KEK NT [CMKK[
O\GBN F\GB NKCD\ FH Z[YF LG\P NBZ[K WZB \GJ[V\F \RCF 19.WZBC \GKGN\F
ZBG\PF IK[PF N[ G\GNKTV \B \PNGF \GIV GH \GZ[VB .G[CMK NBZ[K[ \GPGYP
.OKKBCX OK[GCKM BNG \GPINP NFRP GRKB[ ,OKZ\S \NKDPC
KGN 'Z KZCE TYZ NT NBZ[K WZB \GJ[V\F \B QKCFN BKF FKKR[F \GZ[VBF
20
,"GNGM ONGTF NMM NBZ[K WZBG NBZ[K WZBM \GKFN OKN[GZK FEK\T"[ ,ZPB[
[GCKMN \KGGNR FBXG\ FRKBG KRKEP QKKRT FRKB NBZ[K WZBG OKN[GZK \GJ[V\F Z[BM
\KNJGJ GH \GJ[V\F .F[GEYF \GJ[V\F N[ KRIGZ LKNF\ N[ KZV BKF BNB ,KHKV
GH \GZ[VB ."GNGM ONGTF" \B FVKYP BKFG ,FRG[BZF FRCFF KV NT Z[BP Z\GK
NMG \GPINP NFRP GRKB FC ZBG\PF IK[PF QM[ ,OKZ\S \NKDP \B Z\GK \PNGF
KTCJ NBZ[K WZB \GJ[V\F \B OD QMNG ,GF[NM KRIGM EPP BNN \G[TR GK\GNGTV
[GCKM KIJ[N \NCDGPM BNG "FPINPG [TZ KNC" \[IZ\PM FH Z[YFC QKCFN Z\GK
NBZ[K WZB \GJ[V\FN OKSIKK\P[ Q"ZFGP KJGYKNC QPIR 'Z KZCE .KRKEPG KBCX
NM \B [EIK[ ,EK\TN"[ LM NT ZCEP QPIR 'Z .GH FTKCY OKYHIP KIK[PF QEKTC
NM" \B FVKYP NBZ[K WZB \GJ[V\F[ QBMPG 21,"NBZ[K-WZB \RKICC GNM ONGTF
KEK NT \ZIB GB GH WZB [GCKMC FKGN\M \DXGP FRRKB GH \GJ[V\F[ QMG ,"GNM ONGTF
F"CYF[ \ZPGBF ,BGCN FEK\TF FVGY\N \GIJCFF \IB BKF BNB ,NBZ[K \MNPP
.GNGM ONGTF NMC "NBZ[K-WZB \RKIC" \GJ[V\FN OGZDKG ONGTC ZCE [EIK
WZB ,OKZ\S \NKDPP NKNM GPGYP EYVR[ ,[EYPF \KCN EGDKRC[ ,BGVB FNGT
LB .IK[PF \GPKC FZGBMN OXT\P UB [GEY OGYPM FPGYPG ,FNKDPC \ZMHR NBZ[K
,\GTJFN KEM GC [KG FNKDPC ZBG\PF LKNF\F \B FXPP GRKB OKZCEF N[ FH ZGBK\
OGYPF N[ QGIXKRMG FPXTFM \KBZR[ ,NBZ[K WZB \GJ[V\F KNSYGEZV QVGBC QM[
.D ,B T[GFK
.DKZ=CKZ 'PT ,NBZ[K WZB ZXGB FBZ GH FKDGS NT
\[ZV ,KZVS OD FBZ ;809 'PT ,DY\ HPZ ,GFKT[K ,KRGTP[ JGYNK ;B F[ZV ,K\CZ B\YKSV
.B BYSV UGS ,OKZCE
FYKJSKP ,YZP FBZ QPIR 'Z KV NT GH FIJCF N[ FZ[V NT EGT .K ,I BRKR\ Q"ZFGP KJGYKN
.293=281 'PT ,QGTDK[G
18
19
20
21
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
150
WZB \GJ[V\F .[GEYF OGYPF N[ JNIGPF GNGJKCG GRGKNKM KEKN FBKCP ,[GEYF
N[ O[ EGT FRRKB NBZ[K WZB .CIZPC ZGEDF [GEY OGYPM FPGKY \B FTKYVP NBZ[K
\PKKYF F[GEY N[ \GMKBN QGKX BNB ,F[GEYF FTKVGP GC BYGGE[ OKGSP WZB NCI
QM[ ,CIZPF ZG[KPC HMZPM [P[N F\NGMK \B \ECBP NBZ[K WZB .GNGM ONGTF NMC
.GNGM CIZPF KRV NT FsGZV BKF
LK[PK[ EKIKF ZCEF KIK[PF QEKTC[ ,FECGTF \B USGR QVGBC JKNCP FH QKKRT OD
N[ GBK[[ ,BGVB ZZC\P .GPXT IK[PF BGF GKNB OKRGV NGMF[ HMZPM EYV\N
G\GPEN \VSGR FPXTFCG GNGJKCC OKK\SP [GEYF OGYPF \PXTFC I\VR[ LNFPF
.KIK[PF ONGTF HMZPM IK[PF N[
151
|
OKZ\S \NKDP N[ IK[PN LNPF FPN[ QKC
F YZV
OKZ\S \NKDP N[ IK[PN LNPF FPN[ QKC
.\GVSGR OKRV GC FNDP FPN[ \GMNP TYZ NT OKZ\S \NKDP N[ KIK[PF QGHIC FBKZY
\ZBG\P BKF[ KVM LNPF FPN[ N[ G\GPE QKC QKKRT \BNPG OKJZV \CZ FCZY FR[K
.OKZ\S \NKDPC IK[PF LNPF ZGBK\ QKCN N"HI \GZVSCG BZYPC
HB ...OGKF G\GBC EIB OGKG FR[ C"K QC" FTKCYC \I\VR FNKDPC FKKR[F FIK[F
NT G\GMNP \B FPN[ NIF GC[ YKGEPF NKDF OD FH 1."ONGTF NM NT ZSKY F[TR FKFK
2
."GMNPC FPN[ FKF FR[ C"K QC" :[ZEPF KV
FZMFN FNKCGP[ FBNVR FPMI [EIPM OKZ\S \NKDPC ZKTXF IK[PF ZGBK\
GKNT[ ,FPN[ LNPF \B EGBPN ET ZKMHP ,"NGED OMI" BGF KM ,WZB KMNP NM CZYC
EGT ,GMZE \K[BZC ZCM F\ND\F FPN[ \PMI UB 3."OEBF NMP OMIKG" ZPBR
{ 4"QJY ZTR KMRBG" ZKTXF GNKDC[ \GK\KKTCN G\GTEGP LG\P .LNP-ZTR G\GKFC
QC"M OSZV\PG LNGF QMB BGFG ,G\NKV\N FRTR 'F .\TEG FPMI [YCPG FPN[ NNV\P
5
."FRKCG NM[ TEGK OMI
\KBZR IK[PF LNPF NXB FPMI EGPNN OFKRC \B OKING[F OKMNP N[ FTVG\F
TGP[N GI\VN GZIK[ WZBF KMNPP OKCZ[ ,LNPF FPN[ NXB [IZ\F[ FPN FCGZY
Z[B WZBF KMNP NM \BP FPN[ \PMI \B TP[N OKPTF NMP GBCKG" :GIYN \B
6
."G\PMI \B GTP[
FBZR LZT \GZYK \GZG[\G \GR\P IK[PN OKYKRTPF ONGTF KMNP ZGBK\ OD
\MNP N[ \GKJGHYBF FK\GR\P ECNP .LNPF FPN[ NXB [IZ\F Z[B \B ZHI[PM
.4=3 'G[ ,FKKR[ FIK[
.GJ 'KS ,JPY HPZ ,C NBGP[ ,KRGTP[ JGYNK ;HNZ 'PT ,EK YZV ,FCZ ONGT ZES
.BK ,F B OKMNP
.H ,D ,O[
FPN[ NED\R[M" KM ZVSPF ,[ZEPF TYZC KGXP GH FBGG[FN EGSK .BK ,C C OKPKF KZCE
,\GENG\ \[ZV ,K\CZ \K[BZC) "GNXB GBC EKP ,BGF IK[P FH BP[ GZPB G\PMIC
.(103 'PT
.EK ,F B OKMNP
1
2
3
4
5
6
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
152
KRV \B OK[YCP WZBF KMNP NMG" :WZBF KMNPP \GR\P TV[ NCYP FPN[ BC[
USM KNM G\IRP [KB OKBKCP OFG .GCNC OKFNBF Q\R Z[B G\PMI \B TP[N FPN[
7
."FR[C FR[ ZCE OKEZVG OKSGS OKP[CG Y[R \GPN[G CFH KNMG
\ZZGTP[ \GNTV\FF N[ \GKRKEPFG \GKPGBNF \GMN[FF \GZBG\P FNKDPC
WZBN Q\GNTFNG \GKGND WCYN G\NGMKG IK[PF N[ KRKEPF GEPTP .IK[PF N[ G\PMI
GNB .G\GPE \ZZGTP[ \GNTV\FFPG NGED OMIM GC FZMFFP FBXG\M GRCR NBZ[K
\GBYST \ZES \ZHTC ."\GRKEP" NNGM ,\GR\PG TGKS GN YKRTFN OKMNPF \B GTKRF
LMN FPGEC .NBZ[K WZB \B DK[P BGF NCKY[ \GR\PC IK[PF F[GT[ QKVGNKI
ZISPF KZ[Y CGXKTC CG[I CKMZP F[PK[ G\PMIP \GNTV\FF :FPN[ NXB GRBXP
OKXT \ZGP\ "NKNDF WZBC ZKT OKZ[T" ZGX LNP OZKIN Q\GR BGF .OKRG[ OKPT OT
FR\PC OKZXP LNP FTZVP NCYPG 8,[EYPF QKKRCN OZKIP NCKY[ OKZIB OKZPGIG
9
.ZHD ZKTF \B
FR[K FNKDPC \ZBG\PF OKSEZV \TKJR KRKKRTC IK[PF N[ FBNVGPF G\RCFN OD
K\TJRG OKSEZVG \GRD KN K\K[T" ZPGBG IC\[P FPN[ .FPN[ \PMIC FZGZC FNCYF
QCB KM" ZVSPF [ZEPF \B QPIR 'Z BKCP GK\GIK[C .(F ,C \NFY) "KZV NM WT OFC
GKNT LNPF FPN[G \GXZBF NMN QKEKD QKBXGK O[P ,ONGTF \\[F FRPP[ FK\[
10
."KZV NM WT TJGR FKF ,\GKJZVC QKEKDF NM TEKG NGED OMI FKF[ ,OGN[F
OGN[ KMZEC NGTVN GMZE BGF OKZ\S \NKDPC ZBG\PF IK[PF N[ JNGC QKKVBP
FH ZGBK\ .ZSKYMG LNPM GMZE \NKNSC EIB FVZ[ ZGEMN eNG YYHR IK[PF QKB .ECNC
BGF OGN[F 11."GN[ OGN[F[ LNPF" ,FPN[ N[ G\GPE \B OD CJKF ONGF
KEM \GPINPN YYHR[ ,GKCB EGEN EGDKRC .FPN[ \GMNP N[ OKJNGCF OKRKKVBPFP
Z[B ,OGN[F .OE LV[ BNN OZF GEPTP \B QRGMP FPN[ ,FSSCNG G\MNPP \B QRGMN
G\GB LVF[ OD BGF ,G\GMNP KPK \B QKKVBG GP[ \B FPN[N Q\R ([ZEPF KV NT)
12
.[EYPF \KC \B OKYFN OKFGNBF KRVC KGBZN
FPN[N[" TCGYF ,[ZEPC QKMGPKS BGXPN Q\KR GH FBGG[FN UB .EM=DM ,J C OKPKF KZCE 7
.(66 'PT ,EK ,DK FCZ ZCEPC) "IK[PF LNPN BKCFN OKEK\T QMG \GIRP \GPGBF GBKCF
.43 FZG[ ,FRG[BZ FIK[C \GTKVGP "CFH KNMG USM KNM" \GR\P .DK=K ,J B OKMNP 8
.HJ 'SV ,O[ 9
.99 'PT ,K YZV ,OK[GEY \[ZV ,C LZM ,BPGIR\ [ZEP FBZG .FT 'PT ,S ,Q"ZF \GIK[ 10
ZK[ ,KRGTP[ JGYNK) "GK\GKZCC OGN[ F[GT BGF[ ,GN[ OGN[F[ LNP { FPN[ LNPF" 11
.(1072 'PT ,GVY\\ HPZ ,D YZV ,OKZK[F
:ZPBN 'F ZCE KNT KFKG .KFNB 'F O[N \KC \GRCN KCCN OT FKF KRB :GRC FPN[N EKGE ZPBKG" 12
.KRVN FXZB \MV[ OKCZ OKPE KM KP[N \KC FRC\ BN ,\K[T \GN` ED \GPINPG \@MV[ CZN OE
GP[ FKFK FPN[ KM CKCSP GKCKGB NMP GN K\GIKRFG FIGRP [KB FKFK BGF LN ENGR QC FRF
CBN GN KRBG QCN KN FKFK BGFG KP[N \KC FRCK BGF .GKPKC NBZ[K NT Q\B JY[G OGN[G
.(K=H ,CM B OKPKF KZCE) "ONGT ET NBZ[K NT G\GMNP BSM K\GRKMFG
153
|
OKZ\S \NKDP N[ IK[PN LNPF FPN[ QKC
FMNPP NGFKRC GYGSKT UB NT BXGP ,FNKDPC IK[PF LNPN FPGEC ,FPN[ LNPF
\B C\M[ BGF FPN[ .FZK[ KRKKRTC UBG FPMI KRKKRTC [EING ZGXKN KBRV FZKEB
F[KPI" C\M Z[B ZZG[PF BGF LMN USGRG ,\NFYG KN[P OKK\VGPF FPMIF KZVS
14
,"FPN[N Z[B OKZK[F ZK[" BKF FPN[ N[ \KZK[F G\ZKXK \DSV 13.OKZK[ "UNBG
OKCG\MF NMG ,G\ZKXK OGKM KBEM GRKB GNGM ONGTF NM[ BCKYT 'Z ZPB GKNT Z[B ZK[F
15
.OK[EGY [EGY BGF GNKBG [EGY OF BZYPC
G\GB ,QPIR 'Z N[ GRC N[ QG[BZF GP[[ FECGTF EGBPN ET BGVB \K\GTP[P
BGF ,GKKI \NKDP OKZ\S \NKDP F\KKF \T BNC ZJVR BNPNB[ BNVGP KIK[P YGRK\
.FPN[
QKCN OKZ\S \NKDPC ZBG\PF IK[PF LNPF QKC FBGG[FF N[ OKVSGR OKECZC QGKT
QGXZ LG\P FBZRM ,LNPF FPN[ .OKMNPF QKC OKCG[I OKNECF OD FNDP LNPF FPN[
,\GCZ \GKZMR OK[R B[R ,ONGTF KMNP OT OKKRKEPFG OKK\ZCIF OKZ[YF \B YKPTFN
FPN[ FRC UB OKZXP LNP FTZV \CN .FMGNPF ZKTN QBKCFG 16,OKZ[G OKMNP \GRC
KVRM \I\ QCZYNG FZG\ KZCEN QM[PN" F\KKF FPN[ N[ G\PDP OB UB 17.FN[P \KC
FPN[ 19.OKZIB OKFGNB EGCTN GCCN \B GNB OK[R GJF ZCE N[ GVGSC 18,"FRKM[F
L[PF FKFK BN[G ,G\GP ZIBN NXGV\G TZYK\ G\GMNP[ GKNT ZHDRG LM NT [RTR
20
.\IZGVFG FZKEBF G\GMNPN
BKCFN DBGEG ,FPN[ N[ FHN FPGE LNFP FZGBMN JYGR OKZ\S \NKDPC IK[PF
,IK[PF NXB EGPNN OFKRC \B OKING[ OKMNPF .OKCZ OKMNP KBXBX G\ZGY NXC
OKN[GZK .GN[ GRGPZBN OGYP \GMKPSC OKN[GZKC \GRGPZB OFN FRGC GEXP BGF GNKBG
FGGXP IK[PFG ,\GPGBF KMNP NMN FMGNP \GRGPZB FC[ FZKC ZKTM [BZP \RRMG\P
\GPGBF KMNP QMBG .NBZ[K WZBN GPXT BGF FNT OZJC EGT GNB \GRGPZB \KKRC NT
ET GKNB \YYG\[FF NEGD \PIP GKNB LGPS GZGEK ONGM"G ,O\C[N OKN[GZKC OKZIGC
21
."GETNC \GKFN GNMGK BN[
OKZ[FG OKMNPF \GRC \B GN IYN FPN[ .K\GFP NECF FND\P FH B[GRC LB
\KJGZB FYKH SKSC NT GRKB OKMNPF KRC OT IK[PF N[ Z[YF GNKBG ,OK[DNKVG OK[RM
.CK ,F B OKMNP
HPZ ,B ,OKZK[F ZK[ ,KRGTP[ JGYNK) "OKZK[C[ FNGTPFG ICG[PF ZK[" .B ,B OKZK[F ZK[
.(1064 'PT ,VY\\
.BP=P 'PT ,B F[ZV ,FCZ OKZK[F ZK[
.LNKBG B ,BK O[ ;B ,D B OKMNP
.I ,H O[
.(C"T DK UE) G ,C QKZEFRS KPN[GZK
.LNKBG E ,BK B OKMNP
.LNKBG BK 'SV ,O[
.36=35 'G[ ,FKKR[ FIK[
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
154
,GKEKPN\N FZGP \YKHM FMZEFG EGPKN SKSC NT BNB ,\G[DNKVG QG\KI ,FCYRG ZMH N[
KBJI \B QY\P[ KPM IK[PF \B CXTP QPIR 'Z TEGP QVGBC[ FBZR .GKEKSIN KCZ
\GTXPBC \K[TR FRGMRF FYKHF .WZB KMNP OT FYKHF KVGBN QGMR ODE EKPTPG FPN[
FZK[F KPGI\C \KR[EI FZKXK ,\GNKV\G OKSGPKR QGYK\ ,FPMI EGPKN N[ OKNM
[EIPG ZHI[P GH LZEC .OKMNPF \GRC NB \GZCI\F \GTXPBC BN LB ,QGDKRFG
\GPGB OT FN[ FYGPTF OKZ[YF \MZTP \BG \ZBGVPF FPN[ \GMNP \B IK[PF
.FPN[ \GP ZIBN F\GZZGV\FNG F\NKVRN OZD[ ODVF BNN OTVF LB ,ONGTF
Q"ZFGP KJGYKNC FNGT BKF[ KVM QPIR 'Z N[ G\VY[F \B CJKF ONGF FH QKKRT
KHMZP KBR\ BGF ,KJGZBF OGI\F QGYK\ BGF[ ,\KZCF QGYK\[ OKVSGR \GPGYPCG
OGYPF QBM BNG ,OKRG[ OKRVGBC \BH ZBCP QPIR 'Z 22.ON[ KIK[P QGYK\N KIZMFG
\B TGRPN FKF NGMK \KZCF QGYK\[ FZKPBC F\T YV\SR GRN[ Z[YFC .OFC LKZBFN
FPN[ N[ FZGSBF G\CFB NNDC FSZY[ ,FZKEBF FPN[ \GMNP N[ F\GJJGP\F
.\GKZMR OK[RN
LNPF N[ G\GSI \I\ OKKGXPF OKMNPF KRC N[ ORKKRT FP ,Z\GK CGJ ZBCP FH TYZ
FVZG\F \EGYRN FRTPG QGYK\M QPIR 'Z N[ KIK[PF GRGHI FND\P FH B[GRC .IK[PF
ET 'F KRVN FRGMRG FPN[ F\KKF FC N[MR BNPNB[ ,FPN[ \GMNP N[ QGN[KMFG
.ONGT
\KC[ ,\RKKRTPF FECGTF \B \GEI Z\KCG CG[ FNTP FPN[ \GMNPN FBGG[FF
BKF FPN[ \GMNP N[ \Z\GMF \NGD KZF .OKZ\S \NKDPP QKJGNIN EYVR [EYPF
\B FRC ,\GRM[ \GMNPPP TGKS FPN[ SKKD FKKRCF LZGXN .'F \KC ,[EYPF \KC \PYF
\PGTN 23.GN[ G\KC \KKRC \B OKN[F OZJC EGT G\KKRC \B OKKSG WZPC [EYPF \KC
UB ,OKZ\S \NKDPC YEX NBGD \BKC ZES ZGBK\P [EYPF N[ GPGYP EYVR \BH
O\KKRCC OKZMHGP ONGTF \GPGB KMNP NMN OKETGKPF \GRGPZBFG IK[PF N[ GRGPZB[
.O\PYFCG
F\ZBV\C FPN[ \GMNP[ ,FZT[FF \B OKYHIP GRKNTF[ OKCG[IF OKNECFF UB
QGHI .OKZ\S \NKDPC BZGYF KRVC sZVRF KIK[PF QGHIN FBZ[F ZGYPG NEGP F[PK[
ZCTP UB DKNVPG NBZ[K \GMNP N[ Z\GKC OKNGEDF FKPK QGZMKH \B GRKRVC FNTP FH
\KNSZCKRGBG Z\GK \KRIGZ ,Z\GK \RYG\P \GMNPM IK[PF \GMNP \B ZB\P BGF .OFN
B[GRN GK\GYKH \BG \KZCF QGYK\ N[ FNGEDF \GCK[IF \B OKRG[ OKRVGBC ZBKC QPIR 'Z 22
EIGKPC ,KNNMF QGYK\F ,SCKN FBZ) FH B[GRN OKETGKPF OKEIGKP OKRGYK\ ESKK UBG ,KIK[PF
OKNGT ORKB OF QM[ GNB OKB[GRC CKIZFN OGYPF QBM BN LB ,(259=254 ,248=246 'PT
FBZ .OKZIB \GPGYPC OFN[ OKPKGSP OKJCKF ZGBKCC YSGT KRBG OKZ\S \NKDPC [ZGVPC
BXPR[ ZPBPC .O\G[CD\F LKNF\ ,N"RF ;QGKZ[FP F[TPF ,YZP FBZ EGT .E IVSR QNFN
.FNKN FZYPN QGYK\F N[G KNNMF QGYK\F N[ OKKIK[PF OKECZC YSGT KRB FRMFC
.B ,H { IN G ,B OKMNP 23
155
|
OKZ\S \NKDP N[ IK[PN LNPF FPN[ QKC
OMI BGF[ ,IK[PF LNPF EPGT \KEK\TF FMNPPF [BZC .FPN[ \GMNPP Z\GK
ECNC NBZ[K \GMNP FRKB G\GMNP[ ,QDRPG ZZG[P ,QGRIG OGIZ ,YKEXG EKSI ,FPN[M
UB ,EGBP FRGMR QMB G\GMNP .ONGM OKPTF NMC \J[V\PG \RY\PG \NTGV BKF BNB
OKRC N[ \GZGE FZ[T \GBZN FMHK IK[PF LNPF QM[ ,FPN[ \GMNPP Z\GK
.GKKIC EGT \GZSKYG FMGNP KEKYV\C OK[P[P[
KTKCZ YNI
FNKDPF \GCYTC
B YZV
\P BN QPIR 'Z[ \KEGS FRGPB \PKKY OBF
?OKKIN CG[K[ GB
'PFM NXB |O[ NTCF~ '[TCF |KEMR/EMR~ 'MR |G/F~'KFK |IK[~'P BGCK[ OEY
1
:OFN[ QG[NFG C\MF GNMKG |OKMNPF NM~
QKGXP[ ZIBP LB ,OKMNPF NXB CGJ O[ NTCF K/EMR G[TK FP ZBGCP BN FNKDPC
NXB \GF[F[ ,\GZ[VBF FNGT IK[PF N[ GBGC \B FPKEYP[ FNGTVC ZCGEP[
LZEM \GV[F \TKEK N[ \GKRGKIF .IK[PF BGC \BZYN KF[NM FRMF BKF OKMNPF
O\F ."O\G OMIP F[TP" QPIR 'Z N[ GZGVKSC FNGT OKMNPF OT CGJ Z[Y \ZKXKN
GKZCEC LNPF LZE"[ ZIBP ,"\GRG[NG \GPMI" EGPNN FXT NCYP FNGEDN FNT[
NMG\[ WZB-LZEG FBR QM NT ,OKZIB \GRG[NG \GPMI ZCEN ,ZIB EXN GKZCEC \GJRN
G\GPKP\G G\PMIP O[Z\PG GPT IIG[P LNPFG \GRG[N EPGN O\F QMBG ."GCK[FN
,EPNN KNGB FNGMK O\G OMIP F[TPN FKDGNRBF 2.OKZ[F NM NT Z[N G\GB FRPPG
\\[GPF CIZ Z[Y \ZKXKG FIK[ NGFKRN I\V BKF QG[NFG C\MF \B \TEN \NGMKF[
\GKGI\V\FN I\V OD FGGFP BKFG ,OKKNPZGVF OKSIKN ZCTP[ \GEKEKG FMZTF NT
G\IK[ \GCYTC FRP\F O\F Z[BM ,O\G OMIP F[TPC G[IZ\F[ GNB QKTP \GKCGKI
.FTV[F CZ EKYV\N
|
~
\PNGF[ FIK\V , CGJ O[ NTCF KEMRN IG\VN FBZR '[TCF 'MR ZGXKYF \B
QG[NFG C\MF GNMKG" :OKCZ QG[NC ZPBRF ,JV[PF L[PF \B KRG[NF ZG[KPC
,CGJ O[ NTCF KBXBXN FH KV NT SIKK\P CGJ O[ NTCF KEMR D[GPF 3."OFN[
.CGJ O[ NTCF N[ GRKR BGF[ ,QPIR 'Z KBXBX OD OF[ QM\KK[
O[ NTCF EMRN ZGXKYF \B IG\VN BKF ,KKRKTC \GIV FZKCS ,\VSGR \GZ[VB
OKGSP EMR NT ZCGEP OBF ,FNB[F FNT\ GH \GZ[VB NCYR OB .EKIK QG[NC ,|CGJ~
.GPXT QPIR 'Z BGF EMR G\GB OBF ,QM OBG ,CGJ O[ NTCF N[
.87=85 'G[ ,FKKR[ FIK[
.FX=EX 'PT ,O\G OMIP ,J F[TP ,\GK[TP KZGVKS ZVS
.["RBP \GIK[C KGXPF OKZ\S \NKDP N[ EKF C\M ISGRC OD QG[NF GHG
1
2
3
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
160
,OKKIN CG[K EGT CNSZCP QPIR 'Z[ LMN HPZ QBM [K[ QM\KK GH LZEC LNR OB
EGT OKKIN FCK[ BNB ,FKF\ Z[BM FKF\[ \KNNM OK\P \KKI\P YNI FRRKB[ FCK[
KMNP KRVC FEKPTC GF[NM EKYV\ G\KKI\ ZIBN GN FKFK UBG ,"IK[P BGCK[ OEGY"
.WZB
FNGT GC[ OKZ\S \NKDPC Z\GKC ZGZCF OGYPF FH KZF ,GH \GIRF \ZES NCYR OB
NXB FKFK J"[TCF EMR[ ZPBR FNKDPC QM[ ,IK[PF QKCN QPIR 'Z QKC FZGZC FEZVF
OGYPF QM GPM .GPXT IK[PF BGF QKB QM OBG ,"IK[P BGCK[ OEGY" EGT OKMNPF
EKYV\ J"[TCF K/EMRN [K OB[ FBZRG ,KNG[ BGF FNKDPC J"[TCF K/EMRN [EYGP[
ZCTP CIZ ZGBK\ GN Q\RKK[ KEM YKVSP CG[I GRKBG QKJGNIN KZGRKP BGF KZF GF[NM
.FV[F \ZMFNG OKMNPF ZGYKCN [EYGPF ZXYF JV[PN
\GYYHKFF BGFG ,KR[ZV K[GYC FMGZM QPIR 'Z BGF[ "EMR"C ZCGEP[ \GZ[VBF
OGYP OG[C BNG FH JV[PC BN GN QKB[ ,OK\PF \KKI\ ,USGR CKMZP \VSGFN
[K[ FBZR KNBGJSYJF IG\KRF ZG[KPC ,QM OB .HPZC UB GNG \GIMGR FNKDPC
\PNGF OD ZGPBM[ \GZ[VB ,"J"[TCF KEMR"N BGF ZGXKYF[ \GZ[VBF \B UKETFN
QPIR 'ZN \SIKK\P FRKB LM OBG ,OKCZ QG[NC CG\MF ,JV[PF L[PF \B Z\GK
.CNSZCP
'Z[ LMC OKKCNSZC OKDGIC \KEGS FRGPB N[ FPGKY NT \GRG[ \GRTJ GNT ZYIPC
\BKCC KHMZP EKYV\ BNPKG OKKIN CG[K LB \P QKVGNIN GB ,\P BN CNSZCP QPIR
GH FRGPBN \GKGET [K QMB OBF ,QGICNG BGCN OGYP [K GNB \GRTJ ZGBN 4.IK[PF
OBFG ,GH \KEGS FRGPBN ZGYPF BKF OKZ\S \NKDP OBF ,QM OBG ,CNSZC KEKSI CZYC
'Z BGF[ ,"J"[TCF EMR"C ZCGEP[ FBKZYF \GZ[VB \B YHIN KEM GNB \GKGETC [K
.CNSZCP QPIR
,ZCE N[ G\KPBN ,QPIR 'Z[ LM NT \KZJGSB FVY[F" FR[K[ ZT[N FJR SKKG USGK
TGZKBM QPIR 'Z \ZKJV \B ZB\PF Q\R 'Z KZCE LG\P TKDF BGF GH FZT[FN 5."\P BN
\KN KM ZCEN FV GRN QKB G\GYN\SF OXTC NCB" :GKNT ZCEN Q\KR BN[ ,SV\R K\NC
'Z[ FRGPB NT OKEKTPM GNB QKTP OKKGJKC NCYN F[Y LB 6."NNM FHC BSKV\ FC[IP
ZYK OEB N[ G\GPN SIKC \GZMGP \GKGBJC\FG \G[GI\C ZCGEP QM[ ,\P BN QPIR
,B19 FZTFG 139 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV ;42 FZTF 233=231 'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG
'PT ,\GNGDSF KEKIK ,CZBD ;32 FZTF 418 ,193 'PT ,OKZGSKF NTC ,QKZD ;216=209 ,150=132
FKFK BGF[ \GZ[VBF NTG CGJ O[ NTCF N[ OKKIN GCG[ ZCEC \GZGSP NT .131=130
.F IVSR QNFN FBZ IK[PF
.232 'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG
GZPB ONM FHC OKYSGTF OK[P[F KNGED NMG F[GEY BZGCIF K[RB CGZ O[ OKEPGTF NMG"
KVN FKF FH NMG ONGTP GBZ BN FHM \GYN\SF NCB \TECG \GKYRC G\P[ FPM GBZ ZCM[
QKCK[ KPG NNM FHC BSKV\ FC[IP \KN KM ZCEN FV GRN QKB G\GYN\SF OXTC NCB GR\TE
KB[ QKCK ,'GMG 'GMG GRPP GRTP[[ OKZGVSFG \GIK[FG OK[GEYF GKZVS KEK NT G\NEDP JTP
4
5
6
161
|
?OKKIN CG[K[ GB \P BN QPIR 'Z[ \KEGS FRGPB \PKKY OBF
\GKEGIKK SIKKR OB UBG .GKEKSI KRKTC CD[RG WZTRF NGED OEBN SIKC KBEGGCG ,CGFBG
\NGMKF ZSGI QKC NGED ZTV [K QKKET ,QPIR 'Z N[ G\GP \B SGV\N \NGMKF ZSGIN
.G\GP \[IMF QKCN G\GP \B NMTNG QKCFN
NBM G\ZKJV ZIBN QPIR 'ZN SIKK\P BGF QFC[ Q\R 'Z N[ \GKGBJC\F BKCP SKKG
QKB GNB \GSKV\CG OKKGJKCC OD LB 7.FP\ BN G\B OKSIKF \MZTP[ NTGVG OKKY OEB
ZCGEP Z[BM ZPGIG NY ,ZJVR[ CGFB OEBN SIKC \GZGD[ \GKGSIKK\FP \JNGC FDKZI
QGKNKMM YZ BNB GRGKNKMM \SV\R FRKB OEBF \ZKJV FC[ ,\K\ZGSP \KEGFK FZCIC
OFK\GRGKHICG OFK\GPGNIC OKKIF \B OKEYGVF OK\P N[ OKCZ OKZGBK\ OR[K .GVGD
."\P BN" ZJVR G\GB[ FRGPB NT EKTFN KEM LMC QKBG ,FKIRF GB TEKP OFN OKZSGPG
.G\GP ZIBN UB ZJVRF NB \GRVN Q\KR[ BGF KTCJ LB FH \GRGPB LZTP \ZDSPC QM NT
:FHF ZGYPFP EGPNN Q\KR QPIR 'Z N[ GPNGTC O\BG OK\PF NT IK[F NT
NGYC ,KCB ,KCB :FKCB ZCY NT O[ \YTGX F\KF[ \IB F[B TP[ \IB OTVG
\BHF F[BF :FN ZPBG FRT HB GNXB \EPGT F\KKF FKI\ G\CG EGBP ZP
CGJ[ HB ZPBG NNM QBMC GRKB FKCB NCB ,KCB KCB CJKF FRGGMC \YTGX
OFKCB ZCYN CKCS CKCS OKRMG[F OK\PFN ZPGN \GCB KZCY NT OKBC[M
KM GKNB O\C GB ORC BC[ GN GTKEGK[ OFP [YCN ,GKNB OKBC[ BXGKMG OPBG
FCZF KM OKEZJR[ OGYPN O\ZGCY OGYPP OKYN\SR OK\PF NM BN KBEGC
:HB ZPBG .'GMG OFKCBN GTKEGK OF[ KEM OTKEGFN CGJ QM NT OZCY NT OKKGZ[
BGF YKEXF \\KP KM O[ GRKB BP[ FH NT [G[IN OKMKZX QKB YKEXF NXB NCB
KRB[ GPM :GPXT NT G\CN HB NK[PFG .ZIB ZEIN ZEIP BXGK[ KP GPM YZ
\NEF ZDGSG KR[F ZEIN SRMRG FH ZEIP BXGK KRB LM ZIBG ,FH ZEIC F\T
!?LKZCE TP[B BN 'GMG KCB KCB YTX\G \NEF NXB BGC\ F\B OB ,KZIB
FPM EIBG EIB NMN HPZ[ OKPTV FPM [GEYF GKVP TP[R FNBF OKZCEM
GFGPM FKFK BNG GFGPM FKF BN Z[B FHM BZGR [GEIG BNV \GYN\SFP NNM ZCEN Z[VB
\GKFN K\KMH[ 'FN CK[B FP ZCER FPG ZPBR FP ZIB OGYPC O[ZRM [GZVC ZPB Z[BM
.(DX 'PT ,ES ,QG[BZ YNI ,\"RZFGP KPK) "F[GEYF G\P[R \BKXK \T[C
KPK) "GR\GBG G\GB OIRK OGYPF" Q\R 'Z C\GM ,OKZVB FPN[ QPIR 'Z N[ GRC \ZKJVN Z[YFC
BKCP SKKG .QPIR 'Z \ZKJV ZIBN GC\MR OKZCEF[ FBZRG ,(JK 'PT ,BK ,QG[BZ YNI ,\"RZFGP
FIGE FKF NBP[FG ,ZGT[ KNC GKF[ FMZCN GRGZMH GRCZ N[ GKPIZG GCGJ NCB" :\VSGR FKBZ
KPN BNVR \GCZY\F GPXTC FKF \GYIZ\FFG FKKIEF ODG FCZF CZYP FKF QKPKCG JTP
.(GJ=EK 'PT ,J ,QG[BZ YNI ,\"RZFGP KPK) "LM DFGR BGF QKET ODG \PBC Y[IG WVI[
FPDGE BYGGE LB .QPIR 'Z N[ G\GP \[IMF OG[P [K "LM DFGR BGF QKET" QG[NC SKKG \RTJN
YGIKZ \[GI\ NT ZCGEP QM[ ,EK\TC OKKIN CG[K QPIR 'Z[ FRGPBC ZCGEP QKB[ FIKMGP GH
QGPJ QPIR 'Z N[ GVGD[ FECGTF \[IMF QBM QKB[ KBEGG ,F\T ZCM Q\R 'Z [I[ CGZKYG
BGF ,G\GP ZIBN ,F\T OD[ GRN ZVSP Q\R 'Z BNB ,G\B ZCKE QPIR 'Z[ FRTJ BN ODG ,GZCYC
.GYIZP BGF OK\TNG GCZYP QPIR 'Z OK\TN[ [I
7
OKZ\S \NKDP
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162
TP[K KBEGC KM BZGRFG [GEYF GZCY NT BGCN FMHK[ KP N[ FNTPF FNGED
8
.Z[VBE FP NMC GN TK[GKG ZGHTKG GKZCE
OGKYF QVGB BNB ,OGKY ZSGIG OGKY QKC NKECPF FH GRKB OKKIN OK\PF QKC NKECPF GYF
SV\KFN FKF\ \GTJ 9.OK\PF OTG OK\PF NT IK[F ZHDR LMPG ,OGKYF OGYPG
.\P BN ZCYR[ OKGSP \P[ ,OFP YKSFNG GH FSKV\ N[ OKRG[ OKKGJKCN
"YKEXF \GYN\SF" NT ZCEP GK\G[ZEC GPXT QPIR 'Z ZCM[ FECGTF \B QKKX SKKG
\B SKKG BKCP FPDGEN LM ."\GYN\SFG FPNTF" N[ OKIRGPC ,GPXT QPIR 'ZN FRGGMFG
\SIKK\PM F\GB [ZKV Q\R 'Z[ ,(HS BRKR\ Q"ZFGP KJGYKN) "\K[BZC" FZG\F
FTZKB[ ,QPIR 'Z \ZKJVN OD LB ,QPH G\GBC FTZKB[ ,C'XKEZCP YIXK KGN 'Z \ZKJVN
LB 11."YKEXF ONT\R[ ,FPNTFFP" QG[NF \B QPIR 'Z JYGR FCG 10,FR[ ZIBN
SIKC EIGKPG [EI K\ECGT QGTKJ QFC QKBG ,QVGE BXGK ZCE QKB GNB \GRG[NC ZGPBM
\EPNP \BH QG[N OB QM[ ,\BH IKMGFN FNGMK GH F[ZE BYGGE .QPIR 'Z N[ G\ZKJVN
OKZCE[ KZF ,ONT\K YZ BNB \GPK BN OXTC QPIR 'Z[ LM NT Z[CP[ DKZI QKKRT NT
'Z OD[ \EPNP GH F[ZE KZF ,LM OBG ,C'XKEZCP YIXK KGN 'Z \ZKJV NT OD GZPBR GNB
FSKV\F \B \VY[PF QG[NC ZCGEP[ BGVB YVS QKB ."\P BN" C'XKEZCP YIXK KGN
NY ;OKKY\FN YKSVP GRKB LB ,YN\SPG ONTR ,ZIB ONGTN FH ONGTP ZCGT ZJVR NM[
ZPGIG NY N[ GRC QC ZPGIG NYG 12;"OKKI OKKGZY O\GPC[" ,OKYKEXF NNMN ZPGIG
TP[K KBEGC" BGF[ GZCY NT BGCK[ KP NMN IKJCF[ ,\PBF YKEX ,QPIR 'ZN SIKC
13
."Z[VBE FP NMC GN TK[GKG ZGHTKG GKZCE
.FZ=EZ 'PT ,GRY \GB ,Q"ZF \GIK[
,O[ YN\SFN QKPGBN CNSZCP BXK[ OEY" :FHF ZGYPF \B OD BGZYN [K Z[YF G\GB LG\P
.FHGHPF NT GEK IKRFG FHGHPF NXB EPT ,FNDTF NT \GNTN WGING \KCF I\VP BXK[ \TC
GNMG\ KNGB FRGMC GNNV\\ OB KM ,EIK NNV\FNG EIK WCY\FN GBZ\ :ONGTFN ZPBG FRT
HVY ,QKPGBC G\CK[KG G\TKSR ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI) "OTVF EGT QBMN K\GB LK[PFN
Q\KR LB ,CNSZCN GCG[ \GZ[VBN OKSIKK\PM QKCFN Q\KR GNB QPIR 'Z KZCE \B .(EKZ 'PT ,|D~
LK[PFN" D[GPF FRGZIBF FRCFF KVN OD .G\ZKJV ZIBN[ QPHN OKSIKK\P OF[ QKCFN OD
N[ O\GBXPKF NT ZCKE[ LZEM G\P[RG GIGZ \BZ[FM [ZV\FN NGMK "OTVF EGT QBMN K\GB
QPIR 'Z N[ GCG[ \GZ[VBN GF[NM HPZ GNB GKZCEC \GN\N OD Q\KR LB .OFKZCYC OK\PF
.G\ZKJV ZIBN FHF ONGTN
.233=232 'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG
\KB\C[F FZG\F \GCYT GC GZMR YKEXF \PNTF NT GH FZG\[ TRPRF QP BN"[ QTJ UB SKKG
.(233 'PT ,O[) "IK[PF \PNTF NT
TGEKM" :Q\R 'Z C\GM GH OKZ[YF \MZTP LG\P .JVY\\ HPZ ,J YZV ,\NFY ,KRGTP[ JGYNK
OFKKICP Z\GK O\\KPC OKYKEX OKNGED KM ,|OKYKEX KZCY NT~ \GIJ\[F \RKIC ZYKT FH[
\C\MG FIZY \GMNF ,FTE FZGK ,E LZM ,\GMNF KJGYKN) "OKKI OKKGZY O\\KPC OKYKEXFG
.(BMZ 'PT ,D \GB ,D FMNF ,TYTY
FBGZ \ZMHGPF (HS BRKR\) "\K[BZC" FZG\C QKKTPF NM .FZ=EZ 'PT ,GRY \GB ,Q"ZF \GIK[
8
9
10
11
12
13
163
|
?OKKIN CG[K[ GB \P BN QPIR 'Z[ \KEGS FRGPB \PKKY OBF
\GZGYP \ZHTC SKKG \GRTJ \B [[BN FSRPG GH FKDGSC QGKEF \B CKIZP 'HBYKKV
14
."GR\BP YKEXF N[ FPNTFG \GYN\SF" NT OKZCEPF Z\GK OKZIGBP OKKCNSZC
\EIGKP FRGPB NT EKTFN KEM QPIR 'Z N[ G\GP NT FH ZGCKE QVGBC QKB K\TEN ,ZGPBM
\GZGYP \BCFN ZCTP .OK\PF \KKI\ OZJ EGT FKKI\N OGYK[ GB \P BN QPIR 'Z[
QPIR 'Z N[ GCG[C GH FRGPB Z[YP 'HBYKKV QG[N \GTCJP O\GB OKJYGRF OKVSGR
\TEN ,\GFHN Q\KR GH FRGPB .GRNBDKG CG[K[ BGFG IK[PF BGF BGF QPIR 'Z[ ,FSKV\N
:Q\R 'Z KZCEC ZCM ,'HBYKKV
KGSKMF KDKKS \B \XZGV BKFG Q\R 'Z N[ G\RGPB \JFN\P O[ ZKTH O[ ZKTH
,"\PBF KYKEXF" GB "OKYKEXF KNGED" OKCZ QG[N BN :\KRV[I \K[TR GRG[NG
\PBF YKEXF" :BNB "IK[P |\R~KIC" ,"F[P |\R~'KIC" :FJTPF \GRG[N BN
15
."QGZIBF NBGDF |F~'KFK BGFG QG[BZF NBGDF BGF[ ,IK[P F[P BGF[
,ZCSF FMKZX FRKB "\PBF YKEXF" IRGPF N[ \KJZYRGYF G\GTP[P KZFG
16
!QPIR KCZ :\GCK\ K\[ FH JV[PN UKSGFN ,OKCKKI UBG ,OKB[Z GRBG
OFN Q\K\ Z\GK BNPF K\GCZ\FG KNBGJSYJF OZ[YFC OKZCEF \BKZY[ FBZR QBM OD
:FH QKKRTC Q\R 'Z QG[N KFGH .Q\R 'Z N[ \KIK[PF FSKV\C KZGYPF ONY[P \B
GRB[ \RKIC BGF[ FNV\N FNBD LKPSFN 'GMG CKXKG \PB OKZPGB LM ZIBG
FKFK BGFG QG[BZF NBGDF BGF[ IK[P F[P BGF[ \PBF YKEXF IM QKNCYP
G\GMNP \GNDN FMHR[ ET ZCD\FN QKNGMK GRB GIMC YZ KM QGZIBF NBGDF
17
.ONGT KBC NMN \GPN[C
F\T ZCM[ FZKPB BNB ,OKKIN ZGHIK QPIR 'Z[ FRTJ QBM QKB[ FNGT OKZCEF Z[YFP
YZ"[ ,FH QCGPC QGZIBF NBGDF BGF ,"IK[P-F[P" N[ [GPKP BGF[ ,\PBF YKEX
FTKCY 18."ONGT KBC NMN \GPN[C G\GMNP \GNDN FMHR[ ET ZCD\FN QKNGMK GRB GIMC
GN[ [BF QM[ ,BN GB OKKIN QPIR 'Z ZGHIK OBF ,FNB[N NNM YYHKFN KNCP FVY\ GH
.'F \GMNP FND\\ FIGMP YZG ,IK[PF BGC ET GKEKPN\G GKEKSI KEK NT ZTC\G EYG\
ZXGK BNB \RKIC KGJKCC [P\[P GRKB Q\R 'Z[ FECGTN 'HBYKKV YKRTF[ \GTP[PF
FRGPB FR[K[ Q\R 'Z KZCEP ZGHDN GRKNT FKF GMZE KVN QM[ ,\PHDGP ZK[K KGFKH
.QGZIBF NBGDF FKFK BGFG ,ONT\R YZ BNB \P BN ONGTP GRCZ F[P[ \KEGS \KCNSZC
GKRC EGTC ,QGKNTF ONGTC G\ZKJV ZIBN YKEXF N[ GPGKY \B [KDEP BYGGE QPIR 'Z[
.FHF ONGTC G\TEG GZMH \ZB[F OF GKEKPN\G
.FNY 'PT ,\GRGZMH \GCGJ
.BMZ 'PT ,DT \GB ,H FMNF ,FIRPF \NKV\ \GMNF ,OKKI IZGB ,C LZM ,\GMNF KJGYKN
.144 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV
.(15 FZTF NKTN) O[ ,\GMNF KJGYKN
.O[ ,O[
14
15
16
17
18
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
164
F\KF BN QPIR 'Z N[ G\ZKJV KM ,FSGPMF \KCNSZCF FRGPBF"[ QTJ UB 'HBYKKV
FBXP ,\NBGDG FRGZIB ,FKKR[ FTVGF TKVGFN EK\T BGFG ,\GYN\SFG \GSM\F BNB
QTGJ ,QM NT Z\K 19."|QHI OFZCB 'Z N[~ ZMHRF GSZJRGYC [ZGVP KGJKC BKF UB
QPHF \B F\VX[G CNSZCC \NCGYP F\KKF[ FBGCR U[GI QHI OFZCB 'Z ,'HBYKKV
IGGEP OFZCB 'Z ,'HBYKKV \RTJN ,QM[ .ZGHIN ZGPB QPIR 'Z GC[ YKGEPF
FR[ [PIG OKTCZB WYP [IZ\\ \BH FTVGF[ ,GVKXG GBCKR OKCNSZCF 'OKVGXF'["
ETGKPF LKZB\F ZCT[ ZIBN \GCZ OKR[ GC\MR QHI OFZCB 'Z KZCE 20."G\GYN\SFN
EGT QPIR 'Z[ FRGPBF L[PF \B TGRPN KEM KE FKF BN GH FECGTC LB ,QPIR 'Z \CK[N
.OKKIN CG[K
...OKR[ F"P ZVSPFP OKNVM LZTC" GKZCEN GZCTG F\EC\R O\BGCR KM UBG
'Z[ G\RGPB \B ,QCGPM ,[JR BN BGF ,"\BHF \GSM\FF NT OKVGXF GZPB[
,FRG[BZF G\GND\FC NBD BNG G\PK[P \B BNKP BN[ ,NBGDF-IK[PF ,QPIR
"BCS"N ZGZC HPZ { "NKSMG QYHF LNP |21\TKS :N"X~ \BK[" \PIP
ET [KBF JGY[K BN KM" ...G\ZGCD IGMC ZCE N[ GVGSC ZCD\K { FNGV[P
23
."OKPGXTF GRKBGNI\P GRKBVZNG GRKNBDN 22,ZCKE Z[B ZCEF FNM OB
"GBCKR" YZ BN[ OKKCNSZC OKBKCR N[ QKKRT \BNP FTVG\N \GET QBM [K FZGBMN
YKGEP QVGBC BCRNG WYF \B \GNDN GMH OD BNB NBGD IK[PM OKKIN CG[K QPIR 'Z[
,O\BGCR \B GZPB QVGB FHKBCG OKBKCR O\GB GKF KP .NBGDF \CK[ [IZ\\ FR[ GHKBC
OKVGX" N[ FH ZGBK\ .QFKNB SIKK\P GRKB 'HBYKKVG \GIG\V \GZ\GR GNB \GNB[
\GKHMZPF \GKGPEF \BG CNSZC \GEKSI \B ZKMP[ KPN FGP\ TP[R UB "OKKCNSZC
FBGCR F\KKF ORPB OBG .WY KGNKDG "FBGCR" OFP KPN LKK[N F[Y QM[ ,FC GNTV[
FBGCRF[ FECGTF LKB QKCFN F[Y ,\ZGSPC FZCT[ GH QKTP \XZIRG FZGZC \KCNSZC
Z[BM \GZ@SGP GNB \GFKP\ .O\BGCRCG OKBKCRC QGPB ZC[PN FPZD BN FP[D\F BN
:Z\GK BNPF OZ[YFC QHI OFZCB 'Z KZCE \B OKBGZ
.139 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV
USGK N[ GZVSN LZGTF \FDFC 'HBYKKV QTJ OD LM .B19 FZTF OD O[ FBZG ;139 'PT ,O[
BGFG \GYN\SFG \GSM\F BNB F\KF BN QPIR 'Z N[ G\ZKJV \KCNSZCF \ZGSPF KVN" :SKKG
"G\GYN\SFN FR[ [PIG OKTCZB WYP ,\NBGDG FRGZIB ,FKR[ FTVGF TKVGFN FKF EK\T
.(42 FZTFN LZGTF \VSGF ,233 'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG)
.TDZ KET URI \IP[G CGZYP OKT[Z \RRZ KM" CG\MF LZE NT BGF QBM GZ[YFC \BK[ KGJKCF
.(H=F ,M CGKB) "GKB GZPBK GKBZ ECBK IXRN GNNDM .TKDK CTN G[BZG GBK[ OKP[N FNTK OB
.QG[NF QY\N LKZX QKBG
.FNGBD N[ Z[YFC O[ ODG ,IK ,D \GZ KV NT
.B19 FZTFG 139 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV
19
20
21
22
23
165
|
?OKKIN CG[K[ GB \P BN QPIR 'Z[ \KEGS FRGPB \PKKY OBF
KV-NT-UB KM FRGKNTF NT GEK ONGTNG ,FCGZP FCGJ FEKP \BH NM NT NCB
FP B"KY UEC QKZEFRS \MSPC QKKT\ OB :EP FZTF) FPINPF ECGM CGZP[
F\RTG YGSVF NTG ,'GMG ZKTP EIB OM\B K\IYNG YGSVF NT N"HI GZPB[
OD[ L\GBZC 25L[BZ NT EGT FNTK BN BZGPG ,EGT BNV\\ BN 24'GMG FP[
G\NGEDC Z[B BGCKZ OK[K[P OKR[F \B OKRCBC OGDZN FETF NM GZPBK OGKF
QKCR ,ONGT \GPK BR ZGMHRG ...GYCE\K OKBZGRF GKZCECG ,GRKPBK |QPIR 'Z N[~
GBR[ OF ODG ,OKKI GRB O\GMHC Z[B FK KJC[C FBZRG BR JKCR ,ZGEG ZGE \GR[
BR FVKY[R ...ONGM NT FNTRG NGED FKF[ ,OFKIB USGK \B FBR[ KRKP NMC
C\MC[ FZG\C ZBGCP ,GC OKZCEP GRB[ GPXTC GRCZ F[P N[ GZGEC FBZRG
K[RB FETF KBK[R ,\GBZEFRS K[BZ OK[KPIG OK\BP KM FV-NTC[ FZG\CG
N[ QCZ ,GRCZ F[P NT GRGNKG GCZ EIBM ONGM ...NBZ[K-KRC \ET NM ODG ,O[F
\G\GBF NM ZIBG ,JKCK 'F \RGP\G ,'FC ZCEK FV NB FV Z[B ,OKBKCRF NM
,NBZ[K NM KRKTN F[P F[T Z[B NGEDF BZGPFG FYHIF EKFG OK\VGPFG
FPNTFG F\SF OFKNT FZCD FMMKB FMMKB ,OKKP[DFG OKKRVGDF OFKRKTN
GZPB[ GPM ,[KB \[BC G\GB GE[IG GZPB[ FP GKNT GZPB[ ET \BHM
KPK GMZB ODG ,GR\BP YN\SFNG \GSM\FN IZMGF (FMZCN ORGZMKH GRKPMI
\BHF \GSM\FF NT OKVGXF GZPB[ F"P ZVSPFP OKNVM LZTC G\GYN\SF
ZVSC O[ K"[ZCG ,[EIF \[ZVC ZKNYF ZHTNB KCZ JGKVC QKKT :FP FZTF)
,UGXYK IXRN BNG 'F IRHK ONGTN BN NCB ('GMG FMIPF KZ[B YGSVF NT NBKRE
HBPM NMG NMP GR\BP ONT\R BN ,F\[Y KM ...G\ZGCDG ,HT KM GIMC ORPB ODG
OB OD QMNG ...GC FKGN\ GR\NGBD Z[B G\ZGCY OGYP \B [KB TEK NCN ,OEYPG
[KBF JY[K BN KM ,GNKVKG GEKZGK O[P ,NKSMG QYHF LNP \BK[ OKP[N FNTK
NM \B) OKPGXTF GRKBGNI\P GRBVZNG GRNBDN ,ZCE Z[B ZCEF FNM OB ET
,GCM[P \ZVM KRKZF KCBP K\TP[[ N"H \"RZFGP KZCEP K\BXGF FHF \GBF
26
.(QKNP NBN EGT KM OKRG[BZF GRKZCEN CG[R F\T
,OKVGXF KGRKMF .OKKCNSZC OKBKCRG OKVGX NM GKF BN[ FBZR OBGNKPC OKZCEFP
OK[ZEPF GEPN OFP[ OKKBZYPF OKBKCRN SIKK\P 27,OKBKCRN KEGPN\ KGRKM BGF[
Q\BKXK [KYP ,'OM\B K\BCFG' ZPBRG 'OTN KN OM\B K\IYNG' ZPBR :ZPGB KBPKS KCZ BKR\"
OKR[ OKZXPP Q\BKXK UB BGCKZ OK[[P OKR[ WZBN Q\BKC FP :WZBN Q\BKCN OKZXPP
FKZGTR KPKM FP[ F\RTG (HK ,C T[GF) ZPBR[ ,IK[PF \GPKN QMG BCZ ZPB .BGCKZ OK[[P
.(B"T BKY QKZEFRS) "OKZXP WZBP F\GNT OGKMG
.OB\FC \GTP[PF KGRK[G BZGPC FZGP \VNIFC ,F ,DK OKJVG[ KV NT
OKBGZ[ KVM ,GPXT QHI OFZCB 'Z N[ QF \GZTFF .MY=JKY 'PT ,HN QPKS ,B \GB ,FRKCG FPMI
.HKY=HJY 'PTC ING DN \GZTFC
."EGTG" F"E ,O[ \GVSG\G ,C"T C FNKDP FBZ
24
25
26
27
OKZ\S \NKDP
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166
O[C FKMZC 'Z KZCE OKBCGP FCZ \GZ [ZEPC 28.IK[PF N[ G\GSM\FG G\GPNTKF NT
OFN FNDR F[P FH QG[BZF NBGDF .QGZIBF NBGD LM QG[BZF NBGDM" ZPB[ ,KGN 'Z
FSMR BFK FPM .OFP FSMRG ZHGIG OFN FNDR QGZIBF NBGD UB ...OFP FSMRG ZHIG
QVGBCG 29."OKPK F[PIG OKTCZB BKT[GF Z"C BPI 'Z O[C BPGIR\ KCZ ZPB ?OFP
[PIG OKTCZB" :NBKREC[ "FMIPF KZ[B" NT K"[Z ,OKR[C OKPKF \B ZKPPF ,FPGE
FND\KG CG[KG FNDR[ ZIB \GSM\FN GRIK[P EK\T[ QGKNTF QGC[I NT OKVSGR OKR[
'Z ZPB OFKNT[ OKVGXF GNB 30."...ZKNYF ZHTKNB 'Z ESK QMG \GZ [ZEPC GRKXP QMG
OKVGX" BNG ,NBGDF \GSM\F N[ OKR[ GB OKPK F[KPIG OKTCZB NT GZCKE[ OFZCB
31
.OF[NM "OKCNSZC
QKC ZG[KYF ODG ,F\KKF BN QPIR 'Z N[ GCG[ NT \KJZYRGY FBGCR[ ,BGVB ZC\SP
OFZCB 'Z KEK NT FRG[BZN F\[TR[ QM\KK QPIR 'Z N[ GCG[N FGGY\F QKCN OK[ZEPF
.Q\R 'Z O[C GZPBR[ GKCB KZCE NT \MPSR \KIK[PF G\SKV\ OB OD ,GPXT
F[IZ\F[ FCHMBNG FKKVKXN USGR EF OG[ OKTPG[ GRB QKB[ ,FECGTF ECNP
'Z CG[K FC[ FNGBD \R[M GH FR[ \TKCY ,QPIR 'Z \ZKJVN [PIG OKTCZBF \R[C
GRC \ZKJV ZIBN FKVN[ ,\ZGSPF \B \Z\GS ZIB EKYV\C GB NBGDM FKKI\N QPIR
FZ\K 32."KBEG FR[ FBP ET BGCK BN ZCM IK[P" [ZGVPC QPIR 'Z ZPB OKZVB FPN[
\GCYTC Q\R 'Z KZCE \B GPXT QHI OFZCB 'Z BKCP "\GBN\F KPK" GZVSC ,GHP
BKE QKKH QKHGP QKG[ JTGG TS ,QG[NF FHC" QBZGGBSP KCX F[P CZF OT \YGNIPF
ZCM FNGBDF) 33"QKKH JNBHTD JBF BKH BKGG ZFBK JTZERGF JKP ZTJKKV[ FNGBD
.(\GKFN FMKZX F\KKF[ KVMP ZIGBP Z\GK FR[ FBP \GKFN \IZMGP
"OKKCNSZC OKVGX" \BGCRM BN QKCFN QKB QHI OFZCB 'Z KZCE \B[ ,BGVB FBZR
[IZ\K QPIR 'Z \ZKJVN [PIG OKTCZBF \R[C[ ,\Z\SR FRGPBN KGJKCM BN ODG
BGF Z[BM OFZCB 'Z F[GT[ KR[ZEF LNFPFP YNIM ,BNB ;GF[NM DKZI TGZKB
'OKVGXF'" KEK NT TCYR[ [PIG OKTCZB ZVSPF[ QKKX B19 FZTF 139 'PTC 'HBYKKV
ZCM NCB ."...FNB OKYGSV NT F[ZECG CK=BK ,CK NBKRE ZVSC FBZRM ,GZGYP ...OKKCNSZCF
QKKXP BGF[ EGPTCG 'HBYKKV FRVP FKNB[ FZGEFPC GNB \GZGYP QKKX GPXT QHI OFZCB 'Z
OKVGX" QKB[ ,YKSFN 'HBYKKV OD FKF NGMK O[PG ;(MY=JKY 'PT ,B"M[\ OKN[GZK)
."OKKCNSZC
.OKVSGR OK[ZEPC TKVGPG .EK ,F FCZ \GZ
.618=617 'PT ,N"HI ,LCZGB FH QKKRTC FBZG .CK ,CK NBKRE
ZCEP NBJKG OKKI 'Z LM .Z\GK OKZIGBP \GZGYPC OD FNGT G\HKRD GB IK[PF \GPNTKF QKKRT
Q\KR GRPP[ ,ZFGHN \BH Z[YP BGFG ,QMP ZIBN CG[KG TKYZN FNTK[ ,IK[PF \GPNTKF NT
QRTC F[P ONTR FC[ LZEN FPGE QVGBC FP QPHN HRDKK BGF IK[PF \TVGF ZIBN[ QKCFN
.(BPZ 'PT ,USM NY[ \GBP TCZB) OGK OKTCZB KRKS ZFC
.CKY 'PT ,\"RZFGP \GENG\ ;GN 'PT ,CNY ,C YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[
.RY 'PT ,(D"XZ\) \GBN\F KPK ,QHI
28
29
30
31
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167
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?OKKIN CG[K[ GB \P BN QPIR 'Z[ \KEGS FRGPB \PKKY OBF
IK[PF N[ GPNTKFN OKSIKK\PF OK[ZEPN QPIR 'Z NT \YGNIPF QKKRT \B Z[YP
\GTEGP LG\ GTCY OK[ZEPFP YNI[ OKR[F ZVSP \B BKCP BGF ,[EIP G\GND\FNG
OKTCZBP FNTPN GZCT ZCM QM[ ,QPIR 'Z N[ Z[YFC [ZVN Q\KR BN FH JZV[ LMN
Q\GB GPN[K[ ET \GIVN FZYK[ GGKY BN ODG FZY BN ZCEG G\ZKJV HBP OKR[ [PIG
.QFC BGCK BN IK[PF QPIR 'Z KZCEN[ ,FR[ FBP
BGF FN[ FCK[F KFPG OFZCB 'Z ZCEP FKNT[ \GPNTKFF KFP ,ZZCN Z\GR QKKET
EIB YZG LB BNB \GPNTKFF FRRKB FZKJVF[ ,ZZC\P OFZCB 'Z KZCEP ?FVXP
,\GXP[FF GRKKFE ,"FPNTFG F\SF" BKF \GPNTKFF ZYKT .FKNB OKZG[YF OKCKMZPF
'Z N[ G\NGED \B GZK\SF[G GKEKSIG QPIR 'Z N[ OYNI \RP GKF[ HGCFG \GVKEZF
\ZHTC FTG[KNG FNGBDN TKDFNG GKNB CZY\FN CIZF ZGCKXFP LMC GTRPG QPIR
OKKGZ[ GC[ KEZGSCBF CXPF N[ CYGR ZGBK\ BCGP FH Z[YFCG .GK\GIK[G GK\GZG\
O\RGPB .OKZ[TF FBPF N[ OKTC[F \GR[ ETG QPIR 'Z KPK HBP CNSZC KEKSI GKF
GFGPM [GEKI FKF BN GKRVN ,\GZGEFG ZGEF YKEX BGF OCZ[ \ZPGB \KCNSZCF
CNSZC KEKSI[ BKF FZPF \GBKXPF NCB ;OKPNGT \NGBD FKGN\ GCG ,FKFK BN GKZIBG
OCZ \ZG\G ,OKEGRPG OKVEZR ,"BGCKZ OK[K[P OKR[" "ZKTP EIB" ,JTP K\P OF
NKJFNG NKFCFN NGMK \GBKXPF QKCN \KCNSZCF FRGPBF QKC ZTVF .\PZIGPG FKGHC
OKPKEY\ \ZHTC OXPBNG OYHIN C\GM OFZCB 'Z QM NTG ,OKRKPBPF CNC BZGP
\K[KBF G\NGED QKC OKFEP ZTV FKF GRCZ F[P QG[BZF NBGDF NXB ZCM .OKKZGJSKF
KRC N[ OSIK \B GRKKVB[ \GRE[IFG QGPBF ZSGI QKCN GNTGV N[ FPGXTF \GCK[IFG
,GKIBP NGEDF FKF[ ,YKEXF USGKN SIKC QHI OFZCB 'Z KZCEN OD FKF LM .GKNB GPT
ONGM OGKF[ O[MG ,BGCN FCGJF UGS LB .ZGCN GFGYZHG GK\GPGNING GN GDTN OF LB
FZ\K .QPIR 'Z N[ G\GNEDC ONGM GZKMK EK\TC LM USGKG F[P N[ O\GNEDC OKZKMP
[KB TEK BN[ ,F[PN EGDKRC QM[ ,\NBGDF G\NGTV \B OKN[FN IKNXK QPIR 'Z ,GHP
.TGEKG KGND QPIR 'Z N[ GZCY ,G\ZGCY OGYP \B
\KEGPN\F F[ZEF TYZ NT \ZFC\P F[P N[ GZCYN SIKC GH FTKCY \GTP[P
:G\ZGCY OGYP \PNTF \B \YPRPF
?OEG Z[C KRKTP F[P N[ GZCY Z\\SR FP KRVP :BRKRI ZC BPI KCZ ZPBG
NBZ[K \B \GNDFNG CZIKN [EYPF \KC EK\T[ F"CYF KRVN TGEKG KGND[ KRVP
GRRI\KG FKMCC GEPTKG FT[ F\GBC F[P N[ G\ZGCYN GBCK BP[ ,OXZBP
\B NJCPG F[P EPGTG ,GRETC FNKV\C EGPT GRKCZ F[P GN GZPBKG F[PN
34
.FZKHDF
N[ GZCY NT \G[TN Z[VB\F BN[ FPG ,FNGBDN I\VF BGF QPIR 'Z N[ KGNDF GZCY
OKJCKF .QGZIBF NBGDF QPIR 'Z N[ GZCY NT \G[TN Q\KR QG[BZF NBGDF F[P
.I"CF \GFDF KV NT ,B"T EK FJGS 34
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
168
ZJNB 'Z UKSGF[ FPEYF LG\P OKNGT QPIR 'Z N[ GZCY KGSKMCG KGNKDC OKVSGR
:"EK C\M Q"ZFGP KKI" ZVSN ZYKNVJ
Z[B N"H Z"GPEB N[ BNVRFG NGEDF ZGBF \PNTF QKKRTN |YK\TPF ZPB~ F"B
[GEYF GKVP TP[R Z[BM OKPEGYF \GZGEC GNKVB FKF BN QKKET GFGPM [GEKI
Z[B ET KGSKMFG FPNTFF \KNM\C LM-NM ONTR BGF UGSNG [GZKVC QM ZPB[
[K IXRN ORGYK\ NM FH Z[B [GEYF GZCY NT BGCN OKMGH ORKB ONGTF CGZ
ZBD) FR[F [BZ BGF GYST NM KM ZPB[ OK[GEYF GKZCEP FH NT HPZ BGXPN
GPM "GRKDI OGKN BSMC" CK\M FR[F [BZ NTG (FR[F [BZ HKB LBH QKKP
FSGMPG ONTR BNVRFG NGEDF GZGB QM NTG 35,FMZCN ORGZMKH GRK\GCZ GZPB[
O[ NNV\FN GZCY NT BGCN OKMGH ORKB ONGTF KRC NM[ ET EBP QM-OD LM-NM
'GMG ONGTF QP GRKCZ F[P N[ GZCY Z\\SR FP KRVP N"HI GZPB[ GPMG
NT BGCN GNMGK BN QTPN F[P \ZGCY \B [KB TEK BN KM BXPR (FJGS \MSPC)
NEGD KEK NT ONGTF QP M"D Z\\SR N"H Z"GPEBF ZCY QMG O[ NNV\FNG GZCY
O[N BGCN QM-OD GNMGK BN QTPN G\ZGCY OGYP OKTEGK[ UB \YGNIPF
HBG ONGTC G\[GEY OSZV\KG ONGTC \PBF FND\K[ QGXZ KFK ,O[ NNV\FN
36
.QPB GRKPKC FZFPC FNGBDF BGC\
ONGTC \PBF \GND\F BNB ,OKKIN G\CK[ GRRKB QPIR 'Z N[ G\GZ\\SF \VGY\ OGKS
Z[BM .GKMZEC \MNN OKRMGPF \B NGBDNG QY\N G\NGMK ZCECG G\NGEDG G\[GEY ZCEC
LB ,QGZIBF NBGDF GREGTG FKF QPIR 'Z ."FNGBDF BGC\ HB" \BH \GND\F [IZ\\
\GND\FFG [GPKPF FKFK GPXT IK[PF .ONGTC G\NGED FND\\ Z[BM ON[G\ G\NGTV
37
.OKZ\S \NKDPC G\GPE ZGBK\C JZGVP QVGBC GRKBZ[ KVM ,QPIR 'Z \NGED N[
GC FSM\P [EIF[ DI GFHKB GRDI OGKN FSMC ZVG[ [EIC GTY\ FBZY KBP GFCB KCZ ZPB" 35
.(B"T HJ FXKC) "FR[F [BZ FH ZPGB KGF
\GJP[F) Q"ZFGP KKI ;(KN[ ZGVSP) C 'PT ,ZYKNVJ EK C\M ,Q"ZFGP KKI ZVSP \GJP[F 36
,GKNT[ \YGNIPF QKKRT ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI ;E 'PT ,F"S[\ [P[ \KC ,(\G[EI
QPIR 'ZC OFZCB 'Z GSKD KZCE \B FV ZBKCG CKIZF ZJNB 'Z .FP[=PE[ 'PT ,C\ UKTS ZIBN
.BX\ 'PT ,B QPKS ,FRGC\G FPMI ZVS \IK\VC OKBCGPF QHI
FRGPBF[ ,LMN FKBZM GBKCP 'HBYKKV[ QHI OFZCB 'Z KZCEP JGJKXN \VSGR FPDGE BKCR 37
Q\KR[ \EPNP OZGYPC OKZCEF \BKZY LB ,OKKIN CG[K QPIR 'Z[ BKF FKGPSF \KCNSZCF
OD[" :QG[NF FHC OKJGYKNF ZGBKC ZVSFP JJXP 'HBYKKV .\ZIB OD OKZCEF \B BGZYN
FND\KG CG[K[ ET ...OKNVM KNVM G\GYN\SF ZIBN ,\GD[FF FNB NM ZIB ,N"H GRKCZ
.(20 FZTF 139 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV) "...FRGPBF \GNDNG ,OKMIP GRIRB[ GRKNBGDC
YZ GPXT \B F[T[ KV NT UB[ ,EGT ZBCN [K FH KVN[G" :ZGYPC Z\GK FBNPF QG[NF GHG
KVGZKXP FBZR \PBC NCB ,F[P \GYN\SF O[C \TEF \GYN\SFN NB[GPF O[C BZGYM
NMC OD QM[G ,YN\SFN F[P NT ZHDR[ OKPTJFP F\KF \BH[ ,(FVCG C\MC) OK[GEYF GKZCE
GEDRM FZCD ,\GD[FF FNB NM ZIB ,N"H GRKCZ OD[ ET .'GMG K"C[Z GPM ,\GZGEF KEKIK
169
|
?OKKIN CG[K[ GB \P BN QPIR 'Z[ \KEGS FRGPB \PKKY OBF
ONGTF FKFK FH[ BGCN EK\TN ZK[ ZK[B KRB" QPIR 'Z KZCE \B QKCFN [K GH IGZC
\K[KB FKKI\N OGYK BGF[ LM NT FHZMFM BN 38,"OKEKSIFG OKYKEXF NM N[ BCF
QPIR 'Z N[ GMZEG GZK[[ FZKPBM BNB ,GZK[ \B OFN ZK[K GRGZDCG OKYKEXF NM KRVN
,LMN FPGEC 39.OKYKEXF NM N[ BCF ONGTF \B FGGFKG ZGXKK[ KRIGZF CGJF OF OF
BGCC YZ TGP[N FKFK Q\KR OKRXCYF \TC[P F[TPF ZPD \B[ FZKPBF \B
FP TER BN[G ,F[TPF UGS GKFK OF IK[PF \GPK OXT[ ,FRTJM QKCFN [K 40,IK[PF
GNGYC ZVSKG OK\PF QP G\P[RG GVGDC CG[K QPIR 'Z[ FZKPBM BNG ,FKFK[ ET FKFK
41
.F[TPF OGKS \B
QPIR 'Z[ FRGPB FZZ[ CNSZCC[ ,'HBYKKVG SKKG N[ OFK\GTKCY \B NCKY QKZD
KZPDN FZHGP FRKB FPXTN[M \BHM FKVKX[" ZKTPG UKSGP BGF LB ,FKKI\N OGYK
'Z N[ G\CK[ \GTP[P \B QKZD Q\PP LMC 42."\GP[R-NGDNDC OKRKPBP GC[ ONGTC
EGT BKCR OY BN Z[B ORPB KM" HKZMP QHI OFZCB 'Z Z[BM QMBG .G\P[R NGDNDN QPIR
BGF IK[P KM FHF \GNDFP OD GRKNBDN OGYK EGT GPXTC BGF NCB F[PM NBZ[KC
USGK QC IK[P ,"QKIK[P QKZ\P NGNM[" YKEX FKF QPIR 'Z[ ZKCSP BGFG ,"F[P
QC IK[P EXP ZYKTF FKF EGE QC \P[RP OD GC BXPR[ KV NT UB["G ,EGE QC IK[PG
\GP[R ZGCKTG NGDND N[ NEGPF .\GP[R NGDND KRKKRT OT GRN YST[ ZGZC KZF 43,"USGK
\GP[RF NDTPN .USGK QC ODG EGE QC OD FKFK YKEXF FC[ \GBKXP Z[VBP
\GZGEF KEKIKP EGTG N"H K"ZBF OD[" OFZCB 'Z UKSGP GHC GH \GZG[YFG \GNDND\PF
,CYTK \GP[R \B OD UKSGP BGF OKZIB \GPGYPCG 44,"USGK QC IK[P EXP GKF
ZKFCP GNB OKYKEX QKC[ FGG[F EXN ZCTP .CGJ O[ NTCFG KBIGK ZC QGTP[ 'Z
FNB \B DK[FNG ,KZPDN YN\SK[ ET ,N"RF OFK\GBPGJCG OFK\GNIPC NNMF \PINP
CG[K[ ET (OFKKICP Z\GK O\\KPC OKYKEX OKNGED) OKNVM KNVM G\GYN\SF ZIBN \GD[FF
,FRGPB GTY\ ,OKJGYKNF ZGBKC) "NM KRKTN FRGPBF \GNDNG ,OKMIP GRIRB[ GRKNBGDC FND\KG
\GDFRF KV NT ONGTF \B DKFRK[ ,NBGDC FND\\ QPIR 'Z N[ G\NGED ,GRKKFE .(I \GB ,F QPKS
.NGM KRKTN YKEXC FRGPBF \YEX \B UG[IKG QPIR 'Z
;CZT 'PT ,(HM) HSZ ,G\D[F \GBZGR \NGED ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKIC \BCGP FJP[FF
.EK KC\MC OD LMG .CK[ 'PT ,(B) P[ ,G\ZG\ \NTP ,O[ CGZY ISGRCG
FKKI\N BGF OD OGYK \KNNMF OK\PF \KKI\ ZIBN[ ,BKF QPIR 'Z \RGGM[ ZKCSFN OD Q\KR
.OKYKEXF NM N[ BCF ONGTF FKFK[ ZK[ ZK[KG
OGKS ODG ,OKNDZ BNC FKF[ ZKNJTCF QKRT GRKKF ,KTKC[F OGKC FKF[ FP GRKKF ,F[TPF ZPD"
ESVF BGFG EGT FZVSK BN[ ZPBG FTP[N GRKMH BN { N"RF LNPF QKRTP F[TPF \NI\F
,\GK[TP KZGVKS ZVS) "QPB GRKPKC FZFPC IK[P BGCK[ ET EGT FTP[N FMHR BN KM ,NGED
.193 'PT ,OKZGSKF NTC ,QKZD FBZG .(CVZ=BVZ 'PT ,DK F[TP ZIBN[ OKHPZ
.ZGVKSF UGS \B ZVSK GPXT IK[P[ F\KKF QPIR 'Z \RGGM[ ,K\TP[ ZERC YIXK KGN 'Z O[C
.32 FZTF 418 'PTG ,193=192 'PT ,OKZGSKF NTC ,QKZD
.DMY=CMY 'PT ,OKZGVKSG \GIK[
.HMY 'PT ,O[
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
170
...45CG\MF ZPBP GC OKKY\R" QM[ ,ONGM NT FNTPG EGIKK [K QPIR 'ZN[ ,OFZCB 'Z
46
."FRNGM NT \KNT \BG NKI G[T \GRC \GCZ
,K"C[Z ,EGE ,F[P ,USGK ,CYTK N[ \GP[RF KNGDND N[ FH LCSC \GN\N QKB[ QCGP
KF[NM FKKVKX BNG ,QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPN KF[NM F[IMF QPIR 'ZG J"[TCF ,K"ZBF
.\K[KB OK\P \KKI\C GCG[N
FCG[\C .GPXT OFZCB 'Z KZCEP FNGT KNGNKP QVGBC FH IK[ QKCFN BN[ FZFHBF
[ZEPC [ZGVPC ZPBR ZCM KZFG ,GR\GB NGBDN EK\TF BGF F[P[ QM\KK LKB FNB[N
QPIR 'Z N[ FIK[N BZGYF \B OFZCB 'Z FRVP 47,BGCN EK\TN NBGDF FKFK F[P BN[
GNKVB KM .EIB ZCE OKPTV KR[ F[GT GRKB LZC\K O[F" .OKNGDNDF B[GRC \YSGTF
IGZF FH OT [VRF \BH YZ BKF[ \GPM FKR[ OTV \NDND\R FP[RF \BH QKB OKNGDND
CG[ ,FHC BXGKMG ZIB IGZ OT WCY\P [VRF FH[M GK[MT[ BXPR .TGEKM FHC BXGKMG
Q\R 'Z 48."EIB ZCE OKPTV KR[ F[GT LZC\K O[F QKB KM ,OEY FKF[ FP FH QKB
49
."KZPDN [EI ZCEG ZIB QKKRT BGF[ BXPR" :UKSGPG ,GH FIK[N SIKK\P
ZCGEP QKB "IK[P F[P" \P[RM YKEXF \P[R NT OKZCEP Z[BM[ ,BGVB ZZC\P
\KRIGZ \G[K F\GB \CK[C BNG ,FN FKF[ UGDF NB FP[RF N[ \[EGIP FCK[C
QKKRT" BGF[ ,CMZGP \GP[R NGDNDC BNB ,ZIB QPHC ZIB UGDN EIB UGDC F\KKF[
QM NT[G ,F[P \P[R OT \GKM[PFG UG\K[ N[ EX OD GC [K[ "KZPDN [EI ZCEG ZIB
QCGP GKNBP .EK\TC NBZ[K \B NBDK BGF BN[ ZPB[ ,GRCZ F[P KZCE \B Z\GS GRKB
QGZIBFG QG[BZF NBGDF \RKIC \B OD FNKMP QPIR 'Z \P[R[ FRGPBFG FRTJFP[
.FKKI\N OGYK[ GB \P BN QPIR 'Z[ \KEGS FRGPB OGKY NT ZCE KXIG ZCE ZGHDN QKB
OKZ\S \NKDPN OKSIKK\PF QHI OFZCB 'Z KZCEC QGKTC OG\IR FH B[GRC QGKEF \B
SKVEF OKZCEF \XYP \B .FNKDPN EGPXC "["RBP \GIK[" EK KC\MC OKBCGPFG
OFP NGED YNI ZHRXPG JKP[P BGF[ LG\ ,"OKYKEX FGR" GZVSC DKRTY KCX Q\R 'Z
;FH QKKRTN [EYGPF ,D IVSRC LZTR OKZCEC Z\GK CIZ QGKE 50.OPGYPC 'GMG UKSGPG
:GRRKKRTN OKTDGRF OKZCEC YZG LB EYP\R QBM
O[C ZPB GKCB[ GKCB O[C ZPB[ QK[JNGJP R"ZC OFZCB 'ZP K\TP[ KRBG
EGE QC IK[P NT KM ZPBG USGK QKC IK[P LZXR FP QKKRTF QM OD ZPBG ...Q\R 'Z
USGK QC IK[PG ,G\P[ OKYKEXF QP \GMH LKZX BGF QM-NT ZGCTK[ FP ZGCTK
.JM ,BN KN[P
.DMY 'PT ,OKZGVKSG \GIK[
,E \GP[ NT K"[Z) "EK\TN ONBGD \GKFNG WZBN OSKRMFN KVGS QKB[ ...'IN[\ EKC BR IN['"
.(DK
.BT=T 'PT ,ER ,Q"ZF \GIK[
.ET 'PT ,BN UKTS ,F FMNF ,QKNKV\ \GMNF ,OKKI IZGB ,B LZM ,\GMNF KJGYKN
.JT 'PT ,OKYKEX FGR
45
46
47
48
49
50
171
|
?OKKIN CG[K[ GB \P BN QPIR 'Z[ \KEGS FRGPB \PKKY OBF
KRB~ WBNV QKMKKNDB QKCTDKD OKB CBF LKB KRB ZPB N"H GRKCZG OEGYP \GPK
\ZKP[C KYR BGF KM USGK QC IK[P FKF N"H GRKCZ KM ,|FVK OGYP GZGCT K\RMF
IK[PG \KZCF \ZKP[ USGK \RKICC FKF QM-NT... .\GPN[F \KNM\C \KZCF
.|GRKPKC FZFPC~ C"C QPB ONGTC \PBF FNDKG G\GMHC [P[N LKZX
USGK QC IK[P TGEKMG ,USGK QC IK[P BGF QPIR 'Z .OKEIG OKZGZC OKZCEF FZGBMN
OGYP QKMF ,USGK QC IK[P FKF[ ,QPIR 'Z .EGE QC IK[P N[ GBGC OZJC \GPN ZGPB
OKVSGR OKYKEX N[G USGK QC IK[P N[ O\GMH NT QT[KFN YGYH[ ,EGE QC IK[PN FVK
\B IK[PF FNDK GH \GMH \ZHTC .USGK QC IK[P \RKICC OF UB GKF FBZRM[ ,G\P[
.ONGTC \PBF
QKCN ,USGK QC IK[P BGF[ ,QPIR 'Z QKC FZGZC FEZVF FR[K[ ,EPNP FH ZGBK\
'Z ONGB ;KNRGSZVF QCGPC ,EGE QC IK[P ,QGZIBF NBGDF GRKB QPIR 'Z .EGE QC IK[P
GC[ KNMF BKF QPIR 'Z N[ G\GMHG ,OGYP GN FRKVG LZEF \B GN SNKV[ FH BGF QPIR
FH QCGPCG .ONGTC \PBF \B \GNDNG FNGBDF \B OKN[FN KEM EGE QC IK[P [P\[P
.QGZIBF NBGDF \B QPIR 'ZC \GBZN Q\KR
NT NNGDF \B OKP\GS ORKB OFZCB 'Z N[ GNB OKZCE[ ,QKKXN FCGIF QP \BH OT
\B QPIR 'ZC OKBGZ OB QM[ ,OK\PF QP CG[K EGT QPIR 'Z[ FRGPB FR[K[ \GZ[VBF
KEK NT FKKI\N OYGK BGF[ \GGYNG QKPBFN Q\KR ,"FPINPC" DZFR[ USGK QC IK[P
51
.USGK QC IK[PC OKYSGTF \GZGYP ZVSPC KGXP[ GPM EGE QC IK[P
\B \GR[N NGMK[ TEKP QKB OKZ\S \NKDPN WGIP[ \GZGYPC[ ZPGN Q\KR OGMKSN
NGNMP .FNKDPC ZMHGP GRKB GPXT QPIR 'Z[ ,\KNBGJSYJ-OKRVF \KR[ZVF FTZMFF
\GZGYPFPG OKZ\S \NKDPP FNGTF \KNNMF FRGP\F \B YHIP F\T GRKBZ[ \GZGYPF
.FNKDPC QGKTF \ZDSPC QMN OEGY OFC GRE[
OB[ GKEKSIG QPIR 'Z GRKPBF G"SY\ \R[C OKZVB FPN[ [GEYF ENKF \ZKJV ET
LGVFK ,OKZVB FPN[ GRC Z\GK FBZR[ FP GB ,BGF[ QM\KK QPIR 'ZN G\KKXK ONGM
BN FH KIK[P NBKXRJGV[ ,FZGZC FRYSPN QPIR 'Z TKDF QCF \ZKJV ZIBN .IK[PN
GN QKMFG IK[PN LZEF \B WZV[ FH BGF[ ,QPIR 'Z QKPBF \BH OT .GKKIC [PP\K
NTVPF \B OKN[KG G\NGTV \B NTVK O\ZHTC[ OKNMG OGYP GK\GZG\CG GK\GXTC
QM[ K\GTP[PF QGZIBF NBGDF BGF QPIR 'Z FH QCGPC .GC I\V QPIR 'Z[ KIK[PF
52
.ONGTC 'F \GMNP \B \GNDN FKFK Q\KR GK\GXTG GKRGYK\ IGMC YZG ,LZEF WZGV BGF
G\NGEDC FCIZ FZMFN NKCG\ IK[PF \TVGF[ ,FRGPBF CNSZCC \ZZG[ QM GPM
Q\ZHTC ,OKZ\S \NKDPC FCIZFC ZBG\PM ,QM[ ,GK\GXT N[G QPIR 'Z N[ FPGXTF
IK[P \B FKKI\N GPKYK ,GPT GFKNBG ,(NBKPT QC OIRP) EGE QC IK[P[ ZVGSP NCCGZH ZVSC 51
.(83 'PT ,FNGBD K[ZEP LG\C ,NCCGZH ZVS) USGK QC
.B YZV ,K[KN[F YNIC 193 FZTF QGKX EKN NKTN FBZ 52
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
172
N[ G\CK[ BKF IK[PF N[ GH G\NGTV .ONGTF \B NBGD IK[PF GNB \GXT N[ QIGZCG
,FNGEDF \YGNIPF NNDC GZXGR[ FZ\SFF NGJKCG ONTFF KGNKD FPXT BKFG ,QPIR 'Z
GZK\SFG \GZGE L[PC GKEKSI \BG CNSZCP QPIR 'Z \B GGKN[ \GXP[FFG \GVKEZF
N[ G\P[R [ZG[ ,GHP FZ\K .FNGBDN NNS[ LZEF \BG QPIR 'Z N[ GZGB \B GPKNTFG
\VY\[P ,OKZ\S \NKDPC \ZBG\P BKF[ KVM ,IK[PF \GPECG ,QPIR 'Z BGF IK[PF
.ONGTF \B NBGD GKRGYK\G GK\GXTC ,G\KKGGFC[ ,QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPE FCZ FEKPC
C YZV
OKKEGSF OKC\MF NGNMP TYZ NT OKZ\S \NKDP
CNSZCP QPIR 'Z N[
FZ\GR 3OINFP F[TPFG 2QGKZ[FP F[TPF 1,Q"ZFGP KKIP \GJP[FF OGSZV ZIBN
KEKSI KEKC FEZ[[ ,OKTEGK GRB[ QPIR 'Z N[ FRGZIBF \KEGSF FZKXKF OKZ\S \NKDP
\VK[IC QGZIBF CG[IF LCERF FBZRM BGF FNKDPF OGSZV .EGSC FZP[R LB CNSZC
\KNNMF FRGP\F KFP NGB[N \TF GH 4.CNSZC KEKSI KEKC GZP\[R[ OKKEGSF OKC\MF
\ZDSPC OKZ\S \NKDP N[ FPGYP FPG CNSZC \GEKSI N[ KEGSF ZPGIFP FNGTF
FP \GZT[F LPS NT BN FRG[BZN F[TKK[ QGKE ,KZJGHBF KCNSZCF ZPGIF NGNMP
YZ OF QNFN KKZCE .GPXT KEGSF ZPGIN SIKK\FC BNB ,KEGSF ZPGIF \GKFN ZGPB
.G\GB \GXPN QGKSKR BNG ,FH KRG[BZ QGKEN FGG\P JGJZ[G FIK\V
\NGEDC OKYSGTF QPIR 'Z KZCEP OKJGJKX QF Q"ZFGP KKIP \GZXYF \GJP[FF \KCZP
\GZGEFP \GKHMZP \GKGPEN SIKC QFG GZGE KRC OKYKEXF ZB[N SIKC QF G\D[FG G\DZEP
KN\GMP Z[BM ,QG[BZF OEBG GRCZ F[P ,KBIGK ZC QGTP[ 'Z ,J"[TCF QGDM OKPEGYF
.ONGM \GZGEF YKEX BNB ZGEF YKEX YZ BN \GKFN ZPKK\P BGF[ TP\[P QPIR 'Z KZCE
KKI OKZVSF N[ \GZGEFP K\[C GPSZGV ,OINFP F[TPF JTPN ,\GJP[FF N[ QCGZ CGZ
OGYPC \GJP[FF \B CN[N GSKR ZGBN OKBKXGPF Z[BM ,\GBN\F KPKG \"RZFGP KPK ,Q"ZFGP
NTC) ZSEGB NBZ[K 'Z KEKSI N[ DNVF KEK NT ZGBN GBXK \GZGEFPF K\[ .GJP[GF GRPP[
EGT QKB[ OKRKPBP QBM QJZVN OGYPF QKB[ \GCKSP[ ,("QPGBP QPIR ,PIR ,IR ,R" Y\VF
NBZ[K IXR \BXGFC OKZCEF GPSZGV FRG[BZN .\GRG[F \GJP[FF \B EGSC ZGP[N LZGX
,\GRG[ \GVSG\ OTG Z\GK \ZEGFP ,\VSGR FZGEFP FBXK FRGZIBCG ,(S"[\ OKN[GZK)
Q"ZFGP KKIP \GJP[FF N[ QKKVGB NT .(F"S[\ CBC GJ ,[P[ \KC) \GCGJ \GEGYR \BXGFC
F[TPF ,YZP NXBG O[ OKBCGPF \GZGYPC QMG ;212=211 'PT ,QGKZ[FP F[TPF ,YZP FBZ
FBZ Z\GK \ZIGBP \KCNSZC \GZVSP FJP[FG FZ\SF N[ FRG[ KVGBN FPDGEN .OINFP
.500=487 'PT ,QBZGGBSP KCX F[P CZF UEZ FPN ,YZP
.QGKZ[FP F[TPF ,YZP FBZ
.OINFP F[TPF ,YZP FBZ
.FN \GGNRF \GZTFCG FPEYFC NKTN FBZ
1
2
3
4
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
174
,GN[ B\DGNVF KNTC NT QPIR 'Z N[ FVKZI \ZGYKC BGXPN OD Q\KR \GJP[FC
KEBNP QPNH ZGBKR[ 'Z QGDM ,G\B ZK[K SGPNGV OFN FKF BN[ GNB OD OFKRKCG
.FNGV[P CKKN FKZB 'Z GVEGZG GCKZK NT ZYKTC LB ,E"CI \GEKSIG
\GZGEN YKEXMG ZGEF YKEXM G\DZEPG G\NGED \B QPIR 'Z N[ \KPXTF G\SKV\
,IK[P-F[P \RKIC YKEX G\GKFNG \KIK[PF \KPXTF G\SKV\N YGEF Z[YC FZG[Y
KIK[PF QKKRTF UB G\NGEDG G\DZEPC \GYSGTF \GJP[FC[ OKZCEF TCJP QM NTG
.OKZCEF EYGP GRKB[ UB FNGTG WCXCP
F[TP ,FZG\F \NCY N[ F[TP OD FRGMPF OINFP F[TP { OKKEGSF OK[TPF
GPNGTC OKRG[ OKEYGPG OKRG[ OKJCKF OKV[GI { OKZ\S \NKDP QCGPMG QGKZ[FP
F[P \RKIC YKEXM QPIR 'Z FND\P OINFP F[TPC .QPIR 'Z N[ \KPXTF G\TEG\CG
OKBXGK GKVPG ,QPF \NKMB \B [EIP FGGI BGF GCG [EGIP KRKS ZF EPTP QKTP ZCGT[
5
.FNGM FZG\F NMG \GZCKEF \Z[T
OEBF \B GKRGYK\C NBGDF ,OKRGYK\F QY\PM QPIR 'Z FND\P QGKZ[FP F[TPC
QPIR 'Z .BCCG FHF ONGTC GC KGZ[ BGF[ OGRKFKDFP G\GB WNIPG GKBJIP KJZVF
N[ G\NGMKN .ONGTP G\GPM F[TR BN[ QVGBC QGYK\NG FCG[\N \G[EI OKMZE NNGS
FNGBDNG NNMF QGYK\N \ZCJXP \GTP[P OD FR[K OKJZVN QGYK\ \\N QPIR 'Z
6
.FEK\TF
,FNKDPF TYZC \EPGT G\GPE BNB ,QPIR 'ZC \GZK[K \YSGT FRRKB OKZ\S \NKDP
FND\P QPIR 'Z QBM .NBDR FKF GN \KKXP ONGTF FKF GNKB[ IK[P \RKIC YKEXM
.FC LNK Z[B LZEF \B GN NNGSG OKNM GN QKMP ,KZGJSKFF IK[PN LZE FGG\PF YKEXM
OD ZG[Y QPIR 'Z N[ \PN[GP FBGCCM OKZ\S \NKDPC IK[PF LNPF ZGBK\
\GZZGT\F NNDC LB ,GRCC GB GPXT QPIR 'ZC [PP\FN FKF NGMK IK[PF[ FECGTN
FRKB FXPIFF .KIK[PF NBKXRJGVF [PGP BNG FNGBDF FCMT\F DGZJYFG \YGNIPF
FKFK[ NTV QPIR 'Z[ ,YEX NBGD BGCK UGS NM UGS[ \XZIRF FRGPBF \B \NJCP
.\G[TN QPIR 'Z NIF Z[B \B OKN[KG ,GKBXBXP
G\GZKTXC ZCM QPIR 'Z ZCT[ FPXTF \GCZ \GKJSKPF \GKGSR\FF TYZ NT
QKB ,OINFP F[TPC ZBG\PM ,FZG\F NCYP GRCZ F[P OT \IB FZG[C G\GB \GCKXPFG
FKZGJSKFF KVRM Y[PN EIGKP C[YC GN[ \KIK[PF FTEG\F K[ZG[ \B [VIN LZGX
\B[ Z\GK FBZR .NBGDF BGC \B OKZ[CPG OK[IZ\P \MN KYKIZP OKKGRK[[ F[GI\CG
QP \TCGRF \KTCJ \GI\V\FM QKCFN [K QPIR 'Z NXB \KIK[PF FTEG\F \GI\V\F
EKYV\ [K \GKZGJSKFF \GCKSRN[ EGTC ,FZCT[ \GKGND\FF QPG \KJSKPF \GK[KBF
7
.FCGXKTCG \KIK[PFG \KPXTF FTEG\F \GI\V\FC ECNC KNG[
.OINP F[TPF ,YZP FBZ
.QGKZ[FP F[TPF ,YZP FBZ
.247=245 'PT ,OKKIK[P OKBYKJSKP ,NEKB FBZ \KIK[P \GK[KB N[ FH SGVKJ NT
5
6
7
175
|
CNSZCP QPIR 'Z N[ OKKEGSF OKC\MF NGNMP TYZ NT OKZ\S \NKDP
FC Z[BG OKR[C LZ G\GKFC EGT QPIR 'Z ZCT[ \KCKJPZGVF \KJSKPF \GSR\FF
NGMKF YKEXM \KPXTF G\TEG\ \GI\V\F \B ZBCN FNGMK [EGIP FZG\ Q\P FGGI
G\GPM FKF BN[ [EI QVGBC GKNB OKCZY\PF NM \BG GKEKSI \GP[R \B NGBDNG QY\N
\KPXTF G\TEG\ \GI\V\FN YXGP EGSK [P[N OD FNMK GH \K\KKGGI \K\[\ .ONGTC
FZG\F NCYP F[P \RKIC \B GMG\C CN[PF IK[P-F[P \RKIC YKEXM QPIR 'Z N[
ZCM F[P \RKIC[ ZIBP 8.OKZXPP NBZ[K \B BKXGF[ NBGDF F[P \RKIC OT
,OINFP F[TPC ZBG\PM ,\[EGIP FZG\ \NCYN F[TPN FMNF FMH BGFG F[PP\F
\KRIGZF LZEF \B QKMFNG IK[P \RKICM GEGTKK \B OKN[FN FCGIF GKNT \NJGP F\T
.GNGM ONGTF \BG KEGFKF OTF \B OPGZKG FNTK F\ZHTC[ ,YEX NBGDN
G\NTPN KGNDG UKZI KGJKC BGVB Q\GR CNSZC \GEKSI N[ OKKEGSF OKC\MF NGNMP
\KPXTF G\SKV\N \KJSKPFG \K\KKGGIF \K\[\F \B U[GIG QPIR 'Z N[ \DNVGPF
\KKGGI \B \GNNGM \GKEGSF \GZKXKF .IK[P F[P \RKIC YKEX ,\GZGEF YKEXM
\NGMK NTCM \KPXTF G\SKV\ \B ,OINFP F[TPC \ETG\PF ,FPXTF \CZ \GND\FF
IK[P \RKICM \KPXTF G\SKV\ \BG ,QGKZ[FP F[TPC \ZBG\PF ,FNGBDG QGYK\ \\N
.OKZ\S \NKDPC UY\[PM ,IK[PF LNPN LZE NGNSN NTGVG WYF \B TEGKF
FBZ GN OKPEGY \GZGYPCG ZFGHF KRGYK\ ZVSC QGZIB NBGD OD BGF[ QG[BZ NBGDM F[P NT
.\KPXTF G\KKBZC OKZGZKC ,LKKZENGD
8
D YZV
1
EGSM OKZ\S \NKDP
[EGYPF EGSF N[ OKKRIGZG OKK\ZCI OKJCKF
EGSG [GEKI ,\GND\F .1
KYKEX \Z[Z[ \ZDSPC GPXT \B FC OYPP QPIR 'Z[ FIK[ \BCGP "Q"ZFGP KKI"C
:\GZGEF
FKF ,OSZGVPM [GEKI FKF[ KBIGK ZC QGTP[ KCZ QP ZPB[ GP[C K\TP[
K"ZBF ET KBIGK ZC QGTP[ KCZP[ GRKKF FMZCN GRGZMH K"ZBF ET JY[ ONGTF
ET ,KBIGK ZC QGTP[ KCZ KEK-NT GND\R[ GPM \G[EI GND\R BN FMZCN GRGZMH
KZPDN \G[EI FNKD BGFG ,OSZGVPM [GEKI FKF[ FMZCN GRGZMH K"ZBF BC[
K"ZBF QPG .FMZCN GRGZMH K"ZBF ET FNBM \G[EI FNDK[ KP BXPR BN[
KNC JY[ ONGTF QM-OD FKF ,FMZCN GRGZMH CGJ-O[-NTCF ET FMZCN GRGZMH
FNKDG ,BNVR [GEKI FKF[ FMZCN GRGZMH CGJ-O[-NTCF BC[ ET ,[GEKI
JY[ ONGTF QM-OD FKF F\T ET FMZCN GRGZMH CGJ-O[-NTCF QPG .\G[EI
-O[-NTCF FNKD[ \GND\FF KV-NT YZ DFR\P ONGTF FKFG ,FHM [GEKI KNC
\G[EI \GNDN NKI\P KRB F\TG .KMRB K\BC[ ET ,FRF ET FMZCN GRGZMH CGJ
2
.KZPDN \GBNVR
KEKPN\ BNG ,OKYSGVG FMNF KNTC \NNGM FRKB DKXFN ZIC QPIR 'Z[ OKYKEXF \Z[Z[
,EGSFG FNCYF \ZGSPN OKMKK[ OKZMHGPF OKYKEXF NM .ZGD[F QCGPC OKPMI
.\KNCYF \GZVSC KHMZPG K\GFP CKMZP GMVF GNKD[ OKBNVRF OK[GEKIFG
ZVSC BGXPN FBZRM Q\KR ,'GMG FNKPC QPGSG JP[GF[ ,GH FIK[ N[ FPGKS \B
OKYKEXF \Z[Z[ N[ CIZGP ZGBK\ QHI OFZCB 'Z O[C BKCPF ,"[EGY KVZ[ IK["
KN [PK[ ,OKKRKCF KPKC \KEGFKF \ZGSPC GK\GNGCDG EGSF :KGNKDG Z\S ,NJZCNF N[ GZVS
.EGSF \KKDGSN FZVP TXP
.JTZ=ITZ 'PT ,(JN) JTZ ,G\D[F \GBZGR \NGED ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI
1
2
177
|
[EGYPF EGSF N[ OKKRIGZG OKK\ZCI OKJCKF
:QPIR 'Z O[C OKZCE \VSG\ BKCP BGF FVGSCG ,QPIR 'ZN FPEY[
GRPP[ ZPBG ,GRYEX IK[PN OKNM QKMF ZCM[ ZPB[ [GEYF GRCZ \B IN[G
FNGBD FKF\G GRKPKC FZFPC BGCK[ GRYEX IK[P ET \G[EI EGT FKFK BN ZCM
3
.QPB ,FPN[
Z\KC QKCFN Q\KR \KZJGHBF \KCNSZCF \GZVSF NGNMPP FNGTF FRGP\F ZGBN
EYPN Q\KR .OKZMHGPF OKYKEXF QKCN GRKC QPIR 'Z BXP[ FYKHF Z[V FP ,\GZKFC
.\KIK[P \GIKN[G \G[EI\F ,\GND\F :OKCKMZP F[GN[C GH FCZY
O[ NTCFG K"ZBF ,KBIGK ZC QGTP[ 'Z OT \IB FZG[C GPXT \B FBGZ QPIR 'Z
IGMP[ ,QKPBP QPIR 'Z .FPXT \GCZ \GKBGCR-\GKJSKP \GKGND\FN GMH[ ,CGJ
\G[EI\FG \GZZGT\F ZGXKN NGMK BGF DK[FN FMH[ OK[GEKIFG \GKGND\FF
,GN[ GZGEN ZCTP FCZF ,GKKIC G\TV[F KNDTPN ZCTP FCZF \DZGI F\TV[F[
4
.KIK[PF LKNF\C TKZMP EKYV\ FN [K[ \GZZGT\F
FMH[ OK[EIF OKKGNKDC YZ GRKB GEGIKK[ ZCS QPIR 'Z[ ,FNGT GH FIK[ OGKSP
\GPEF OD BGF[ BNB ,NBGD BGC ET ZTC\[ \K\EF [BN SKSC OKGGFP[G OFN
OGYK BN .EGSF KNTC \Z[Z[C FRGZIBF FKNGIF BGF ;OKYKEXF \Z[Z[ \B \P\GIF
IK[PF UBG ,IK[PF BGC ET K\GTP[P [GEKI FGGFK[ QPIR 'Z KZIB USGR YKEX EGT
QPIR 'Z N[ \KRIGZF GMZE \B ,G\GNKTVCG GKKIC ,BNPG ON[GP QVGBC [PPK GPXT
5
.GN QKMF QPIR 'Z[ OKNMF \ZHTC
,CNSZC \GEKSI N[ Z\GKC OKJNGCF OKRKKVBPFP EIB \B ZKFCP OD FIK[F OGKS
OKPZHF NMC NCGYP FKF[ FPN EGDKRC .KI KCZ BNN \PKKY\P[ \GEKSI
,GPGYP \B BNPK[ ZIB YKEX Z\MGF BN QPIR 'Z \ZKJV ZIBN ,\GEKSIC OKRG[F
,F\T QCGP QMBG .OK\P OKEKSI ,OKEKSI TJKGJ KGRKMN CNSZC KEKSI GMH LM CYTG
GK\GZG\C ZCM BGFG 6,"GRYEX IK[P ET \G[EI EGT FKFK BN ZCM GRPP[" ZIBP[
GNB OKZCE OKBCGP OKN[PG \GK[TP ZVSC .CTY 'PT ,FN\=EN\ ,D YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[
'PT ,OKN[PG \GK[TP) "GRKYEX IK[P ET QKMF ZCM[ ,'YF GRKCZ \B IN[G" :Z\GK ZXGYP ISGRC
OK[RB" :JTP QG\P QGGDC KM OB ,FPGE FRCP \NTC FZPB \BCGP WKZGYP SIRV 'Z O[C .(JN
J"[TCF ET GRPPG N"HKZBF ET GRPPG Q"CPZF ET K"C[ZP GKF BN \GPNGT \KKNTC GMNF[
.(CVZ 'PT ,INY QPKS ,B YNI ,ON[F SIRV KZPB) "IK[P ET FKFK BN KRPPG ,KNB ET GRPPG
NT .ZFGHF N[ IK[PF ,SCKN FBZ ZFGHC KBIGK ZC QGTP[ 'Z N[ \KIK[PF \GIKN[F NT
G\ZG\CG GRGKHIC KIK[PF ECGZF NT .G"IZG K"ZBF ,ZP\ FBZ K"ZBF N[ \KIK[PF FSKV\F
K[KN[ YNI NKTN FBZ QPIR 'Z KCDNG .5 FZTF QGKX EKN BGCPC NKTN FBZ CGJ O[ NTCF N[
.26 FZTF QGKX EKN ,B YZV
GPXT \B FBGZ ZFGHC KBIGK ZC QGTP[ 'Z OD QM[ ,ZIB fPEY ZCM FVGD GH FRTJC OD KM OB
BGC ET ZGE OG[C O\GPM GKFK BN[ OK[EI OKKGNKDN OKMGHF LZE KXZGVM G\ZGCI \BG
.105 'PT ,QETP BXK ZFRG ,E[B-ZRNF LM NT FBZ .IK[PF
GNB OKZCE OKBCGP OKN[PG \GK[TP ZVSC .CTY 'PT ,FN\=EN\ ,D YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[
3
3
5
6
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
178
.GPGYPC ZIB KCZ \GRPN OTJ QKBG LZGX QKB ,IK[PN OKNMF \B QKMF GK\GXTG
GNB OKZCEP EGPNN Q\KR EGSF KNTC \Z[Z[C \GRG[F \GKNGIF QKC Z[YF KVGB NT
:QPIR 'Z N[
.ONGTC \G[EI FND[ FMZCN GRGZMH CGJ-O[-NTCF K[GEKIP KPT ZCEP FKF
FND\R BN[ FP [EI QKRT BGF FMZCN GRGZMH CGJ-O[-NTCF N[ ZGVSF KM
FHKBC QM-OD BXPR FMZCN GRGZMH K"ZBF KC\MC YZ .FHM ZGVKS OEGYP
7
.FH QKTP \GPGYP
SVG\ ZCEF K"ZBF KC\MC[ EGTC LB ,K"ZBF KC\MC CGJ O[ NTCF KZCEN [ZG[ GR[K
FRG[ OGYP OFN YKRTFG OKZCEF \B I\KV J"[TCF ,"FH QKTP" YZ BGFG KNG[ OGYP
.QMN OEGY FND\R BN[ QKJGNIN [EI ZGVKS ZXK[ IG\KV ,KRIGZF GPNGTC
EGSF \ZGSPN L[PFG FYKH OFC [K OKBNVR OK[GEKI ZXGK BGF Z[BM QPIR 'Z OD
\GEGSN ECNC ZGBKC GK\GZG\C FBGZF \KTJGP FRCFP ZKFHP QPIR 'Z LB .FPGEYF
OK[GEKI ,ONGTP GKF BN[ OKZCE OF GK[GEKI .GN GPEY[ OKNCGYPF NXB OKKGXPF
:OFC OEB fPEY BN[ OKFCDN OKTKDPF
K"ZBF N[ FNCYF KMZE[ OKZGCS \XY NM[ OFN [K[ GKZVSC OKRKTPF ,ZPB
GKZVSN FNTPN \BH QKC[GIG .GKZVSC QM-OD HPGZP ,BXGKMG FMZCN GRGZMH
N[ FNCYF KMZE OD BCZEB ,LVFN BGF[ OKTEGK ORKB OFG ,O[N ET TDGR[
FKF YZ [GZKVC OKKS BNG .GKZCEC QM-OD NNMR FMZCN ORGZMH OKRGPEYF
YZ ,Z\GKG Z\GK FNTPN FGCD G\ZG\ OXTC G\RGGM ZPGNM .BNKPP G\RGGM ZBGCP
8
.G\ZG\ KZCEC QM-OD NGNM OK[GEYF OFKZCE OD[
OK[EI \GHGIPN TKDPG [EIP LB ,OKRGPEYF OKNCGYPF \ZG\ \B NKMP QPIR 'Z
GC OEB LNF BN QKET[ [EI LZEC LNGF KRB" :\GZKFCC \BH BJKC LMG 9.KZPDN
Q[K LZE BGF[ KV-NT-UB ,<...BN FBKZC OG[G ,BN N"H CGJ-O[-NTCF ODG > ONGTP
10
."KZPDN [EI BGF QM-KV-NT-UB EBP
.QPIR 'Z \VY[FC EGSF N[ G\GFP \RCFC FTKZMP FEGYRN OKTKDP GRB QBMG
OF BNB ,ZGEN ZGEP GZCT[ \GEGS ORKB EGSF KNTCG OKNCGYPF KNGED N[ \GEGSF
,OKN[PG \GK[TP) "GRKYEX IK[P ET QKMF ZCM[ ,'YF GRKCZ \B IN[G" :Z\GK ZXGYP ISGRC
.(JN 'PT
.JTZ 'PT ,(P) VZ ,G\D[F \GBZGR \NGED ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI 7
.EM[ 'PT ,(HM) FS[ ,OK[GEYF GKZVSG G\ZG\ \NTP ,O[ 8
,299=294 'PT ,QGTDK[G FYKJSKP ,YZP FBZ QPIR 'ZC \G[EI\FFG [GEKIF QKKRTC EGT 9
.QPIR 'Z N[ [GEKIF ,SCKN ;329=317
\NGED ,O[ FH QKTPG .IN[ 'PT ,(B) CX[ ,GKNT[ \YGNIPF QKRT ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI 10
QPKSF .ET 'PT ,(EM) ESZ ,G\D[F \GBZGR
.GH FZGEFPN FVSG\KR[ FJP[F QKKXPG ,ZGYPC
54
179
|
[EGYPF EGSF N[ OKKRIGZG OKK\ZCI OKJCKF
"FNCY"C ZCT[ KZJGHB TEK GRKB EGSF .ONGTC GKF BN QMN OEGY[ OK[EI OKKGNKD
LZE \XKZVNG \[EGIP \GND\FN KGJKC BGF BNB ,\GZGE KZGEP GEKPN\N NCGYPP
11
.ONGTP OEB OFC FKF BN[ OK[EI OKKRIGZ \GHGIP ZCT NB NCGYPF F[GT[
NCGYP GC[ QVGBFP \K\GFP FRG[ EGSF \ZG\ \Z[Z[N QPIR 'Z Q\GR[ ZGBK\F
N[ \ZGSP FR[K FNDRC[ FZG\N SIKC[ EGTC .FNDRC[ FZG\F \ZKSP \B ZB\N
NM Z[BM { 12"...OKRYHN T[GFKG T[GFKN FZSPG KRKSP FZG\ NCY F[P" { FZKSP
\B QKKVBP[ FP ,KRKSC F[PN ET ,OEGYF ZGEFP \GMPSF \BG TEKF \B CBG[ ZGE
TEKF \B OEKC FR\R \ZGSPF BN .LGVFF QKKRTF YGKEC BGF EGSF KNTC \Z[Z[
FZKP[ GRKB EGSF \ZG\ \ZGSP N[ QRGMPF SG\BF .F[EIF \GND\FF BNB ,K\GMPSF
UKSG\ NC" NT FZK\K FEVYF LG\ OEGYF ZGEFP GNCKY[ KZJGHBF TEKF NT \KREVY
FZG\F \ZDSPC FR\KR[G KRKS ZF EPTPC F\KKF[ \RRGMPF \GND\FFP "TZD\ NCG
EGSF KNTC .\G[EI \GKGND\F NT FKGRCF \ZGSP BYGGE BNB ,FV-NTC[G C\MC[
BN[ OKMZE GNNSG KZPDN [EI ZGVKS ONGTN GBKCF[ OKNGEDF OKR[EIF OF OKNGEDF
OKNGEDF \GEGSFG ,\GR[EIF \B ZK\SFNG \GSMN FBC \GKEGSF .ONGTP OEB QFC LNF
F[EI LZEG F[EI FZG\ O\GKF NNDC ,[PP GH FEGYR NNDC EGS GMVF EGSF KNTC N[
13
.ONGTC OEGY F\KKF BN[
JCKFC ODG EGSF N[ K\ZCIF JCKFC OD \PKKY\P \GR[EIFG \GKEGSF QKC FYKHF
ZPGIG NYG ,FZCI NMC LM .\YGNIP \ZZGTP F[EI LZE K\ZCIF JCKFC .K\GFPF
GH QKTP \K\ZGSP FZCIC .ZCTC BXPKFN OKZGPB FN[ \GMPSF \GZGYP[ FZCIC
QVGBC OKNNG[F ,"FZG\F QP ZGSB [EI" QGDM OKSG\B KTCJ QVGBC ZXGGKFN OKNGMK
FPXT KRVC EGPTN FNGMK BKFG ,QRGMP IGM FN [K F[EI \GND\F .[GEKIF \B KRGZYT
\K\ZGSPF FZCIF NT OGKB FGGFP BKF QMNG ,OKPEGY \GMPS \GZGYPC \GN\ BNN
JGJKXF .OK[EI OKZCEN G\VKB[G G\DZEP B[GRC QPIR 'Z N[ G\IK[ FH Z[YFC FCG[I 11
OEBP GKF[ OKYKEXF NM TEGK[ ZPB" :EK C\M Q"ZFGP KKI KV NT TJYF \PN[F NNGM QNFN[
GZB[R OGYP FHKBCG ,FZG\ OKZPGB OF OGYP FHKBPG ,GKF OGYP FHKBP G[MT ET QG[BZF
GRGZMH EKDPFG ,FRKCP FMZCN GRGZMH CGJ-O[-NTCF C[IN NKI\FG .O\GYN\SF \T[C
F\GBP FZG\ ZPGB FKF ,QM-KV-NT-UB ,FPMIP FJPN FRKC[ KV-NT-UB ,FPMIP FMZCN
,FPMIF F\GBP FJPN BKF[ FRKCP FMZCN GRGZMH LGZC KCZ .FPMIP FNTPN BKF[ FRKCF
GNBP FZG\ KNXB BC OB GNKVBG ,\GPGYPF GNBP FNTPN BGF[ OGYPP FZG\ ZPGB KRB NCB
BN[ OGYPP FZG\ NCYP BGF[ ZPBG .\G[EI YZ FXGZ KRB KM ,OFC FXGZ KRKB ,\GPGYPF
,OK[GEYF GKZVSG G\ZG\ \NTP ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI) " ONGTC OEB OG[ GRPP NCKY
.(IK[=HK[ 'PT ,(EK) DR[
.B ,B \GCB 12
,NJZCNF FBZ K\ZGSPF ONGTN \G[EI \GSKV\ SKRMFN LZEMG [EIF \B FSMPM EGSF NT 13
\ZG\C BNG Z\SRF \ZG\ OGI\C GKF OK[GEKIF[ QKKXN CG[I .98 'PT EIGKPC ,KGNKDG Z\S
,OINFP F[TPF ,YZP FBZ GH FRICF \GCK[I NT .FMNFN OKTDGRF OKPGI\CG FNDRF
.450=447 'PT
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OKZ\S \NKDP
|
180
N[ FK\GESGP NTG ,OKPGEYF OKJSYJFG OKPEGYF \GZGEF \GMPS NT \\\[GPF
EIB BKF GMZE \B \RKKVBPF FCZF \GR[EIF[ ,QTJ QPIR 'Z QMBG .GH FZCI
:GMZE NTG GKNT \YGNIPF \GXZV\FN OKTKRPFP
LNF BN QKET[ [EI LZEC LNGF KRB[ ZIBP KNT GYNIK BN[ Z[VB LKB ,ZPB
-NT-UB , ...BN FBKZC OG[G ,BN N"H CGJ-O[-NTCF ODG ONGTP GC OEB
14
.KZPDN [EI BGF QM-KV-NT-UB EBP Q[K LZE BGF[ KV
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>
OK[GEKI .\GKEGS N[ FJTPC GMZE \B \GJTN [K[ QPIR 'Z [I FPN BGVB QCGP
.\GKEGSF \ZPGI \GKFN FMKZX QM OK[GEKIF NEGDM QMNG ,\YGNIP OKZZGTP
QMN OEGY FKF[ FP YZ .Z\GK K\GFP QVGBC OD \PKKY [GEKIN EGSF QKC FYKHF
KGND ZCM BGF BNF FNDRF .[GEKI [K TGEK K\NCF \VK[IC YZG ,\GND\FN NGMK Z\SR
BGCN OKNGMK GNB .\K[VR \GZZGT\FG \KRIGZ \G[EI\F ZZGTN KEM GC QKBG ,TGEKG
.QKTF QP OKKGPS FM ET GKF[ OKECZ ,FZG\F N[ GB OGKYF N[ OKZ\SR OKECZ \VK[IP
\[IZ\P FRRKB[ \G[EI\FG \G[DZ\F OEBC ZZGTP KEGSF OTG [EIF OT TDPF
BXGP OEB[ OTJC TKZMP CKMZP \GKFN UB FNGMK GH \G[EI\FG ,KGNDF OT TDPC
GNB" :KRGXKYG K[KB QVGBC FH QKKRT BJCP QPIR 'Z .OGKYF GC ZZGTP[ QKKRTCG GKKIC
FHC NNM KPXT \B FXGZ K\KKF BN ,\PEGYF FT[C GPM G[MT EPGT KRB[ TEGK K\KKF
LZT NTC OGKYN KIZMF KBR\ QPIR 'Z KRKTC BKF \K[KBF \G[EI\FF 15."ONGTF
OT TDPP FRGHKRG \SRZV\P \K[KB \G[EI\FG ,GKKIC OTJ BXGP BGF QKB GKETNC[
.NNM ONGTC FKF BN[ GB ,FKRKTP Z\SR FM ET FKF[ FP
FNDRC[ Z\SRFG EGSF \GND\F .2
GIGM .GC QGPJF \G[EI\FF NBKXRJGV \B ECBP NGM KRKTNG BNP QVGBC U[IR[ EGS
KGNKDF L[PC OD OB YZG LB ZP\[FN NGMK KRGKIG ZZGTP [GEKI ZCEM EGSF N[
N[ KF[NM FEKP \Z\GR OB YZG LB ,KGSKMG KGNKD QKC I\PF OKGSP QVGBC OKKY\P
\G[EI\F \[GI\ ZZGTN KEM GC [K EGSF KGNKD N[ TGZKBF BYGGE ,\BH OT .\GKEGS
.ZIB GC U\[PF EGSF TEGKC UB BNB EGSF \B OKTEGK ORKB[ KP NXB YZ BNG ,QKKRTG
G[EING G\GB \GNDN QGXZF QKCN EGSF \B ZK\SFN LK[PFN LZGXF QKC I\P ZXGR
CN[C QM[ ,OKGSP NGCD ET GKNT ZGP[N Q\KR FH I\P .G\GB OKZKMP ORKB[ FNBN
.TGEKG KGND ZCE LVGF BGFG ,G\GKEGS FXP\P EGSF KGNKD N[ OKGSP
,ONGTC ZCE N[ GVGSC GPSZV\F KZGJSKFF GZGBK\C FRGP QPIR 'Z[ EGSF KNTC OD
\NGED ,O[ FH QKTPG .IN[ 'PT ,(B) CX[ ,GKNT[ \YGNIPF QKRT ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI 14
.ET 'PT ,(EM) ESZ ,G\D[F \GBZGR
.DP[ 'PT ,(K) B\ ,GKNT[ \YGNIPF QKRT ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI 15
181
|
[EGYPF EGSF N[ OKKRIGZG OKK\ZCI OKJCKF
.FC WVIF NMN F[KDRG FKGND FZG\N FDZEFC FMVF \KEGSG \KR[EI F\KKF[ O\ZG\G
\XY QGDM ,EGS GRKB CG[ LM-ZIBG ,EGS FNI\C OF[ OKZCE FPM [K ,KN ZPB
GNB GKF FMZCN GRGZMH K"ZBFG KBIGK ZC QGTP[ KCZ OEGY[ FNCYF \GEGS
,LM-ZIBG ,EBP NGED EGSC OB-KM FHP OKZCEP GKF BNG ,NGED EGSC OKZCEF
EGSF \GNDN GZK\FG ,EGS FKF BN CG[ ,N"H K"ZBFG KBIGK ZC QGTP[ KCZ KPKC
BN OKBCF OKPKC LM-ZIBG ,EGS GK[MT OF[ OKZCE FPMG FPM [K QMG .\XY
16
.EGS GKFK
LNFPC GPXT NT ZHGI KGNKDG FVK[I N[ LKNF\FG ,IXRN EGS ZB[KFN ZGPB GRKB EGSF
-ZIBG EGS GK[MT"[ \GEGS O\GBP YNI OF QPIR 'Z N[ GK\GEGS UB[ FBZR .\GZGEF
G\GBC BCGPF USGR K\EKI JSYJP TP\[P OD LM ."EGS GKFK BN OKBCF OKPKC LM
:ZHRGX GRMG\[ OKGSP EGSN SIKK\PFG Z[YF
KRB FH KN CK[FG IM[R OKPKF \GCZCG 'GMG [K[ GPM 'GMG \GKFN NGMK KN ZPBG
.ZCEF FH EGS FKFK BN LM ZIBG EGS GK[MT BGF FH OD[ ZPBG ,'GMG TEGK
17
FPDGE .G\BZGF KV NTG GKKIC EGT [IZ\F QPIR 'Z N[ GK\GEGS \VK[I N[ LKNF\ QMBG
'Z[ QPHC[ ,\TEN QKKRTPG CG[I ."Q"ZFGP KJGYKN" ZVSF BKF FH LKNF\N \JNGC
NM QKKET ,G"SY\ \R[C ,FC OKYSGT GRB[ ,OKZ\S \NKDP \B FRG[BZN FNKD QPIR
ZGSB[ EGS ZEDC GKF "Q"ZFGP KJGYKN" ZVSN QMP ZIBN GXCGY[ GK\GZG\G GK\G[ZE
:Q\R 'Z ZVSP LMG 18.["RBP GRKB[ ZHN G\GNDN
N[ ZVSF GRKKF NKTN ZMHRF BGFF ZVSF K\BP IYNG ...|I"SY\~ DI GZSBC
BN QKKETG ...Q"ZFGP KJGYN F\T BZYR[ KNXB OKCG\M GKF[ GN[ \GZG\F
GZVS SKVEFN GRGXZ[ OEB OG[N FND BN QKKET KM ,FHC G\RGM FP HB K\TEK
-K[RBP ORKB[ OKZIBN G\ZG\ \GNDN KNCN ZKFHFN GMZE F\KF EKP\ BCZEB
19
.GRPGN[
ORKB Z[B OKZHN G\ZG\ \GNDN KNCN FCZF ZKFHFN GMZE FKF OK\TF Q\GB NMC
ZK\SFN EBP FHC OKZFHR GRKKFG FH NT OKPTJ \XY FNDG GRPGN[-K[RBP
20
.GC\MR[ OKSZJRGYF EBP OKNTFNG
.DS[=CS[ 'PT ,(DK) JK\ ,\GZKYIP YIZ\FN ,O[
ZGVSP) JK 'PT ,ZYKNVJ EK C\M Q"ZFGP KKI ZVSP \GJP[F KV NT NY QGYK\C ,O[ ,O[
,H FMNF ,QKPGI\ KCGZKT \GMNF ,D LZM ,OKKI IZGB ,\GMNF KJGYKN OD FBZ .(OGNKXC USGR[
.235=234 'PT ,K UKTS
.261=251 ,216 'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG FH QKKRTC FBZ
.EP=DP 'PT ,GM ,QG[BZ YNI ,\"RZFGP KPK
.DK 'PT ,J ,O[ ,O[
16
17
18
19
20
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
182
QPIR 'ZG ,EGS ZEDC F\KKF QPIR 'Z N[ FNDRF \ZG\ NM GNB OKR[C[ ,BGVB ZZC\P
G\ZKJV KRVN OKK\R[M YZ .["RBP GRKB[ KPN ZCE FRPP GNDK NCN ZKFHFN FCZF
FP \B OKCZC UG[ING GK\G[ZE WCGY \B OSZVN QPIR 'Z JKNIF OKCZ OKJCN ZIBNG
:SGPM EGS C[IR QMN OEGY[
GKNB BC[ EIB [KB EKN Q"ZFGP KJGYN ZVSF ZSP DZCPNC G\GKFC
.F[T QMG ,ZVSF SKVEFN GR\RKEPN TSK[ FHF [KBFN FGXG TYGGKETGGETPP
OKZFHR GRKKF OKPEGYF OKR[C KM FH QKRTC FCZF C[K\FG G\TEC ZYI FNI\CG
21
.ONGTF KRVC G\ZG\ N[ OKC\MF ZK\SFNG OKNTFN
SIKC LM .OKPKGSP OKZPGIN \GTGCY \GZEDF QM OB QRKB Z\SRFG FNDRF \GZEDF
'Z[ Z\GK OKYFCGP OKKZJGHB OKZPGIN SIKC LMG QPIR 'Z N[ GK\G[ZEG GK\GZG\N
22
.EGS GKFK BN EK\TC LB EGS OF F\T[ ,TKEGF FKF QPIR
QFC ZB[R QFC QKKTNG EGPNN NGMK OEB NMG \GKEGSF \GZG\F GND\F[ ZIBN OD LB
,K"ZBF N[G KBIGK ZC QGTP[ 'Z N[ OK[EIF \GEGSN FPGEC .\GKEGS N[ OKGSP ECGZ
LZE NT" OKC[IR OFK[GZE NMG "EGSF \ZG\" ZEDC GZB[R O\VK[I ZIBN UB[
Z[BM ,\GZG\F OGSZV ZIBN UB .QPIR 'Z N[ OK[GEKIFG \GZG\F OD LM ,"EGSF
IGRTV LKZXF EGS QFC ZB[R QKKET ,EPNKG K\KK QKVME NMG \GRKPHG \GKGND ZCM QF
:KGNKDG
J[V LZEC NGED \GYPT OFC [KG ...OK[GEYF GKZVSC[ OKZPBPFG \GZG\F
OKBZGRG OKBNVRG OKZ\SR \GEGS OFC [K \GZG\F NM KM .Z\SRG EGS LZECG
23
.\BH ZBCN Z[VB KBG .EGBP EGBP
GC BNB G\ZG\C BYGGE GRKB" QPIR 'Z N[ NGEDF [GEKIF[ ,LM NT EPT SCKN
CGNK[F FND\P GPXT QPIR 'ZC OD QMBG .\KEGIKKF \KJSKPF G\GK[KBCG 24"GPXTC
FKF BN QKET KRGPM [GEKI" :ZPGBG GPXT NT EKTP QPIR 'Z .[GEKIG EGS QKC
EGS G\GKF ZCE \B [KDEP BGF ONGTC FKF BN[ [GEKI G\GKF \[DEF EXCG 25."ONGTC
BNVG [GEKI N[ FH QVGBCG 26."NGED BNV BGF K\P[RG BNV [KB KRB" :GRG[NCG ,BNVG
.KZ=JZ 'PT ,(HK) ,EVY DZCPNN G\TKSR ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI
F[TPF \BH ZGHIN FGKXG" :OINFP F[TPN SIKC ZPGB BGF Z[BM QPIR 'Z \RGGM GH[ FBZR
GRPT FV GRRKB Z[B \BG OGKF GRPT FV GR[K Z[B \BN LZXR FKFK \BHF F[TPF[ ZPBG
F[TPF ,YZP) "ZHN FZVSN BN[ ZKFHFG .F[TPF GHP QPH ZIBN FKFK[ FP GBZ\ .OGKF
.(422 'PT ,OINFP
.CM[ 'PT ,(DM) CS[ ,OK[GEYF GKZVSG G\ZG\ \NTP ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI
.100 'PT ,QPIR 'Z N[ [GEKIF ,SCKN
.DSZ 'PT ,(H) HPZ ,G\D[F \GBZGR \NGED ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI
.GSZ 'PT ,(HJ) ,GRZ ,O[ ,O[
21
22
23
24
25
26
183
|
[EGYPF EGSF N[ OKKRIGZG OKK\ZCI OKJCKF
CNFG ZCEN NGMK FVF QKB[ FP EBP BZGRG BNVR [GEKI FKF"[ ,GKEKSI OD GFGZB\K
27
."CG[IN
\GIK[C ,\G[ZEC OKTYG[PF \GEGSFG OK[GEKIF QMG ,KZJGHBF KCNSZCF ZPGIF
OK[EYGP FH ZPGIC[ \GEGSFP ECMR YNI QM[ ,GH FTKCY OKZ[BP ,OKZGVKSCG
FPGECG ,BNVFG EGSF QMB BGF GPXT QPIR 'Z .QPIR 'Z N[ G\GFP \ZYK NEGD ZGBK\N
'Z N[ GIGSKRCG ,BNVFPG EGSFP GC ZB[R FND\P BGF Z[BM OD GK\GZG\G GKC\MN
28
."EGS ZB[R G\GB OKNDP Z[BM OD[ ,EGS KRB" QPIR
OKJSYJ N[ QCGPC EGS GRKB ZCM GK\GZG\CG QPIR 'Z N[ G\GFPC ZB[R[ EGSF
OKD[GP KEKSIF ONGTC ,BGCPC GRKRGKEC BCGPM .EGSC OKZP[RF TEK KVGD GB OKKZJGHB
OKDGF CZYC .\MN KYKIZP \GTP[P KKGRK[ GZCT Z\SRF \ZG\G EGS ,FZG\ KZ\S GPM
KZJGHB TEKN GB OKKNCY OKJSYJN OKSIKK\P ORKB ZCM GNB OKD[GP OKCZ OKEKSI
\R\KR FRRKB[ \PIP ,Z\SR FKKVGB[ OKFGNBF OT \GYCEC \K[KBF \GSR\FN BNB
.OKNKPC FZCTFN
OFG ,Z\GKC OKK\GFPF BYGGE OF[ OKZ\SR OKECZ FBKZCCG FZG\C [K[ F[GI\F
.\KJSKPF \GBKXPF \[GI\ N[ EGSKF KCKMZPP BKF ,O\GKI ZGYPG OKZCEF \P[R OF
\B BNG OKZCE N[ KRGXKIF OVGD \B YZG LB U[GI OKKRKTF FBZP[ [I KBYKJSKPF
N[ ETKFG [VRF \B[P BKF OGKYF N[ OKKRIGZ Z\GKF OKECZN \GV[IKFF .O\P[R
.OKKJSKPF OKKIF
29
,"Z\\SP NB" BGF OKFGNBF[ FIRFF BKF \KJSKPF FVY[FF \GEGSKP
FRGPBF BYGGE .OKEKP\P KGNKDG FVK[I \[ZGE GKECZ NM NT OGKYC G\GIMGR[
FKB" [GVKIFG FNB[F \B FNTP NGMC IMGR OKFGNBF[G "GEGCM WZBF NM BGNP"[
\IMGRF \GFGNBFG F[GEYF \B UG[IN EKP\P WPBPN FNKCGPG ,"GEGCM OGYP
.QPT TDPN BGCNG FBKZCC \Z\SRFG
.Z\SRF \ZG\ N[ FTP[PG F\NGM\ \B FCKIZPF ,GH FPDPN U\G[ FKF QPIR 'Z OD
,F\T GRN[ EGYKPF 30.QBM GC QGEN ZGHIB BNG ,ZIB OGYPC FCIZFC K\YST FH QKKRTC
IKM[F GRCGPC EGSF \TVG\ N[ OKRG[ OKJCKF QGCKNC BGF ,OKZ\S \NKDP N[ Z[YFC
EGSM ZCTG FZGPI \GKEGSC ZP[R[ KZJGHB JSYJ BKF[ ,OKZ\S \NKDP QGDM ,Z\GK
OKZCEF OD OK[EYGP GH FTVG\ N[ OKVSGR OKJCKF ZGZKCN .ZGEN ZGEP [EGYP
.QNFN[
.CSZ 'PT ,(D) ,DPZ ,O[ ,O[
GK\TEK GNKB FBZ .OKNY ISGR KKGRK[C OKVSGR \GZGYPC \BCGP FZPBF .14 \GZGBF ZGB KV NT
,JV[ ,E YNI ,O[ OD FBZG .GJ 'PT ,ER ,C YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[ ;420 'PT ,C YNI ,GK\KKF
.ITY 'PT ,F\ ,G YNI ;EKY 'PT
.GJ ,FP GFKT[K
.162=147 'PT ,QGTDK[G FYKJSKP ,YZP FBZ
27
28
29
30
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
184
[GEYF EGSF N[ FKDGNGKXGSF NT \GZTF .3
OKEYV\P[ \KEGFKF FYKJSKPC OKRGZIBF \GEGSFP EIB KNGB BKF OKZ\S \NKDP
OT ECB ORGZ\V[ OKEGCB \GEGS OR[K .\K\E FNKFY N[ FHMZPC NKTV EGSM
GZ\GR BN ZCM[ FBZR LB .OPGKY NT TER BN ONGTN[ OKIM[R \GEGS OR[KG ,OFKB[GR
CZYC OK[EGYP \GEGSM OKEYV\PG ZGEN ZGEP OKZCGT[ OKKZJGHB OKC\M JTPM
-QPH FH OKBXPR GRB .OKZ\S \NKDP \EYV\PG FZP\[R[ LZEM \GNKTVG \GKI \GNKFY
OKEPNR OKKEGSG OKKZJGHB \GZGE L[PC GKF[ OKKNCYF OKC\MF NM GC[ QEKTC FP
OKEGFK KEK NT OKKPPT OKPGDZ\CG ZGYP \GBSZDC OKYGG[PG OKSVEGP ,\GXGI [BZC
OKZ\S \NKDP N[ FEGIKK JNGC FH TYZ NT .GNGM ONGTF KCIZ NMC OKEGFK ORKB[G
ET ZP[RG ZGEN ZGEP ZCT[ [EGYPG KEGS EK C\M N[ QVGE \BXGK \K\GCZ\ FTVG\M
G\GB \ZPG[F FNKFYF[ EGS .\PKKYG FKI \KEGFK FNKFY N[ SGPM EGSM OGKF
TRPKFNG [EGYP EGSM G\GB ZGP[N ,FDKFRPCG FC FCZF \GRKKRT\FF UB NT ,FIKNXF
.SGVEF [CMP NT G\GNTFNP ZPGIG NY ,ZHN GZVSNP
YZ BN FYPTFN \EIGKP \GRPEHF BGF FTVG\MG JSYJM OKZ\S \NKDPC QGKTF
Z[BM ,[GEYF EGSF \TVG\ N[ OKK\ZCI OKJCKFC OD BNB OKKDGNGB\ OKJCKFC
GN [K BNB ,FKZGJSKFF KMCRNG OKJSYJF ZYIN YZG LB LKK[ GRKB ZYIPF B[GP
\GMNGF FK\GZG[[ \SSG\G FKI \KEKSI FNKFY N[ FPNGTN OD FZK[K FTKDR
\GMNGFF \GIMGRG FTV[F ,EGSF NTC ,FDKFRPN[G OKZG[T FPM FH \GCIZ\PG
.N"GICG WZBC KEGFKF ZGCKXF N[ OKRGGDP OKNDTPC \GPXT\PG
N[ \EEGCP FTVG\M \GBZN QKB YEX NBGD \BKC ZES NT OKZ\S \NKDP \Z\SF \B
\GEGSF NGNMPC ,Z\GKC KHMZP OB OD ,EIB CKMZPM BNB ,OKGSP KEGS JSYJ
\GKEGS N[ FJTP [ZV QPIR 'Z[ GRZMHF 31.CNSZCP QPIR 'Z N[ GPNGTC \GZ\SFFG
KR[ZEF QGKEF \B I\KV LMN NKCYPCG ,\GZKXK KTJYG \GZKXK N[ ON[ SGVZGY NT
FPG ZPBKFN KGBZ FP ,FNB[C ZKE\ EZJGF QPIR 'Z .EGSF N[ G\GTP[PC KJZGB\FG
EIB ZVS NT OKTEGK GRB :EGSG FZ\SF KRVGB N[ QGGDP I\KVG 32,FHKRDG FYK\[ [ZGE
\GZG\G OKZGVKS NT 34,UZ[[ ZIB ZVS NT 33,ONGTP GC BZY BN [KB[G HRD QPIR 'Z[
QGGKDF .FRPP \TEN ZGPB ZGEC EIB YZ[ OKZ\S \NKDP NTG 35ZHN O\GNDN ZSB[
;258=181 'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG FBZ .ZYIPC FCIZFC QGEKR CNSZC \GEKSIC \GKZJGHBF B[GR
NTC ,QKZD ;127 ,126 ,117=111 ,62 ,53=51 ,19 ,17=10 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV
'PTCG ,211=176 'PT ,"OKKIK[P OKXPBP" YZVF LZGBN QKDGZKSN QMG ,20=19 'PT ,OKZGSKF
,SKKG FBZ \GKZJGHBN FPDGEM OINFP F[TPF NT .261=238 'PT ,KNNMF QGYK\F ,SCKN ;215
.OINFP F[TPF ,YZP FBZ EGSF NT EGT .192=191 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSIC OKZYIP
.188=181 'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG F\T \TN FBZ
.64=63 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV
.248=245 ,244=215 'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG
.QGKZ[FP F[TPF ,N"RF ;OINFP F[TPF ,YZP FBZ
31
32
33
34
35
185
|
[EGYPF EGSF N[ OKKRIGZG OKK\ZCI OKJCKF
G\VY[FC CIZF IG\KVF NTG QPIR 'Z N[ GPNGTC EGSF SV\[ OGYPF NT EKTP NGEDF
FPXT \B FVVB[ \GEKSIM FTGEK CNSZC \GEKSI QMBG 36.GKEKYV\G EGSF \GFP NT
G\ZG\C OKKZJGHB OKECZG OKZPGI N[ OPGKY NT EKP\P IK[CG QKZG\SP N[ FNKFC
37
.\GND\FN ORPH TKDF OZJ[ QPIR 'Z N[
"NBZ[KC \YGNIP \GCZFN BN[ KEM"
ORKB[ FNB N[ \GCGD\FP [[IF BGF EGSM FP ZCE \Z\SFN \GIKM[F \GCKSF \IB
,DTN ZZGT\ EGSF \VK[I[ BGF [[IF .EGSF KZPG[ \B \EIBPF FRGPBN OKV\G[
IGDKR KNM [P[N GB FVKEZNG YCBPN I\V\FN OKNGNT FNBG ,\YGNIPG \GRKGT
NT QDFN ETGR[ KTXPB BKF FH FZYPC \GKEGSF .\GPKKY ZCM[ \GKGCKZKCG \GYGNIPC
GBNKP GNB QKTP \G[[I[ YVS QKB .\RKGT \GKFN FNGNT[ FCKCSC QGKTZ GB FXGCY
NT NKJFNG OKPKGSP OKZPGI TKRXFN GKEKSI N[G QPIR 'Z N[ \GTZMFC KHMZP EKYV\
.FZGPI \GKEGS OKZIB
DFR BN BGF EGSC FP-ZCE ZGP[N FZGF QPIR 'Z Z[BM ,GR\G[ZC[ \GZGYPF KV NT
N[ FCKJ \ZFCFC YSGTF EGSF BGF NNMF QP BXGK .GH G\BZGFN FYPRF UZXN
YZG "ZYKNVJ EK C\M Q"ZFGP KKI"C ZP[R[ EGS ,FNGV[P BCSF QKCN GRKC \YGNIPF
CG[I FH JSYJ ."\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI" \ZGEFPC SVEGF (S"[\) FRGZIBC
FBZGFF \B ZP[P BGF[ OG[P BNB ,EGSF N[ GRMG\ NNDC BYGGE GBN GRRKKRTN
:FJP[FF QG[N FHG .QPIR 'Z N[ GRG[NC LMN FYPRFF \BG EGSC FP-ZCE ZGP[N
KKTZG KKIB GTE :GRG[N FHG GPXTC C\M[ N"H GRKCZ EK \CK\M GRKEKC [K[ TEG
\GCZFN BN[ KEM OMKRKC SGPM \GKFN FHF EGSF \B GTKRX\G EGS OMN FNDB
LGZC QC CKN BEGK BGF[ TNBV[ ZKTP TEKKHF[ GTE NBZ[KC \YGNIP
K\KPBF QYHF KRBG .FBPGJC KEDRM BGFG F[GEYC KRB[ GTE\ OSZGVPF
NTG FBPGJC[ QYH BGFG QKPGK YK\T N[ OKZCE FPMI FRY FH QYH F[GEYC[
\GCB KCB GRKKF |BZIB BZJSC[~ B"JSC[ QYHF BGF[ TEKKH BZYR FH
NBZ[K N[ FYEXF IM NJCN KEM FYEXC GKPK NM YST FH NKC[CG .FBPGJF
\P \BPGJ BGF[ FBPGJF \GCB KCB N[ IM TKRMFN KEM OKR\GR[ [GEY OT
SI~ G"I GIMC ZCD\FN KEM FYEXC NE\[F BGFG \GPP NKX\ FYEX |\R~'KIC
38
.N"MT .[GEY OT NBZ[K \GYEX NT |FNKNIG
.162=147 'PT ,QGTDK[G FYKJSKP ,YZP FBZ 36
.15 'PT ,OKZGSKF NTC ,QKZD ;202 ,16=10 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV 37
G\EN OGYP ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI ;K=J 'PT ,ZYKNVJ EK C\M Q"ZFGP KKI ZVSP \GJP[F 38
GSIK NTG BCSF OT \YGNIPF NT .(P"X) KN[ \G[DEFF .CSY=BSY 'PT ,(M) DMY ,G\CK[KG
EIGKP QVGBC \GCG[I QMG ,130=96 'PT ,OKZGSKF NTC ,QKZD FBZ \YGNIPN QPIR 'Z N[
.404=392 'PTC \GZTFF
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
186
FKF NGMK OKCZC FPGSZV[ FIK[ NT \GKEGS FJTP \NJF N[ YFCGP FZYP GFH
CKKN FKZB 'Z ,CKZKF N[ \KRGPEF G\GFP ZGBK\C \YSGT GH FIK[ .\YGNIP \GCZFN
,FH \PGTN FH ,EDRPG ,QPIR 'Z NT FVKEZFG FPINPF \B DKFRFG NKCGF[ ,FNGV[P
39
.F[GEYF \GCB KCBM QPIR 'Z N[ GIC[C FDNVF QBM FR[K
FZGPD FT\VF GRKB FRKBZYGB \GEKSIC OKZ"GPEBF QYH N[ F[YF KRGPEF ZGBK\F
OKPK KMKZBPP ,ZGEF KRYH" NT OK[Y OKZGBK\ "Q"ZFGP KJGYKN"C BZY ZCM[ KPN
QMBG 40.FZKVMFG T[ZF \PMI \B NPSPF ,"[IRF IXP" \B OKRKHPF OF[ ,"ZGEC[
OKHPZ OR[K QFC[ \G[ZE ZVSPN C\GMF FRVP "Q"ZFGP KKI"P GH FJP[F L[PFC
QKCN "EGS"F QKC FND\PF FYGEFF FYKHF UB NT LB 41.GH QKTP FVKZI \ZGYKCN
YZ .OKKGNDF OKC\MC QKB[ FP EGSC [K B[GR G\GBN \GSIKK\P[ \GKGNDF \G[ZEF
EGSC YZG ZGEF KRYH NT \GVY\FF \GRGGMP FKNB[ \YKGEPF \CG\MF FND\P EGSC
K[TP GNKVB[ ,"FBPGJF \GCB KCB"M BCSF \GRDC FZK[KG \KRGXKY FM FPXTF FR[K
."[GEY OT NBZ[K"C FPINPN ONGM NM OKRGeMP GN[ FYEXF
KP KVNM ZT[N GNMK ,SGPMF EGSF KGNKD KNC OD ,QPIR 'Z KEKSI[ IKRFN Q\KR ORPB
\GKGNDF \GIK[C BNG ,\G[ZEC QKB \BH OTG 42,\G[YF \ZGYKCF \G[ZE \GRGeMP
TNBV[ ZKTP TEKKHF" BGF BGF GNB \G[ZE B[GP[ LMN [ZGVP ZGMHB ,QFKNB \GGNRF
43
.QPIR 'Z N[ GCCE NTC FKF[ ,"OSZGVPF LGZC QC CKN BEGK BGF[
NNM OKTGEK ORKB[ TEKP GB FRCG\M YZ QKCFN QKB EGSF \B .CG[I QKKRT ZHDR QBMP
OKTEGK[ KV NT UB[ ZCEM BNB ,GKNB TKDFN LZEF \B OGSIN FBC \GKEGSF[G ZYKTG
.\KCPGVFG \[ZGVPF FZKPBF BNB ,OSIR TEKPF BN .G\GB ZPGN QKB G\GB
'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG FBZ QPIR 'Z NXB FNGV[P BCSF N[ \KRGPEF FSKV\F \GI\V\F NT
OKZCSFF N[G BCSF N[ G\DFRFC QPIR 'Z NT \YGNIPF \[ZV N[ FCIZ F[KZVN .19=18
.130=96 'PT ,OKZGSKF NTC ,QKZD FBZ FN GR\R[ OKRG[F
.E BRKR\ Q"ZFGP KJGYKN
;E ,CM BPY O[ OD FBZ .E BRKR\ O[ ;BRZ O[ O[ ;CPZ BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKNN QF \GKRVFF
.HS BRKR\ O[
.39 FZTFC NKTN OKBCGPF \GZGYPC NKTN FBZ .ZYIPF OD ZTK[[ KVM
N[ \GKGNDF \G[ZEC .OKKGNDF OKC\MC IKM[ GRKB[ QVGBC "EGS"C FVKZI OKZCEF \PKR OD
ORKB OPXT OF CGZN LB ,T[ZF \B OKRKHP OFG OFK[TPC GPDV ORPB ZGEF KRYH QPIR 'Z
NMC \TEG F[GEY ZGB QKVKSGP QKBG ,OFKPK \B OKPDGV" OF .FBPGJF \GCB KCB ORKBG T[ZF
OKZBG\P ORKB QKKET LB ,T[ZF \B OKRKHP LMCG ,(I ,E BRKR\ Q"ZFGP KJGYKN) "OGKG OGK
QYHF" BGF BGF FNGV[P BCSF[ QPIR 'Z FNDP "EGS"C \BH \PGTN .GPXT T[ZFP YNIM
OKKGJKC OK\TN BGXPN Q\KR OKKGNDF OKC\MC OD LB "FBPGJF \GCB KCB GRKKF B"JSC[
,"ZY[ N[ OKPSZGVPF" \B QPIR 'Z ZB\P HS BRKR\ FZG\C ,N[PN ,LM .FPGE FZPGI \PZC
\RKIC"M ,\K\PBF O\DZE \B ONGF GRKB OEGCM[ OKPSZGVP OKYKEX O\GBN KBRD KGRKM BGF[
."BZIB-BZJSF N[ [BZ
39
40
41
42
43
187
|
[EGYPF EGSF N[ OKKRIGZG OKK\ZCI OKJCKF
ORKBG "Q"ZFGP KJGYKN" GZVS \B GBZYK[ FNB UB KNGBG ,GKEKSI[ TEK QPIR 'Z
NT ZGP[N FXZ LB ,OKRGGMP OK[YF GKZCE KPN OPXTP YKSFN GNMGK ,GKEKSI OT OKRPR
FJGC QVGBC \IJGPF \ZGYKC QKCN FKF\[ NMM FVKZI \HPGZP \ZGYKC QKC ZTVF
NGYC FKGND FZKPB QKCN EGSM OKZEI KZEIC [INC OKZPBRF FZKPBG HPZ QKC ;ZK[KG
.NGM KRVCG OZ
GEK C\MC FND\F BNB ,FV-NTC FZKPBM ZP[R BN TEKKHF EGS[ CN OK[N QKKRTP
NT FNT BN ONGTP FNGV[P BCSF N[ FH F[Y ZGBK\[ ,BGVB QM\KK .QPIR 'Z N[
FZKPB TKCFN QPIR 'Z ZIC GC[ KEKIKF YKVBF .GKVC FDFR BNG QPIR 'Z K\V[
\GKEGSG FTRXF FKNT GZHDRG SGVEN \ETGKP FRKB[ GEK \CK\MC FKF GH FJGCG \[ZGVP
.ETGP BGC ET
,OKEDR\PF NT SGPNGVG \ZGYKC KZCE N[ YZ BN FZ\SFN OZD \YGNIPFP [[IF
OPGSZV LB OKEDR\PF \GPEC FTKDR NM OFN QKB[ FZG\ K[GEKI N[ FZ\SFN UB BNB
FH DGSP FZ\SFN ZGZC EF .\YGNIPF \B OKXTFNG ZZGTN FN\PB [P[N FKF NGMK
:CGZKPRP Q\R 'Z C\M[ "\GMNF KJGYKN" ZVSC GR[K
ZPGN QKMKZX QM NT OKPMI \RGPB ODV \GPN[C QY\\R BN QKKET[ FR[F NMC KM
GZPB[ GPM OKYNGIF GRC GZD\K BN[ [INC ETG ONGTN G\GMNP EGCM O[ LGZC
FV NTC[ FZG\ \RKIC BGF[ ETG ONGTN G\GMNP EGCM O[ LGZC KM 44.N"HZ
OKZVS QKZCIP[ OKK\PBF OKPMI KEKPN\F N[ FZG\ K[GEKI BGF[ TGEKM
FPMG FPM \GSMNG ZK\SFNG OKNTFN QKMKZX KM .[INC HB ZPGN QKMKZX FCZF
GPMG .[INC EGS \RKICC OB KM OZ NGY \RKICC O\GNDN BN[ FZG\ K[GEKI
BN[ OKRPHG OKPK FKFKG EGS F\T OF[ OKZCE FPM [K[ N"H Z"GPEB ZPB[
OK[GEY OKZVS FPM [K QM NTG .(R"ZFGP KKI 'KSC CG\M[ GPM) 'GMG EGS FKFK
[GEYF ZFGHF KZVS GPM GND\R OKPKF \GCZC LM ZIBG OKR[ FPM OKHGRD GKF[
OKBCF OKPKCG QKKET OKHGRD[ OK[GEY OKZVS FPM [K QMG .N"H K"ZBF KC\MG
OKMKZX ODG .JTP JTP O\GNDN QKMZX GK[MT OKNDP[ OKZVSF GNKVBG .GND\K
NMG .Z\GK GZD\K BN[ OKXNFG OKYNGIF \PIP NMF .HPZC OC\GMN OKZCE FPM
FR[F NMC [INC ETG ONGTN G\GMNP EGCM O[ LGZC \ZKPB EGS \RKIC BGF FH
HB[ .'GMG FK\[ QCBN OKRVNG KRVN NGED QFMF SRMR HB[ ZGVM OGKC NCB .FNGM
HB QM NT .N"RM 'GMG OKZVSF KGCKZ KEK-NT OKPMI \RGPB QGYK\ \RKIC ON[R
GTEKG \PBF FND\K[M KM .OZ NGYC ETG ONGTN G\GMNP EGCM O[ LGZC OKZPGB
LZJXR BN HB KBEGGC OK[GEYF OKZVSF K[GEKI \GBNVR \[GEYC NMF GRKPBKG
45
.EGS FKFK BN HB KM [ING EGS \RKICC OZK\SFNG OPKNTFN
.B"T GR OKISV 44
.235=234 'PT ,K UKTS ,H FMNF ,QKPGI\ KCGZKT \GMNF ,D LZM ,OKKI IZGB ,\GMNF KJGYKN 45
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
188
OFKNB[G \GZGEF LZGBN OK[IZ\PF KGNKDFG FZ\SFF KMKNF\ \B ZBCP Q\R 'Z
SIKK\P Q\R 'Z[ UB .OKXNFG OKYNGIF \CGD\P [[IP OKTCGRM QPIR 'Z SIKK\F
OKZCEF OGKSC ,K"ZBF KPKNG ZFGHF N[ GRPHN OKTDGRF OKVKYP OKKZGJSKF OKMKNF\N
OKBCF OKPKCG QKKET OKHGRD[ OK[GEY OKZVSN" ,GKPKC \PKKYF FZ\SFN ZCGT BGF
LZGXF \B QMG ,"JTP JTP" K\DZEF KGNKDC LZGXF \B ZB\P BGF FH Z[YFC ."GND\K
OKC\MF NB GNB GKZCEC SIKK\P Q\R 'Z[ ZKC@SP Z\GK ."HPZC" OKZCEFP YNI CG\MN
LMC OD ZMKR ZCEF .OFC YGSTN LZEF NTG GKEKC OKKGXPF QPIR 'Z N[ OKKEGSF
:QG[BZ UGDN ZCGT BGF OGKF OKHGRDF OKZVSF NT ZCEN NKI\P BGF[ ZIBN[
KM [ING EGS \RKICC OZK\SFNG OPKNTFN LZJXR BN HB KBEGGC ...\PBF FND\K[M"
OKPMI KEKPN\" N[ OKKEGS OKC\MC DGFRN LZEF N[ ZGBK\F QMBG ."EGS FKFK BN HB
GKF[ QPIR 'Z N[ OKKEGSF GKC\MC Q\R 'Z DFR FC[ LZEF \B CJKF ONGF "OKK\PB
YNIG JTP JTP OSZVN NIF YNI ,OKHGRDM F\T \TN ZGP[N JKNIF OFP YNI .GKEKC
."Z\GK GZD\K BN[ OKXNFG OKYNGIF \PIP NMF" ,ECNC "HPZC" OC\M QMB
,OZ NGYC FZKPBN [INC FZKPB QKC BKF Q\R 'Z KZCEC FRICFF[ CN OK[N KGBZ
NGYC BN OKZPBR OKKEGSF OKZCEF OD ,GRKKFE .FZKPB QKCN \JNIGP FYK\[ QKC BNG
NMGK \C[Y QHGB FJKG WGVIK[ KPG ,HPZCG [INC ,JY[C OKZPBR BNB ZGZCG OZ
.O\GB TGP[N
:Q\R 'Z KZCE L[PFP FNGT \VSGR \RKKRTP FEGYR
YZ GRNXB ZB[R EGSF[ 'GMG OKPTF NM KRKTN NT CG\M[ FP \RKIC FHG
G\GMNP EGCM O[ LGZC \ZKPB \RKIC FHG .'GMG GRNXB EGSF[ GRKCK[ QKNDP[
46
.EGS \RKICC [INC ETG ONGTN
HKZMFN BSKD LEKBP LB ,BSKD EIP ZK\SFN \KCNSZCF FKKJRN QKKRTP ZGYP FNGT QBM
OKKCNSZC OKC\M N[ OPGKY NT ZGVKSC GB 'GMG QPKS \ZB[F \ZHTC FZ\SFF NT
ZCE \B \GNDN OD [K LB EGSF \B ZK\SFN LKZX ORPB[ ZBCP Q\R 'Z 47.OKKEGS
."GRNXB EGSF[ GRKCK[" ,GPGKY
FNKDPF \Z\SFN \GCKSF
\BKC ZESC \YSGTF FNKDP ZK\SFN [K TGEP EIGKP QVGBC YPRN LZGX QKB FZGBMN
48
.NBZ[K \ZGSPC \[Z[GPG FYGPT OKXY KCG[KIC YGSTNP FTK\ZF QM[ ,YEX NBGD
,"QKXKY KC[IP N[ OIGZ IVK\" KEGPN\F ZPBPC KGJKC KEKN FBC[ GH FTK\Z LB
\GNB[CG WYF N[ GKVGBC YGSKTG ZGZKCC BNG IK[PF N[ GBGC QPH \NB[C \TDGR
.235=234 'PT ,K UKTS ,H FMNF ,QKPGI\ KCGZKT \GMNF ,D LZM ,OKKI IZGB ,\GMNF KJGYKN 46
.15 'PT ,OKZGSKF NTC ,QKZD ;202 ,16=10 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV LM NT FBZ EGT 47
.C"T HX QKZEFRS 48
189
|
[EGYPF EGSF N[ OKKRIGZG OKK\ZCI OKJCKF
OGYP [K QMN 49.YEX NBGD \BKC ZES FPG FNGBDF ZIBN ONGTF N[ GTCJ FP QGDM
.OKZ\S \NKDPN KCPGV \\NP QPIR 'Z T\ZR TGEP ,ZZCN \GSRNG FNB[N YYHKFN
TKRXFN BGF ORKKRT[ OKKCNSZC \GEGS OR[K[ ,OEGYF UKTSC FKNB GRTDF[ FRCFF
BKF ,[INC \ZPBRF FHGPZ FZKPBM OZKB[FNG QPIR 'Z KZCEC OGTPTF NT ZGP[NG
UB[ FBZR .OKZ\S \NKDP \B FVVB[ \GKEGSF N[ FCKJ \RCFN F\GBR FPEYF
[K FRPP OKCZ OKYNIN[ UB ,\YGNIPF [[IP SGPM EGS ZB[KFN FKNT ZHDR FNKDPF
.QPIR 'Z N[ \GKGNDF GK\GIK[CG GK\G[ZEC O[ ZKTH O[ ZKTH OKZHGVPF EFG TYZ
OB ,\YVSP FNKT F\KKF FC O\GBXPKF[ FNKDPC OKKGXPF OKCKMZPFP FPM JZVR
\GCZFN BN[ KEM EGSM FNKDPF \B ZGP[N QPIR 'Z \BZGFN ,FEKIKF BN FBZRM KM
.NBZ[KC \YGNIP
YKGEP ZGBK\ Q\PG IK[PF \GPK N[ KRGKHI ZGBK\ FEYGPC[ FPN[ FZKXK OGSZV
N"HI KZPBPCG OKYGSVC GK\GE\K LPG\ QPIR 'Z[ KNCP "YEX NBGD \BKC ZES" N[
'Z N[ GKCKZK \B BKCFN KEM LMC FKF KEG ,WYF \B \GNDN \KBGCR FZPGKM SV\KFN NGMK
,DFGR GDFRPM TCJF OFC[ OKPKM IK[PF \GPK ZGBK\ .ZY[ BKCRM G\GB DKXFN QPIR
50
\KEGFKF \ZGSPC CIZ SKSC GN [K[ UB ,SRG BNV OFC QKBG TZF ZXKG KNGI OFC [KG
\GPK NT \GKPPT \GRGPB N[ NGJKC GC [K QM[ ,\VSGR \GEDR\F ZZGTN FKF NGMK
51
."OKZCGS ONGTF" QPIR 'Z KZCEM[ FPN EGDKRG IK[PF
.FNKDPF N[ OKZIB OKCKMZPC WGTR FNKDPF OGSZVP [[IF ZYKT[ FBZR LB
YGRK\M G\GNKTV \B NKI\PM FNKDPC ZBG\P 52,"OEB KRCC[ FNTRM" SV\RF ,IK[PF
CG[ BC BNG WYF \T TKDF[ QGKM OKZPGB GKF[" LMC GH FNNY YPRP QMB KEGPN\F ZPBPF
BNG IK[PF N[ GBGC QPHC YGSKTF LG\P ZXGGKFN FNGMK QCGPM[ FCHMB ,(O[) "BC GRKB
\GPK N[ OCKJ \B ZBCP O"CPZF OD FPDGEN LM .IK[PF \GPK N[ OTCJC YGSKT LG\P
KVNM BZPDC OKZPBRF KGRKDF KZCE \B BKCP \BH OTG IK[PF N[ GK\GNGTV ZES \BG IK[PF
QKKRTC Q\R 'Z KZCEP TP\[P OD LM .(C CK OKMNP \GMNF ,O"CPZ) WYF QPH \B C[IP[ KP
KM KI NM QKTP ONTR FH[ OFN K\C[F .IK[P BGCK K\PKB K\GB GNB[ FNKI\CG" :\GBNVF WY
LZC\K O[F GNKVBG (E ,CK NBKRE) 'O` \I
z#G OKZ]@Cc^F# O` \^S' NBKRE ZPB[ GPMG \GBNVF WY BGF
GNKI\FG .K\KND BN KZCKBNG K\KND KCNN OKRGYK\C CG\M[ GPM ,KND BN FPGVN FCNP GPXTC
OKBZYR[ OKYKEX [K KM OFN K\C[FG 'GMG K\KND KCNN GNB OKZCE [GZKV QKKRTC KPT YGSTN
OFNG OKZCB \RKIC OKBZYR[ OKYKEX [K NCB ,\GBNVF WY LZC\K O[F FND OFNG ,CN \RKIC
FNB[N FCG[\M OKZPBR Q\R 'Z KZCE .(BKZ=KZ 'PT EX ,KR[ YNI ,\"RZFGP KPK) "FND BN
GNKVB[ ZPBR FH NTG ,"KI NM QKTP ONTR FH" CK[P BGF GH FNB[ NT ."IK[P BGCK K\PKB"
\BKC ZESN OKTDGRF OKZIB OKRKKRTC LB .FNGBDF QPH \B "KND BN FPGVN FCNP" F"CYF
.OZZCNG ORCNN QGKSKRC \GK\KKTC NM FBGZ GRKB Q\R 'Z[ ,TP\[P IK[PF N[ GKVGBNG NBGDF
\GCGZY \GKDGS NT .KIK[PF QGKTZF ,WZGG[ FBZ OKKRKCF KPKC GH FKDGSC \GRG[ \GEPT NT
.TCJF LZEC FNGBD ,QZJ[RDZGP FBZ B"ZDF KEKPN\ OKEDR\PF CZYC
.HTZ 'PT ,(FN) FTZ ,G\D[F \GBZGR \NGED ,\GJP[F OT Q"ZFGP KKI
.DT \GB ,K[KN[ ZPBP ,KZHGMF ZVS ,KGNF FEGFK 'Z
49
50
51
52
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
190
GN GBNP OZJCG ,\GCG[\G \GNB[ GN OKING[ NBZ[K NM [GN[ NKDC ZCM[ ,QJY
ZZGTN FKF NGMK KBEG FH ZGBK\ .ONGTF \GPGB NTG NBZ[K NT LNGP BGF FZ[T-[GN[
.\ZGYKCG FFKP\
YGRK\F TYZC[ ZZC\P FKF Z[BM \GZCD\P GKF FFKP\FG \ZGYKCF[ ,IKRFN ZKCS
GBNP OZJC ZJVR[ ,QPIR 'Z N[ GRC ,OKZVB FPN[ YGRK\F N[ G\GPE \EPGT KIK[PF
\GMNP Z\MC G\GB ZK\MFN FSRP QKKET QPIR 'Z GH \ZTXP FECGT UB NTG ,OKK\R[ GN
.\GKIK[P Z\MCG
YGRK\F \GPEN[ ,FECGTF BGF FPZI \PINPN \ZGYKCF \B LVGF FKF KBEGG[ FP
EYGPN FMVF YGRK\M G[K N[ G\GPE[G \KZXGRF \GCZ\C JNGC EKYV\ [K KIK[PF
\B GZKMF KBEG FVGZKB IZHPC OKEKSIF[ ZGNYNGV ,ZGNYNGVCG \GRPBC ,QINGVC
ET FVGZKB IZHPC \KZXGRF FKSFZVC \JNGC \GIMGR GN [K QM[ ,OKKCPGVF GKKGNKD
FNKDPF OGSZV ZZGTK BP[ ,[[IN YXGP SKSC QM OB FKF QPIR 'ZN .FHF OGKF OXT
CKJGPN OKVZXP Z[BM .YGRK\M IK[PF \GPE CGXKT NT \KZXGR FTV[F ZCEC OKRGRKZ
OXTC BGF FNKDPC ZBG\PF ZTRF-YGRK\F[ ,\CMZGPF FRTJF \B KIK[PF YGRK\F
ZGBK\ OD BKF FNKDPF[ FECGTF \BG ,\P[ ,OKZVB FPN[ YGRK\F N[ FBGCC
\B \TEF NT \GNTFN NGNT FH UGZKX KZF ,[PP\FNG [IZ\FN FZGPB EGT[ \GBKXP
53
.FKKI\N C[G \P[ IK[PC ,\KB\C[F QMP ZIBNG ,\KZXGRF FRGPBF
N[ G\GPE QC OD BGF OKZ\S \NKDPC ZBG\PF IK[PF[ FECGTF \VK[I OD
N[ FCZ FEKPC OKTEGK GRB ORPB .FSKS\G \YGNIP ZZGTN F\KKF FNGMK GPXT QPIR 'Z
ZGPDN GKKIC FMHK BN BGF[ CJKF TEK ZCM FNKDPF \ZKPB \TC QPIR 'Z[ ,\GBEG
QKPBF QKKET QPIR 'Z LB ;IK[PF QKCN GRKC NKECF BGF[G ,KIK[PF GNTVP \B OKKSNG
GNTVP ON[GK[ ET GN[ [BF \B ZKTCFN GMK[PK GKEKSIG GKC\M ,GKZCE[ FVKXG
.YEX NBGD BGCC KIK[PF
FJTP BN FEKPCG ,QCGK FNKDPF OGSZV OXT[ ZT[N QPIR 'Z FKF NGMK FH TYZ NT
Z\MC G\GB ZK\MFNG ZGEF YKEXM GC ZKMFN NGMN \KRVGPF \KCPGV FTKC\M ,YEX N[
"IK[P \RKIC" GRKB FNKDPC ZBG\PF IK[PF ,QM NT Z\K 54.KNBKXRJGVF IK[P-F[P
NBGD[ IK[P BNB ,\K[KB FNGBDN TKDFN GKEKSI KEKC TKKSPF YKEX NMC \PKKY\PF
GNGM ONGTF \B NKCGPG DKFRPG NBZ[K WZBN OXCYP ,FNGBDN \GNDP NBZ[K OT \B
QKCN IK[PF N[ FKKR[ FTVGF NT \GZCEPF \GKB\C[G \GKZXGR \GSKV\ QKC QGKPEF NT 53
;O[ 42 FZTFG 235=231 'PT ,OKZYIP ,SKKG FBZ QPIR 'Z N[ FKKR[ FTVGF N[ \GZ[VBF
.32 FZTF 418 'PT ,OKZGSKF NTC ,QKZD ;46 FZTFG 216=215 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV
BGF[ IK[PF \CK[ B[GRN GCGZC [EYGP ,IK[PF LNP KCZF ,ZDZC EGE 'VGZV CZF N[ GZVS
QKCN ,NGMG NGMP G\GB \GNNG[F ,\GKEGFK \GSKV\ QKC FNKECPF \TZMP QICP \P
#B# GC FBGZ
.\K\EFG \KIK[PF Q\VY[F SKSCC \EPGT GH FRGPB[ ,\GKZXGR \GSKV\
FBZ \P[ USGK QC IK[P BGF QPIR 'Z[ FTKCYF \B ZK\SFN \KCNSZCF FZGHRXF \PDP NT 54
.193 'PT ,OKZGSKF NTC ,QKZD
191
|
[EGYPF EGSF N[ OKKRIGZG OKK\ZCI OKJCKF
'Z[ ZPGNG BGCN OKDZJYPN I\V \IK\V BGF FNKDPN KCPGV Q\P .'F O[C BGZYN
IK[PF LNPF ,KZGJSKFFG KPGBNF ZG[KPC NTGVF IK[PF LNPF Z\M \B TCG\ QPIR
55
.\GZGEF NM OKNIKKP GKNB[
NGMK "YEX NBGD \BKC ZES" N[ YKGEPF KRGKHIF ZGBK\F N[ OGSZVF OXT[ GRZPB
N[ G\GPEN IK[PF \GPE QKC FYKHF \VK[I ;ZY[ BKCRM QPIR 'Z \DXFN NKCGFN FKF
.ZY[ IK[PM G\TYGF \B LMN FVKSGP F\KKF QPIR 'Z
\EGCTG [EYPF \KC N[ JNGCF ZETKFF \ECGT \B GH FRGP\N OKVKSGP GRB Z[BM
FZKVMM \BH OKDKXP GKF QPIR 'Z N[ GKCKZK[ YVS QKB ,YEX NBGD \BKC ZESP \GRCZYF
OTF N[ [VRF \B[P NGJKCMG ,N"HI N[ \KIK[PF O\SKV\CG OKBKCRF QGHIC FJGC
."GRKPKC FZFPC [EYPF \KC FRCK[" NNV\PG FPM \GZGE KCD NT \GZGE[ ,KEGFKF
K\ZPD"[ FRGPBF ,QPIR 'Z N[ FBGCCM IK[PF { OFC GRE[ OKRGZIBF OKB[GRF
OKCKJGP ZKMHFN OF OD OKNGNT { KIK[PF QGHIFP [EYPF ZETKFG 56"ZGPDBG
KNCP ONGTF QP ZJVRG ONGTN BC ZCM[ KPM IK[PF ZGBK\ QGDM ,OKYFCGP OKKZXGR
KIK[P ONGT OD LMG ,NBDRG LNGF ONGTF GIGMP \BH OTG GRGHI \P[DF \B OKN[F[
[GEYF OGYPF EKYV\ \B BNPPF BGF GPXT IK[PFG ,[EYP \KCN OGYP GC QKB[
.[GEYF HMZPFG
KCZ OKKEKSIF OKZ"GPEBFP FPM OT FVKZI \YGNIPC KGZ[ FKF ZCM[ ,QPIR 'Z
\GRGKSKR OT EEGP\F ZCMG ,FNGV[P BCSFG 'HGCK'HPP LGZC 'Z QGDM ,GZGEC FTV[FF
FNKT [P[N NMGK FNKDPF OGSZV[ CJKF BGVB TEK ,GN[ \GKPKJKDNF \I\ ZG\IN
.GKEKSI EDRG GEDR FPZIF \PINP [GEKIN FPXT \CZG \KEKP
\YGNIPF \ZTS \B FZKSP F\KKF BN QPIR 'Z \ZKJV[ ,ZGZC FH Z[YF LG\P
UB QPIR 'Z[ ,OKEKSIF CZYC FRGPBF \ZZG[ EGT NM CNSZC \GEKSI NTP FVKEZFG
ZY[ \GKIK[PC FP[BF .KIK[PF LKNF\C I\VP EKYV\C B[GR QKKET G\GP ZIBN
GNTVP \B OKN[K EGT \BH OTG \P[ IK[PC FRGPB N[ KZXGRF ODEN FCZY FN [K[
57
.QPIR 'Z \ZKJV ZIBN \PXT\P YZ F\KKF
,OKZ\S \NKDP TYZC OKEPGTF OKKEGFKF \GZGYPF NN[[ ZT[N FKF NGMK QPIR 'Z
OTHC GKEKSING GN EPGT FKF BN 58,FNKDPC GRKRGKT LZGBN GRBCF O\XYP \B[
\ZGSPC GK\GSKV\N OKYXGP \GEGSK BGXPN Q\KR[ UB[ ,CJKF TEK BGF .\YGNIPF
.312=310 'PT ,FSVKNYGVB ,QE FBZ
.[ 'PT ,(CN) CM[ ,GKNB OKCZY\PF \NTP ,\GJP[FF OT Q"ZFGP KKI
.53 FZTFC NKTN OKBCGPF \GZGYPF FBZ
\GPGYPN \KNNM FKRVFC YV\SRG ,OF OKCZ KM ,GNB OKB[GRC \GZGYPF NM \B JZVN OTJ QKB
K[KN[F YNIF N[ C YZVC GRYST YGRK\M IK[PF \GPE CGXKT B[GRC .LMC GRYST OFC[
[GEYF OGYPF \ZPF NT .GNB OKCKJGP OKKGXP OFC[ N"IPZ ETG BZYPFP \GZGYP GRBCFG
,FBRNGVP USGK CYTK 'Z ETG N"HIP \GZGYP K[KN[F YNIF N[ E YZVC GRBCF [GEYF OEBC
,QKNGDZP N[ GZVSC \GMKZBC OKRGEKR[ \GEKSICG \GEKSIF KRVN OKVSGR \GZGYP NN[N GRKKXG
55
56
57
58
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
192
QKGTF OKNYBC ,CGJ O[ NTCNG K"ZBF \NCYN ETG BZYPFP FK\GZGEN \KEGFKF
[[I [K 59"OKPDVFG \GRGZSIF NM OFC BXPNG [VIN FTZ QKTC" GKC\M \B BZGY[
SKKDN KEM FC \GN\KFN GNMGK GKEDR\PG ,WTGZN GKEKSING GN LGVF\ FNKDPF[ ZKCS
\MNGFF F[EI \KIK[P \MM OKZB\P GKF[ FPC FPZI \PINPN FCIZ FPMSF
OGSZVC FRGPJF FNGEDF FRMSN \GTEGPF .QPIR 'Z N[ G\GPE CKCS \PYZ\PG
QPIR 'Z \B FNKCGF[ FBZRM BKF ZZGTN FNGNT BKF[ FVKZIF \YGNIPNG FNKDPF
.CNSZC \GEKSI N[ Z\GKC ZGP[F EGSN OKZ\S \NKDP \B LGVFN
GEIK Z[B KTEAKPG KVGNB KMZTM [GRB F\BG"
60
"[DZC LNFR OKFNB \KCC EGS YK\PR
EGSF \KKNKFY
KTXPB [P[N FKF OKZ\S \NKDP NT QPIR 'Z ZHD[ \GKEGSF N[ KZYKTF FETK OB UB
\GKEGSN[ FBZR ,EGSF \VK[I \GCYTC I\V\FN \GNGNTF \GKNKN[ \GTVG\ KRVP QDP
.OKVSGR OKEKYV\ \BNPP BKFG OKVSGR OKTKRP OR[K
\GEKSIC CG[I K\ZCI EKYV\ FKF \GEGSFG OKKZJGHBF OKC\MF N[ OPGKY OXTN
,EGSF \ZGCI KRC N[ \GV\G[FG FGGIBF \[GI\N OZ\ U\G[PF EGSF .CNSZC
.EGSF \ZGCIN OKMKK[ ORKB[ FNB N[ FZEFNG FZEDFN [PK[ NKCYPCG
"TEKKHF" EGS NT GKZCEC QPIR 'Z N[ GRG[NC OD GH FPDPC [GIN Q\KR[ KRPGEPM
SGPM \GKFN FHF EGSF \B GTKRX\G EGS OMN FNDB KKTZG KKIB GTE" ,NKTN GRKBZ[
,\V\G[P FGGIB KNTC OF EGSF KTPG[ OKRTPRF NFY[ [KDEP QPIR 'Z 61."OMKRKC
KPKRV IK[M YZG LB ZPBKFN GN Z\GPG ,ECNC OFKEKC EYVGP EGSF .OKTZG OKIB
\GTKRXF \GTP[P .FZGCIF \GNGCDN WGIP BXPR[ KP GC U\[N ZGSB[ ,"OMKRKC"
ZCGEP QKB .OKKPKJRKB OKZ[YFC \GTKRXF D[GPN FYKH FN [K FH Z[YFC \[YC\PF
FZGCIF N[ FKZ\S \TRXFN F[YC BNB ,FGGRTG FGGBD ZKX NT FKGXPF \GTKRXC
62
.ZH KRVC O\GNDN QKB[ \KPKJRKBF
GRKBZF IK[PF N[ GCG[N Z[B .(12 ,9 \GZTF ,E YZV ,K[KN[ YNI NKTN FBZ) OEB [EYP
BNB ,IK[PM ZGHIK GPXT QPIR 'Z[ FRTJF F\NT BN CNSZCC[ ,B YZV ,KTKCZF YNIC FCIZFC
.QPIR 'Z KRGYK\C ONGTF \B QY\K IK[PF[
\B OKZKMP ORKB OD UB FHC OFN KE BNG ...OKDKFRPFG OKNGEDF KEK-NT NGYNYF ZYKTG"
O\I\ OKTRMR ORKB[ OKZ[MFC OKBRY\P[ ET ,EGCMFG |\~'GB[R\FF \GB\ \PIP OPGYP
KJGYKN) "OKPDVFG \GRGZSIF NM OFC BXPNG [VIN FTZ QKTC OFC OKRKKTPG OFKNT OKZ\GIG
.(FSY 'PT ,E ,LSR QKK \GMNF ,FTE FZGK ,E LZM ,\GMNF
.GJ ,FR OKNF\
.K=J 'PT ,ZYKNVJ EK C\M Q"ZFGP KKI ZVSP \GJP[F
OKYNI O\GBN OKSIKK\PM "FZG\ KZ\S" \B QPIR 'Z ZBCP GC[ QVGBF \B OD ONGF ZCEF
.151=144 'PT ,QGTDK[G FYKJSKP ,YZP FBZ .\GFGNBC \GTKRXN OKKGBZF OKKPKJRKB
59
60
61
62
193
|
[EGYPF EGSF N[ OKKRIGZG OKK\ZCI OKJCKF
OKJCKFN Z\GK OKYFCGP OKKGNKD OR[K OKZIB \GEGSN SIKC GZPBR[ QPIR 'Z KZCEC
UKSGP ,FZG\F \NCYP F[TP OD FRGMPF ,OINFP F[TPF OGKS ZIBN .EGSF N[ GNB
63
:ZPGBG QPIR 'Z
GR[K Z[B \BN LZXR |F~'KFK \BHF F[TPF[ ZPBG F[TPF \BH ZGHIN FGKXG
GHP QPH ZIBN FKFK[ FP GBZ\ 64OGKF GRPT FV GRRKB Z[B \BG OGKF GRPT FV
.F[TPF
FCFBF LB OM\GB CFGB |F~'KFB M"VTB GZVS\ OB .ZHN FZVSN BN[ ZKFHFG
ZPB OD (OGNM GRKB \PBC G\IP[ KM [GZKV) FIP[C NKYKKI[ GPM |F~'KFK
!ZHN FZVSN BN[ FHN FH OKCZT OF OKTPG[F NM[
\B ZVSNG ZGHIN GKEKSI \B FGGXP QPIR 'Z FNKI\ .KPKRV I\P ZMKR QPIR 'Z KZCEC
ZGVKSF \B ZVSN [K QMNG ,OKBCF \GZGEN UB ZGVKSF \GCK[I \[DEF LG\P F[TPF
F[TPF \B GZVSK NCN OKTPG[F \B ZKFHP QPIR 'Z BSKD LEKBP .ONGT ETG F\TP
65
.GYK\[FNG ZGVKSF \B TKRXFN { FMGVF FPDP BJCP LMCG ,ZHN
GZ+VK[ GNB NT FC OKKBP QPIR 'Z[ FKXYRSFP EGPNN Q\KR \GKEGSF N[ FEKYV\ NT
.GKEKSIN QPIR 'Z QKC[ FCFBF OGKYN KBR\ BKF \GKEGSF .ZGVKSF \B GNDKG \KZCF \B
{ FCFBF N[ BNP NGJKCC BN GNKVBG ,\PGTZ\C BN UB ,[RGTC OKKBP GRKB QPIR 'Z
.OGNM FRKB[ \KRYKZ FIP[M BNB ,\K\PBG FYGPT EGT FKF\ BN FCFBF[ LMC BNB
QM NTG ,GKVNM OK[I[ \GCKGIPNG Z[YF N[ \KPKJRKBF G\GFPN KGJKC BKF \GKEGSF
.ORKCN GRKC[ Z[YF CKJC FTKDVG \GKPKJRKBF N[ NGNKI FC [K ZH KRVC EGSF \VK[I
NECPG ,FZGCIF N[ FCFBFPG \GKPKJRKBFP YNI BGF KP BGVB ZKEDP U\G[PF EGSF
\EYVGP FZGCIM FZGCIF .FK\GEGSN U\G[ GRKBG ["RBP BN[ "ZH" NMP FZGCIF \B
NT QFG GN[ FR[RG ZHGI ZGVKS KEK NT GPGKY \ZKP[ N[ QCGPC QF ,EGSF \ZKP[ NT
.ZHN GZGVKSP \GTRPKF KEK NT EGSM GKVGB \ZKP[
EIK O\GB \YEFP EGSF KTEGK \ZGCI KRC NT QPIR 'Z NKJF[ \KEEFF \GCZTF
ZGP[N CKGIP GPXT KRVC EIB NM[ ,OKEKIK N[ USGBP O\GB \MVGF[ \VSGR FYKHC
"FHN FH OKCZT" ONGM FC[ ,FZGCIN ,ECNC QPIR 'Z QKCN GRKC[ FCGIM EGSF NT
.FHC FH OKZG[YG
\MVGF BKF BNB G\ZKP[NG EGSF KRMG\N \KRGXKI \ZDSP YZ FRKB QM OB \GKEGSF
FCFBN OZG\FG ,EGSF QMG\C \GN\ BNNG GPXT KRVC OKKY\PF EMNP K\ZCI OZGD \GKFN
.450=447 'PT ,OINFP F[TPF KZPBPC FCIZFC QE KRB FH ZGYPC 63
.EK ,JM OKZCE 64
N[ OKIGMRF GKZCE FBZ FNNMC \KCNSZCF \GZVSF \B QKKVBPM KGSKMG KGNKD QKC FH I\P NT 65
,NJZCNF FBZ \KZJGHB \GZVS NMC OKKYF FH I\P NT .16=9 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV
.100=96 ,15=7 'PT EIGKPC ,KGNKDG Z\S
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
194
66
.FPXT QKCN OKEKSIF \ZGCI QKCG GKEKSI QKCN QPIR 'Z QKC \ZZG[F \GKPKJRKBNG
NT GNB QPIR 'Z KZCE \GCYTC ZXGR[ SG\BNG K\ZCIF ONGTN \Y\ZP FXXF
C\M \B YK\TF[ 67,QPZGY ZKBP YIXK 'Z KZCEC BGXPN Q\KR OINFP F[TPF \GKEGS
:\K[KB FPEYF GN UKSGFG OINFP F[TP N[ EKF
|[GE~YF GRKCZ FGGKX BN \BHF F[TPF[ TGEK FRF |ONGT N[ GRGCZ~ T"[CZ
OKTPG[FP \GCZT NJR ODG |GRPGN[ K[RBP~ ["RBP BN Z[B ZH [KBN FZVSN
F\B Z[BM JZVG JZV NMC K\GKP[DG KMZT LP K\TEK KMRBG \BH NT 'YF GKVP
Z[B KNGYNKYG K[TP TGZ KRVP KNT [K[ \GRPIZF NEGD KRPP Z\GK EGT TEGK
O[C KGHCF KRB Z[B DTNN Z\GKG Z\GK FRGMK OEB O[C UGD Z[BM Z\GK EGT
\BH KEKN GRKB Z[B OKZYKF ["RB FHC GD[ KNGB FRGVB \BH NTG BZYB ["RB
G[T FNKNI EZPC BN KM \BH NT OPK[B\ NB BR L[YCB |QM NT~ M"T F[TPF
KGB :Z[M [KBN KRGC[IG O\KPKZ \BH OEDRN K\J[V Z[B ZKHIF NDZ LB .\BH
OKTGEK ORKB Z[B K\GEP NT Z\GKG Z\GK KN OKTGEKF K[TP JTP NT .KNT KGCBG
|GRKNT QDK G\GMH~ T"KH 'YF YKEXF FH \ZG\P K\TEK[ KRVP T"[CZ NCB .KN
|QM NT~ M"T LKRVNP QRI\FNG NNV\FN YZ NNM ONGTC [GBK OG[ QKB[
FMHB[ NKERKP BPKS QC ZKBP YIXK LKECT KN BR TK[GF 'F BRB L[YCB
[GEYF GRKCZ KMZEC \MNN FMHBG JZVG JZV NMC K\GC[IPG K[TP CKJKFN
68
."EKSI ZCNSZC" :\PBC 'YF GP[ NT BZYKFN FMHBG T"KH Q"ZFGP KJGYN
EGSF K[RB \KKNKFYN G\GMKK[ \NB[ BGF C\GMF N[ GIGZ \B EZGJF QKKRTF[ ZMKR
BP[ GB ,F[TPF EGSC BGCNG ["RB O[C BZYKFN KGBZ BGF QMB OBF .OKKCNSZCF
["RB NT QPIR 'Z NKJF[ \KEEFF \GCZTF OBF ,LM OBG ,KGBZ GRKB[ "ZH" GREGT
\B GNKDG \KZCF \B GZVF[ NT QGGTG FP[B OFC YKCEFN FNGNT EGSF \ZKP[ QKKRTC
,EKSI ZCNSZC O[F \B \PBC \B[N BKF C\GMF N[ G[VR \B[P .F[TPF EGS
.FH O[N KGBZ QMB BGF[ LMN \GETG LZE [P[N FZGPB F[TPF EGSC BGCN \G[ZFG
YVYVP BGFG GCNP YVSF ZS BN EGSF \KKNKFYC BGCN F[ZGF[ ZIBN OD LB
\BH OEDRN K\J[V Z[B ZKHIF NDZ" NNDC YZ ZCT "FNCYF QICP" \B QM[ ,G\GBMHC
OKMVGF GC U\G[ \GKFN FVKB[FG EGSF N[ GPGKY 69."Z[M [KBN KRGC[IG O\KPKZ
OKCZY\PF \NTP ,EYGRPF Q"ZFGP KKI FBZ .O\ZGCIC FZZ[[ FCFBC GIC\[F CNSZCC
,(D"XZ\) \GBN\F KPK ;BK[=K[ 'PT ,(IM) BT\ ,O[F \EGCT ,O[ ;FMZ 'PT ,(C) CXZ ,GKNB
.ETY 'PT
.215=212 'PT ,QGKZ[FP F[TPF ,YZP GKNT FBZ
.QPZGY OINFP F[TP EK C\M ,OINFP F[TPN YK\TPF \PEYF
ZPGI N[ \ZIB FY\TF I\VC OD QPZGY ZKBP YIXK 'Z C\GM EGBPN ET FPGE FPEYF
QKZT[JP YKEXF CZF Q\R[ \TC TGEK FRF :T"[CZ" :EK C\M Q"ZFGP KKI ,KZJGHB KCNSZC
BN QZFGP 'KI ZVSF \B SKVEFN OKZGCKI ZB[G FPMIN \GBZVZV ZVS |ZCIPF NTC~ P"FTC
66
67
68
69
195
|
[EGYPF EGSF N[ OKKRIGZG OKK\ZCI OKJCKF
ZCNSZC" BZYKFN FMGH[ KPN KRIGZ NGPD\G ["RB \ZGCI OT \GRPKFN EEGTPF WKZP\
."EKSI
BGCN OKZ\GPF ["RBN NCY\FN GYCBP NT QPZGY ZKBP YIXK 'Z N[ \VSGR \GETP
\B GN GNDK[ BGF KGBZ OBF \GYVS FBZRM GKF EGSF KNDPN OD[ ,TP\[P EGSC
:\GEGSF
H"RZ 'KS |BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN~ B"GYKN N[ FZG\F NT |GRG[N FHG~ N"HG
FPMN K\NB[ ,'GMG F[TP KV NT ,'GMG LTZ OZMC BGC\ KM YGSVF NT NKI\P[
K\KMH Z[B \TC LB ,FHF F[TPFP GTEK BNG F[TPF NT OKNGEDF ["RBP
OK\C KNTCG OKEKSI ,["RB N[ WGCKY BXPR O[ Z[B ,QKZFT[J ZKTC \GKFN
EMR ,ZVGS OFZCB 'Z NM KVC BZYR GP[ Z[B QHIG ZVGS EIB CZG ,OKZKCD
QEPNG EKSI BGFG ,QKZFT[JP N"XH QPIR 'Z CZF EMRG N"YGXH \"RZGP GRKZGP
FNKI\PG ,FZG\F NM NT [GZKV ODG FH F[TP NT G\GB K\NB[ .'GMG IGP NTCG
F[TPFP ZHN FNDB BN[ GN K\ZPBG GC K\ZXVF YZ ,NNM KN ZPGN FXZ BN
70
.N"RF
ZCIG QKNGVC KCNSZCF ONGTN CZY\F BGF .\KCNSZC FIV[PC NED BN ZKBP YIXK 'Z
TCJP .GFGPM OK[EI OKCZY\P ZYKTC FNNM[ ,QKNCGNC CNSZC KEKSI N[ FXGCY NB
OFN F\KKF BNG ,OKKGNDF OKKCNSZCF OKC\MF \B ZYKTC GZKMF GH FZGCIC OKZCEF
Z[B QKZFT[JC KCNSZCF WGCKYN GTKDFC ,F\T .OKKZJGHBF OKZPGIN F[KD
YNIG ,QPIR 'Z N[ GKPKP EGT CNSZC KEKSI N[ HGMKZ FC [K[ ZKT ,FRKBZYGBC
\GZGSPC OKBKYCG ,\GZGE FPM FH \GYK\G \GKCNSZC \GIV[PP OF OKEKSIFP
BN QKNCGNC[ \GNB[N FRTP NCYN NMGK[ TEGK BGF ,FV-NTC[CG C\MC[ \GKZJGHBF
TYZC EPGTF F[TPF JP[GF KEMC BN[ QKCF ZKBP YIXK 'Z .QFKNT CK[K[ KP FKF
C\MF NT GNTGF BN[ \GKZJGHBF \GZGSPN LKK[ BGF UB FBZRMG ,\ZMHGPF FZG\F
'ZN OGZDN KEM[ YKSP BGF LM LG\P 71.ZHN GND\K BN[ KEM FV-NTC YZG LB GZP[RG
CNSZC EKSI ,BGF[ GTRM[N LKZX BGF F[TPF \B GN \GNDN \GBKK[ ZVGS OFZCB
ZKBP YIXK 'Z Z[BM ."ZH" ZEDC GRKBG ["RBP EIB C[IKFN NGMK ,QKNGVP TKDF[ [EI
IPRR ONGT EGSK YKEXF N[ |GPGN[ K[RB~ ["RBN YZ GN 'KF[ OKPTJ \PIP GNGM \B Q\R
O[ GNDK BN[ OFN ZPBG Q"ZFGP 'KI ZVS ZB[ \B C\MC OFN Q\R |FPMI ZGYP TCGR NIR~
LP K\TEK KMGRBG |[GEYF~ 'YF GRKCZ KVP FGXP BGF FH NMG .["RBP BN Z[B ZH [KBN ZCE
NTG BZYB IPRRF ["RB O[C KGHCF KRB Z[B DTNN Z\GKG ...JZVG JZV NMC K\GKP[DG KMZT
"...(K"M Q"ZFGP KKI) 'YF ZVSF FHP TEKN GRKB Z[B OKZYKF ["RB FHC GD[ KNGB FRGVB \BH
.(QPZGY Q"ZFGP KKI EK C\M ,YK\TPF \PEYF)
.IZ=HZ 'PT ,OKYKEX FGR 70
N[ \G[ZEF QKC[ FYKHC YSGTF ZYIP \ZDSPC QE KRB \ZMHGPF FZG\N G\YKHCG FH F[TPC 71
.ZCT[ OK[TPG FHI[ \GRGKHI QKCN QPIR 'Z
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
196
,"ZH" GRKB GPXT BGF[ TNCGPC QTGJ OXTC BGF ZHN F[TPF \B FNDK BN[ CKKI\P
.EGSF \B GN \GNDN Z\GP QMNG
NB G\BKZY GB ZGVKSF \TKP[P ZCTPF ZZGT \GEGSF \B TP[[ ZIBN OD[ QM\KK
KGBZ ZPBKFN QGMR[ FP NM BN QM[ ,ZKBP YIXK 'Z CNC OKVSGR \G[[I G\CK\M
FBZ \IB OTV[" ZVGSP QHI OFZCB 'Z NT .Y\TGK[ KGBZ C\MR[ FP NM BNG ,C\MKK[
FVP ["RB QKC OKZVGSPF \GRG[ \GIK[P Y\TGP SZJRGY GEKC YKHIP GEKPN\ \B
FVK FYK\[F[ OKZCE C\MC YK\TFN BZK BGF QKB[ NT OFZCB 'Z GKNT EKVYF ,QHGBN
72
."(!?GNBM OKZCE CG\MN QM\KKF) !?QTP JCKKZ[ QMBH TMNTH B :GZPBC ,OFN
\K\ZCIF FKKXYRGVF NT \GEPNP CNSZCC EGSF NT IK[ N[ GH FZGXG GH FZKGGB
OT \DHP\P Q\TEN \G[ZF[ ,C\MCG FV-NTC ,\GKZJGHBF \GZGSPN [K[ \K\EFG
BGF \GEGSF N[ OPGKY OXT .OFP ZEGPG "ZH"[ KPG ["RBN LKK[[ KP QKC FRICFF
K[TP CKJKFN" WKZP\ ZXKKPG ,FHN FH OKCZT FKV\G[[ EGSF \ZGCIN EMNP OZGD
ZCNSZC' :\PBC [GEYF GP[ NT BZYKFN ...[GEYF GRKCZ KMZEC \MNN ...K\GC[IPG
73
."'EKSI
[IZ\F[ \GEGSF KGNKD B[GRC CNSZC \GEKSIC KPKRV SGPNGV NT \RKKRTP \GET
I\PF NT ZKBFNG EGSF N[ \GRG[F \GKXYRGVF \B EEIN FNGMK \GRGZIBF OKR[C
.OKRG[F GKEKYV\ QKC ZXGR[
74
\NB[[" NT OKEKPN\F EIBN YK[ FPN[ ZHTKNB 'Z N[ FCG[\ C\MPC
CZF \GBR 75"GFP TEGK LRKBG OINFP ZGVKS [K[ GRKPGN[ K[RBP \IB OTV \TP[[
NT Z\GKC OKVKZI SGPNGV KZCE UKSGP BGF[ LG\ KEGSF F[TPF \B GN \GNDN YK[
76
:OEKC \GKGXPF QPIR 'Z N[ \GIK[G \GZG\ OKZK\SP[ ["RB KRYH O\GB
KZCE \GPN[C OKPKKYP GRKPGN[ K[RB KRYH QKB OKCZF GRK\GRGGTC[ \PIPG
ORKB GN[ \GIK[FG \GZG\F NM[ (JZ 'KS Q"ZF \GIK[) ZPB[ N"HKCZ
OKPTV FPMG ...FV GRRKB Z[B \BG FV GR[K Z[B \B OB KM ,EGIN GRNKC[C
'F K[TP NM \B OKBCF \GZGEN TKEGFN GKZCEC GRN HPZG FH QKRTP GPT GRZCE
\GZG\F NM \B GTKEG\ OMKRCN OD [GZKVC ZPB \IB OTVG GRPT F[T[ NGEDF
.EN=DN 'PT ,OKJGYKNF ZGBKC ,"BGCP"
.QPZGY OINFP F[TP EK C\M ,YK\TPF \PEYF
GKNT FBZ .FCG[\C OKZHGI OCGZ CNSZC KEKSI N[ FNGED FXGCY N[ DKFRP BGF YK[ CZF
.218=199 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV
NIRC Z[B .GN[ 'PT ,EK NIRC Z[B ,\EYGRPG F[EI FZGEFPC ,QMG ,GNY 'PT ,NIRC Z[B
OKR[F LNFPC GPSZGVG OKMZM EIBG OK[KPIC GVSBR[ ,YK[ CZF C\M[ OKC\MP KVNB NKMP
SGVEF \R[ QGKX NT FEVYF OKRG[F OKMZMC QKB .OSZV\FN OKMK[PP QKKETG ,G"S[\=D"N[\
.GPGYPG
.202 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV FH QKKRTC FBZ
72
73
74
75
76
197
|
[EGYPF EGSF N[ OKKRIGZG OKK\ZCI OKJCKF
HB ZPBG GRN FNKD Z[B OFC BXGKMG \GK[TPFG \GBZGRFG \GBNVRF \GIK[FG
KRCNG LKRCN O\TEGFG (E OKZCE) [B KNIDM FNGED \GCFN\FC YGSVF FH
EKPG UMK\[ GRKPGN[ K[RBP EIB NM NT LNGFG CCGS GH FIK[ \PBCG ...LKRC
NMG QM[ NMPG NBZ[K NMN GPSZVNG G\GNDN GKNT N"HKCZP TEGG\FN FMGH[
ZGEN (JV OKNF\) OKKYN Z\GKC O[VR ZGSPN OFKNT GRKPGN[ K[RB KRYH QM[
.'GDG L\PB NB TKEGK OKRCN CB (IN 'KT[K) 'GDG KVC L\RGPB TKEGB ZGEG
Z\GK GN [K[ KP EIB NMG OKZGVKSG \GIK[ OKZK\SP OD[ BNB GH UB GH BNG
OKVNB [EI ZGE OY GK[MT |NBN FEG\~ N"\ LB 'GMG FNGED G\NTP 'GMG \GIK[
ZGSPN GRKNTG N"HKCZ KZCEG KZVS KZIB OKYYG\[PF OKZGTRF KRC \GCCZ
77
.O\GKIN FMHR[ QTPN NMF SKVEFN GRK[VR
FR[K[ LM NT CNSZC \GEKSIC \YGNIP ONGTP F\KKF BNG QKB[ ,ZPBRG OKEYR
Q\GBC OKYSGT YK[ CZF KZCE .QPIR 'Z N[ \KNDRF G\ZG\ \B WKVFN FRGKNT \GCK[I
BGF[ ,OINFP F[TPF \PDGEM ,GPXT QPIR 'Z \BZGF KV NT GZ\SGF[ \GZG\G \GIK[
,["RB KRYH KVNM FZGPI FRTJ QBM FNTP YK[ CZF .GEKPN\ QKCN GRKC FIK[F EYGP
QFG "EGIN GRNKC[C" QF \GKEGSF \GIK[FG \GZG\F[ ,GKZCEP TP\[PM ,OK[I[
FZKGGB .["RB DGI N[ "GRN" G\GBN LKK[ GRKB[ KPN ETGKP GRKB[ KPKRV KCNSZC ZPGI
\EDGR ,YK[ CZF QTGJ ,OKKCNSZCF \GEGSF \B FPXTN \ZPG[F FZGDS FNKFY N[ GH
LKK[ GRRKBG "FV GRRKB Z[B" NB OD OKETGKP GKZCE KM HKZMPF ,QPIR 'Z KZCE \B
.["RBN
SIKC ZK[K QVGBC FZPBR[ ,QPIR 'Z \BZGFN OKRGGMP YK[ CZF BKCP[ OKJGJKXF
:GEKPN\ \TEN [YKC G\GB[ ,OINF NT KEGSF F[TPN
FV GR[K Z[B \BN LZXR 'KFK \BHF F[TPF[ ZPBG F[TPF \BH ZGHIN FGKXG
GHP QPH ZIBN FKFK[ FP GBZ\ 78OGKF GRPT FV GRRKB Z[B \BG OGKF GRPT
79
.ZHN FZVSN BN[ ZKFHFG .F[TPF
ZGHING G\GB OKKYNG GKNT ZGP[N LKZX[ ZCEM EGSF QKC I\PF ZMKR QPIR 'Z KZCEC
NNDC EGSF \B WKVFN QGXZF QKC ;ZHN GZVSN BN[ FBZGFF QKCN ONGT ET G\GB ZVSNG
80
.OKRG[ \G[[I NNDC GZK\SFN QGXZF QKCN G\GCK[I
.GNY 'PT ,G NIRC Z[B
.EK ,JM OKZCE
O[ QGKEF OD FBZG .422 'PT ,OINFP F[TPF ,YZP FBZ .OINFP F[TPF OGKSC BCGP
.450=447 'PTC
OKKYN [K[ ZCGSG ,YK[ CZF KZCE \B NCYP GRKB CNSZC KEKSIC K\ZGSPF OZHF[ QKKXN KGBZ
GK\GZFHB KPTJ C[IN QKB[G ,\GNDN ZSBR[ \B \GNDN BNG \GPKP\C QPIR 'Z KZCE \B
.[ZGVPC GZPBR QM OB BNB QPIR 'Z N[ GK\GBZGFG
77
78
79
80
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
198
CKMZPF LB CKKIPG UY\ QG[BZF CKMZPF[ BKF YK[ CZF N[ \TNCGPF G\RTJ
OR[K ,YK[ CZF QTGJ ,OGKF .EGT UY\ GRKB ,\YGNIPF [[IP FBZRM TCGR[ ,KR[F
ZCE NM TGP[N OKYYG\[PG QPIR 'Z KZCEN OKBPX[ "OKZGTRF KRC \GCCZ OKVNB"
\GEKSI N[G QPIR 'Z N[ OEPTP OGKF .\YGNIPFP [[I ZCM QKBG ,GKVP BXK[
FGGXP QM NTG ,OKZCEF \B ZK\SFN LZGX FKF FC[ \TFP QKJGNIN FRG[ CNSZC
.NGMN \GEGSF \B OSZVNG SKVEFN BNB ,ZYGIFG [ZGEF NMN ZVSN YZ BN FCGIG
OF[ F[GI\ LG\P ["RB [GMZN GMVF \GEGSF[ YZ BN[ QTGJG LK[PP YK[ CZF
GH BNG" .\KCNSZCF FZCIC FZYGKG EPTP KNPS GMVF OF[ BNB ,"EGINC GRNKC[C"
'GMG \GIK[ Z\GK GN [K[ KP EIB NMG OKZGVKSG \GIK[ OKZK\SP OD[ BNB GH UB
ZZC\P .EGSF \KKNKFYC EGSF N[ \VSGR FKXYRGV FND\P QBM 81."'GMG FNGED G\NTP
BC BNG ["RBN LKK[ GRKB[ KPP YZ OKZEGP ORKB OKKZJGHBF OKC\MFG \GEGSF[
GEKC YKHIP KP ,EGSF \KKNKFY LG\C \KPKRV \GZI\ QKTP FR[K BNB ,EGSF \KKNKFYC
ZG[KPC .FPGKY NT EKTP BGF GH FTVG\ ZYCP YK[ CZF[ UB .Z\GK OKCZ EGS KC\M
,\KPKRV FKKMZZKF CXTP BGF BNB ["RBN LKK\[FN WKZP\ YZ GRKB EGSF K\ZCIF
Z\GK \GEGS TEGKF NM[ ,\GDZEG \GNTP DZEP FGGFP BKF KZF \KP[Z FRRKB[ UB[
.GRPP FNTR GZCIP
FCXP ,EGSF \ZKXKN KRG[BZF TKRPF QKC FVK FRICF BGVB \IRGP YK[ CZF KZCEC
QVGBC FZCE \B WKVFN FN Z[
+ VB BN[ FVGEZFG FRJYF CNSZC \GEKSI N[ F[YF
QF BNPP EGSF[ K\ZCIF EKYV\F QKCN ,"\YGNIP \GCZFN BN[" KEM ZK[KG KGND
LG\C \KPKRV FKKMZZKF \ZKXKC QFG ["RB BNN ["RB QKC FRICFF EGEKI ZG[KPC
UY\ GRKB EGSN TKRPF[ UB GC[ ,ZXGR[ CXPF \B \GVKZICG DTNC ZYCP BGF .["RB
KRYH" EIGKPCG CNSZC KEKSI \BH NMC ,QPIR 'Z ZCEN OKBPX \GCCZG OKVNBG ,EGT
FH TEK[ FKKMZZKFF \B ZP[N KEM EGSF \B OPXTN ZGP[N OKSRP "GRKPGN[ K[RB
82
.GKNTCN FRYP BGF[ EPTPF \BG CXTP
\GEKECC \CXKR OFKNTCN EPTP OKRYPF \GEGS N[ FH DZEP [BZC[ ,FBZR QNFN
.OKZ\S \NKDP \ZFHP
\GMPSG EGS
GZJTR FEGS KTEGKG ,OKKZJGHBF OKC\MF \ZDSPC DKZI EPTPN F\MH OKZ\S \NKDP
\GEGSC OKBKYCF CNSZC KEKSI ["RB NNMP O\GB FNKECPF \EIGKP FNKFC
.GNY 'PT ,G NIRC Z[B 81
N[PN LM .GEKC[ \GEGSF NM \B U[GI GRKB GPXT YK[ CZF OD NCY\PF O[GZN EGDKRC LB 82
FZTF QGKX EKN ,C IVSR QNFN FBZ) GEKC \BXPR BKF[ UB OKZ\S \NKDP \B U[GI BGF QKB
F[TPF ,YZP FBZ QM .KJRNGGKCPB FKF LMN GSIK ,OKPKGSP OK[TP OSZV Z[BM ODG .(21
."ISGRF KET" UKTS ,OINFP
199
|
[EGYPF EGSF N[ OKKRIGZG OKK\ZCI OKJCKF
,Z\GKC GN OKCZGYPF OKEKSIN SIKC UB EKVYF QPIR 'Z[ OKTEGK GRB .\GJP[FCG
LM .OKZ\S \NKDP \B GTP[K BN[ ,OKZIB OKKZJGHB OKZPGI OFN FNKD GPXT BGF[
KEGSF F[TPF \B KN\VR 'ZNG GN FNKD QPIR 'Z[ ,CNSZC N[ FCZ ,QZFB 'Z UB[ GRKBZ
ET QK\PF QPIR 'ZG ,EGSF \B TGP[N F[ZGF BN ,EGSC G\GB ZGP[N O[YKCG QGKZ[FP
83
.Q\R 'ZNG KN\VR 'ZN OKZ\S \NKDP \B ZVKS HB YZG [ZEPF \KCP BXK QZFB 'Z[
QPIR 'ZN Z\GKC OKCGZYF OKEKSIFP UB FZ\SGF OKZ\S \NKDP[ ,BGVB YVS QKB
OKKCNSZCF \GEGSF KTEGK NFYC BGCN OKZ\GP[ OKYFCGPF ["RBP OKC[IR KBEGG[
["RBP BGF[ KP NMN \KRYGPF \GMH FRRKB OKZ\S \NKDP \TKEK[ QBMP .OKZIBF
NDTPC OKKGXPF FNBN YZG LB BNB ,EKSI ZCNSZC BZYKFN KGBZG CNSZC KEKSI
.CNSZC \GEKSIC Z\GKC KPKRVF
BNNG Z"GPEB BNN QPIR 'Z N[ G\ZKJV HBP FNFR\F CNSZC \GEKSI[ FECGTF
FKKMZZKF BKF FEKIKF FKKMZZKFF GC[ CXP FZXK FZGZC \KP[Z FDFRFG \GESGP
\GEGSFG \GZGSPF \TKEK SKSC NT ZB[F QKC F\RCR[ ,\KNPZGV BNG \KRIGZ
KC\M NMC NKM[KG YKPTKG FNKNG OPGK EKSIF NGPTK OB UB KZF .O\ZKP[G OKKCNSZCF
FRGMR [ZVNG QKCFN G\NGMK OKKZJGHBF OKC\MN F[KD GN QKB EGT NM ,OKKGNDF QPIR 'Z
\GIK[F ,BNPF QISGRC \GZG\F GEKC[ KP YZ .[BZP \NCDGP OKC\MF NGNMP \B
FRGP\F GEKC YZ ,QPIR 'Z N[ OKKZJGHBF OKC\MF ZB[G OKKEGSF OK[TPF ,GJP[GF[
.QPIR 'Z N[ FKGNDF G\ZG\ \B UB FRGMR ZBCNG OKN[FN OKNMFG FBNPF
LPSGPF BGF OKZ\S \NKDP FZSPR GN[ OEBF[ ,FRYSPF \[YC\P FH TYZ NT
.KCNSZCF ONGTF \B FRPBR DXKKNG QPIR 'Z N[ G\ZG\ \B [ZVN Z\GKC KGBZFG Z\GKC
OKEEGC OK[KB GKF ZGE NMC[ YKSR OB OD \GVY\ FH QKKRT N[ \GK\ZCIF \GMN[FF
ZGEC EIB YZ[ ,\ZGSPF \B NCYR OB OKK\TC[ \GEI QF LB ,FNKDPF EGS \B GTEK[
\ZGSP N[ F\K[BZ OBF FNB[N FCZ \GCK[I QKB FH Z[YFC .FNKDPF \B \TEN ZGPB
N[ GVGSC QM[ ,Z\GK OKZIGBP \GZGEC F\EKN BP[ GB GPXT QPIR 'Z \BZGFC BKF GH
EGS \B \TEN ZGPBF EIB OEB GR[K ZGE NMC[ FTEF CNSZC \GEKSIC FZD\[F LKNF\
BGF KTCJ .KCNSZCF O\GIF ZPG[ QKTP [P[N ZGPBF EIB OEB ,OKZ\SF \NKDP
TDZC[ ZGZCG ,GK\GEKPCG GK\GTKEKC \GEKSIC Z\GKC KGBZF OEBF ZICKK FH EKYV\N[
TDGRF NMC \KEGIKKG FRGKNT \GMPS NTC GC GBZK "ZGEC[ EIB"M OKGSP OEB ZMGK[
.OKZ\S \NKDP \YSGT GC[ ,KIK[PF EK\TN TDGRF NMC EIGKPCG ,KCNSZCF ONGTN
\GBZN Q\KR OKZ\S \NKDP \B TEK[ KP FC ZJTR[ \K\GMPSF FNKFN \JNGC FPDGE
\B NCKY[ GZGEC EIBF BGF[ FKF NCGYP[ ,QHI QPIR 'ZC OFZCB 'Z N[ G\GPEC
KRKKRTN KF[NM FTKDR GC F\KKF[ QHI OFZCB 'Z N[ ZGCKE NM QMB 84.OKZ\S \NKDP
.N=JM 'PT ,NHZC F"KRCB 83
Q\R 'Z N[ GKNM B[GRG YFCGPF GEKPN\ FKF[ ,QK[JNGJP QPIR 'Z N[ GRC FKF OFZCB 'Z 84
OKZVS QMG QPIR 'Z N[ OKZGVKSNG \GZG\N OKZGBKC C\M[ FZGV KCNSZC ZVGS ,CGZKPRP
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
200
G\TKEK UYG\P WYF \GEGS \B TEGK[ BMPS NTC KVP TCGRM NCY\F \GKIK[PG FNGBD
Z[KY BN GPXT OFZCB 'Z[ KV NT UB[ \GZKPB N[ FZES FR[K .OKZ\S \NKDP \B
.FNKDPC QEGSK[ GZCS OKEKSIF ,OKZ\S \NKDPN Q\GB
NT ZCT[ ZIBNG ,QKHEBZP LGRI QG[ZD 'Z Z"GPEBF NXB ZYKC OFZCB 'Z[ ZVGSP
\GKBZ GRN [K) .'OTE QGV SZTSTC QCBF ZKP'" :GN ZPB \NM\F QKKRTC GKZGCKI
,GEKC FKF[ OKZ\S \NKDP KVN TEK[ G\RGGM G[ZKV ["RB .(GNBP \GCGJ \GIMGFG
BN GTEK \BH \B"[ ,ZVGSP EGT 85."\NM\F QKRT OSZV\K IK[PF \BKC KRVN EGT[
FNBM GKF ,FNDP GRKBG WYF QKRTC OKZCE FCZF TEGK OFZCB 'Z[ ,QBPGBC OKJTP
'ZN GN FTGEK ,|GRKPKC FZFPC~ C"C YEX NBGDF TKVGK FC FT[F UB[ ,GRTJ[ QBPGBC
\B NCYN GN GZ[VB ...GK\GTKEK QGPF QM[ ,BPNTC FDNVF GH F\KKF BNG .OFZCB
ZGPBM[ FH CG[I JZV UB OFKRKCG FBGNKPCG F\GPN[C N"H GRKCZ \ZGSPG \[ZGP
\NKDP'FP QPIR 'ZC OFZCB 'Z TEGK[ ["RB QKC FKF TGEK" 86."OKZ\SF \NKDPC HPZR
QKKET' ZPBG FRTR ,IK[PF \BKCG \GNDF WYP GPT GZCE[ \TC OTV ,GRCZ N[ 'OKZ\S
87
."'IK[PF N[ GCS \B FBGZ KRKB
EGSK QKB GNNF \GZKPBF CGZN[ FBZR ,GRKEKC FKGXP OKZ\S \NKDP Z[BM ,F\T
KRKKRTC NNM \YSGT FRKB FNKDPFG ,ZMHGP GRKB \NM\F QKKRT .OKZ\S \NKDPC HPZG
NMN ZGYPN OKEKSIF KRKTC FMVF QGKPEF \ZZGTPG \KEGSF FNKDPF .OKRPHG OKXY
UYG\ GK\GZKPB NM GNCKY LM LG\PG FNGBDG \GKIK[P KRKKRTC OFZCB 'Z N[ FZKPB
.QPIR 'Z N[ OKZ\S \NKDP NT FZGBMN GRT[R QF QM[ ,K\GMPS
FRPPG OKRGV FKNB[ \MPSGPF \CG\MN LVF FNKDPF EGS \B TEGKM OFZCB 'Z
GRB OKPEGYF \GZGEC OD .OKPKF \KZIBNG FNGBDN OKZG[YF OKPGI\C TEK OK[YCP
ZPBG KN\VR 'ZN ZYXCGVKN QZFB 'Z FRV LMG .FNKDPF KTEGKN GH IGZC \GKRV OKTPG[
JNBF KGG' QKRTF EPGT QMKF .'OKZ\S \NKDP'F \B GRKCZP O\TP[ KZF O\B" :GN
\B \GNDN OKXINN QG\R FKF QPIR 'ZC OFZCB 'Z OD[ OKTEGK GRB QMBG 88."'?SBE
.FC KGCIF LG\P GF[P UG[IN \GIVN GB FNKDPF
ZGBKC ,"BGCP" GKNT FBZ .Z\GK OKZIGBP \GZGEC CNSZC KEKSIG Q\R 'Z \GZGYC OKYSGTF
.FP=D 'PT ,OKJGYKNF
QKRTC QKHEBZP CZF N[ GZVS ZGBN BXK[M" FRG[ ISGRCG .JM 'PT ,OKJGYKNF ZGBKC ,"BGCP"
,Z\GK EGT OKYHI \GEGSK GN [K KM ,GK\GKBZN LKZX GRKB[ OFZCB 'Z ZPB ,\KXKXC \NM\ NK\V
'OKZ\S \NKDP'F \B G\TKEK \PIP \BH ZPGB[ GKZCEP FBZR FKFG .\NM\F \[KCN YHIN
QKC CNSZCC GBXP[ FYKHF NT .(CZ=BZ 'PT ,JRY\ ,D YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[) "GRCZ FND[
;116=115 'PT ,H"M[\ OKN[GZK ,FNGBD KPTV ,KBDZ[ FBZ KIK[PF B[GRN \NM\F \BKXP
.R 'PT ,FNGBDF \GMKNF ,N"RF
.BN 'PT ,OKJGYKNF ZGBKC ,"BGCP"
.CTY 'PT ,GN\ ,D YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[
.DV 'PT ,HVY ,O[
85
86
87
88
201
|
[EGYPF EGSF N[ OKKRIGZG OKK\ZCI OKJCKF
OFZCB 'Z OT "["RB KCG[IG KNGEDP" FPM N[ FIK[ NT EKTP ZERC YIXK KGN 'Z
ZKXVFG ,CGNGYGSC QKEF \KC CB FKF[ ,KMEZP 'Z FRV FMNFPC[ ,QPIR 'ZC
LM ZIB ...OKZIB OKRKKRTN G\IK[ \B CSPG YPI\P OFZCB 'ZG ...GR" :OFZCB 'ZC
OKJZV GRPP [YKC KMEZP 'ZG ,IK[PF LNP \GEGB FIK[N SRMR OFZCB 'Z[ K\TP[
89
."FRTR BN LB WYF ZCEC OF[NM
EPTP KNTCG OKZMGP GKFG "["RB KCG[IG KNGEDP" GZEDGF[ FNB GC[ ,FH EPTP
KZJGHBF TEKC O\GB U\[N CZSP FHG ,EGSF NTC OFZCB 'ZC OKZKXVPG OKYYHR
OKEKSIG OKRCZN SIKC UB EGSF NTC N[ EIGKPF GEPTP \B CJKF UY[P ,GEKC[
.OKYFCGPF ["RBP
NT ZVGSP LM .KGBZ FKF BN ZKXVPF[M UB \GZXVFFG WINF GNKTGF OK\TN
ZCEC GF[P GN ZVSK[ GKCZGYPP EIB [YT\F" QPGBC GKZGYKCP EIBC[ OFZCB 'Z
OFZCB 'Z ZTJXF QMP ZIBN LB .GF[NM JZV OFZCB 'Z GN FNKD ,GC ZKXVF[M .WYF
NNV\FG ,O\PDGE OKPNTRG OKFGCD OKRKKRTC OGSIP GKVN O[ BN FH TGEP ,EGBP ET
,QBPGBN OFZCB 'Z ZHI[M FBCF FR[N QMBG ,GN ZPBR[ FP \B FNF IM[K[ \GCZ
FP NT OGNM BNG TEGK BGF QKB ORPGB[ \TEN IMGRG ,FNF N[ GK\GTKEKC [[DN FSKR
90
."EY\[B GN ZPB[
QPIR 'Z F[T[ OKPGE OK\VGP \GCYTC LNGF QPIR 'ZC OFZCB 'Z N[ FH "\VGP"
:OKZ\S \NKDP OFKRKCG FNKD[ OKKZJGHBF \GEGSN Z[YFC
O\B ZPB[ FT[C K\TP[ |C\GMF ZPB~ F"B (OINFP F[TPF ZGVKS ZIB)
GRPP OKBZK GKF[ |EIB~ 'B O[ EPT ZHN FZVSN BN[ |FHN FH~ H"NH OKCZT
\PIP OGNM GZPB BN LB OKZCEC JVJVP [KB FKF[ \PIP ZHN FZVSK BN[
GETC ZPBG N"H GRKCZ FRT \BH GC[I O\C[IPC LB N"H GRKCZP OKBZK GKF[
FHP TEGK OB N"RF [KBF NXB ZGYIN GNKI\F |QM KZIBG~ M"IBG CZT KRB
KRB GETC N"H GRCZ ZPB[ GFH[ GRKCFG N"RF ZGVKSF FHP NNM TEK BNG F[TPF
91
.FHF ZGVKSF NMP NNM TEK BN[ F[T KM CZT
.CN=BN 'PT ,OKJGYKNF ZGBKC ,"BGCP" 89
GRCZ KRKRTC G[VR ZSP[ LKB QPGBP NYKHKKB 'Z \B FNKI\C FBZ OFZCB 'ZG" .BN 'PT ,O[ 90
LKZX FKF FPN EBP OFZCB 'Z JZI\F LM-ZIB LB ,OKZ\S \NDPF \B GN ZSP QM-NT { N"H
\B \GNDN ZGSB NCB ,LM-NM NGED FYEX NTC FKF[ UB ,KMF-ZC GRKB[ FBZ KM ,GN \GNDN
QMG .GN FND[ FP NM \B NYKHKKB 'Z IM[K[ FPN[ FR[ NNV\F QM-NT { OKZHN FHF QKRTF
'Z NXB ZGYIN NKI\F ,FR[F-[BZ NT NBZ[K WZBP OFZCB 'Z BC[M FBCF FR[N ,FKF
.(FP[=PE[ 'PT ,YKEXF \NGTV) "FPGBP TEGK GRKB[ ,GKZCEP QKCFG NYKHKKB
\YSGT[ ,"QGTP[ 'Z I\V" F[ZEC .FXY 'PT ,D"XZ\ OKN[GZK ,Q"ZFGP KKIP \GJP[F 91
O[F KHB" FKGBZF FRGGMC ZGVKS ZVSP OEB OB[ LM NT QPIR 'Z ZCEP ,\GK[TP KZGVKSC
QKIM[R YZ ,QGDF GRKB[ EKPN\F N[ QGZMHF IMC QKC\MR GKZCE GKFK BN[ G\GB ZPG[ LZC\K
.(H ,S BPY Q"ZFGP KJGYKN) "GRPP
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
202
'ZC OFZCB 'Z ZVSP OKZ\S \NKDP \B FNKD[ \TC QPIR 'Z F[T[ FPGE \VGP NT
:"NHZC F"KRCB" ZVSC QPIR
YEX NBGD \BKC ET FKFK[ FPG BKSGZ \RKEPP ZCEN N"XH GRKCZ NKI\FG
OT GR\I BYSGK 'ZF N"YGXH GRKCZ NXB C[KG .OK\PF \KI\ ET NBGDF \BKCPG
N[ FDKZEPF NT GC[K YKNVTJP OK[RB KR[G N"YGXH KN\VR 'ZFG \"RZFGP
FBZG KYSGK 'ZF OT ZGCKE FHKB ZGHIN \"RZFGP FXZ M"IB .FHPG FHP FNDTF
92
.NNM GTP[ BN YKNVTJP OK[RBF KR[ ODG ...OGNM TEGK GRKB[ \"RZFGP
NT ZVGS[ FP \B ZKCTF FBZRM[ ,FRG[ ISGRC OKZCEF OKBCGP "[EGY KVZ[ IK["C
:OKZ\S \NKDPN OINFP F[TPF
BYSGK KCZ NTG ,OEB OG[N \BH GZVSK BN[ ,KN\VR KCZG \"RZFGPN GRCZ FGXG
ZGHIN \"RZFGP LM-ZIB FXZ[M .FGF QMG 93KBZIBG CZT KRB GKNT :GRCZ ZPB
94
.OGNM TEGK GRKB[ FBZ ,BYSGK KCZ ,CZF OT ZGCE FHKB
\MPSR OKZIB \GEGSG OKZ\S \NKDP \GKEGS NT FZKP[F \VJTP[ ,BGVB OKBGZ GRB
NECF [K ORPB .OKKGBZ ORKB[ OKTPG[C FIM[ FNKJPF \KTCJ-NT \GNKTV NT OD
NTV OFZCB 'Z QM[ ,OFZCB 'Z N[ \VGPF QKCN QPIR 'Z F[T[ OK\VGPF QKC K\GFP
KPM ZBG\P QPIR 'Z GNKBG ,\GRTKFN BN[ FNGMKG \GRTKFN FNGMK[ ,G\NKV\ IGMC
ZIB GB FH OEB[ LMN CZT \GKFNG [BZP IKJCFN FKF NGMKG ZK[K QVGBC "F[T"[
GK\GIGMP GF[P[ EPNP OFZCB 'Z N[ FH \VGP QKKET LB .TP[[ \GEGSF \B IM[K
BN[ \VGP [IZ\P GN UBG ,EGSF TEGK OFZCB 'ZN OD ZCT EGSF NTC QPIR 'Z N[
.KGBZ GRKB[ KP KRVP [EGYPF EGSF \B ZGP[N GEKC TKKSPG TCJF LZEM
KRKKRTN ZCTP FCZF \DZGI CNSZC KEKSI CZYC QPIR 'ZC OFZCB 'Z N[ G\GMPS
BGF QPIR 'ZC OFZCB 'Z CNSZC \GEKSIC OGKF \IGGZF FSKV\C .\GKIK[PFG FNGBDF
QBM ODG .OKBCF \GZGEN \KCNSZCF \ZGSPF \ZCTFN \KETNCFG \KHMZPF \GMPSF
TRPR[ FP NT OD BNB ,EPKNG ZPB[ FP NT YZ \RT[R BN G\GMPS[ OKBGZ GRB
.FK\GEGSG OKZ\S \NKDP \B NCKY[ ZGEC[ EKIKF G\GKF UYG\P EPNNP
,LB .NNM GKVP GBXK BNG ,O\GB FNKD BN[ OKZCE FCZF OFZCB 'ZN GN GKF
OKEPGTF OKZCE BNB ,O\S OKZGVKSC OKZGPB OKZCEF QKB[ GKCZGYP GTEK
.N=JM 'PT ,NHZC F"KRCB 92
'ZG \"RZFGP \B ZKFHF GRKCZ" :FPGE QG[NC BCGP ZPZY 'Z N[ \"RZFGP \GENG\ ZVSC OD 93
DBEB \BHN { GZVSK BN OKZIBF[' :GVKSGFC GTP[ Z[B NMP FPGBP \GNDN BN KN\VR
OKZCEF IGSKRP IGYN FH ZGBK\[ FBZR .(EKY 'PT ,CK YZV ,D YNI ,\"RZFGP \GENG\) "'...KRB
.[EGY KVZ[ IK[ ZVSC
.NZ 'PT ,CMY\ ,B YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[ 94
203
|
[EGYPF EGSF N[ OKKRIGZG OKK\ZCI OKJCKF
OCGZC FNB GKF .OGTEK[ OKEKIK KEKIKP NCY O\GB ,ONGT N[ GPGZ OGZC
"OKZ\S \NKDP"F KEK NT GKNB GBC OYNIC[ ,WYF QKRTC OKYSGTF OKZCE
ZGEG ZGE NMC :["RBE FKPGVC FKNDZP .GKEKPN\ KEIGKPN N"HKCZ [KZGF[
FH FKF QM KRVN .FBNVGPF "OKZ\S \NKDP" QMG\ \B TEGKF EIB YZ GR[K
\GEGS \B TEK[ ,N"HKCZ EKPN\ .KN\VR 'Z N[ GEKPN\ ,KYXTGBVKN QZFB 'Z
GCNP[ ,QPIR Z"C OFZCB 'Z QHGBN OKZCEF GZCT QMP ZIBN .GC OKCG\MF WYF
95
.O\GB FNKD BN GKVN
EIB F\KKF OKZ\S \NKDP N[ EGSF ZPG[ \GKFN LVF OFZCB 'Z[ FECGTF[ ZC\SP
FZ[VB[ BKFG ,CNSZC \GEKSIC G\GMPSG GEPTP \KKRCFC OKCG[IF OKCKMZPF
96
,"FBGNKPCG F\GPKN[C N"H GRKCZ \ZGSPG \[ZGP" \B NCKY[ KP \B GC \GBZN
BNN \KZGYPF GMZEG [GEYF GRKCZ \[ZGP"[ ,\XZIRF FTKCYN LZEF FZXY QBMPG
97
."OKBCF \GZGEN QPIR Z"C OFZCB 'Z KEK NT YZ FZSPR ,YZ[G NIM
NT YZ[ LM NT ZCEPF KCNSZC SG\B FZXK OKZ\S \NKDP N[ \KEGIKKF \GKEGSF
\B ZGSPN GEKC[ ZPGN Q\KR ,FZ[V \BG OKZ\S \NKDP \B NCKY[ FH ,ZGEC EIB OEB
\NKDP GEKC[ KP YZ LM LG\P ."FBGNKPCG F\GPKN[C" \KCNSZCF \ZGSPFG \[ZGPF
\TDGRF FNB[ NMC FRGKNT \GMPS \GGFNG CNSZC KEKSI \B \GIRFN NGMK OKZ\S
FPN SIKC YZ BN BMPS ZC BGF OKZ\S \NKDP GEKC[ KP YZG 98,F\ZG\G F\[ZGPN
NGMKG TEGK "YEX NBGD \BKC ZES" \B TEGKF YZ QM[ ,FKFK[ FPN SIKC OD BNB FKF[
.OKPKF \KZIBC GR\GB FZYK Z[B NT GF[P ZVSN
SG\BFG \KCNSZCF \GEGSF \MZTP FZXK OKZGD[ OKK\EG OKK\ZCI OKRCP EXC
\EKP \BG \KCNSZCF FNKFYF \B \ZEGDG F@R^CP
#F \VSGR \MZTP F\GB FGGNP[
GB ["RBN OKETGKPF \GEGSN FVK[IN KGBZ OEBF OBF ,FNB[F KV NT FKNB \GMKK[F
CJGP GNKBNG U[IKK[ BGF KGBZ \GEGS GNKBN ,ZH GRKB OBG ,ZH ZEDC QKKET BGF BP[
\\\[GP FRRKB[ \KRIGZ \GDKFRP N[ NEGP OD FZXK OKZ\S \NKDP N[ F\GKEGS .BN[
\KCNSZCF \GZVSC BEZ+D \GBKYC NT BN UBG KRCZ EPTP NT BNG \KP[Z FZZ[ NT
Z[BM ,\KCNSZCF EGSF \ZGSP Z\M \B YFCGPC \B[GR[ \GPEF NT BNB ,FKGNDF
'Z N[ GNTGVG G\GPE EGS OD BGF[ ,WYF EGS ,OKZ\S \NKDP EGS BGF Z\MC[ OGNFKF
.CNSZCP QPIR
.BN 'PT ,OKJGYKNF ZGBKC ,"BGCP"
.O[ ,O[
.(P"X) KN[ F[DEFF .N 'PT ,O[
B[R BN BGF CNSZC \GEKSIC QPIR 'ZC OFZCB 'Z N[ KEGIKKF GEPTP UB NT[ ,QKKXN KGBZ
FKFG GN[P DD \ZGY GN F\KKF BN[ EGZP KRTM GKKIP ECMR YNI KIG KF[NM FZ[PC ONGTP
.EER OFKRKC[ ,GKEKPN\G GKTZ QING[ NT LPSKFN YYHR
95
96
97
98
E YZV
OKZ\S \NKDP KEFG \KIK[PF FMVFPF
OGKF CNSZC \GEKSIC
,YEX NBGD \BKC ZESG OKZ\S \NKDP \GND\FN FR[ OKK\BP GBNP G"S[\ \R[C
\GEKSI F\KKF GNB OKR[ N[ QCGZ CGZ .G"SY\ \R[ CB [EGIC FRG[BZN GZPBR[
FZKJSFG DTNF K+XI
]N FZJPG FK\GKIB KEK NT \VEZRG FKGHC ,\KNG[ \GEKSI CNSZC
Z[BM .O[ ZKTHG O[ ZKTH OKZHGVP GKFG JTP K\P GRP CNSZC KEKSI .OKNKM[PF N[
.OKRCBG OKVGEKD ZJP OFKRV \B OKNCYP GKF QPGBC FR[F [BZC EIK WCY\FN GSKR
N[ KPKJKDN URTM \KNNM FZMFN CNSZC \GEKSI F\MH BN \GVKEZF GMM[ Z[BM OD
FNI OKZ[TF FBPF \K[BZC 1.\YGNIPC FKGR[ EKP\ FZB[RG ,\KEKSIF FTGR\F
YZ BN FK\GZG[N UZJXFN GNIF OK[EI OKCZY\PG CNSZC \GEKSI NB SIKC FTKDZ
\GTZGBPFG FKKR[F ONGTF \PINP LB .QKNGVC OD BNB ,FESGGKF OGYP ,FRKBZYGBC
FNKFYM CNSZC \GEKSI \B YGIPN GPKKB KJSKRGPGYF ZJ[PFG FBG[F ,FKNB GGNR[
.FNKTV \GEKSIMG
\GR[PG ,NBZ[K WZBC [EIP [CD\FN CNSZC \GEKSI FIKNXF TK\VP QVGBC
QPIR 'Z N[ OPGYPG OEPTPC \K[PP FMVFPN OKET GRB OKZ[TF FBPF N[ OKTC[F
BN[ OK[EI OKEKSI KVNB .\KNBZ[KF \GCZ\CG KEGFKF ONGTC CNSZC \GEKSI N[G
\G[EI \GNKFYG \GCK[KG ,FKNB GVZJXF CNSZC \GEKSIN \PEGY FYKH NM OFN F\KKF
FPMN FNXV\FG FCIZ\F CNSZC \GEKSI .N"GICG NBZ[K KCIZC GSSC\RG GI\VR
HBP FRG[BZN ,GNB OKR[C .\GRG[ \GVY[FG \GRG[ \GDFRF KNTC OKPZHG OKDNV
\NTCG FNGED \GEKSIN \VEZRG FRJY \GEKSIP CNSZC \GEKSI FMVF ,FESGGKF
.FTV[F
YZ[ FEGRP \GPEP .Z\GK UB \MN \YKIZP FMVFP ZCT YKEXM QPIR 'Z N[ GEPTP
ORKB[ OKCIZ OKDGIC NCGYP[ \GZGEN YKEXN QPIR 'Z LVF GC OKZKMP GKEKSI WPGY
.FR[F [BZC ,QPIR 'Z N[ GDI OGKC BGF LMN JNGCF KGJKCF .CNSZC KEKSI OT OKRPR
.1 FZTFG 466=465 'PT ,CKZF JY[R BN QKKET ,USB FBZ
1
205
|
OKZ\S \NKDP KEFG \KIK[PF FMVFPF
OKEZVS ,OKEKSI ORKB[G OKEKSI KVNB \GZ[T FCG \KZKGGB \CMZ \BXGK FR[ KEP
[BZ \B GPT DGING QPIR 'Z N[ GZCYN NDZN \GNTN OKKRGNKIG OKK\E ,OKHRM[BG
\VZXP ,\KZCF \GXZBP \GXGCY OD \GTKDP LB ,NBZ[KP OKTKDP OKBCF CGZ .FR[F
GC OKBGZF OKCZ OR[K \KRIGZ \GMPSG CZ QPIR 'ZC OKBGZ[ FNBN ZCTP .FERYPG
\GCZ\C CNSZC \GEKSIG QPIR 'Z N[ \GIMGRF .O\ZKXKNG OFKKIN FBZ[F ZGYP
TGRNGYFG QGZJB\F ,FVKF \GZVSF KPGI\C \ZMKR BKFG ,\ZCGDG \MNGF \KNBZ[KF
.FYKHGPFG ZGEKCF KPGI\CG
N[ FPNTFFG FZ\SFF QEKT O\[ OGKF OK[I OKCZ CNSZC KEKSI[ BGVB BNV QKB
\GND\FN NKI\P OCZ ZGB[ ETGP ,GN GVSMRG GNIKK \GZGE Z[B ETGPF BCG ,QPIR 'Z
QKC TGG[P KNSYGEZV EGDKR LG\P CNSZC KEKSI GKI FC[ FVGY\F FPKK\SF .GC
,YEX NBGDN LZE NNGS GK\GXTCG GK\GZG\C[ ,ONGT KBC NMN YKEXM OCZC FRGPBF
OKYCE FIV[PP OKKR[G ZKTP EIB YZG FKGHC OCZ \ZG\ FC[ ,FZPF \GBKXPF QKCN
FRF ,\YGNIPG F\SF KEK NT Z\SGF ,GPGYP TEGR[ UB ,OCZ ZCY GC[ QEKTF O\ .GC
.FTG[KG FCG[\ GC [YCN OKBCF NBZ[K \KC KRGD NMN NDZN FKKNT OGYP BGF F\T
OCZ \GND\F QKC FYGEF FYKH FRKGX OKKCNSZCF \GZGYPC[ ZIBP[ ,NYR QGCRN \TE
GRN [K"[ GREPN .\KIK[P FMVFPM \SV\R \KCNSZCF FMVFPF ,IK[PF \GND\FN
2
,"'IK[PN QRGM\FN ZCM Z[VB ONGTC KZVS NCY\K[M' :ZPB[ N"H GRCZP FNCYC
[YC\P LB ,NBZ[K KCIZ NMC OKEGFBG OKNCGYP ZMP KCZ OF QPIR 'Z KZVS[M ,F\TG
.IK[PF BGCN QRGM\FN [K[ BGF
LB ,OKDNVF NMP CNSZC KEKSI CZYC \PTVP GH \GND\FG \G[EI\F \[GI\
\KXIPC GI\V\F[ OK[EI OKKCNSZC OKDNVC \KIK[PF \GMKZEF \JNGC EIGKPC
.OFKRKKTP [BZC EPGT ,OKRG[ OKRVGBC ,GPXT FH B[GR[G OKZ[TF FBPF N[ FKKR[F
\GBPDGE K\[N OXPJXFN KRGXZC QBMG ,GPXTN OGYP [ZGE FH B[GRC UKYP ZYIP
\PKGSP FTV[F F\KKF OKZ\S \NKDPN[ \GZ[VBF \B QMZE OKDEFNG GH \G[IZ\FN
.GNB OKDNV N[ O\GI\V\F NT OD
GFH ."BCSF" GKEKSI KVC FRGMPF ,ZSEGB NBZ[K 'Z KEKSIP BKF FRG[BZF FPDGEF
GN [K LB OKKCNSZCF OKDNVF ZB[ NT NCGYP GRKB[ ,GZVSPC QJY KCNSZC-GBR DNV
Y\V BXP[ QTJ (1994=1888) ZSEGB NBZ[K 'Z .\KNBZ[KF FKSFZVC \JNGC \GIMGR
[GEYF GKVP TP[R" :Q"ZFGP KKIC TKVGP LMN FPGECG .DV 'PT ,HVY ,D YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[
ZPBG ...FNGBDE B\NI\B BGF ONGTC BXK[ Q"ZFGP KJGYN GN[ [GEYF ZVSF[ ZPB[
OT Q"ZFGP KKI) "QPB GRKPKC FZFPC FNGBDE B\NI\B BGF OK[GEYF GKZGCKIC EGPKNF[
ZPB" :ZPBR QMG .(JK[=EK[ 'PT ,|H~ GP[ ,OK[GEYF GKZVSG G\ZG\ \NTP ,\GJP[FF
\PBF FND\K[ ,QGXZ KFK ...N"H Z"GPEB N[ BNVRFG NGEDF ZGBF \PNTF QKRTN :YK\TPF
OT Q"ZFGP KKI) "QPB GRKPKC FZFPC FNGBDF BGC\ HBG ,ONGTC G\[EY OSZV\KG ONGTC
.(FP[=PE[ 'PT ,C\ ,GKNT[ \YGNIPF QKRT ,\GJP[FF
2
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
206
ZB[F QKC .QPIR 'ZP K[KB QVGBC GKNB IN[R Y\VF[ GN ZZC\FG ,I\V[ ZVS LG\C
CZYC TKPYG FZJRP FMVF GHG ,QPGBP QPIR PIR IR R FZG[F Y\VC F\KKF FPG[Z
KEKSI .IK[PF \BKC ET EYG\ KN[ [BF JV[PF OG[Z FKF QM .NBZ[K 'Z KEKSI
G\GB ZK[K[ ZPB GKNT[ CNSZCP QPIR 'Z N[ GZK[ BKF GH FZG[[ OKRKPBP "BCSF"
Y\VC[ "BCSF" KEKSI GRKPBF FNKI\ ."FNGBDF ZK[" G\GB OKRMP OFG ,BGCN EK\TN
GKPK GMKZBF[ NMMG ,IK[PF BGCK OZJC ONGTF QP ZGCTK BN NBZ[K 'Z[ FIJCF FHGPZ
ZIBN .BCG [P[PPF IK[PN FGGY\CG Y\VCG GC FRGPBF FPXT\F NBZ[K 'Z N[
\ZHGI FZKPBN[ FRGPBC BGF [DEF F\TG ,FSKV\C FKHKGGZ F\[TR 106 NKDC G\ZKJV
\EPGTF BKF GH FRGPB .FNGBDF HGZKHC I\VP EKYV\ [K G\XVFNG FH KGJKC N[ \KR[RG
.\KZ[VB LZE NMC FH KGJKC WKVFN NBZ[K 'Z KEKSI OK[GT[ OKNGEDF OKXPBPF TYZC
\GNGCDN ZCTP FCZF ZGD[ FH KGJKCC [GPK[F QM[ ,FCGZP FINXFN GMH OFKXPBP
3
.GKNT TP[ GB G\GB FBZ BN[ NBZ[K \RKEPC OEB QKB[ KRPGEPMG ,GH OKEKSIF \ZGCI
LMN \IB FPDGE Q\B .OKZ\S \NKDPN OKRG[ OKEF BGXPN Q\KR FH DNV N[ \GZVSC
OKCKMZPN FVK[I FC [K[ OG[P FCG[I BKF NCB ,\YFCGP FPDGE FRRKB KNGB[
\IB ,QGSRBHC YIXK NBZ[K 'Z .GNB OKEKSI N[ \KIK[PF O\VY[FC OKRKKRTP
NCKY[ KEKIKF Y\VF GRKB NGMN ZMGPF Y\VF[ ZVSP ,FH DNVC \GJNGCF \GKGPEF
:OKVSGR OKY\V OD OR[K[G ,OKP[F QP "BCSF"
OTV ZPB BGF LMG .OKY\VF EIBC BCS FBZ LM !EGBP CGZY FNGBDF QPH
GRCZ QGKX NB [DKG .FRPGB BNVF ENK BGCK BC" :QZFB 'Z KEKEK GEKPN\N QPGBC
EKPTK HBG .FPKN[GZK G\GB BKCFN KEM .TDKKV QC QPIR KCZ \B OKYKG .FPKRV
4
"!OKIXR IXRN O[ \Z[N KEM .OK[EGYF K[EY \KCC G\GB
ZVSP EGBP CGZY FNGBDF QPH \GBY\VF GB FY\VF \B "BCSF" NCKY FC[ LZEF NT
\B NCKY FC[ GHN FPGE LZEC G\GB NCKY BGF EIBF KV NT .OKRG[ OKZGVKS KR[ BCSF
FNGBDF QPH' FMM FC CG\M[ ,ZKKR \MK\I FP[ FKFG ZVS K\I\V KRB" :QG[BZF Y\VF
,ZRGEZY NBZ[K 'Z GCZP NCKY[ FNKDP NT ZVSP BGF ZIB OGYPC 5."'EGBP CGZY
QPH' QG[NF FHC EGBP \GVKG \GNED \GK\GBC CG\M" FKF FNKDPFP FBZ[ YNICG
,ZCS NBZ[K 'Z[ QCGP OKZIB \GPGYPC FNKDPF KZGBK\ KV NT 6."'EGBP CGZY FNGBDF
7
.OKZ\S \NKDP BKF GH[
,ZGCSNG \GTJN NGNT FKF '\ZIB FJRNV'P FVGX" :CZBD Q\RGFK C\GM FH QKKVPY \INXF NT
QPIR PIR IR R' \ZKPB~ GH KM ,FK[KCMC FTKSR GB WZBC OKKRGZKT OKHMZPC ZGYKC ZIBN
.(153 'PT ,\GNGDSF KEKIK) "\KEGFKF \EC \GKHMZPF \GGXPFP \IB |'QPGBP
.BSY=SY 'PT ,OKTGDTD
.FM\ 'PT ,I"R[\ OKN[GZK ,ZSEGB ZTC NBZ[K BCSF KKI LG\P \GIK[
.HVZ 'PT ,O[
.DVZ=VZ 'PTC ,O[ GKZCEN FGG[F
3
4
5
6
7
207
|
OKZ\S \NKDP KEFG \KIK[PF FMVFPF
NCKY[ "OKY\VF EIB" NT OKSSGCP QBM OKBCGPF BCSF KZCE L[PF OD[ FBZR
\GIVN ,\ZMKR OFC OD LB \GPEGY \GKCNSZC \GZGSP NT BNG OKP[F QP BCSF
ORPB .BNV ENKM IK[PF ZGBK\N K\RGGMG ;OKZ\S \NKDP N[ FPG[KZ ,\IB FEGYRC
GP[ BZYKG GPM[ NT FZ[PF KF\G GRN Q\R QC GRN ENGK ENK KM" GFKT[K \BGCRC ZCM
Z[YFC LB ,FH ZGBK\N ONGF ZGYP BGXPN Q\KR 8"OGN[ Z[ ETKCB ZGCKD NB WTGK BNV
Z[VB KB ,GRKKRTCG QPIR 'Z N[ GZCY NT GZPBR OKZCEF Z[BM ,YFCGPF KCNSZCF
N[ G\GPE \CXKR QPIR 'Z FNKD[ OKZ\S \NKDP N[ FHMZPC[ ,FECGTFP ONT\FN
.BNV ENKM IK[PF
'ZN L[PF \GPEM BCSF N[ \KPXTF G\TEG\ QKC Z[Y [K[ ,GH \GRPEHFC ZKTR
BCSF \GPE FC \GEIB\P[G \DNVGP OKPK \GMKZB GN [K[ QYHF \GPE QKCN QPIR
-BCSF ,ZSEGB NBZ[K 'Z[ ,QKKXR EGT .GK\GIK[CG QPIR 'Z KZGVKSC YGRK\F \GPEG
OKPGE \GRGKSKRCG ,NBZ[K WZBN QPIR 'Z \GPXT \BNTF \B OGHKN FSKR ,YGRK\F
.OGKF OD GKEKSI OKMK[PP
ZFXGP QVGBC FNGT GC \PKKYF \KIK[PF FSKS\F[ ,USGR KCNSZC-GBR DNV
NT DFRGP ,GRKPKC CNSZC \GEKSI N[ FEPTPC [IZ\F[ LVFPN [ZGVPC \Z[GYPG
N[ OKNGED OKHMZP KR[ QKC GRPH \B YNIP YK[ CZF .YK[ FPN[ ZHTKNB CZF KEK
NERP .\KZCF \GXZBC[ YZGK GKR ZKTC KR[FG NKNDC[ NBRCK FZKKTC EIBF ,GKEKSI
\B FBGZ YK[ CZF[ FBZFG 9,G[BZC EPGTNG FH DNVN CIZ ZYIP [KEYF 'HBYKKV
\B[G F"M[\ \R[C FBGZ BGF F\K[BZ \B[ \KIK[P-\K\E FMVFP DKFRPM GPXT
YK[ CZF NIF FC[ FR[F GH .OEGY FR[ OK[KPI QHI OFZCB 'Z FVX F\G[IZ\F
EIB FHG" ,OKY\GT KVNB \GZ[TC QPIR 'Z KZVS \B WKVFNG OKZGTRF KRCP OKCZ CZYN
FNMK[ FR[M G"N[\ \R[ \B QKKXN TEGK UB YK[ CZF 10."GR\NGBD FCGZY[ OKHPZFP
ZIBNG QPIR 'Z KPKC F\KKF[ FXPIFF N[ NEGPF LB ,IK[PF \GND\F \R[N LGVFN
KMMG\P YK[ CZF EDR FXZV[ F[YF \YGNIPFG ,CG[ GPXT NT ZHI 11Q\R 'Z KPKC QMP
LNP \GND\F NT G"N[\ \R[C FNGED \GRPEHF" \XPIFN FPZD CNSZC \GEKSI
12
."N"HKCZ ZGB KGNKDG IK[PF
\GC\M\F NTVP BKF YK[ CZF N[ KIK[PF 13"K\GZVSF GNTVP N[ \Z\GMF \NGD"
GKEKSI N[ \GKF\G \GNB[N CZF FRGT OFC[ OKC\MP KVNB \GZ[T NNGMF YRT
FM ET ."NIRC Z[B" \BZYR[ OKZVS \ZESC OKSVEGPG OKVSBR OKC\MPF .GKCZGYPG
.F ,J GFKT[K
.218=199 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV
.BKZ\ 'PT OD FBZG .CM[\ 'PT ,YKEXF \NGTV
.33 FZTF QGKX EKN ,B YZV NKTN FBZ
.217 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV NXB QGEKRG BCGP .DP 'PT ,D NIRC Z[B
.201 'PT ,O[ ,'HBYKKV
8
9
10
11
12
13
OKZ\S \NKDP
|
208
ZPGI OEKC [K F\T ZCM[ KKRHGBC GRTJ ZGBN FBXGFCG ,OKMZM EIBG OK[KPIM GBXK
,"FVGZ\N OKNT" Q\R 'Z N[ GZVS BXK[ HBP ORPB .OKMZM OK[KPIG OK\BPMN EGT
ZCGEP QBM LB ;CNSZC \GEKSIN FZH OKC\MPF \DGS QKB ,GKC\MP OKJYGNP GC[
FC [KG ,OKEY\ FN QKB[ ,\GCG[\F KC\MP \CK\MN \R\KR[ \GKHMZPCG YRT KEPPC
.GH OKC\MP \KKSSCGB KZGIBP EPGT FP ,FFKP\ ZZGTN KEM
\NKDPC \ZBG\P IK[PF N[ G\GNKTV \K[BZ .OKZ\S \NKDPN OKC[ GRB QBMG
\GNB[) \"G[ KC\MPG \GZDKB \IKN[M ,FKKR[C QFG FRG[BZF FIK[C QF ,OKZ\S
:NBZ[K KCIZ NMN (\GCG[\G
|EIB NMG~ 'BMG .|OKMNP KRC~ 'PC GN GIN[KG |OKP~'MIF NMN |\G~'ZDB IN[KG
14
...GKCBN CG\MK
15
|?\GCG[\G \GNB[~ '\[ IN[K FNKI\CG
|FZ~'G\C QKKTN NKI\K[ NBZ[K NMC |FBZGF FZGPN~ 'GFGPN NCY\K FNKI\CG
NCY\K[ ET |\GCG[\G \GNB[~ '\G[ GKNB IGN[N GNKI\KG \GD[F DK[K[ ET
16
.|NBZ[K NMC~ K'MC |EIB~'B |FBZGF FZGP~ 'ZGFGP BGF[ ONGM NXB
OKC\MPFG \GZDKBF .YK[ CZF N[ YRTF GNTVP TYZC EPGTF NEGPF GFH[ FBZR
...ONGM NXB NCY\K[" KEM IK[PF N[ G\NGTVN OKZ\S \NKDP FGG\P[ LZEF OF
FNKV\C GYSTK NMF"[ LMN NKCGFN LM ZIB IKNXK FH IGMPG ,"NBZ[K NMC
ZGB KGNKDG IK[PF LNP \GND\F"NG 17"CNSZC KEKSI GKFK NMF QM-NTG ...\GEEGC\FCG
18
."N"HKCZ
.G"S[\ \R[ ,OGKF OKKGXP GRB FC[ QPHF \EGYRN SIKK\FN KRGXZC OKZCEF OGKSC
KIK[P NBKXRJGV FN [K[ QM\KKG ,OKZ\S \NKDP \ZKPBN OKK\BPF \R[ BKF GH FR[
.QKKRT ZZGTP
\YGNIPF CYT[ QPIR 'Z ZPB ,OKZVB FPN[ GRC \ZKJV ZIBN ,G"SY\ \R[C
,BCGP QM 19.KBEGGC FR[ FBP EGT IK[PF BGCK BN GKNT FZZGT\F[ F[YF
\GCYTC[ ,ZPBG Q\R 'Z LM NT CKDF Q\R 'Z NT GKF[ \GVKEZFG \YGNIPF \TC[
HTFN BGVB Q\KR 20.\GVSGR OKR[ FBPC \GIVN IK[PF \BKC FCMT\F \YGNIPF
FIK[N OKZEI KZEIC F\HKRDP F\BKXKG \BHF \TC OKZ\S \NKDP OGSZV[ ,ZT[NG
BGC CGMKT \GR[ OKK\BP \GPKK\SP FC[ ,G"S[\ \R[C BYGGE \GKZCF QKC
.14=13 'G[ ,FRG[BZ FIK[
.21 'G[ ,O[
.12=9 'G[ ,FKKR[ FIK[
.HP 'PT ,D ,NIRC Z[B
.217 'PT ,CNSZC \GEKSI ,'HBYKKV NXB QGEKRG BCGP .DP 'PT ,O[
.CKY 'PT ,\"RZFGP \GENG\ ;GN 'PT ,CNY ,C YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[
.11 FZTF NKTN FBZG .R 'PT ,\GBN\F KPK
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
209
|
OKZ\S \NKDP KEFG \KIK[PF FMVFPF
OKXT\G \KIK[P \GTP[P BKF UB NCY\ ,Q\R 'ZG QPIR 'Z GTKEGF QFKNT[ ,IK[PF
21
.GRKPKC FZFPC NBGDF BGCN FGGY\F \B
OKMKZB\C QGPJ GRKB IK[PN FKKVKX ZZGTN OKZ\S \NKDP N[ FIGM ,ZGPBM ,LB
\CFB UGXZ GMG\[ CCNP KIK[P QGHI BZGYF KRVC \[ZGV OKZ\S \NKDP .OKRPHCG
OIGMP DFRGPF [EI\P ONGT GKRVC FNTP BKFG ,FPMIG FNKV\ ,OGN[F \CFBG OEBF
FC[YFG KIK[PF QGHIC FBKZY .QGDKRFG FZK[F OKZZGTP[ OKTGDTDFG OKVGSKMF N[
.NBGDF \ZK[ \B TGP[N OKHT OKTGDTDG OKVGSKM BZGYC ZZGTN FNGMK GN
OZHF DKFRPG OKRC GCG[ \CK[K [BZ ,ERNZC ZHTKNB CZF KZCE TYZC FBZRM EPGT FH QGC[I 21
FPN OD ZG[Y FH QGC[I .FNGBDF \R[M G"SY\ \R[ NT ,CNSZC \GEKSIC Z\GKC NGEDF
,FBPG FBP NMC ,G"S \R[ NMC KZGHIP QVGBC[ LM NT ZCEP[ ,OKGGF EGS ERNZC CZF FRMP[
BMNP KND\K \K[G QK\K[C" :ZFGHC BXGP BGF LMN B\MPSB .IK[PF \BKCN EIGKP I\V [K
GH FIK[ .(B"T JKY UE ,BZKG \[ZV ,ZFGH .IK[PF LNPF FND\K [[G OK[K[C) "BIK[P
,CNSZC QGKX ZF QGMP \BXGFC BXK[ 434 'SP ZGJKNY\C FKGXPG F"S[\ ZPGTC D"NC FZPBR
\JNYCG C\MC WVGF[ FIK[F ISGRC LB ,GH IGZC \VSGR FIK[ NT OD K\TP[ .OKN[GZK
.OKZCEF GJP[GF
ZCE \KZIB
1EGS ZB[R G\GB OKNDP Z[BM OD[ ,EGS KRB :ZPB GRCZ
GP\ BN \BH OTG OKZ\S \NKDP N[ FK\GRGVXG FKHZP \GBNVR GV[IRG ZSGF JGNF
OKZGXKYF OD 2.IGRTV BNN GZ\GR FNKDPF LG\P OKJV[P KYNIG OKJV[P .FK\GEGS
K[GYF .FC YVYVN Q\KR[ FZKCS FZT[F ZEDP GRBXK BNG ,GRI\V GR\TEP ,GRI\V[
FBXG\ BGF BNB FP[ZR FC[ OKZ\SF QG[NC YZG LB WGTR GRKB FNKDPF \B IRTVN
K[BZC C\MF NT GNT YEX NBGD \BKC ZES NT QPIR 'Z \GIK[ .OKVSGR OKPZGD N[
ZKCS 3."CGZF IM[R" KM ZPBR UB FRG[BZF FIK[N SIKCG ,WZPR ZGXKYCG OKYZV
ZHI[N OK[YP GNBG C\MRF QKCN ZPBRF QKC OKZTV GZXK ZXYN QGXZFG FIM[F[ BGVB
.YEX NBGD \BKC ZES N[ BNPF UXZF \B
FNKDPC OKVSGR QGKTG EGPKN ZZGT\ OKEPGNF NFY KRVC FNKDPF \BCF[ FGGYP KRB
FPGSZV[ FGGYP KRB EGTG .GRCN\KG OKZCEF GZZC\K LM LG\PG ,FC \GMGZMF \GKDGSCG
OKN[FN GZ[VBK[ 4FNKDPC OKZG[YF OKVSGR OKZPGIG EK KC\M UG[IN \GRGMRN NKCGK
\GZ[VB .Z\GK ON[G Z\GK BNP QVGBC FZ[V \B QKCFNG FC OKVSGR OKYNI IGRTV
L[PFC LZGXFG KZYIPG KREPN QGKE \GZZGT\FN FKKVKXF ,OK[EI OKZPGI N[ FVK[IF
OKNKCGP GNB NM { GRGEKR OZJ[ OKZ\S \NKDPC \GZG[YF \GKDGSG \GNB[C ZYIPF
FZGEFP EK\TC BKXGFN FGGY\C FGGNPF ECNC \KRG[BZ FZGEFP FH ZVSC \GBZN
.FRPP OKNGTF EGPKNFG ZYIPF ZG[KPC QFG FNKDPF IGRTV ZG[KPC QF Z\GK FPN[
OEBF \GGY\ LB ,EK\TN \SIKK\PF FRGPBG FGGY\ BKF FZYKTC \GKIK[PF
N[ OKGSPF FKKVGB .\KGG[MTF G\KKGGF OYZPC \GCK[I KCZ OKCKMZP OF GK\GRGKHIG
KKI QRGGM\FN OKZGPB G\BZYN[ USMRF NBEKBF \B \GG\FN NGMK \KIK[PF FGGY\F
GNKB FBZ .OKNY ISGR KKGRK[C OKVSGR \GZGYPC \BCGP FZPBF .14 \GZGBF ZGB KV=NT
,E YNI ,O[ OD FBZG .GJ 'PT ,ER ,C YNI ,[EGY KVZ[ IK[ ;420 'PT ,C YNI ,GK\KKF GK\TEK
.ITY 'PT ,F\ ,G YNI ,O[ ;EKY 'PT ,JV[
.OZ[V \B TEGK BGF[ QTGJ[ KP QKB ["RB KRYHG CNSZC KEKSI QKC OD ,\TDP K\TKEK[ FPM ET
.BM 'PT ,BK ,QG[BZ YNI ,\"RZFGP KPK
\JNYGP FC[ TP[ \JNY GB OKYKEX FGR ZVSC ZBG\PF OKZ\S \NKDP N[ EKF C\M QGDM
\NKDP NT ,OEGYF ZGEC CNSZC \GEKSI N[ JNGCF FDKFRP ,ZERC YIXK KGN 'Z N[ FIK[
.FN QKHBFN K\KMH BN LB ,GH \JNY N[ FPGKY NT TEGK KRB .OKZ\S
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ZCE \KZIB
\B [KIPPF ,EIBM OKJZV FCGZPG K\KXP\ ZGKX BKF OKZ\S \NKDP .FGGFC OEBF
OKMZTF \MSP KETK \B Z\GK ZGZC QVGBC \GBZN \TKKSP GHG ,BGCN EK\TF \RGP\
EPGT IK[PF[ QYG\PF KEK\TF ONGTN FXXF \Z[VBPF ,FNKDPF .\KCNSZCF
.FPDPG QGGKM GN \R\GR[ BKFG QPIR 'Z ZXK[ KRIGZF ONGTC USGR LCER BKF ,GHMZPC
FNB NM ,OKKI \GIZGBG YKEXF N[ FDFRFF NEGP ,\GIK[G \GK[TP ,\G[ZEG \GZG\
\SIKK\PF FKK[TM YZ BN O\GB OKBGZ Z[BM \VSGR \GZKFCG \GTP[P OKNCYP
QGKHKIC FCIZFC ZBG\PF ETK ,OKGSP ETK \BZYN \VBG[F \MZTPM BNB FGGFN
.OKZ\S \NKDPC GRKRKTN FNDRF CNSZCP QPIR 'Z N[ KEGSF KIK[PF
N[ \KEGIKKF G\KKGGFCG G\TEG\C OD KGJKC KEKN FBC FGGFN KIK[PF QKKRTF \YKH
F\T ZCM Z[VBPF IK[P \RKIC YKEXM G\GPCG GKKIC GKEKSIN [PK[[ ,QPIR 'Z
'ZP FZCTGF \KIK[PF \GIKN[F \TEG\ .BGCN EK\TN ZPG[PF KIK[PF QKKFP OGTJN
FIKZVF[ FBZR .FHF OGKF OXT ET CNSZC \GEKSIC \PTVP BKFG ,GKEKSI NB QPIR
KIK[PF CKMZPF \B FPKXTF OKRGZIBF OKZG[TC CNSZC \GEKSI N[ QVGEF \BXGK
.GK\GEGSG G\GFP KGNKDCG ONGTC QPIR 'Z \ZG\ \XVFC LGZMM SV\R[ CNSZC \GEKSIC
\KGGNRF FNGEDF \G[EI\FF \[GI\G QPIR 'Z N[ KRIGZF GPNGTC CIZRF YGSKTF
OKNDTPC OKND OKMP OF BNB ,ECNC \GEKSIF KZYGIG CNSZC KEKSI \NIR ORKB GKNB
QPIR 'Z \BH NMCG CNSZC KEKSI OT OKRPR ORKB[ O\GB CZYC UB OKCIZ\PG OKMNGFF
QGHIC EGPKNFG QGKTF UB[ ,BGVB FBZR .OPNGTC OGYP BNPPG QKKRT OFC ZZGTP
,OKVGSKMG OKTGDTD ,FNKV\G FPMI ,FZG\ ZGH[F QGHI ,OKZ\S \NKDP FRGMPF KIK[PF
FZFPC NBGD BGC ET OXT\KG L[PKK ,ONGT KBC NMN FNPIG FGGIB ,FZK[ ,FRKDR
.QPB GRKPKC