icelandic glaciers

Icelandic Glaciers Dr. Andrew Russell
University of Newcastle Upon Tyne
Expedition Briefing
2009
© Eric Lundquist
Every thing you need to know before you go
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Dear Earthwatch Volunteer,
Thank you for taking an interest in the exciting Icelandic Glaciers expedition. You'll see from this Expedition
Briefing that we are using a multifaceted approach to find out about glacier outburst floods (jökulhlaups), glacier
surges and sediment transfer from glaciers in Iceland.
Our project considers the evolution of the world’s largest glacial outwash plain, Skeiðarársandur, South East
Iceland (Teams I & II) and outwash plains of Sólheimasandur and Mýrdalssandur (Team III). These large
meltwater systems drain the southern margins of the Vatnajökull and Mýrdalsjökull ice caps, and are subject to
large jökulhlaups (glacial outburst floods). On Skeiðarársandur, five large jökulhlaups occur per century, the last
one being in 1996. Since 1996 there have been a number of smaller jökulhlaups, notably in October 2004,
associated with a subglacial volcanic eruption. For example, in 2008 Earthwatch volunteers witnessed a
jökulhlaup from the drainage of Grænalón ice-dammed lake. Team III will collect base-line topographic and
sedimentological data to allow accurate computer modeling of a volcanically-triggered jökulhlaup in 1999 in the
Jökulsá á Sólheimasandi River.
Although we’ll mainly be working in the landscape in front of the glacier, we hope to be able to give you the
opportunity of experiencing Icelandic glaciers first hand. During the teams we’ll be collecting data using
equipment ranging from simple tape measures to more sophisticated surveying equipment. On team I we’ll be
using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) to investigate subsurface structures. On team I we’ll use an inflatable boat
to navigate large lakes in front of Skeiðarárjökull which have developed as a result of spectacular glacier margin
recession over the last decade.
Our work will improve understanding of the evolution of the Icelandic landscape and will contribute to
knowledge of rates of erosional and depositional landscape development. Our findings will also help scientists
understand the landforms and deposits in front of other glaciers and landforms in formerly glaciated areas such
as North America, Northwest Europe and the United Kingdom.
Earthwatch volunteers are crucial to the success of this project, which requires intensive and extensive field data
collection. As a volunteer on the project you will be fully integrated into the Iceland research program, giving you
an insight into processes operating in one of the World’s most spectacular and dynamic environments. Variable
weather conditions and transportation logistics in Iceland require a flexible approach to achieve our research aims
and to maximize the research opportunities generated by sudden events such as jökulhlaups.
Teams I and II are based at Hvoll which commands excellent views of Iceland’s highest mountain, Öræfajökull,
across the vast plains of Skeiðarársandur. Team III is based in the picturesque town of Vík, which has spectacular
coastal scenery, including puffin-clad cliffs!
On behalf of all the PIs and staff I all look forward to seeing you in the field.
~ Andy Russell, Principal Investigator
http://www.ncl.ac.uk/gps/staff/profile/andy.russell
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Icelandic Glaciers
Table of Contents
GENERAL INFORMATION...................................................................................................................................................1
VOLUNTEER FORMS OVERVIEW .....................................................................................................................................2
THE EXPEDITION...................................................................................................................................................................4
1. PROJECT OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................................................4
2. RESEARCH AREA.................................................................................................................................................................6
3. PROJECT STAFF ...................................................................................................................................................................9
DAILY LIFE IN THE FIELD ................................................................................................................................................12
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
VOLUNTEER TRAINING AND ASSIGNMENTS ......................................................................................................................12
TEAM ITINERARY ..............................................................................................................................................................14
DAILY SCHEDULE AND TASKS...........................................................................................................................................14
ACCOMMODATIONS ..........................................................................................................................................................15
FOOD .................................................................................................................................................................................16
TRAVEL PLANNING ............................................................................................................................................................17
9. BEFORE YOU LEAVE ........................................................................................................................................................17
10. PROJECT CONDITIONS .....................................................................................................................................................20
11. HEALTH INFORMATION ...................................................................................................................................................24
12. PACKING CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................................................................................25
13. RECOMMENDED READING ...............................................................................................................................................26
14. EMERGENCIES IN THE FIELD ............................................................................................................................................27
15. COMMUNICATIONS ..........................................................................................................................................................27
16. HELPFUL RESOURCES......................................................................................................................................................29
APPENDIX...............................................................................................................................................................................31
EXPEDITION PACKING CHECKLIST
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GENERAL INFORMATION
PROJECT TITLE:
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S):
RESEARCH SITE:
Icelandic Glaciers
Dr. Andrew J. Russell
Reader in Physical Geography,
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne Upon
Tyne, UK
Team I: Vatnajökull, Southeast Iceland
Team II: Vatnajökull, Southeast Iceland
Team III: Mýrdalsjökull, Southern Iceland
EXPEDITION LENGTH:
8 days
TEAM SIZE MINIMUM/MAXIMUM:
8/12 volunteers
MINIMUM AGE OF PARTICIPATION:
18 years of age *
* Note: It may be possible for 16- and 17-year-olds to participate on standard teams if accompanied by a parent or
guardian. Contact Earthwatch for more information and see the Before You Leave section for traveling advice for
minors.
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VOLUNTEER FORMS OVERVIEW
All Earthwatch expedition participants are required to read and complete a number of volunteer forms. Some of
these forms are used to ensure your safety in the field, to inform Earthwatch and project staff of your current
health and fitness as they pertain to your expedition, to notify Earthwatch and project staff of your travel plans,
etc. These forms must be filled out and returned to Earthwatch AFTER you sign up for an expedition. Other
forms are for your reference and will inform you of certain Earthwatch policies and resources. You do not need to
return these forms. See the letter at the front of this Briefing to learn how to get the forms you need to return;
volunteer forms vary by Earthwatch office.
Some details below apply ONLY to volunteers signing up through the US Earthwatch office.
Volunteer forms are available at http://www.earthwatch.org/volforms. Instructions for completing your forms
are included on this web page. However, you may not need to complete all of the forms listed online. Please see
below for a list of the specific forms required for this expedition.
Note: It is very important that you read and understand both your Expedition Briefing and the volunteer forms
listed below.
Volunteers Forms to be Returned to Earthwatch
Please complete and return the following forms to Earthwatch:
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A: Personal Profile
B: Health Form
C: Travel Details Form
D: Liability Release
How to return your forms: Forms B and D require written signatures and must therefore be printed out and
signed. All other forms may be filled out electronically. You may return your forms to your Earthwatch by mail,
fax (+1 978-461-2332 for US volunteers), or email (forms requiring signatures may be scanned and emailed). If you
mail hard copies of your forms to Earthwatch, please do not staple them together and be sure to keep a copy of
each form for your records. Please see the welcome letter at the start of this briefing for contact information for
all Earthwatch offices.
Deadline for form submission: Your volunteer forms must be completed and returned to Earthwatch no later
than 60 days prior to your expedition.
If you sign up within 60 days of your expedition: If signing up to participate within 60 days of an expedition’s
start date, please complete each form to the best of your ability and send them to Earthwatch immediately. Please
note the date of your doctor’s appointment on Form B: Health Form. You will need to resend Form B: Health
Form after having it completed and signed by your doctor.
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Other Forms for Your Reference
The forms listed below are for your reference only and do not need to be returned to Earthwatch. However, it is
very important that you read and understand these forms, which are included in the Appendix of your printed
Expedition Briefing.

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Earthwatch Policies and Participants’ Rights and Responsibilities
Financial Terms and Conditions
The additional forms below are also for your reference and benefit and are available online at
http://www.earthwatch.org/volforms.


Tax Deduction (Earthwatch expeditions, with the exception of Family Teams, are tax-deductible for US
residents only)
Medical and Evacuation Insurance FAQs and Upgraded Coverage Application (these forms include
important information on both the insurance included in your expedition contribution and upgraded
coverage available to Earthwatch participants) *
* In addition to the medical and emergency evacuation insurance included in your expedition contribution,
Earthwatch also recommends that participants purchase travel insurance. Optional travel insurance is available
through CSA Travel Protection. See http://www.csatravelprotection.com/?aff=83534816 and
http://www.earthwatch.org/insurance for more information.
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THE EXPEDITION
1. PROJECT OVERVIEW
Terminology
Below are some glaciological and Icelandic words that may be encountered during your time in Iceland and while
reading through this briefing:
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Glacier:
Moving body of ice
Terminus:
The end of the glacier
Piedmont lobe:
The broad lobe-shaped glacier terminus caused by spreading
Foreland:
The terrain that lies beyond the front of the glacier
Ice-contact lake:
A lake in contact with the glacier, often at the terminus
Surge:
A sudden period of accelerated glacier motion usually associated with a rapid advance
of the glacier terminus
Supercooled water: Water generated by pressure melting at temperatures below freezing
Frazil ice:
Ice crystals formed from supercooled water
Till:
Unsorted, unstratified bouldery sediment deposited at the base of a glacier
Diamicton:
Till-like material formed by ice and associated meltwater deposits
Esker:
Deposit of river which flowed under or through a glacier
Drumlin:
An elongate hill streamlined by overriding glacier ice
Jökull:
Icelandic word for glacier
Sandur:
Iceland word for flat sandy area or river outwash plain, commonly in front of a glacier
(plural: sandar)
Jökulhlaup:
Icelandic word for glacial outburst flood
Skeiðarárjökull:
Skeiðará glacier
Skeiðarársandur: Skeiðará outwash plain
The Project
This project considers the geomorphological and sedimentary evolution of the Skeiðarársandur and Jökulsá á
Sólheimasandi outwash systems, which drain the southern margins of Vatnajökull and Mýrdalsjökull ice cap,
(Figures 1-3). We examine the interactions between glaciers, their meltwater systems and sediment transport
pathways at glacier margins and within proglacial area. The role of glacier fluctuations and meltwater discharges
of varying magnitudes and frequencies are considered for proglacial areas of Vatnajökull and Mýrdalsjökull. On
the southern flanks of Vatnajökull and Mýrdalsjökull, large outlet glaciers such as Skeiðarárjökull and
Sólheimajökull descend to sea-level where they are subject to a cool temperate climatic regime (Figures 1 - 3).
Meltwater drains a distance of 30 km across Skeiðarársandur, the world’s largest active proglacial outwash plain
and then directly into the ocean (Figure 2). The Jökulsá á Sólheimasandi has a course of only 8 km from the snout
of Sólheimajökull to the sea and has a much higher gradient than the rivers on Skeiðarársandur. This project
provides an exciting opportunity to compare processes and their associated forms within two of Iceland’s major
proglacial river systems and associated sandar or outwash plains.
Glaciers and their associated meltwater systems constitute a major component of the global climate system and
are constantly adjusting to changes in snow input and ice melt/calving rate. Virtually all climate change scenarios
have major implications for glacier mass balance. Glacier recession and increased rates of meltwater generation
can provide new locations for meltwater storage and influence the dynamics of glacier motion respectively.
Jökulhlaup magnitude, frequency and routing are likely to change as glaciers continue their retreat. Our project
examines the impacts of climate-driven glacier recession on a large-scale meltwater system and its associated
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proglacial ‘sandur’ environment. At Skeiðarárjökull we will examine the down-sandur implications of a rapid
transition from a terrestrial ‘coupled’ glacier margin to a subaqueous glacier ‘decoupled’ margin dominated by
proglacial lakes. Changes in sandur geomorphology have major implications for local ecosystems and
biodiversity. At Sólheimajökull we will examine recent river channel response to the July 1999 jökulhlaup as well
as post flood incision by ‘normal’ melt controlled flows and lower magnitude floods driven by glacier margin
recession. Present day glacial and fluvial processes in Iceland are thought to be a good analogue for processes
that operated during lower latitude Quaternary glaciations.
Iceland
The island country of Iceland straddles the mid-Atlantic ridge and was created as a result of volcanic activity. It is
home to Vatnajökull, the largest ice cap in Europe with an area of 8,400 square kilometers. This ice cap feeds
numerous large outlet glaciers that are known to have surged and experienced jökulhlaups. Skeiðarárjökull is
perhaps the best known of these glaciers (Figure 2). High precipitation, frequent subglacial eruptions and
enhanced geothermal heat flux make Iceland a prime location for glacier outburst floods.
The presence of large, comparatively warm glaciers in Iceland combined with volcanic sediment subject to
erosion generates enormous sediment input into the North Atlantic. High sediment fluxes during glacier
jökulhlaups have built vast outwash plains which formed Iceland’s southern coast.
Overall, this project will improve understanding of the evolution of Iceland’s landscape and will contribute to
knowledge of rates of erosion and deposition within this highly dynamic environment. The findings will also
help scientists understand the landforms and deposits in front of other glaciers and also proglacial landforms in
formerly glaciated areas such as North America, Northwest Europe and the United Kingdom. The project’s
results may have their most direct application in relation to the assessment of specific impacts of future
jökulhlaups from subglacial volcanic eruptions or the drainage of a number of ice-marginal and subglacial lakes
in Iceland.
Note: See Icelandic Glaciers: The Research in the Appendix of this Expedition Briefing for information on the
research objectives, methods, and results of this project’s work in Iceland.
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2. RESEARCH AREA
Physical Environment
Figure 1 Map of Iceland showing the team locations within Iceland: Hvoll and Vík and the field sites at Sólheimajökull and
Skeiðarárjökull.
Teams I & II: Vatnajökull, Southeast Iceland
The field area is located on the margin of Skeiðarárjökull, one of the largest outlet glaciers of the Vatnajökull ice
cap (Figures 1 and 2). Skeiðarárjökull descends from high basalt uplands as a broad lobe, 25 kilometers wide
where it ends. Beyond the glacier lies its outwash plain, Skeiðarársandur, which extends 20 kilometers from the
glacier’s end to the coast (Figure 2).
On Skeiðarársandur, five large jökulhlaups occur per century, the last one being in 1996 (Figure 2). Since 1996
there have been a numerous smaller jökulhlaups, notably in October 2004, associated with a subglacial volcanic
eruption and most recently jökulhlaups resulting from the drainage of Grænalón ice-dammed lake. A volcanic
eruption beneath the Vatnajökull ice cap in October 1996 resulted in the spectacular release of 3.8 cubic kilometers
of meltwater across Skeiðarársandur in early November 1996. This event provided the first opportunity to
witness the immediate impact of a high-magnitude jökulhlaup in Iceland. Earthwatch volunteers are crucial to
the success of this project, which requires intensive field data collection. Volunteers will be fully integrated into
the research and will work on a variety of tasks. Teams I & II will focus on specific locations along the margins of
Skeiðarárjökull and neighboring glaciers.
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The area around Skaftafell is a remarkable oasis of greenery surrounded by the flat, grey Skeiðarársandur and the
tongues of Skeiðarárjökull, Skaftafellsjökull, and Svînafellsjökull. The area’s great natural beauty makes it one of
the most popular and well-visited regions of Iceland. The Skaftafell area receives over 25,000 visitors during the
summer months and as many pass through on trips around the island.
Three large glacial rivers have Skeiðarárjökull as their source: the Súla/Núpsvötn, the Gígjukvísl and the Skeiðará
(Figure 2a). Running alongside the western flank is the Núpsa. Ice-dammed lakes are a prominent feature of
Skeiðarárjökull which impounds Grænalón Europe’s largest ice-dammed lake (Figure 2a).
Figure 2 Location of Skeiðarárjökull and Skeiðarársandur within Iceland and in relation to Vatnajökull ice cap. (a) The 1996
eruption site (Gjálp) and the jökulhlaup source (subglacial lake Grímsvötn) are indicated. The 1996 jökulhlaup drained
subglacially over a distance of 50 km before exiting the snout of Skeiðarárjökull. (b) The 1996 jökulhlaup drained the glacier
snout via multiple sub- and englacial outlets, inundating large tracts of the glacier surface and proglacial area. (c) Aerial
photograph of waning stage jökulhlaup flows within the Gígjukvísl channel system at 12:00 on November 6th 1996. The preflood glacier margin is indicated by the dotted white line.
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Team III: Mýrdalsjökull, Southeast Iceland
Based in Vík, Team III is in close proximity to the Katla volcanic system which lies under the centre of
Mýrdalsjökull ice cap. Katla subglacial eruptions swiftly melt large volumes of ice producing some of the largest
floods in Iceland. Katlahlaups have mainly directed flow through Kötlujökull onto Mýrdalssandur, but floods
have been known to exit Sólheimajökull to the south-west. Sólheimajökull is thought to have experienced at least
8 major jökulhlaups from Katla subglacial volcano between 4500 BP and 1357 AD. The floodwaters were then
routed through Kötlujökull, a glacier to the east of Katla, accounting for the repeated inundation of the vast
Mýrdalssandur outwash plain. Volcanogenic jökulhlaups are believed to play an important role in the supply
and transport of sediment to southern Iceland shelf and transporting sediment via turbidity currents into the
Iceland The last Katla eruption in 1918, released a huge jökulhlaup on Mýrdalssandur with an estimated peak
discharge of between 4 x 105 and 1.6 x 106 cubic metres per second, at least ten times larger than the November
1996 jökulhlaup at Skeiðarárjökull. In the early hours of July 18th, 1999, a small subglacial volcanic eruption
generated a jökulhlaup with a peak discharge of about 4500m³s-1 burst from the snout of Sólheimajökull,
demolishing power lines, splashing over a bridge on Iceland’s main road and transporting ice blocks 8 km to the
sea.
Figure 2 Location of Vík in relation to Sólheimajökull, Mýrdalsjökull ice cap and Katla subglacial volcano.
Cultural, Social, and Political Environment
Iceland has one of the highest standards of living globally. Like most European nations, Iceland is tolerant of a
wide range of cultures and religions. Please refer to a standard tourist guide for more details about Iceland and its
people. Recommendations for guidebooks can be found in the Helpful Resources section.
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3. PROJECT STAFF
Principal Investigator(s)
Dr. Andy Russell (PI on team I) is currently a Reader in Physical Geography within the School of Geography,
Politics and Sociology at the Newcastle University, UK. He has 19 years of experience in university lecturing and
his research has so far embraced aspects of fluvial geomorphology, glaciology, sedimentology, hydrology and
planetary geomorphology. Andy’s research has focused on the impact of contemporary and ancient glacier
outburst floods (jökulhlaups) within Arctic and sub-Arctic glacifluvial systems in Greenland, Norway, and most
recently in Iceland. He has over 20 years of research and expedition experience, including work in Iceland,
Greenland, Norway, Ecuador, Tunisia, and the UK. This includes 9 research expeditions to Greenland, 28
research visits to Iceland (1996-2008) and a research visit to Alaska (2004). For his Ph.D., Andy examined the
impact of the sudden drainage of ice-dammed lakes in Greenland. He has been awarded grants for research by
the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Royal Society, Nuffield Foundation, the British
Geomorphological Research Group and the Carnegie Trust. Andy has led undergraduate overseas field courses to
Iceland, the Alps, Spain and Tunisia and has been lead Principal Investigator on this Earthwatch glaciers project
since its start in 1998. He has supervised 12 Ph.D. students on a range of meltwater related themes.
Dr. Matthew J. Burke (PI on teams I & II) is currently a Lecturer in Physical Geography at Northumbria
University and has participated in more than six field seasons in Iceland, Alaska and Norway. He has a broad
background in physical geography with specialist process led interests in geophysics and cold regions. His main
research interest focuses around past and present glacial environments, geomorphology and sedimentology, and
in particular the application of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to glaciological and glaciofluvial processes.
Meltwater is an important part of the glacier system controlling the flow dynamics of ice sheets. Recent
investigations suggest anthropogenic climate change has resulted in increased glacier melt. Clues into meltwater
processes associated with former ice sheets can be found by detailed interpretation of glacial landforms and
deposits. Often, however, models of glacial landform development are based upon morpho-sedimentary analysis
of landforms generated during previous glaciations, which by their nature lack rigorous constraints on
depositional timescale. Matthew's research aims to fill this gap through investigation of contemporary analogues
for meltwater landform genesis, particularly during high-magnitude outburst floods (jökulhlaups). This research
may improve future ice sheet reconstructions that can help predict the response of contemporary ice masses to
climate change.
Dr. Jonathan L. Carrivick (PI on team III) He is a lecturer on physical geography at the University of Leeds. He
has considerable research experience, primarily based on fieldwork in Iceland, Greenland, Arctic Sweden and
Norway, and New Zealand. Jonathan has particular expertise in determining regional ice-marginal activity
during the Holocene, primarily from analyzing geomorphology and sedimentology. He has successfully
developed this practice to include cutting-edge data capture, processing and presentation, specifically through
the derivation of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) from remotely sensed images, and incorporating these into
Global Information System (GIS)-based models. These models have addressed landscape evolution and have
been used as input to hydrodynamic models. He has also published papers on improving reconstructions of
glacier limits and volumes by using DEMs and GIS, and on glacier energy balance modeling. He has worked
extensively as a land surveyor, specializing in high-resolution DGPS data acquisition with geophysical companies
in the UK and abroad. Jonathan frequently publishes popular science articles and his research receives
considerable media interest. Additionally, he regularly gives public presentations of a popular science nature, for
example to Rotary Clubs and local Geology Society meetings. For five seasons he has worked extensively with
members of the public from across the world on Earthwatch expeditions, guiding and teaching research skills.
His presentations at international conferences have won several awards. Outside of work, Jonathan has
mountaineered in the Swiss, French and Italian Alps and has skied in Andorra, Austria and Canada. He holds a
current First Aid certificate and has completed an off-road Land rover driving course.
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Dr. Andrew R.G. Large (PI on team I) is currently Senior Lecturer in Physical Geography at the School of
Geography, Politics and Sociology at Newcastle University. His expertise lies in fluvial geomorphology, 3-D
visualization of river landscapes, and river and floodplain management. Among others, he has been awarded
grants for research by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), the Environment Agency, and Scottish
Natural Heritage. Andy has been a PI on Earthwatch-sponsored fieldwork in southern Iceland in 2005, 2006, 2007
and 2008 where his work focused on mapping glacial outwash river channels to provide a baseline to determine
jökulhlaup impact. Andy has led regular overseas field courses to the Swiss Alps and western Ireland, and has
carried out research and lectured in South Africa, where he investigated the hydraulic and geomorphological
consequences of extreme floods in semi-arid river systems. One of his current projects, funded by NERC, focuses
on the system dynamics of gravel-bed rivers in northern England. Another recent project carried out for the UK
Environment Agency investigated the potential impacts of climate change on river typologies, made
recommendations on the most effective monitoring and characterization strategies for capturing climate change
impacts. He is an editor of a forthcoming book Laser Scanning for the Environmental Sciences (Wiley-Blackwell,
April 2009), and a recent academic paper with Professor Malcolm Newson (also of Newcastle University), on
hydromorphology, ‘natural’ rivers and river restoration, was identified by Wiley, the publishers of the
international journal Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, as one of their ‘hot topic’ papers for 2007. Since the
last Icelandic field season Andy has been examining the effects of large floods in September 2008 on gravel-bed
rivers in northeast England (research funded by NERC Urgency grant with Andy Russell as Co-PI). Other latent
research interests relate to his D.Phil. work on wetland environments in northwestern Ireland, but in Iceland his
current focus is on monitoring the dynamics of rivers exiting ice front margins, and the response of these systems
to outburst floods or jökulhlaups.
Dr. Mandy Munro-Stasiuk (PI on team I) is currently an Associate Professor of Geography at Kent State
University, Ohio, USA. She has nine years of experience in teaching physical geography and geology classes and
her research is on glacial meltwater and the landforms that it creates. She is specifically interested in finding
better methods to map landforms and sediments through satellite imagery, digital elevation models and ground
penetrating radar. She has 16 years of fieldwork and expedition experience in Newfoundland and Alberta in
Canada, Washington State, Ohio, and Pennsylvania in the USA, and in Iceland, Norway and Scotland. Mandy has
been awarded grants from the National Science Foundation, NASA, the United States Geological Survey, the
Geological Society of America, the Environmental Protection Agency and the Ohio Board of Regents for her
research and outreach. She is currently PI for the Northeast Ohio Geoscience Education Outreach (NEOGEO)
program funded by the National Science Foundation. This program is funding the Kent State group in Iceland
and a large component of the research done will be shared with high school and middle school students in NE
Ohio which once had a large glacial lobe sitting over it during the last glaciation.
Prof. Fiona S. Tweed (PI on team II) is currently Professor of Physical Geography in the Department of
Geography at Staffordshire University. Fiona’s research focuses on the formation, evolution and drainage of icedammed lakes and the impact of associated glacial outburst floods; glacial sediment entrainment and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Much of this work has involved field research in Iceland and the Scottish
Highlands. Fiona is also involved in research on natural hazards, risk and vulnerability. At the start of her career,
Fiona lectured in Zimbabwe and assisted with research on semi-arid processes in Arizona. Grants for research
have been awarded by the NERC, the European Commission (FP6), The Geologists' Association and the British
Geomorphological Research Group. Fiona is on the scientific editorial board of the Icelandic geosciences journal
Jökull, editorial advisory board member of the Open Geography Journal and a registered expert reviewer for the
European Commission and the European Science Foundation. Fiona has 20 years experience of leading groups in
outdoor environments in the UK and is involved in the outdoor skills training of Mountain Leaders at
Staffordshire University. She has run over 40 fieldcourses in the UK and overseas and has led 16 research
expeditions to Iceland. Fiona was a PI on the Earthwatch Icelandic Glaciers project during the summers of 19982004 and 2007; she also assisted with a winter expedition in 2002.
10
Katherine Bazeley (Field Team Leader) has just graduated from Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne
with a B.Sc. (Hons) in Geography. While studying there as an undergraduate, Katherine undertook fieldwork on
Skeiðarárjökull, Iceland, in March 2008, as part of a physical geography field course module. This fieldwork
involved geomorphological mapping and sediment section logging allowing the reconstruction of processes
operating in a recently deglaciated portion of the Skeiðarársandur forefield. Katherine also undertook fieldwork
on the Russell Glacier, west Greenland in the summer of 2008, in order to conduct her dissertation research. This
fieldwork assessed the causes of variations in discharge of two glacial meltwater streams draining the margin of
the Russell Glacier, for a month during the 2008 melt season. Katherine is about to undertake an M.Phil at
Newcastle University which will focus the impacts of jökulhlaups in the Djúpá & Hverfisfljót systems which
drain from Siðujökull, Iceland. Her specific interests in this project are jökulhlaup cycles, jökulhlaup hazards and
reconstructing palaeo jökulhlaup discharges.
Rupert Bainbridge (Field team leader) has recently graduated from Newcastle University with a Geography B.Sc
(Honours) degree. In spring 2008 he undertook fieldwork at Skeiðarárjökull south east Iceland as part of an
undergraduate physical geography fieldwork module. The fieldwork investigated proglacial landform genesis at
Skeiðarárjökull. During the summer of 2008, as an undergraduate, he undertook a month’s research on the
Russell Glacier, west Greenland as part of the Newcastle University West Greenland Expedition. The Greenland
research, which formed his undergraduate dissertation project, focused on mechanisms of ice-dammed lake
drainage at the Russell Glacier. Rupert will be embarking on his M.Phil in at Newcastle University in September
2009, in order to pursue his interest in ice-dammed lake formation, drainage and outburst flood impacts. His
Masters thesis will be based upon jökulhlaup impacts in the Djupá river which drains from Siðujökull, Iceland.
David Korte will start the first year of his Masters Degree in Geography at Kent State University this Fall 2009
after having graduated with honors from the same school. He is currently researching the origin of glacial
formations in northwest Pennsylvania using ground penetrating radar. His other interests include hazards and
biogeography. David is an underwater videographer whose footage has been seen on National Geographic. He
is a volunteer for the non-profit Oceanic Research Group, which produces free educational films about the oceans
and ocean environment for secondary schools as well as a children’s television show, “Jonathan Bird’s Blue
World”, which can be seen on the Public Broadcasting Service in major cities of the United States.
Profiles for Tim Harris, Andy Evans and Kate Staines will be provided as an update to this briefing.
Current Staffing Schedule (Subject to Change)
Staff Member Present
Andy Russell (PI)
Andy Large (PI)
Tim Harris (PI)
Fiona Tweed (PI)
Mandy Munro-Stasiuk
(PI)
Jonathan Carrivick (PI)
Andy Evans (PI)
Kate Staines
Rupert Bainbridge
Kate Bazeley
David Korte
Team I
(July 15 - 22)
√
√
Team II
(July 24 - 31)
Team III
(August 18 - 25)
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
11
DAILY LIFE IN THE FIELD
4. VOLUNTEER TRAINING AND ASSIGNMENTS
Training
On arrival, volunteers and project staff will meet and have a chance to get to know one another. You will be given
an introduction to the project, which will provide an opportunity for all project members to enter into further
discussion. Project staff will provide ‘on the job’ training in the data collection tasks. Where ever possible you
will spend time working on tasks within each of the project areas (e.g. sandur plain, glacier, etc.). Volunteers will
rotate tasks to ensure maximum exposure to new techniques and skills.
Although training will be provided in all techniques to be employed, you should be willing and able to learn new
tasks and work independently without close supervision. As fieldwork can involve repetitive and time
consuming tasks, you should have both mental and physical stamina.
The Principal Investigators will give each team a more detailed onsite project briefing when you arrive.
Assignments
Exact details of volunteer tasks depend upon specific field conditions and data requirements and will differ from
team to team. In general, a clear overview of the work plan will be presented that will allow you to see how your
contribution fits into the overall research. You will participate in some or all of the research tasks described
below. In addition to these tasks, all members of the expedition will share meals and chores such as dishwashing,
vehicle loading/unloading and equipment maintenance, which will foster team spirit.
Topographic Surveying

Clinometer and tape measure: A simple clinometer and 50-meter tape measures are used to take compass
bearings and measure slope angles. Data is logged on booking sheets and entered into a palmtop computer in
the field or a laptop at base camp. Ranging poles and wooden survey pegs are usually laid out prior to
detailed topographic surveys. (All teams)

Handheld Global Positioning System (GPS): Volunteers walk with handheld GPS units, saving and manually
logging waypoint data. Data is downloaded to a laptop in the evening. (All teams)

Electronic Distance Measurer (EDM): Volunteers help transport and set up surveying equipment, and then
walk with surveying prisms to locations where readings are taken. Data is entered into a computer. (All
teams)

Differential GPS System (DGPS): Volunteers assist staff in using the DGPS usually by helping to carry bulky
equipment and marking locations with spray paint and/or small cairns. (All teams)

Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS): Volunteers will assist in the portage and set-up of a terrestrial laser scanning
device which generates millions of survey points per scan. (Dependant upon equipment availability)
Surface Grain Size Characteristics
Volunteers measure the size of the 10 largest clasts (rocks) at regular intervals within a river channel or bar
surface. Three measurements are usually made: long, intermediate and short axes, or a, b and c axes respectively.
A three-meter tape is used to measure clast size.
12
Sedimentary Section Preparation

Section cleaning: Most sedimentary sections examined in proglacial areas have been cut naturally, but need
cleaning. Volunteers help clean section faces using shovels, trowels and brushes.

Pit digging: In locations where there are no natural exposures, pits need to be excavated manually.
Sedimentary Section Logging (Proglacial)

Section survey: The first task when examining a sedimentary section is to mark specific lengths along the
section. A 30- or 50-meter tape measure is used for this. A photo-mosaic is usually taken of the exposure with
both digital and standard cameras. Volunteers take photographs and also act as a scale for the photo-mosaic
while holding a ranging pole to the section.

Detailed section survey: While the staff is making sketches of the large scale structures within the section,
volunteers are usually involved in detailed surveying of the section top and foot.

Sediment sampling: Spray paint is often used by staff to mark locations where sediment samples need to be
taken. Using trowels, volunteers remove sediment for double or triple bagging and labeling.

Note taking and data logging: Staff must occasionally access parts of a section using ladders. Volunteers help in
writing down notes dictated by the staff member.

Clast size and shape analysis: For very coarse-grained clasts of cobble size and above it is not usually feasible to
obtain bulk samples for grain size analysis. In this case the grain size and shape of the clasts have to be
measured using a three-meter tape measure and logged on a datasheet.

Fabric of clasts and strata: The “fabric” or orientation of clasts can help with the identification of a palaeoflow
direction, identification or elucidation of a geomorphological process, and explanation of the mass behavior
of a sedimentary body. In the field volunteers are given training in the collection of clast orientation data
using a compass-clinometer.
Sediment Sieving
Occasionally, if one part of the project requires a good deal of grain size analysis, volunteers dry, sieve and weigh
sediment samples. Fine-grained sediments from each sample are returned to the UK for analysis.
Sedimentary Section Logging (Supraglacial)
Most of the techniques above apply to the description of sedimentary exposures on the glacier. A few additional
tasks are described for the supraglacial environment:

Sediment bodies are identified and their positions recorded. Faces are excavated and cleaned using ice axes,
trowels and water. Sediments (and in some cases bounding ice) are sampled for analysis and sediment
sections logged.

Analysis of sediment, water and ice samples associated with sediment exposures is carried out. Bulk ice
samples are returned to base camp, where they are allowed to thaw in sealed containers before being
transferred to airtight plastic bottles. These samples are then tested for their co-isotopic composition and
tritium, which helps to determine the provenance of the water. Some ice and water samples are also tested for
electrical conductivity.
Subsurface sedimentary architecture (Team I)

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) surveys: GPR is a high-resolution tool based on electrical waves that provides
information on the geometry of sub-surface sedimentary structures without the need for sedimentary
sections. Surveys both parallel with and transverse to the flow are carried out at a number of key locations.
The GPR work involves various volunteer tasks such as measuring out survey grids, detailed topographic
surveying, holding optical fiber cables above the ground and assisting with portage and assembly of the GPR.
GPR work is subject to equipment availability and not all teams participate.
13
Hydrological Measurements (Teams I & II)

Equipment deployment: Volunteers are essential in assisting in the transport of large amounts of relatively
bulky equipment onto the glacier surface. This may include duct-taping cables to ranging poles and helping
staff deploy various equipment items.

Water temperature measurements: Temperature probes are used to record water temperatures in turbid artesian
subglacial vents suspected of discharging supercooled meltwater. The temperature probes are armed using a
laptop computer.

Water sampling: Samples are obtained for suspended sediment concentration. Handheld samples are obtained
where possible. Turbidity (cloudiness) is measured with an infrared sensor and logged automatically on a
data logger. Electrical conductivity (EC) is measured and logged automatically using a probe attached to a
data logger. EC measurements are also taken from handheld water samples at regular intervals using a
handheld EC meter.
5. TEAM ITINERARY
The team itinerary and daily schedule are subject to change due to logistics, weather conditions, etc., and will
vary from team to team. The following schedule should be viewed as tentative.
Day 1:
Days 2-7:
Day 8:
Rendezvous and introduction (risk assessment, overview of techniques and data collection)
Data collection
Final data processing, debriefing, pack-up and departure
Volunteers should consult a travel guidebook for information on local attractions. See the ‘Helpful Resources’
Section for suggested guidebooks.
6. DAILY SCHEDULE AND TASKS
Schedules will vary considerably between and possibly within teams depending upon, data collection strategy
and logistics. It is possible that some sampling may need to be done outside the normal daily schedule. The
arrangements for this will be discussed with all those involved. Although there are no scheduled recreational
days, volunteers may be able to take short walks in the evening, though they will be advised not to do this alone.
Below is an example of a typical research day.
7:00 am:
7:30 am:
8:00-8:30 am:
1.00 pm:
1.30 pm:
5.00-5.30 pm:
6:00 pm:
7:00 pm:
Rise
Eat breakfast and prepare equipment and lunch
Depart for the field and begin work
Lunch
Resume fieldwork
Complete fieldwork
Return to accommodations
Evening meal allowing informal debriefing discussion of day’s activities
14
Earthwatch Recreational Time Policy
Earthwatch has a duty of care to our participants from the rendezvous to the end of the expedition. In order to
ensure you are as safe during your recreational time as you are during research time, we have put a number of
measures in place.
 If there is a recreational day during the expedition, the project staff will offer either a planned team activity or
a small choice of recreational activities that have been vetted and comply with Earthwatch standards. You will
also have the option of remaining at the project accommodations to rest. All participants are strongly
encouraged to take part in the group activity, but if you are determined to pursue other options you will be
asked to sign a release before doing so, stating that Earthwatch is not responsible for your welfare.
 When there is a period of free time scheduled into a regular research day, the staff will ask you to sign out of
the project (using a means which may vary by project and project location) if planning to leave the group. This
will include your destination and estimated time of return. If participants do not show up to the next activity
the project staff will then know where to begin a search.
 In the evenings when you can go out at night, you will again be asked to sign out of the project as above. The
project staff will give you 24-hour contact information for them should assistance be needed. The sign-out is
informational only and will not be used to enforce a curfew. Please be aware that project staff would not start
a search until the following morning or the next scheduled activity unless contacted for help sooner.
7. ACCOMMODATIONS
Teams I & II
We will be staying at Hvoll Youth Hostel which is located 270km from Reykjavík, 25 east of
Kirkjubærklaustur and 45 km west of Skaftafell (Figure 1). We will be staying in a house which is part of the
youth hostel but allows us to be self contained for sleeping accommodation cooking and evening recreational
activity. Hvoll is approximately 40 minutes drive from our field sites at Skeiðarárjökull.
Each volunteer will share a single sex bunk room with up to 5 others. You should bring your own sleeping
bag. A shower and flush toilet are available within the house and additional shower and toilet facilities are
available in the main youth hostel building. Laundry facilities are available in the main youth hostel.
Icelandic sockets should accept standard western European two pin plugs. There will be no internet access
available on this team. http://www.hihostels.com/dba/hostels-Hvoll-026013.en.htm
Team III
We will be staying at Vík Youth Hostel which is located 140 km from Reykjavík (Figure 1). Vík is
approximately 30 minutes drive from our field sites at Sólheimajökull.
Each volunteer will share a single sex bunk room with up to 5 others. You should bring your own sleeping
bag. Showers and flush toilet are available within the building. The hostel has free wireless internet access.
http://www.hihostels.com/dba/hostels-V%C3%ADk-026025.en.htm
15
8. FOOD
Volunteers and staff will prepare meals and rotate cooking and clean up in groups, and the entire team will eat
together. As we are staying in Youth Hostels we will have to share our kitchen and dining areas with other hostel
guests. Meals will consist of a mixture of tinned and fresh food bought at Icelandic supermarkets. Food will be
prepared indoors on electric cookers within the huts or outdoors on gas burners or a barbecue. It will be possible
to accommodate vegetarians, but the menu selection will be limited. If you have other special dietary
requirements, please check with Earthwatch to ensure that the project is able to accommodate you. In Vík during
Team III volunteers will have additional access to village facilities including shops and restaurants at their own
expense.
Below are examples of the foods you might expect in the field. Please bear in mind that variety depends on
availability. This list is intended to provide a general idea of food types, but it is very important that volunteers
be flexible.
Breakfast:
Lunch:
Dinner:
Snacks:
Beverages:
Water:
Muesli, cereal
Sandwiches with various fillings (e.g. peanut butter, cheese, tinned fish), fresh fruit, chocolate
bars, trail mix
Fresh lamb, minced beef, hot dogs, sausages, pasta, rice, noodles or potatoes with various sauces
made from fresh and tinned ingredients (e.g. onions, garlic, tomatoes, sweet corn, carrots, chick
peas, peas, fish, ham, water chestnuts, cheese, bamboo shoots, bean sprouts, herbs and spices),
desserts (e.g. tinned fruit, yoghurt, biscuits)
Biscuits, bread, dried fruit, trail mix
Tea, coffee, cocoa, water, orange juice
Tap water is safe to drink in Iceland.
Special Dietary Requirements
Please alert Earthwatch to any special dietary requirements as soon as possible (e.g. diabetic, lactose intolerant,
etc.). Accommodating special diets is not guaranteed and can be very difficult due to availability, location and
local conditions.
Special note to vegans and strict vegetarians: Please be aware that it is often difficult to accommodate strict
vegetarians and vegans. It may be possible to get meatless meals but vegans and strict vegetarians may have a
problem avoiding animal products altogether. If this poses a problem, then participation on this Earthwatch
expedition should be seriously reconsidered.
16
TRAVEL PLANNING
9. BEFORE YOU LEAVE
Note: Earthwatch Institute’s international emergency medical and evacuation assistance provider, International
SOS, has a wealth of useful information available at their website, including visa, passport, currency, medical, etc.
information for the country in which this project takes place. See www.internationalsos.com and enter
Earthwatch’s member identification number: 14ACPA000075. Under “Select Resource” choose “English Country
Guide,” and then select this project’s country from the list. For a listing of other useful websites for passport and
visa requirements, see the Helpful Resources section.
Passport Information
Most volunteers traveling from outside the host country will require a passport valid for at least six months
beyond the dates of travel.
Visa Information
Nationals of all OECD member countries, including the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and all EU
member states do not require visas for visits of up to three months. You can see a list of these countries at
www.oecd.org (click on “by country”).
Iceland is a signatory of the Schengen European border agreement and nationals of Schengen countries require
only a national identification card to enter Iceland. A list of these countries can be found at
www.eurovisa.info/SchengenCountries.htm. Scandinavians also need only provide proof of citizenship when
entering Iceland from another Nordic country.
Citizens of other countries should check with a travel or visa agency for specific visa and entry requirements. If
you do need a visa, the chart below should be useful.
Essential Information for Volunteers Requiring Visas
Type of Visa
Where to Get
a Visa
Required
Information
Contact
Information
You must get a TOURIST VISA.
Contact the nearest Icelandic embassy or consulate to find out how to apply for your visa.
Please note that this process can take weeks or more. If you have less than six weeks or wish
to save yourself trouble, we strongly recommend using a visa agency, which can both
expedite and simplify the process.
You will need to send your passport (valid for at least six months beyond your stay), a Visa
Application and Immigration Form, 2 - 4 passport-size photos plus payment to the
embassy or visa agency (if applicable). Please be sure that your passport is valid for at least
six months beyond your stay.
You may be required to list the following contact information on your Visa Application and
Immigration Form:
Teams III
Team I & II
Cost of a Visa
Dr. Jonathan L. Carrivick
Dr. Andrew J. Russell
c/o Vík Youth Hostel
c/o Hvoll Youth Hostel
Suðurvíkurvegur 5
Hvoll
870 Vík
Skaftárhreppur
Iceland.
880 Klaustur
Iceland.
Generally between US$40-100, but varies from country to country and can potentially cost
up to US$180. A visa agency will charge an additional fee (depending on the amount of
time it takes to process the application), which you can inquire about directly.
17
Reminder: If you need to apply for a visa, the purpose of your visit should be listed on the visa form as
“vacation,” “holiday” or “travel.” Foreign immigration officials do not always understand the concept of a
“working vacation” or even “volunteering.” Words such as “working”/”volunteering,” “research” or a
“scientific expedition” can raise questions concerning the country’s foreign labor laws and/or prompt questions
about official scientific research permits and credentials, etc., to which volunteers on their own will not be
equipped to respond. All required research permits for the project are in place and have been approved by the
proper authorities.
Visa Agencies
In the United States
In Europe
In Australia
PassportVisaExpress.com
1911 North Fort Myer Drive, Suite 104
Arlington, VA 22209
Tel: +1 888 596-6028, +1 703 351-0992
Fax: +1 703 351-0995
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.passportvisasexpress.com
CIBT, Inc.-UK
25 Wilton Road
Lower Ground Floor
Victoria SW1V 1LW
T: 0844 736 0211
Fax: +44 (0) 207 828 5411
Calling from Europe outside UK:
+44 (0)207 802 1000
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.uk.cibt.com (has alternate
address for urgent requests)
Ask your travel agency if they
can send your visa application on
your behalf.
Volunteers Under 18 Years of Age
Entry to Foreign Countries
In an effort to prevent international child abduction many governments have initiated procedures at entry/exit
points. It may be possible for 16- and 17-year-olds to participate in the project if accompanied by a parent or
guardian. In this case, if the minor will be traveling with only one guardian or if for any reason they will be
traveling alone, it may be necessary to have a notarized letter from all legal guardians stipulating that they may
travel unaccompanied or in the presence of a single guardian. This letter must give an explanation for why only
one parent or someone other than a parent is signing the letter. For example, if one parent is deceased, only one
parent has legal guardianship, or someone other than the parents are legal guardians, the letter should state that.
In addition, airlines may also have documentation requirements for unaccompanied minors. Parents of minors
are responsible for checking with each airline that their child will be flying to ensure that sufficient
documentation is provided. This could include a copy of a birth certificate or a notarized letter stating that the
minor has his or her parent’s permission to travel alone or with only one parent.
Note: Requirements by specific countries and airlines vary and change frequently. You MUST keep informed of
the requirements on your own to avoid problems at immigration. If a letter is not available, the volunteer under
18 can be refused entry into the country. There is nothing Earthwatch Institute can do to help in this circumstance
18
Insurance
Emergency medical and evacuation insurance (MedEvac) is automatically included in the project cost you pay to
Earthwatch. This coverage is valid in the country of your Earthwatch expedition and during international travel
to and from your expedition. If the expedition takes place in your home country, coverage begins at the official
rendezvous date and time for the expedition and ends at the official departure date and time described in this
briefing document, and is incremental to your existing health insurance.
Please note that due to different governing laws in each country, policies are specific to each regional
Earthwatch office:
For Volunteers Who Sign Up Through the Earthwatch UK/Europe Office or Earthwatch Japan
Emergency medical and evacuation (MedEvac) insurance, plus trip cancellation/curtailment insurance is
included in the contribution you pay to Earthwatch. Cover for personal property is also included. Details of this
insurance policy, including the duration for which you are covered are included in your Expedition Briefing Pack.
Please refer any queries regarding this policy to Michelle Ralph at Sutton Winson in the UK. You can email her on
[email protected] or call her on +44 (0)1444 251164.
For Volunteers Who Sign Up Through the Earthwatch US Office
Emergency medical and evacuation (MedEvac) insurance, plus trip cancellation/curtailment insurance is
included in the contribution you pay to Earthwatch. Details of this insurance policy, including the duration for
which you are covered can be found at www.earthwatch.org/insurance. Please refer any queries regarding this
policy to Michelle Ralph at Sutton Winson in the UK, [email protected]. Or, from the US, dial 011-441444-251164. Please note the time difference between the US and the UK, and call during UK business hours,
which are from 08:45 to 17:00 GMT (from November to April) and GMT +1 (from April to November). You may
also leave a message and request that she call you back.
Optional Additional Insurance for US and Canadian Volunteers
Earthwatch is offering comprehensive optional travel insurance through CSA Travel Protection as a service to our
US and Canadian volunteers. We are not able to offer this optional insurance to Earthwatch Europe volunteers
due to UK laws. While our inclusive insurance (see above) covers your emergency medical needs and trip
cancellation/curtailment up to £3000, the optional CSA policy covers lost luggage, pre-existing conditions, travel
delays, etc. For more information on this optional additional insurance policy, call CSA Travel Protection at 1-800348-9505 or visit www.csatravelprotection.com. Details can also be found on the Earthwatch website at
http://www.earthwatch.org/insurance. Please note: Some coverage is dependent on purchasing insurance
within 24 hours of paying in full for your expedition. Should you decide to purchase our optional insurance,
please use the following producer code to indicate your affiliation with Earthwatch: 83534816.
Emergency Medical and Evacuation Assistance (For All Volunteers)
The emergency medical and evacuation assistance provider for Earthwatch is International SOS (ISOS). ISOS is a
24-hour international operation that provides medical assistance and evacuation, a 24-hour medical help line and
other travel-related services such as international health and security information in advance of your trip.
To contact International SOS in the event of an emergency, dial:


For assistance within the US: ISOS Philadelphia, +1 215 942 8459
For assistance outside the US: ISOS London, +44 (0) 208 762 8550
State that you are on an Earthwatch expedition. The following information must be provided:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The Insured Person’s name
The Assured is EARTHWATCH, the Certificate No: GP 0010214 and SOS reference #14CPA000075
The telephone number and facsimile number where the Insured Person can be reached
The Insured Person's address abroad
The nature of the emergency
19
Travel Agencies
Contact your local travel agent or use the web to find the lowest rates to make your travel arrangements. A list of
suggested travel agents can be found in the Helpful Resources section. Be sure to give your rendezvous details to
your travel agent as soon as possible so they can plan your trip accordingly.
Other Advice / Information

Local currency: Icelandic Kronur (ISK). See www.xe.com/ucc for currency information and exchange rates.

Language: Icelandic, but many people also speak Danish and English

Time zone: GMT/UTC -5

Electricity: 220 volts, 50 hertz, two-pin plugs (four millimeters in diameter each with two
centimeters separating them)

Telephone dialing codes: When calling Iceland from another country, dial the country’s international dialing
code, followed by 354 and the number. When calling within Iceland, omit the 354 and dial 0. When calling
another country from Iceland, dial 00, followed by the other country’s country code and the number. PLEASE NOTE: you should check with your cell phone provider to obtain any carrier‐specific dialing codes you may need; many providers have dialing procedures that may differ in whole or in part from these directions. 
Personal funds: Volunteers may find it useful to have the equivalent of US$100-200 for miscellaneous expenses
during the expedition. Credit cards are accepted throughout Iceland including the bus stations. However, it is
advisable to exchange some money into Icelandic Kronur on arrival at the Keflavík airport to bring into the
field as there are no banking facilities at Hvoll for Teams I & II. Skaftafell visitor centre is part of the new
Vatnajökull National Park which has an office, shop, and cafeteria. A small local shop will be open to
purchase a limited range of goods (Team III); however as the team will be in the field for most days, you are
advised to complete all of your shopping and banking before arrival at the project site. Volunteers on Teams I
& II must do all their shopping and banking prior to departure from Kirkjubærklaustur, as there are no shops
at Hvoll. Tipping is not customary in Iceland.

Hours of daylight: By July there is essentially daylight for 24 hours a day, so you may wish to bring an eye
mask or put your hat over your eyes if the light will interfere with your sleeping.

Checking luggage: Please note that if you will be taking an international flight that has one or more connections
within the country of your destination, it will be necessary to collect any checked bags at the airport where
you first arrive in the destination country. After proceeding through Customs, you will have to recheck your
luggage before flying on to your final destination.
10. PROJECT CONDITIONS
Please show this section to your physician when he/she is completing your health statement. Be sure to discuss inoculation
requirements with your physician well in advance of your departure date. See the Health Information section for
inoculation information.
To the examining physician:
Your patient has volunteered to join a field research team that has specific physical demands of which you and
your patient should be aware. We need your accurate evaluation of your patient’s ability to meet the conditions
detailed below in order to safeguard his/her health and safety and ensure that he/she can participate fully and
effectively.
20
General Conditions of the Research Site
Icelandic weather conditions can change almost instantaneously, so you need to pack a range of clothing in order
to work comfortably in a variety of conditions. All teams will experience incredibly varied and often rugged field
terrain, requiring volunteers to exercise care at all times. In the ice-marginal zone, team members will walk across
sediment-covered ice and may experience slippery and/or boggy conditions. Even small meltwater streams may
involve “boulder hopping” or knee-depth wading. Meltwater at the ice-margin is commonly at or even slightly
below freezing. When sediment within the glacier melts out it typically forms a slurry-like layer. Work at sections
or small cliffs can involve walking and working on slopes of loose rocks. Vast flat plains characterize the foreland
of many of the glaciers where the project works. These are typically exposed to extremes of both wind and sun.
All volunteers must be prepared for varying weather conditions. For Teams I & II it is not uncommon to find
heavy rain on one side of Skeiðarársandur and sunshine on the other. Annual precipitation is relatively high
(2,000-4,000 millimeters per year), and daily precipitation can be as high as 30 millimeters. Skeiðarársandur is a
bright and breezy location, open to winds from both glacier and sea. Summer daytime temperatures (Teams I
and II) can range between 10°C/50°F and 18°C/64°F, while evening temperatures can fall as low as 3°C/37°F. In
2005, teams working at Skaftafell experienced temperatures as high as 23°C/73ºF. The humidity is typically
around 77-87%. Normally, wind and rain are major features of the weather, so volunteers need to have rain- and
windproof clothing, as well as several heat-trapping layers. Team III, based in Vik will experience similar
conditions to those at Skeiðarársandur but with a higher probability of rain, as Vik is known as the ‘rainfall
capital’ of Iceland.
Whilst we will be working from vehicles, we may need to walk for considerable distances throughout the day,
carrying field equipment. Our nearest doctor’s clinic is at, 1 hours drive by road from Kirkjubærklaustur (Teams
I & II) and 30 minutes from Vik (Team III). The nearest fully equipped hospital is in Reykjavík. It is crucial that
all volunteers should be prepared to work under the conditions listed above. They should discuss any potential
problems that they anticipate with Earthwatch staff prior to signing-up for this project team.
Physical Demands
Note team I only: A 3.8m long Zodiac inflatable boat will be used to transport team members across a proglacial
lake. PIs Andy Russell and Andy Large will pilot the boat and will have completed a boat handling course. All
participants should be able to swim.
Volunteers must be capable of walking over rugged terrain consisting of relatively steep slopes composed of
loose material. You must also be prepared to work outdoors in conditions that may be wet, cold, dusty, and/or
windy. Most days will involve walking to sites from drop-off points on the sandur. Volunteers may need to walk
for up to two hours to reach some sites. Team members will have to carry bulky equipment from the vehicles to
the field sites. Small streams will need to be crossed by wading or hopping from stone to stone, and it may
occasionally be necessary to wade through knee-deep water. For this, it is best to bring along a spare pair of
sandals, training shoes/sneakers or rubber boots (e.g. Wellingtons).
Below are the expected demands of the project, but please keep in mind that conditions may change and the
project could potentially be more or less strenuous than the chart indicates.
Activity
Sitting
Bending
Hiking
Digging
Carrying
Workload/Intensity
Up to 4 hours per day
Up to 4 hours per day
10-15 km, up to 8 hours per day
Pits and sections several meters deep, up to 5 hours per day
10-15 kg at times, up to 8 hours per day
21
Potential Hazards
Project staff carry out a full risk assessment for each aspect of the project and supply these assessments in the
field. Conditions can change instantly and unexpectedly, so risk assessments are repeatedly updated with
experience. Volunteers are also supplied with a full Safety Code of Practice. On the first day of each expedition
these safety measures are discussed and volunteers are fully briefed on what to do in emergencies as well as
during routine project activities. Below are some of the risks associated with participation in this project.
Hazard Type
Terrain
In/near Water
Climate/
Weather
Project tasks
Field vehicles
Insects
Distance to
medical care
Disease
Associated Risks and Precautions
You must be prepared to walk over rugged terrain and steep slopes with loose
material. Slips and falls can occur on ice and snow. Appropriate footwear is
essential.
There may be risk of injury, cold-related illness/injury and drowning in
meltwater ponds on the glacier or in meltwater-fed streams. Streams and rivers
will be crossed during fieldwork and it is not unusual to wade in water up to
your knees. Caution is always stressed and you will be briefed on proper water
crossing techniques. Additionally, during the summer, teams may travel between
glaciers by boat. For safety reasons, volunteers should be able to swim.
You may experience disorientation during inclement weather conditions. Coldrelated injuries (hypothermia) and heat/sun related injuries (dehydration,
sunburn) are also possible. For all teams, high temperatures and intense direct
sun are an occasional problem on the desert-like sandur plains where there is
little shelter and the bare ground surface reflects heat. Similarly, when on the
glacier you will be exposed to the sun and reflected light off the snow/ice.
Sunburn is always possible and should be prevented with adequate gear and use
of high SPF sunscreen. Occasional bright conditions can cause eye strain, so you
are encouraged to bring eye protection.
You may be injured by handheld tools or from falling with tools/gear in your
hands. Project staff will provide guidance on how to handle and use the tools to
minimize the risk of injury. There is also risk of injury from falling debris while
digging sediment pits and excavating along slopes. Volunteers will be issued
hardhats for work below unstable outcrops.
Tripping and falling is possible when getting in and out of the field vehicles,
which are taller than normal vehicles. Volunteers will be urged to take care.
There may be biting insects when temperatures are warmer. Use insect repellant
and/or a headnet to protect against bites.
It is essential that all volunteers be prepared for the conditions described above,
as emergency transport to medical facilities will be time consuming and difficult.
Teams I, II and II will work within seven kilometers of Iceland’s main road and
will be approximately 45 minutes’ drive from the nearest settlement. However,
the nearest hospitals are several hours away by road and even air evacuation to a
hospital may take several hours.
Example: Diseases found in tropical regions include malaria, dengue fever,
filariasis, leishmaniasis, onchocerciasis, trypanosomiasis, schistosomiasis,
hepatitis, and typhoid. Please see the Health Information section for inoculation
recommendations. Most diseases are prevented with basic safety cautions. Please
see the CDC (www.cdc.gov) or WHO (www.who.int) websites for more
information.
22
Traveler’s
diarrhea
Traveler’s diarrhea affects 20-50% of all international travelers. Always wash your
hands with soap and water or a hand sanitizer before eating, and drink filtered or
bottled water. You should also carry an over-the-counter anti-diarrheal
medication in your personal First Aid kit. Speak to your doctor about other
options for treating traveler’s diarrhea and see the ISOS or CDC websites for
advice on avoiding this condition.
Working on a
boat
Example: Wet deck surface, risk of unplanned immersion leading to cold-related
injuries, risk of sprains/strains/breaks from falling on the boat.
Medical Conditions of Special Concern
Hydrophobia, discomfort in or around boats; or any condition that interferes or limits a volunteers’ swimming
should be considered carefully. If you suffer from motion or seasickness and intend to treat this with either overthe-counter or prescribed medication, please discuss the use and side effects with your physician.
Again, it is crucial that all volunteers be prepared to work under the conditions described above. You should
discuss any potential problems with Earthwatch staff and your physician prior to signing up for this expedition.
Below are conditions that would make participation difficult or impossible.
Condition
Asthma or other
breathing
impairments
Concerns and Precautions
Strenuous physical activity, sudden temperature differences and allergies may
trigger asthma attacks. All fieldwork is carried out under potentially
physically demanding conditions. Volunteers should make sure to have
sufficient quantities of appropriate medication at hand, build up fitness prior
to the expedition and have prior knowledge of any known allergies.
Agrophobia (fear Volunteers with agrophobia should not participate in this project as fieldwork
of open spaces)
takes place on wide open glaciers and vast plains.
It may be necessary to work on steep and/or unstable slopes which require a
Acrophobia
sense of balance and sure-footedness. Teams may also work in the vicinity of
(fear of heights)
crevasses on glaciers, though it will not be necessary to cross them. Volunteers
or poor balance
will not be required to work in any situation where there is a danger of falling
from considerable height.
Impaired
All fieldwork requires full mobility and those with bad knees, ankles, etc. are
mobility
advised against participating. However, there is some flexibility in the amount
of walking volunteers must do. Some tasks require volunteers to be stationary
for considerable periods of time.
Impaired
Any condition that impairs circulation to the extremities or increases
circulation
sensitivity to the cold should be very carefully considered. All volunteers must
be prepared for exposure to cold, damp and windy conditions. Inability to
fasten clothing, write or handle field equipment will subject the volunteer and
the whole team to increased risk.
Although Iceland has an excellent medical infrastructure, this project operates
Conditions that
several hours away from the nearest hospitals. Transport to medical care is
may need
difficult and time consuming, so anyone who may need urgent or routine care
immediate or
routine attention should not participate.
Epilepsy or other medical conditions which may temporarily incapacitate a
Epilepsy,
volunteer may also result in secondary injuries related to falls and
seizure
hypothermia.
conditions, etc.
23
11. HEALTH INFORMATION
See www.internationalsos.com for information on the current health conditions in Iceland. At the homepage,
enter Earthwatch’s member identification number: 14ACPA000075. Under “Select Resource” choose “English
Country Guide,” and then select ‘Iceland’ from the list.
Routine Immunizations
All volunteers should make sure to have the following up-to-date immunizations: DPT (diphtheria, pertussis,
tetanus), polio, MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) and varicella (if you have not already had chicken pox). Please
be sure your tetanus shot is current.
Project Inoculations
The following are recommendations only. Medical decisions are the responsibility of each volunteer. Note that
health conditions around the world are constantly changing, so keep informed and consult your physician, a local
travel health clinic, the US Center for Disease Control (www.cdc.gov), the World Health Organization
(www.who.int), International SOS (see above), and/or the resources in the Helpful Resources section for the latest
health information for travelers. Please consult your physician for guidance on inoculations if you intend to travel
to other parts of the country.
Yellow fever
Required for Entry
X - if traveling from
countries or region where it
is endemic, a Certificate of
Vaccination is required.
Recommended for Health Reasons
Hepatitis A
Though not specifically
recommended for this destination,
many travel health professionals
recommend Hepatitis A vaccination
for all travelers and expatriates,
regardless of destination.
Hepatitis B
Many travel health professionals
recommend Hepatitis B vaccination
for all travelers and expatriates,
regardless of destination.
Other Advice / Information

Tuberculosis: The WHO estimates that one-third of the world’s population is infected with the bacterium
(M.tuberculosis) that causes tuberculosis (TB). Incidence of tuberculosis is higher in developing countries,
particularly in Asia, Africa, the Caribbean and Latin America. In general, approximately 10% of persons
infected with M. tuberculosis are at risk for developing active TB during their lifetimes. TB is considered
highly treatable with medications that are of relatively low toxicity and cost. Volunteers returning from
developing countries are encouraged to have a (PPD)-tuberculin skin-test to screen for potential infection.
24
12. PACKING CONSIDERATIONS
PLEASE SEE THE PACKING CHECKLIST AT THE BACK OF THIS BRIEFING AND
REMEMBER TO TAKE YOUR BRIEFING WITH YOU ON YOUR EXPEDITION.
General Considerations
Do not bring more luggage than you can carry and handle on your own. If traveling by air and checking your
luggage, you are advised to pack an extra set of field clothing and personal essentials in your carry-on bag in case
your luggage is lost and/or takes several days to catch up with you. It is best to pack your belongings in a
rucksack/backpack, which can then be used during daily fieldwork. If you do bring a suitcase, it is advisable to
also bring a medium-sized rucksack for daily use (35-40 liter capacity). It is recommended that you wear your
walking boots on the aircraft and pack your waterproof shoes/boots in your carry-on.
Note: Many airlines have strict baggage policies. Please check with your airline(s) on baggage weight limits,
liquid restrictions, fees for checked baggage, etc.
Weather Considerations
Please take weather conditions into consideration when packing for your expedition. Climate information can be
found in the Project Conditions section. Icelandic weather conditions can change almost instantaneously, so
volunteers need to pack a range of clothing in order to work comfortably in a variety of weather conditions.
Detailed climate information can be found in the Project Conditions section.
Cultural Considerations
Iceland is a developed country with one of the highest standards of living in the world.
Essential Items
Make sure to bring your Earthwatch Expedition Briefing with you! It includes essential information to which
you may need to refer during your expedition, as well as during your journey to and from the project site. Again,
it is crucial that you bring appropriate clothing and equipment to work safely and comfortably in a harsh
environment. You will not be allowed to participate in fieldwork unless you have appropriate clothing and
equipment.
Helpful Hints

Make sure you have sturdy (preferably leather) walking boots to provide you with sufficient ankle support
and keep your feet warm and dry!

Polyester fleece and thermal layer fabrics have good wicking qualities, are warm, and dry out rapidly. These
are a good idea in an environment such as Iceland, where the climatic conditions are highly varied.
Heavy cotton fabrics such as blue jeans should be avoided, as they are slow to dry and cold when wet.
Several layers of thin clothes are preferable to one thick layer in terms of adjustment to weather conditions in
the field.
Volunteers who wear contact lenses are advised to bring their glasses as the wind-borne dust prevalent on
the sandur can cause irritation if it gets under lenses.



Please see the Expedition Packing Checklist for a complete list of what you will need to take with you. You are
encouraged to go through the list and mark off each required item right before you leave for your expedition.
25
13. RECOMMENDED READING
Please read Icelandic Glaciers: The Research in the Appendix of this Expedition Briefing. This document was
prepared by the Principal Investigator(s) and Earthwatch and explains the research conducted through this
project as well as some results to date. Below are additional recommended materials for those interested in
further preparation for the expedition. Many can be purchased online through popular vendors. See the Helpful
Resources section for suggested vendor websites.
Advanced Scientific Books/ Journals

Benn, D.I. and Evans, D.J.A. 1998. Glaciers and glaciation. Arnold, London.

Bennett, M.R. and Glasser, N.F. 1996. Glacial Geology: Ice sheets and landforms. Chichester, John Wiley and Sons
(good introduction to the landforms and deposits associated with glaciers).

Hambrey, M.J. 1994. Glacial environments. UCL Press (a basic university-level textbook with clear chapter
headings on a number of relevant themes and a useful glossary of terms).
Scientific Articles

Hambrey, M.J. and Alean, J.C. 1992. Glaciers. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press (a good basic
introduction to glaciers with some excellent pictures).

Russell, A.J. 1997. “Ice, Water and Fire: an Icelandic volcano.” NERC News Spring Issue (a very basic
introduction to some of the work carried out by Andy Russell’s team on the impact of the November 1996
jökulhlaup).

Oeland, G. 1997. “Iceland’s trial by fire.” National Geographic, Vol. 191 (5), May Issue, 58-71.

Harris, T.D. “When glaciers erupt.” 2000. Earthwatch Magazine, August 19, 30-33.
Field Guides

Escritt, T. 1990. Iceland: the travellers guide. The Iceland Information Centre, London.

Philpott, D. 1995. Visitor’s guide to Iceland and Greenland. Country Traveller Series, Moorland Publishing Co
Ltd.

Swaney, D. 1994. Iceland, Greenland and the Faroe Islands - a travel survival kit. Lonely Planet Publications.

Vander-Molen, P. 1984. “Running the Jökulsá á Fjöllum: Iceland’s wild glacier-born river.” National
Geographic, 166, 3, 306-321.
Project Field Report
Each Earthwatch Institute-supported project submits a report on the past year’s research and results to
Earthwatch, generally on an annual basis. The most recent field report for this project may be available online
through www.earthwatch.org/expeditions/russell.html. Note that reports are not available for all projects.
26
14. EMERGENCIES IN THE FIELD
Andy Russell, Jonathan Carrivick, Tim Harris and Andy Large are all certified in basic First Aid. Tim Harris is
certified in Mountain First Aid and First Aid at Work. In the case of a minor injury medical advice will be sought
and if needed the affected person will be driven to the nearest clinic at Kirkjubærklaustur (Teams I & II) or Vik
(Team III). Icelandic emergency services will be called in the event of a major medical emergency in the field or in
camp. Field groups may be up to 10 kilometers from the nearest project vehicle.
Proximity to Medical Care
Nearest Clinic
Heath Care Centre
Sriðuvellir 13, Kirkjubærklaustur
20 km away/1-1.5 hours’ drive or more,
depending on weather conditions
Tel: +354 480 5350 or +354 480 5355
Nearest Clinic
Heath Care Centre
Hátún 2
Vik
<1 km away/0.1 hours’ drive,
Tel: +354 480 5340 or +354 480 5344
Teams I & II
Nearest Hospital
Landspitalinn
The National University Hospital (full service)
Baronstigur 101, Reykjavík
270 km /4.5 hr drive
Team III
Nearest Hospitals
Landspitalinn
The National University Hospital (full service)
Baronstigur 101, Reykjavík
140 km / 2.5 hr drive
15. COMMUNICATIONS
PLEASE NOTE: you should check with your cell phone provider to obtain any carrier‐specific dialing codes you may need while on your expedition or en route there or home; many providers have dialing procedures that may differ in whole or in part from directions listed in this Briefing. Emergency Communications in the Field
Team leaders will have walkie-talkies and mobile phones in the field for emergency communication. There will
also be a satellite phone available for teams which are visiting areas with no mobile reception.
The emergency contact number at Earthwatch headquarters in the US is +1 978 461-0081. After business hours,
leave your message with the live answering service. State that you have an emergency communication and leave a
clear message with the name of the expedition, your name, location from which you are calling, and if possible, a
phone number where you can be reached. An Earthwatch staff person will be contacted and will respond to your
call within one hour.
27
Personal Communications
Please note: Family and friends of Earthwatch volunteers should be aware that personal communication with
outsiders is not always possible while participating in an expedition. Earthwatch encourages volunteers to
minimize outgoing calls; likewise, family and friends should restrict calls to urgent messages only. Measures have
been taken to ensure that appropriate communication tools are available in cases of emergency.
N.B. For Team II: GSM mobile phones work in the Skaftafell & Vik areas. Please speak with your provider to
determine if your phone will work in Iceland. Volunteers on all teams will have relatively easy access to public
phones. Vik Youth hostel has free wireless internet access. To access the wireless network volunteers would
need to bring along their own wireless enabled laptop.
If necessary, volunteers can be reached via the contact information below.
Teams I & II
Address
Hvoll Youth Hostel, Hvoll, Skaftárhreppur 880, Klaustur,
Iceland
Phone
Tel. +354-487-4785 / +354-861-5553 (Telephone messages
only – this phone is in a separate building from our
accommodations)
Fax
Fax. +354-487-4890 (Incoming faxes only)
Email
[email protected] (Incoming message only)
Team III
Address
Vik Youth Hostel, Vík, Suðurvíkurvegur 5, 870 Vík, Iceland
Phone
Tel. +354-487-1106 / +354-867-2389 (Telephone messages
only)
Fax
Fax. +354-487-1303 (Incoming faxes only)
Email
[email protected] (Incoming message only)
28
16. HELPFUL RESOURCES
Project and Research Site Information

Andy Russell: http://www.newcastle.ac.uk/geps/staff/profile/andy.russell

Glossary of geoscience terms: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/of95-807/geoicelandic.html

Pictures of Iceland: http://www.eas.ualberta.ca/elj/icepics/iceindex.htm

Earthquakes in Iceland: http://hraun.vedur.is/ja/englishweb/index.html

Skaftafell National Park: http://english.ust.is/Skaftafellnationalpark

Jökulhlaups: http://www.raunvis.hi.is/~alexandr/glaciorisk/jokulhlaup/

November 2004 eruption (BBC): http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3982273.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/3983743.stm

2002 glacier flood fears (BBC News): http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2120403.stm

2002 glacier flood fears (Geological Society News):
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/template.cfm?name=Splurge

1996 jökulhlaup: http://wdcgc.spri.cam.ac.uk/jokulhlaup

Icelandic volcanoes: http://www.vulkaner.no/v/volcan/grimsvot-e.html

University of Wisconsin expedition to Icelandic glaciers:
http://www.geology.wisc.edu/~qlab/iceland2004.htm
Passport and Visa Information





Embassies around the world: http://www.embassyworld.com
For Australian citizens: https://www.passports.gov.au and http://www.dfat.gov.au/visas/index.html
Passport Visa Express (for US citizens): www.passportvisasexpress.com
UK based Visa service: www.uk.cibt.com
Travel Document Systems: http://www.traveldocs.com/index.htm
Travel Guidebooks and Booksellers




Lonely Planet: http://www.lonelyplanet.com
Rough Guide: http://travel.roughguides.com
Amazon: http://www.amazon.com
Barnes and Noble: http://www.bn.com
Travel Agencies and Advice





STA Travel: http://www.statravel.com
65 Mt. Auburn St.
Cambridge, MA 02138
Tel: +1 617 576-4623
Fax: +1 617 576-2740
Email: [email protected]
STA Travel (UK): http://www.statravel.co.uk
Tel: +44 (0) 1865 792800
Fax: +44 (0) 1865 792911
Email: [email protected]
Quote code: EWE01/02
Wexas International (Europe): http://www.wexas.com
Tel: +44 (0) 20 7581 8761
Fax: +44 (0) 20 7581 7679
Email: [email protected]
Quote code: EWE01/02
World Travel Guide: http://www.worldtravelguide.com
UK Foreign Office travel advice: http://www.fco.gov.uk/travel
29
Airline/Airport Resources


Flight comparison tools: http://www.bookingbuddy.com and http://www.1800-fly.com
Airport codes worldwide: http://www.logisticsworld.com/airports.asp
Country Information











Country information from around the world: http://www.countryreports.org
Travel Document Systems: http://www.traveldocs.com/index.htm
National Geographic Map Machine: http://plasma.nationalgeographic.com/mapmachine
US State Department: http://www.state.gov
Time worldwide with GMT/UTC: http://www.worldtimeserver.com
Currency converter: http://www.xe.com
Electrical current converter: http://kropla.com/electric2.htm
Telephone dialing codes: http://kropla.com/dialcode.htm
Online unit conversions: http://www.onlineconversion.com
Worldwide weather: http://www.wunderground.com or http://www.tutiempo.net/en
ATM locator: http://visa.via.infonow.net/locator/global/jsp/SearchPage.jsp or
http://www.mastercard.com/atmlocator/index.jsp
Health Information








Travel health website: http://www.mdtravelhealth.com
Center for Disease Control: http://www.cdc.gov
Tel: +1 800 311-3435 or +1 888 232-3228
World Health Organization: http://www.who.int
The Travel Doctor: http://www.tmvc.com.au
Disease outbreaks: http://www.who.int/csr/don/en
Hospital for Tropical Diseases: http://www.thehtd.org
Travellers Healthline Advisory Service
Tel: 020 7950 7799
MASTA Travelers’ Healthline (UK)
Tel: 0906 8 224100 (within UK)
30
APPENDIX
ICELANDIC GLACIERS: THE RESEARCH
The following information was taken from the research proposal submitted by the Principal Investigators to
Earthwatch Institute. Included is a description of the research conducted through this project, some results to
date, and other information regarding the accomplishments of the project and the staff. Specific details
regarding research sites, methods, etc. is subject to change slightly from year to year and such changes may
not be incorporated into this document.
BACKGROUND, OBJECTIVES, AND METHODS
Many glaciers across the globe are presently undergoing rapid retreat. Glacier retreat yields valuable insight into
subglacial processes as the former glacier bed is exposed. Such glacier retreat and surface lowering has major
implications for meltwater and sediment flux which feeds the proglacial fluvial system. Although glacier retreat
has been noted for many glaciers, there is a notable lack of data and literature concerning the coupling of glacial
and fluvial processes to bring about geomorphological change during periods of ice recession. Our understanding
of the relationship between glacier fluctuations and changes in the proglacial fluvial system is derived
predominantly from the study of relatively small alpine glaciers or from interpretation of the landform and
sedimentary record. Many ‘classic’ models of proglacial braided outwash are based-upon short-timescale studies
of outwash systems displaying a distributary fan morphology which are implicitly assumed to be in a stable or
quasi-equilibrium state. Short term studies of proglacial fluvial systems are unlikely to yield models suitable for
the interpretation of the sedimentary record of glacier advance and retreat. Similarly, modern analogues need to
be on a large enough scale to reflect the complexity of ice-retreat and large-scale variations in meltwater routing
which result from changes in ice-surface gradient. Research is needed urgently within large-scale ice-marginal
areas composed of glacifluvial and glacial sediment rather than bedrock. Although glacier surges and suddenonset jökulhlaups have been recognised as major controls on high pressure subglacial meltwater routing and
sediment flux, the erosional and depositional impacts of such events have yet to be documented from freshly
deglaciated terrain.
Teams I and II (Hvoll)
Skeiðarárjökull and Skeiðarársandur
As a major outlet glacier of the Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland, Skeiðarárjökull exits the confines of a 10-15 km wide
upland valley and flares out as a 23 km wide lobe in front of which lies one of the world’s largest active outwash
plain. This 20 km in long outwash plain comprises an area in excess of 1000 km2. As such, Skeiðarárjökull and
Skeiðarársandur are large enough to be considered a suitable analogue for lower latitude Quaternary ice masses.
Skeiðarárjökull occupies a basin over-deepened to nearly 200 m below sea level. Glacier retreat and ice surface
lowering and over-deepening may be expected to generate significant changes in glacier hydrology, subglacial
sediment storage and proglacial meltwater routing. Skeiðarárjökull is best known for regular jökulhlaups from
Grímsvötn subglacial lake and Grænalón ice-dammed lake. The November 1996 jökulhlaup inundated ~75% of
Skeiðarárjökull and was the subject of considerable research.
31
In harmony with glaciers worldwide, Skeiðarárjökull has retreated by a kilometre and lowered by 100 m since
1996, transforming the proglacial area from a vast grey outwash plain into a series of large ice berg infested
lagoons. Major meltwater rivers have recently changed their course due to marked and persistent changes in
glacier margin position. It is clear that major landscape change is currently in progress at the snout of one of the
world’s largest temperate outlet glaciers, which in turn, feeds sediment to the world’s largest active outwash
plain. Knowledge of processes and rates of change within such large-glacial systems is vital within a global
context in providing a model for meltwater system response to climate change. Patterns of deglaciation witnessed
at Skeiðarárjökull provide modern analogues for continental-scale deglaciation during the late Quaternary.
Changes in meltwater storage and routing at Skeiðarárjökull also have more immediate impacts on local
transport infrastructure and the creation and modification of land surfaces which provide a base for
establishment of vegetation communities. The routing and impacts of future high magnitude jökulhlaups from
Skeiðarárjökull are likely to differ substantially from previous Skeiðarárhlaups, warranting detailed investigation.
Airborne and ground-based LiDAR surveys of the ice-marginal and proglacial areas of Skeiðarársandur in July
2007 provided benchmark topographic data sets which need to be replicated at regular intervals in order to
quantify rates of landscape change. Resulting digital elevation models will be used to model future jökulhlaup
hydraulics and impacts. Rapid ice-margin recession and glacier surface lowering also provides us with
unparalleled insight into the origin of landforms and deposits at the glacier bed and those held within glacier ice.
In an analogy with archaeology, each layer of ice that is stripped away by melting reveals new en- and subglacial
deposits, giving us the opportunity to capture data sets which are unique within modern process environments.
The retreat of Skeiðarárjökull provides our only opportunity to characterise the impacts of a known jökulhlaup
within an en- and subglacial setting. The formation of proglacial lakes has major implications for the movement
of water and sediment from the glacier margin. The lakes themselves act as a sediment trap and provide an
opportunity to monitor sedimentation rates. Lake bathymetric data is urgently required into order determine
sediment accommodation space which will have a direct influence on the impacts of high magnitude jökulhlaups.
Aims of research at Skeiðarárjökull
Our overall aim is to provide a better understanding of the controls on ice-marginal landscape change and
landform development resulting from glacier retreat. More specifically we will:
(1) characterise the present proglacial topography of the Skeiðará (Western Branch), Gígjukvísl outlet and
Blautavísl (Núpsvötn);
(2) characterise the dimensions and distribution of subglacial landforms (flutes, crevasse-fill ridges, drumlins and
eskers present) within the recently deglaciated terrain;
(3) characterise the dimensions and distribution of ice-marginal landforms such as annual push moraines and
proglacial lake basins.
(4) characterise the sub-surface characteristics of the recently deglaciated terrain;
(5) assess and where possible quantify rates of net erosion and deposition within the proximal proglacial area
including glacier retreat; and
(6) quantify rates of glacier surface ablation.
(7) determine bathymetry of proglacial lakes.
Objectives of research at Skeiðarárjökull
In order to fulfill the above aims we will:
(1) execute a ground survey using & the use of a terrestrial laser scanning system key areas of Skeiðarársandur
(related to aims 1-6);
(2) generate DEMs from terrestrial laser scanning systems and more conventional EDM techniques. (related to
aims 1-6);
32
(3) produce geomorphological maps of the ice-marginal zones from the ground-based survey data (related to
aims 1-6);
(4) carry out detailed sedimentary logging and sampling of selected crevasse-fill ridges, eskers and flutes. Manual
excavation of pits will be carried out where natural exposures are unavailable. GPR will be used to characterise
sub-surface sedimentary architecture (related to aims 2-4);
(5) Undertake campaign of sediment coring within the Skeiðarárjökull proglacial lakes (For 2009 this work will be
undertaken by an Earthwatch student team in early July).
Team III (Vík)
Sólheimasandur and the Jökulsá á Sólheimasandi
The Katla volcanic system lies under the centre of Mýrdalsjökull. Katla subglacial eruptions swiftly melt large
volumes of ice producing some of the largest floods in Iceland. Rapid heat transfer during Katla eruptions may be
due to temporary storage of water at the start of volcanic activity, into which magma continues to erupt. The
routing of floodwaters from subglacial eruptions in Katla has varied according to the position of the eruptive
centre, ice thickness, local topography, and the magnitude of the jökulhlaup. Katlahlaups have mainly directed
flow through Kötlujökull onto Mýrdalssandur, but floods have been known to exit Sólheimajökull to the southwest. Sólheimajökull is thought to have experienced at least 8 major jökulhlaups from Katla subglacial volcano
between 4500 BP and 1357 AD. The floodwaters were then routed through Kötlujökull, a glacier to the east of
Katla, accounting for the repeated inundation of the vast Mýrdalssandur outwash plain. Large hyperconcentrated
jökulhlaups are released almost immediately following Katla eruptions, demonstrating the potential of subglacial
volcanicity for the instantaneous supply of both water and sediment to these floods (Jónsson, 1982; Maizels,
1993a).
Volcanogenic jökulhlaups are believed to play an important role in the supply and transport of sediment to
southern Iceland shelf and transporting sediment via turbidity currents into the Iceland Basin. The source of
three silicic ash zones within the Irminger and Iceland deep-sea basins has been attributed to volcanic eruptions
within Icelands’ southeast volcanic zone during glacial or cold periods around 11,000; 55,000; & 305,000 BP. It
appears therefore that large jökulhlaups from Katla dominate the offshore sedimentary record.
Jökulhlaups smaller in magnitude than the Katlahlaups have also occurred at Sólheimasandur as the result of icemarginal lake drainage. It is understood that several of these so-called ‘limno-glacial’ jökulhlaups have occurred
at Sólheimasandur, with the last recorded event occurring in 1936. The formation and drainage of ice-marginal
lakes is believed to be linked to the advance and retreat of Sólheimajökull.
Recent events - the 1999 jökulhlaup
The jökulhlaup burst from the western margin of Sólheimajökull, 4 km from the glacier snout. On exiting the
glacier via a series of ice fractures and conduits, flows drained ice-marginally into an ice-dammed lake basin 3.7
km from the glacier snout. Drainage from the upper ice-dammed lake via a spillway channel and a series of ice
fractures and conduits subsequently fed a lower ice-dammed lake basin, Jökulsárgil. Flood water also exited
supraglacially via a 250 m long fracture complex, 3 km up-glacier of the snout. At the glacier snout, most water
discharged via a 150 m wide ice-roofed tunnel on the western margin. A second tunnel exiting the centre of the
glacier snout, captured most waning stage and post-jökulhlaup flow. Smaller flows also exited the eastern margin
of the snout flowing across vegetated hillsides and parallel to the snout via a newly-cut steep-sided channel.
Outflow from the uppermost western conduits cut through moraine-ridges and transported 5 m diameter
boulders into a high gradient ice-marginal channel. Boulders up to 10 m in diameter were scoured from older
moraine and slope sediments and transported for short distances. Temporary storage of jökulhlaup water within
the upper ice-dammed lake basin allowed localized delta formation where floodwaters entered the lake from the
high-gradient, ice-marginal feeder channel. Jökulhlaup outflow from the upper lake eroded a spillway channel
through older sediments, and in places, exposed bedrock.
33
The jökulhlaup deposited a 1200 m2 boulder bar on top of pre-flood vegetated surfaces immediately in front of
the western snout outlet with a thickness of 6 m proximally, reducing to less than 1 m within 500 m of the outlet.
Boulders of up to 10 m diameter and ice blocks up to 15 m in diameter formed clusters, suggesting simultaneous
rapid deposition of sediment and ice blocks. The almost structureless, inversely-graded and matrix-rich nature of
the surrounding deposits suggest extremely rapid deposition from a non-cohesive sediment-rich flow. Numerous
kettle-holes formed after the jökulhlaup following ablation of partially and completely buried ice blocks. The
number and size of boulders declined distally and laterally across the bar surface away from the jökulhlaup
portal. The number and size of completely buried ice blocks decreased downstream with declining flood unit
thickness. Waning stage bar-surface reworking was slight, with most erosion confined to the development of
main channels which became progressively less incised with distance downstream.
Large volumes of sediment evacuated from the subglacial system acted as a major control on ice-proximal
proglacial deposition. The flood was largely confined to the well-established incised channel of Jökulsá á
Sólheimasandi where its impact was greatest at the glacier snout. The erosional and depositional impact of the
flood decreased markedly with distance downstream.
Planned jökulhlaup research: Jökulsá á Sólheimasandi
Aims
The overall aim of undertaking fieldwork at Sólheimasandur is to provide a better understanding of the impact of
jökulhlaups on the proglacial landscape and the landscape recovery between flood events. Fieldwork here will
provide invaluable information on the impact of multiple jökulhlaups and also the landscape recovery between
events, i.e. the impact of erosion and deposition by ‘normal’ ablation-controlled meltwater streams. Ultimately,
this information will be used to reconstruct jökulhlaups using hydrodynamic computer modelling. More specific
aims include:
(1) Characterising the present day topography of Sólheimasandur;
(2) Characterising the sub-surface properties of the sandur (structure and sedimentology);
(3) Generating ground control points for use in DEM generation, mapping and GPR work.
Objectives
In order to achieve the aims outlined above, we will:
(1) produce geomorphological maps of the proglacial area and verify mapping conducted from aerial
photographs;
(2) carry out surveys of the subsurface sedimentary architecture using GPR;
(3) carry out detailed sedimentary logging at available exposures and excavated pits (where required);
(4) use DGPS to generate ground control points.
RESULTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Significance of Results
Glaciers and meltwater have been the central theme of our project for the past 10 years. The seeds of our project
were planted in the immediate aftermath of the spectacular 1996 subglacial volcanic eruption and jökulhlaup
when we urgently needed volunteers to help us catalogue flood impacts on the vast outwash plain,
Skeiðarársandur. To date we feel our project has made a significant contribution to the fields of glacier outburst
flood dynamics and impacts in particular, and a range of meltwater-related topics in general. For example, our
recent work on englacial sediment deposition during jökulhlaups has major implications for sediment
entrainment into glaciers and the creation of distinctive landscapes in formerly glaciated areas. We are currently
seeking to integrate our knowledge of specific glacio-hydrological events into the bigger research question of
controls on longer-term sediment flux to the North Atlantic from both south and north Iceland. Our work is also
34
of relevance to the Icelandic Civil Defence community in helping to understand the causes, characteristics and
impacts of glacier outburst floods. Our project continues to deliver what we believe is important, internationally
significant, research which has wide ranging implications for a range of end users.
Presentation of Results
We have presented our findings both as peer-reviewed scientific papers and in the form of conference
presentations. Presentations have been given at meetings and conferences the following groups: Icelandic
Geological and Glaciological Society, American Geophysical Union, International Union on Quaternary Research
(INQUA), Geological Society of America, Geological Society of London, International Glaciological Society,
British Sedimentological Research Group, and International Association of Hydrological Sciences. Additionally,
various members of the research team have presented numerous lectures on Icelandic glaciers and volcanoes to
school and university geographical societies. Other lectures have been given to local rotary clubs and institutes.
Support of Young Scientists
The Iceland Earthwatch project has provided excellent support for Ph.D. and Masters students since 1998. Having
several Earthwatch teams running in Iceland each year allows us to take advantage of opportunities for
collaboration with other Icelandic scientists as well as making arrangements for borrowing research equipment.
35
Earthwatch Institute Policies &
Participant Rights and Responsibilities
(Revised October 10, 2008)
This document contains important information concerning Earthwatch Institute (EW) policies and Participant rights
and responsibilities for inclusion on an Earthwatch expedition. Please read this document thoroughly and sign and
return the release forms that have been provided to you (either online or by mail from your regional Earthwatch
office) to indicate that you understand the risks inherent to your expedition and the policies, rights, and
responsibilities enumerated in this document. You will not be permitted to partake in an expedition until
Earthwatch has received the signed release form.
Contents:
1. Consent to Inherent Risks
2. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
3. Sexuality, Sexual Behaviour, and Drug and Alcohol Policies
• Fraternization
• Sexual Harassment
• Drugs
• Alcohol Policy
4. Recreational Time
5. In the Event of an Emergency: “Good Samaritan” Actions
6. Participants and Driving
7. Right of Refusal
8. Removal from an Expedition
9. Responsible Behavior
• Cultural and Community Interactions
• Sustainable Field Practices
1. Consent to Inherent Risks
An Earthwatch expedition can be an enjoyable, enlightening, and potentially life-changing experience, but some
of the characteristics that may make an expedition attractive to you may also put you or your property at risk. All
true expedition work involves a degree of risk which varies from expedition to expedition. The expedition Briefing
describes some of the foreseeable inherent risks involved in the activities that you are choosing to participate in.
You must review and consider these risks carefully before signing and returning the Liability Release and
accepting a Participant position. By signing the Liability Release, you are accepting the potential consequences of
these risks. The conditions present for field research projects, many of which take place in remote areas of the
world, include limited access to emergency and health services and limited or nonexistent communication
facilities or other local infrastructure or services. Participants on Earthwatch Institute expeditions experience the
whole range of climate, terrain and temperature extremes, bivouac living, physical work and other potential
hazards including (but not limited to) political instability, war, transport difficulties and risks such as lack of
vehicular safety standards commonly found in developed countries (for example, the absence of seatbelts) and
increased incidence and severity of vehicular accidents, strikes, sickness, quarantine, natural disasters, wildlife
behaviour and movements and other forces beyond the control of Earthwatch Institute and its associates.
Earthwatch Institute, 3 Clock Tower, Suite 100, Box 75, Maynard MA USA 01754-0075.
US Fax: +1 978 461 2332
2. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
It is permissible to share photos, videos, and stories of your expedition with family, friends, local media, and in a
public forum. Sharing your new perspectives and experiences is welcomed and encouraged.
However, please recognize that all information, data, and images shared or gathered during the research portion
of your expedition become the intellectual property of the Principal Investigator (PI). Co-opting or plagiarizing
data, images or information gathered during an expedition for use in a scientific thesis, masters or Ph.D. work, for
profit, or for the academic or business use of a third party without the permission of the PI is strictly prohibited.
Please be aware that data gathered during interviews of local people becomes the intellectual property of the PI.
Principal Investigators have the right to place additional restrictions on your ability to share data or images.
Conversely, a PI may give written permission to use data and images for academic or profitable activity. Please
be sure to ask what is acceptable to the PI.
3. Sexuality, Sexual Behaviour, and Drug and Alcohol Policies
EW does not discriminate on the basis of race, religion, ethnicity, sex, gender identity, or sexual orientation, and
respects Participants’ right to privacy. However, Participants must be aware that sexual behaviour and/or open
displays of their sexual orientation and/or gender identity may offend or clash with the sensibilities of local
residents in an expedition’s area of operations, and may even potentially violate local laws.
Further, Participants must remember that their actions have impacts on fellow Participants, on the PI and the
research team, and on local partners, and could, in certain contexts, result in an uncomfortable, hostile and/or
unproductive work environment.
To ensure enjoyable and productive work conditions and smooth relations with local peoples, EW has defined the
following code of conduct. Beyond practicing cultural sensitivity and showing common courtesy, please be mindful
of the following limitations.
Fraternization
PIs, Earthwatch staff, research staff, their colleagues, and their associates are prohibited from becoming
romantically or sexually involved with Participants during the entire duration of the period that the team is in the
field.
Sexual Harassment
Sexual harassment of Participants by the PI, research staff, or EW staff is prohibited. Likewise, sexual
harassment of the PI, research staff, fellow Participants, EW staff, or local peoples by Participants is also
prohibited.
Sexual harassment infringes on an individual’s right to an environment free from unsolicited and unwelcome
sexual overtones or conduct, either verbal or physical. Sexual harassment does not mean occasional
compliments of a socially acceptable nature. Sexual harassment refers to conduct which is offensive, which
harms morale, or which interferes with the effectiveness of EW expedition teams; such conduct is prohibited.
Lewd or vulgar remarks, suggestive comments, displaying derogatory posters, cartoons or drawings, pressure for
dates or sexual favours and unacceptable physical contact or exposure are examples of what can constitute
harassment. No one should be touched in areas that otherwise would be covered by a bathing suit. It is important
to realize that what may not be offensive to you may be offensive to your fellow Participants, the local population,
EW staff members, or the PI.
Any individual who feels subject to sexual harassment or has any knowledge of such behaviour should report it at
once to his or her PI or to EW staff members. All PIs and Field Team Leaders (FTLs) will notify EW immediately
when an accusation of sexual harassment or abuse is made or when such behaviour is witnessed.
Earthwatch Institute, 3 Clock Tower, Suite 100, Box 75, Maynard MA USA 01754-0075.
US Fax: +1 978 461 2332
All reports of sexual harassment will be handled with discretion and will be promptly and thoroughly investigated.
Any Participant who is found to have engaged in conduct constituting sexual harassment will be removed from his
or her expedition.
Drugs
The manufacture, possession, use, purchase and/or sale of illegal drugs as defined by Australia, Japan, the
United Kingdom, the United States and the host country of the expedition, is strictly forbidden while working or
participating on an EW expedition. Prescription drugs may only be purchased and used by the individual indicated
on the prescription, in keeping with the intended-use guidelines and local laws in the area of the expedition.
Alcohol Policy
Participants in EW expeditions must comply with the law of the country in which a project is located regarding the
minimum age required to consume alcohol. In addition, restrictions on the use, possession, sale, or purchase of
alcohol may be set by the PI or Earthwatch staff. Any restrictions on the consumption of alcohol should be clearly
outlined by the project staff in the briefing to participants at the start of the project, and in the expedition briefing.
Local statutes, customs, practices, ordinances, and regulations with regard to the use, possession, sale, or
purchase of alcohol are applicable to all participants in EW expeditions.
Note: Any and all 16-20 year old Participants on Earthwatch Teen Teams or Family Teams are NOT permitted to
consume or possess alcohol, regardless of local law.
Excessive consumption of alcohol by staff or participants is not acceptable on any Earthwatch expedition.
Intoxication can jeopardize personal safety, in addition to the safety of the team. It can also cause delay, and
hinder response in the event of a crisis or emergency situation.
EW staff and the PI have the discretion to remove individuals from the project who consume alcohol in a time and
manner that endangers the safety and/or productivity of the expedition.
4. Recreational Time
Earthwatch has a duty of care for the health and safety of Participants from the rendezvous to the end of the
expedition. For days when no research activities are scheduled, referred to as recreational days, Earthwatch will
offer either a planned team activity or a range of recreational activities that have been vetted and comply with
Earthwatch standards. Participants will also have the option of remaining at the project accommodations to rest.
Participants who are determined to pursue options other than those recommended by the project staff will be
required to sign a release before doing so. If there is a period of time during a regular research day when no
research activities are scheduled, Participants may have the opportunity to leave the project site on their own;
they will be asked to sign out of the project giving their intended destination. Not appearing for the next scheduled
activity will trigger the Emergency Response Plan (ERP) regarding missing people. Earthwatch will determine the
relative safety of Participants leaving the project site on their own at night after work hours. In some cases, due to
local conditions, it may be advisable to restrict Participants to the project accommodations after dark. This will be
clearly communicated in all project materials and reinforced in the on-site safety briefing. However, if the local
conditions are such that Participants can go out at night under their own responsibility there will be a sign-out
process through which participants will state their proposed destination and estimated return time. Participants will
be given 24 hour contact information for field staff should assistance be needed. The sign-out is informational only
and will not be used to enforce a curfew on Participants. Participants should understand that unless contacted for
help, field staff will not start a search for a missing Participant unless they fail to appear the following morning or
for the next scheduled research activity.
Earthwatch Institute, 3 Clock Tower, Suite 100, Box 75, Maynard MA USA 01754-0075.
US Fax: +1 978 461 2332
5. In the Event of an Emergency: Good Samaritan Actions
In the event of emergencies, judgments must be made by PIs, EWI staff, and Participants. While EW makes an
effort to ensure that qualified people make the most informed decisions possible, occasionally first aid must be
administered and other immediate steps taken by expedition participants who are not officially certified to make
these decisions.
Each EW expedition has safety protocols and emergency procedures in place. However, in rare, unforeseeable
emergency situations, EW does not restrict participants (the PI, staff, and Participants) from exercising their best
judgment with regard to their own safety. EW does not restrict ‘‘Good Samaritan’’ actions, or actions taken to
assist fellow participants during emergency situations in the field. However, EW neither encourages nor expects
you to jeopardize your own safety or that of others in attempting to rescue or assist your fellow team members.
6. Participants and Driving
Participants are not allowed to drive project vehicles or aircraft during an expedition. In select circumstances,
Participants may be able to drive boats under direct supervision by project staff. These circumstances are
predetermined by project staff in collaboration with Earthwatch. Participants must respect the restrictions for boat
driving in place for each project.
If a project environment is such that Participants can drive their own vehicles to the rendezvous, those who have
driven themselves to the project may not drive their own vehicles to, from, or for project activities, including the
transport of project equipment.
Participants who have driven themselves to the project may choose to use their own vehicle during recreational
time, but project staff must brief them on the driving restrictions and advise Participants that all driving during
recreational time is done at their own risk.
Participants are actively discouraged from driving other Participants during recreational time. Riding in another
Participant’s vehicle is done at the Participants’ own risk. Riding in other Participants’ vehicles is not covered
under the Participants’ insurance policy for the expedition.
Please be advised that the only exception to the above restrictions is emergency situations.
7. Right of Refusal
EW reserves the right to refuse an applicant’s participation on EW projects. Earthwatch and the project staff may
not refuse a Participant for discriminatory reasons (race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, etc.). Earthwatch will
make every reasonable effort to accommodate participants with disabilities and the organization endeavours to
find appropriate expeditions for those participants who have physical limitations. Refusal of a participant is an
unusual event and is generally due to either an applicant’s failure to meet the health requirements of a particular
expedition, or in the interest of team efficiency.
Project and field staff have the right to refuse special requests, such as media visits (film, photography or print),
special groups or teams (students, donors, etc.), if they conflict with project schedules, safety, research objectives
or general performance of the team.
Earthwatch Institute, 3 Clock Tower, Suite 100, Box 75, Maynard MA USA 01754-0075.
US Fax: +1 978 461 2332
8. Removal from the Expedition
Any Participant found in violation of any of the policies described in this document (“Earthwatch Institute Policies
& Participant Rights and Responsibilities”) is subject to removal from the team. By signing the “Liability Release”
form, participants are indicating that they have read and understand these policies. Removal of a Participant from
a team is at the discretion of the PI and EW staff. In addition, EW will support the right of the scientist to send
Participants away from a project once in the field should their behaviour compromise the safety, research
objectives or general performance of the team, or if the Participant has violated a stated policy.
9. Responsible Behaviour
Cultural and Community Interactions
Earthwatch is committed to working closely with communities. Participants and project staff are encouraged to
engage and interact with local communities wherever possible. Our aim is to support projects which leave a
lasting legacy with local communities and which form partnerships with local organizations.
Being culturally sensitive is important when visiting a foreign country. Patience, good humour, an acceptance of
differences, using common sense, and showing respect will help visitors enjoy cultural differences and make them
part of a rich experience wherever they travel. Participants are often guests of the country and as such are
obliged to consider the culture of the local people and minimize disturbance to their daily routine. Racism and
other forms of prejudice will not be tolerated on any Earthwatch project. After consultation with Earthwatch staff,
Participants who display racist or other discriminatory behavior will be asked to leave the expedition.
Earthwatch stresses the need for responsible behavior and common courtesy when travelling, particularly in rural
areas. When in doubt about what may cause offense when working in areas you are not familiar with, be sure to
ask your PI or Earthwatch field staff. Try wherever possible to learn and respect the local customs and
appropriate dress codes before you join the team as being involved with the local community is one of the rare
privileges of joining an Earthwatch project. Be aware of the natural curiosity that your presence will create and be
mindful not to impose your own cultural beliefs or value systems on the people you meet and the places you visit.
Particular sensitivity is required when it comes to photography and gifts. Earthwatch expeditions feature many
authentic encounters with local communities and the opportunities for photography or video are endless, but it is
important to always ask permission before taking photos. Many local people find being photographed or
videotaped intrusive or even threatening, so always ask your PI or field staff if it would be appropriate. When it
comes to gifts, please ask the advice of the PI or field staff as to the type and value of the gift in order to avoid
any embarrassment or the creation of unrealistic expectations within the community.
Sustainable Field Practices
As an environmental organisation, Earthwatch recognizes our leadership role in conducting activities as
responsible stewards of the social and physical environment and using our resources to promote social and
environmental awareness, local action, and global thinking.
Every attempt should be made to minimize your impact on the environment you are working in. Please avoid
leaving any litter or non-natural waste. Be aware of the risks of fires and follow directions of the field staff when it
comes to camping in order to avoid creating a larger impact than is necessary. Be particularly mindful of using
any rivers, streams or wells as the local communities may be dependent on those as vital sources of drinking
water. When in doubt ask the field staff.
Earthwatch Institute, 3 Clock Tower, Suite 100, Box 75, Maynard MA USA 01754-0075.
US Fax: +1 978 461 2332
Financial Terms & Conditions
G
Some terms and conditions may apply only to volunteers signing up
through the US office; please contact your regional Earthwatch office in
Australia, Japan, the UK, or the US with any questions.
METHOD OF PAYMENT
PROJ ECT COST
The price of each project, which we call your contribution, for each
To hold a space on a team, you must submit a non-
team may vary according to team dates so please check prior to
refundable $300 deposit with your reservation (full
making your reservation. On average projects range from $700 to
contribution is required if booking under 90 days before
$4,500, excluding airfares (see below).
your team fields). The remainder will be solicited through
Through a unique method of funding, 100 percent of your
contribution is used to support research and exploration
sponsored by Earthwatch Institute. By balancing costs across our
program, we are able to assist research that would not be self-
monthly statements or is payable at any time directly
through your Expedition Coordinator. You can pay major
credit card (Visa, MasterCard, American Express) or
certain securities.
PAYMENT POLICY
supporting. Depending on the size and needs of your team,
roughly 50 percent goes to field costs: 34 percent to advance
Sign up one hundred twenty (120) days or more prior to
planning, reconnaissance, team recruitment, and logistical
team departure: A minimum $300 deposit is required to
support: and 16 percent is used for administrative backup,
reserve a place on a project. The balance of payment is
communications, and post-expedition follow-up.
due one hundred twenty (120) days prior to team
departure.
Sign up between sixty (60) and one hundred nineteen
COSTS NOT INCLUDED
(119) days prior to team departure: Full contribution
required to reserve a place on a project.
The main additional costs will be your transportation expenses to
and from the rendezvous site, as listed in the expedition guide.
This means that airfares are not covered in the contribution.
Additional costs may include passports, visas, airport taxes, and
the costs of any side trips made during time off from the project.
Some projects have additional in-country travel costs to reach the
project site. Ask your Expedition Coordinator if this is relevant to
your project.
Sign up less than fifty-nine (59) days prior to team
departure: Full payment is required to reserve a place
on a project. As funds must be sent directly to the
project at this stage, the contribution is non-refundable
unless due to Principal Investigator or Earthwatch
Institute (EW) refusal (see Earthwatch Institute Policiesdocument D). Trip cancellation insurance is
recommended. You are advised to check flight
availability prior to payment.
TRANSFER, CANCELLATION & REFUND POLICY
You may transfer from one expedition to another without penalty
Cancellation within 59 days of the expedition start date
up to 120 days before your expedition begins, after which time
will result in 100% of your contribution being retained
our cancellation policy applies.
by Earthwatch. Under no circumstances is a refund
If you cancel more than 120 days prior to your expedition's start
date, Earthwatch will apply the $300 initial deposit either toward
another expedition of your choice or to an Expedition Fund.
Cancellation between 60-119 days of the expedition start date
will result in 50% of your total contribution being retained by
Earthwatch. You then have the option to refund the remainder,
transfer it to another expedition, or apply it towards your
available to those who cancel within 59 days of their
start date. Trip cancellation insurance is available at an
additional cost and is strongly recommended.
Note: Any funds retained due to late cancellation are
utilized to support expedition field research and will
be considered a charitable gift to Earthwatch
Institute.
Expedition Fund.
Earthwatch memberships are non-refundable as they are
considered a charitable gift. Additional donations made beyond
the minimum contribution are also non-refundable and are
considered a charitable gift to Earthwatch Institute.
EXPEDITION PACKING CHECKLIST
Essential Items
This Expedition Briefing
Photocopies of your passport, flight itinerary and credit cards in case the originals are lost or stolen; the
copies should be packed separately from the original documents
Passport and/or visa (if necessary)
Certification of inoculation (if necessary)
Clothing/Footwear for Fieldwork
Required Items
Well broken-in leather walking boots with good soles (rigid-soled trainers/sneakers are not sufficient!)
Waterproof and windproof jacket
Warm jacket to be worn under waterproof jacket
Warm fleece jacket or jumper/sweater
Lighter-weight sweater/pullover/fleece top
Lightweight, quick drying, long-sleeved shirts
Quick drying pants/trousers
Waterproof over trousers
Thermal underwear (tops and bottoms)
Thermal gloves
Waterproof, lined mittens capable of going over gloves
Scarf
Warm hat/balaclava
Gaiters (leggings that strap onto your boots covering lower legs to keep stones from getting into your boots!)
Spare bootlaces
Four pairs of thick hiking socks
Sandals or light shoes for river wading
Shorts for river wading
Clothing/Footwear for Leisure
Casual clothing for traveling and the campsite
Pair of trainers/sneakers for traveling and the hostel
Swimsuit for the swimming pool/hot tubs/geothermal pools
Field Supplies
Backpack/Rucksack big enough to carry all of your safety equipment, spare clothing, field equipment,
samples, water bottle, thermos flask and lunch; suggested minimum capacity is 40 liters
Drybag or plastic sealable bags (e.g. Ziploc) for protecting equipment such as camera from dust, humidity
and water
1-liter water bottle
Thermos flask
Compass
Whistle
Sunglasses (essential if you have increased light sensitivity, bring a backup pair in case of breakage)
Small insulated mat for sitting on
Headlamp with extra batteries and extra bulb
Insect repellent spray
Walking poles (can be useful when walking over rough ground and for stream crossings)
Bedding and Bathing
Sleeping bag (manmade fill is best for damp conditions; if you bring a down bag, please remember a
waterproof cover as wet down has little insulating ability)
Full-length sleeping bag pad (e.g. Karrimat or Thermarest) – only if you are contemplating camping
Towels
Personal Supplies
Personal toiletries (biodegradable soaps and shampoos are encouraged)
Antibacterial wipes or lotion (good for “washing” hands while in the field)
Personal First Aid kit (e.g. anti-diarrhea pills, antibiotics, antiseptic, itch-relief, pain reliever, bandages, blister
covers, etc.) and personal medications
Sunscreen lotion with SPF 30 or higher
Miscellaneous
Spending money (see Other Advice/Information in the Before You Leave section)
Camera and equipment/accessories (e.g. film, extra camera battery, recharge cables, USB lead, blank CDs,
digital memory storage, etc.)
Boot waterproofing (e.g. Nikwax)
Optional Items
Flashlight or headlamp with extra batteries and extra bulb
Earplugs for light sleepers
Blank CD or DVD for sharing digital photographs at the end of the expedition
Travel guide
Books, games, journal, art supplies, etc. for recreational/rest time and travel
Ice “creepers” or “cleats” (creepers look like chains for your shoe-bottoms and cleats look like football shoes)
designed to slip over the bottom of your boots to increase traction on the ice (these are not crampons) (Team
II only).
Antibacterial wipes or lotion (good for “washing” hands while in the field)
Lip salve/balm
Handheld GPS unit if you have one
Phone card if you want to make calls from a public payphone
Mobile phone: there is GSM coverage in most of the areas we’ll be living and working-in although the mobile
phone signal is weak in places (e.g. Hvoll).
Tent if you prefer to use your own as camping is usually allowed in the Youth Hostel Grounds
Crampons (spiked shoes that attach to mountaineering boots and enable you to walk safely across ice); if
project staff deem crampons necessary, they will be provided, however you may prefer to use your own,
especially if you have “technical” footwear (these must go in your checked baggage)
Before you leave…

Did you read your ENTIRE Expedition Briefing?

Have you paid the entire balance of your contribution for the project?

Have you turned in all your forms to Earthwatch (see the Volunteer Forms Overview at the
beginning of your Expedition Briefing)?

Is your passport current and have you obtained a visa for your destination country (if necessary)?

Have you had all the necessary vaccinations for your project site and obtained all necessary
medications?

Have you reconfirmed your airline ticket?

Do you have enough cash and/or traveler’s checks?

Have you made a photocopy of your airline ticket and passport in the event they get lost or
stolen?

Did you pack your Earthwatch t-shirt?

Did you pack some extra clothing in your carry-on bag in case your luggage is lost and takes a
day or two to catch up with you?

Did you pack all prescription medications and bring copies of the prescription?

Did you pack extra eyeglasses/contact lenses?

Did you pack a small personal first-aid kit? (e.g. bandages, antibacterial ointment, aspirin, antidiarrhea medication, laxative, moleskin for blisters, sun block, etc.)

Do you have everything on your packing list? *Remember to break in new footwear beforehand!

Have you brought your level of fitness up to the standards required for your project as stated in
the Project Conditions section?

Did you pack your Expedition Briefing? Bring it with you! It has valuable information pertaining
to the project, rendezvous, and contact information.

Did you purchase a guidebook for your destination country?

Have you purchased travel insurance or emergency evacuation insurance?

Have you left the Earthwatch Emergency Hotline number (+1 978 461-0081) with a family
member or friend? *This is for emergencies ONLY. An Earthwatch staff member is on-call 24
hours a day, seven days a week.