A method of compliance measurement and gastight

Transkript

A method of compliance measurement and gastight
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
DdKD \E1WK:EK^d/d ^EK^d/DK>p
Z^W/ZE1^Kh^dszW/Ed
A Dd,KK&KDW>/E D^hZDEdE'^d/',dd^d/E'
/E DK>^K&d,Z^W/ZdKZz^z^dD
Karel Roubík, DŽŶŝŬĂ^ƚƌĄŶƐŬĄ
Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Kladno, Czech Republic
Souhrn
ýOiQHNVH]DEêYiQiYUKHPDRYČĜHQtPSUDNWLFN\SRXåLWHOQpPHWRG\XUþRYiQtSRGGDMQRVWLPRGHOĤUHVSLUDþQtVRXVWDY\
.URPČ H[LVWXMtFtFK W\SĤ SRGGDMQRVWt L]RWHUPLFNp D DGLDEDWLFNp MH YWpWR VWXGLL ]DYHGHQ SRMHP HIHNWLYQt SRGGDMQRVWL
UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\ 9SUiFL MH GiOH SRSViQ WHVW WČVQRVWL PRGHOĤ 9ãHFKQ\ SRSVDQp PHWRG\ E\O\ RWHVWRYiQ\ QD VDGČ
QHNRPSHQ]RYDQêFK L NRPSHQ]RYDQêFK ULJLGQtFK PRGHOĤ UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\ MDNRå L QD DNWLYQtP L SDVLYQtP PRGHOX
UHVSLUDþQtVRXVWDY\VQDVWDYLWHOQRXSRGGDMQRVWt
.OtþRYi VORYD
PRGHOUHVSLUDþQtVRXVWDY\SRGGDMQRVWHIHNWLYQtSRGGDMQRVWDGLDEDWLFNiSRGGDMQRVWL]RWHUPLFNiSRGGDMQRVW
$EVWUDFW
7KHDUWLFOHGHDOVZLWKGHVLJQDQGYHULILFDWLRQRIDQHDV\-WR-XVHPHWKRGIRUFRPSOLDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWLQPRGHOVRIWKH
UHVSLUDWRU\ V\VWHP $ QHZ WHUP ³HIIHFWLYH FRPSOLDQFH´ KDV EHHQ SURSRVHG DV DQ DGGLWLRQDO SDUDPHWHU WR DOUHDG\
H[LVWLQJDGLDEDWLFDQGLVRWKHUPDOFRPSOLDQFHV$PHWKRGRIJDVWLJKWWHVWLQJLVGHVFULEHGDVZHOO$OOWKHPHWKRGVZHUH
WHVWHGXVLQJDVHWRIFRPSHQVDWHGDQGXQFRPSHQVDWHGULJLGPRGHOVRIWKHUHVSLUDWRU\V\VWHPDVZHOODVXVLQJSDVVLYH
DQGDFWLYHOXQJPRGHOVZLWKDGMXVWDEOHFRPSOLDQFHV
Keywords
PRGHORIWKHUHVSLUDWRU\V\VWHPFRPSOLDQFHHIIHFWLYHFRPSOLDQFHDGLDEDWLFFRPSOLDQFHLVRWKHUPDOFRPSOLDQFH
VWUDQČ]DMLãĢRYDODGRVWDWHþQRXDVWDELOQtYêPČQXSO\QĤ
D QD GUXKp VWUDQČ QHGRFKi]HOR N PHFKDQLFNpPX
SRãNR]HQt SOLF FRå SDWĜt PH]L KODYQt DGYHUVQt ~þLQN\
XPČOpSOLFQtYHQWLODFH
3ĜL YêYRML YHQWLODþQt WHFKQLN\ MHMtP WHVWRYiQt
a NDOLEUDFtFK SĜL YêYRML QRYêFK YHQWLODþQtFK UHåLPĤ
SĜL VWXGLX LQWHUDNFH SDFLHQWD V YHQWLOiWRUHP SĜL
YêFYLNX UHVSLUDþQtFK WHUDSHXWĤ D SĜL PQRKD GDOãtFK
DSOLNDFtFKMVRXVYêKRGRXSRXåtYiQ\I\]LNiOQtPRGHO\
UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\ 1H YåG\ O]H WRWLå XYHGHQp WHVW\
SURYiGČW QD SDFLHQWHFK D ] KOHGLVND HNRQRPLFNpKR
Úvod
0HFKDQLFNp YODVWQRVWL UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\ KUDMt
GĤOHåLWRX UROL MDN Y GLDJQRVWLFH SOLFQtKR SRVWLåHQt WDN
SĜL RSWLPDOL]DFL UHVSLUDþQt WHUDSLH Y SĜtSDGČ UHVSLUDþQt
LQVXILFLHQFH þL UHVSLUDþQtKR VHOKiQt 9ČWãLQD YHQWLODþQtFK UHåLPĤ VH PHFKDQLFNêP SDUDPHWUĤP UHVSLUDþQt
VRXVWDY\ SĜL]SĤVREXMH D PRGHUQt YHQWLODþQt UHåLP\
MVRX QD ]iNODGČ SOLFQt PHFKDQLN\ Y UHiOQpP þDVH
XSUDYRYiQ\ WDN DE\ XPČOi SOLFQt YHQWLODFH QD MHGQp
Roubík, K., Stránská, M.: A method of compliance measurement and gastight testing in models of the respiratory system
[Metoda měrení poddajnosti a těsnosti modelů respirační soustavy pacienta]. Lekar a Technika, 2014; 44 (1), pp. 9-18.
9
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
i HWLFNpKR EêYDMt SUREOHPDWLFNp L VWXGLH QD ]YtĜDWHFK
1DYtFSĜLRYČĜRYiQtDNDOLEUDFtFKYHQWLODþQtWHFKQLN\MH
QXWQp SRXåtW PRGHO VH VWiOêPL D GREĜH GHILQRYDQêPL
PHFKDQLFNêPL SDUDPHWU\ FRå ELRORJLFNp REMHNW\
QDUR]GtORGI\]LNiOQtFKPRGHOĤ QHVSOĖXMt
9 SUD[L VH PĤåHPH VHWNDW V PQRKD W\S\ PRGHOĤ
UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\ NWHUp VH OLãt ~þHOHP SRXåLWt
VORåLWRVWtMHMLFKNRQVWUXNFHDSĜHVQRVWtVMDNRXVLPXOXMt
PHFKDQLFNp YODVWQRVWL UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\ SDFLHQWD
)\]LNiOQt PRGHO\ UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\ MVRX YãDN Wpå
SĜtVWURMH NWHUp E\O\ QDYUåHQ\ D ]NRQVWUXRYiQ\ GOH
XUþLWêFKSRåDGDYNĤDVLPXOXMtFtPHFKDQLFNpSDUDPHWU\
UHVSLUDþQtVRXVWDY\YåG\MHQYXUþLWpPUR]VDKX-HMLFK
FKRYiQt VH Wpå PĤåH OLãLW SĜL UĤ]QêFK YHQWLODþQtFK
UHåLPHFK 9HOPL Yê]QDPQp RGFK\ON\ O]H RþHNiYDW SĜL
QHNRQYHQþQtFKYHQWLODþQtFKUHåLPHFKPH]LNWHUpSDWĜt
YãHFKQ\ GUXK\ Y\VRNRIUHNYHQþQt XPČOp SOLFQt
YHQWLODFH YHQWLODFH KHOLR[HP DSRG GtN\ MHMLFK
RGOLãQRVWHPRGYHQWLODFHNRQYHQþQtSURNWHURXEêYDMt
PRGHO\UHVSLUDþQtVRXVWDY\]SUDYLGODNRQVWUXRYiQ\
3RGGDMQRVWR]QDþRYDQi C rs MHMHGQtP]H]iNODGQtFK
PHFKDQLFNêFK SDUDPHWUĤ UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\ NWHUê MH
RYOLYQČQ SDWRORJLFNêPL ]PČQDPL UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\
8GiYi MDN VQDGQR MH VRXVWDYD VFKRSQi KURPDGLW
GRGiYDQê SO\Q +URPDGČQt SO\QX ]SĤVREXMH QiUĤVW
WODNX XYQLWĜ VRXVWDY\ 3ĜL VQDGQp LQIODFL VRXVWDY\ NGH
Y Qt Y]QLNi UHODWLYQČ PDOê SĜtUĤVWHN WODNX VH MHGQi
o VRXVWDYX YHOPL SRGGDMQRX WHG\ Pi YHONRX
SRGGDMQRVW 1DRSDN VRXVWDYD X NWHUp L PDOê GRGDQê
REMHP SO\QX ]SĤVREt UHODWLYQČ YHONê QiUĤVW WODNX MH
VRXVWDYD WXKi QHSRGGDMQi PDMtFt PDORX KRGQRWX
SRGGDMQRVWL )\]LNiOQt YHOLþLQD SRGGDMQRVW C MH
GHILQRYiQD MDNR SĜtUĤVWHN GRGiYDQpKR REMHPX SO\QX
'9 SĜLMHGQRWNRYpPQDYêãHQtWODNX 'p [1]:
C
'9
'p
C
9
pDWP
pDWP ˜ N
(3)
'DOãtPL PRåQRVWPL UHDOL]DFH I\]LNiOQtKR PRGHOX
SRGGDMQRVWL UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\ MVRX UĤ]Qp PČFK\
a YDN\ -VRX YãDN Y\UREHQ\ ] PDWHULiOX MHKRå
YODVWQRVWL VH PČQt Y þDVH proto se W\WR PRGHO\ QHSRXåtYDMtNHNDOLEUDFtP3RXåtYDMtVHþDVWRYLQLFLiOQtIi]L
YHQWLODFH NG\ VH QDVWDYXMH YHQWLODþQt UHåLP D NRQWUROXMH IXQNþQRVW V\VWpPX QHå MH SĜLSRMHQ SDFLHQW
3ĜtNODGHPWRKRWRPRGHOXUHVSLUDþQtVRXVWDY\MHPRGHO
'XDO $GXOW 7HVW /XQJ L 0LFKLJDQ ,QVWUXPHQWV
*UDQG5DSLGV0,86$0HFKDQLFNêPRGHOLMH
VORåHQ ]H GYRX NRPSDUWPHQWĤ NWHUp MVRX WYRĜHQ\
PČFK\ GR NWHUêFK SURXGt Y]GXFK DOH SOQČQt WČFKWR
PČFKĤMHUHJXORYiQRSUXåLQRX7HQWRV\VWpPVLPXOXMH
SRGGDMQRVWUHVSLUDþQtVRXVWDY\
8 NDåGpKR NRPSDUWPHQWX PĤåHPH QDVWDYLW MLQRX
KRGQRWX SRGGDMQRVW D YêVOHGQi KRGQRWD SRGGDMQRVWL MH
URYQD VRXþWX MHGQRWOLYêFK SRGGDMQRVWt GtOþtFK 2GSRU
UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\ MH X WRKRWR PRGHOX UHDOL]RYiQ
YORåHQtP PRGHOX RGSRUX UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\ do
YêYRGX] MHGQRWOLYêFKNRPSDUWPHQWĤþL ]D YêYRGNGH
MVRXNRPSDUWPHQW\VSRMHQp0ĤåHPHWHG\QDVWDYLWMLQê
RGSRUXSUDYpKRþLOHYpKRNRPSDUWPHQWX
3ĜtNODGHP HOHNWURQLFN\ Ĝt]HQpKR PRGHOX SOLF MH
PRGHO $6/ ,QJ0DU 0HGLFDO 3LWWVEXUJK 3$
86$ NWHUê MH VORåHQ ] StVWX XORåHQpKR YH YiOFRYp
NRPRĜH NWHUê MH SRþtWDþRYČ Ĝt]HQ GOH QDVWDYHQêFK
SDUDPHWUĤ SRåDGRYDQp SOLFQt PHFKDQLN\ >2@ 0RGHO
PĤåHSUDFRYDWY SDVLYQtPþLDNWLYQtPUHåLPX.G\åMH
QDVWDYHQ SDVLYQt UHåLP PRGHO ViP åiGQp GêFKiQt
QHSURYiGt DOH PĤåHPH MHM YHQWLORYDW 3ĜL DNWLYQtP
UHåLPX PRGHO ViP VLPXOXMH GêFKiQt SDFLHQWD
. RYOiGiQt WRKRWR PRGHOX MH SRWĜHED VRIWZDUH YH
NWHUpP VH QDVWDYXMt SDUDPHWU\ UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\
SRGGDMQRVW SOLF L KUXGQt VWČQ\ OLQHiUQt þL QHOLQHiUQt
SRGGDMQRVW RGSRU SDUDEROLFNê L OLQHiUQt« -H PRåQp
QDVWDYLWLUR]GtOQêRGSRUSĜLLQVSLUDþQtDH[VSLUDþQtIi]L
GHFKX >@ 9]WDK PH]L WODNHP D REMHPHP PĤåH EêW
i QHOLQHiUQt D PĤåH PtW HVRYLWê WYDU VWHMQê MDNê Pi
I\]LRORJLFNip-9 NĜLYNDUHiOQpKRSDFLHQWD
=QDORVW VNXWHþQp KRGQRW\ SRGGDMQRVWL PRGHOX
UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\ PĤåH EêW QHSRVWUDGDWHOQi SĜL
QHMUĤ]QČMãtFK DSOLNDFtFK SĜLþHPå MHMt VWDQRYRYiQt
PĤåH Y SUD[LSĜHGVWDYRYDW SUREOpP .RPSOLNDFt PĤåH
EêW L QXWQRVW RGOLãRYDW DGLDEDWLFNRX D L]RWHUPLFNRX
SRGGDMQRVWDSĜLVWDQRYRYiQtKRGQRWWČFKWRSRGGDMQRVWt
SRþtWDW L V YOLYHP QHWČVQRVWL PRGHOX UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\ SĜLþHPå PDOi PtUD QHWČVQRVWL EêYi EČåQi L X NRPHUþQČGRVWXSQêFKPRGHOĤ
&tOHP WpWR VWXGLH MH QiYUK D RYČĜHQt SUDNWLFN\
SRXåLWHOQp PHWRG\ XUþRYiQt SRGGDMQRVWL PRGHOĤ
respirDþQt VRXVWDY\ a testX WČVQRVWL WČFKWR PRGHOĤ
.URPČ H[LVWXMtFtFK W\SĤ SRGGDMQRVWt L]RWHUPLFNp
a DGLDEDWLFNp MH Y WpWR VWXGLL ]DYHGHQ SRMHP HIHNWLYQt
SRGGDMQRVW UHVSLUDþQtVRXVWDY\
(1)
-HGQRWNRXSRGGDMQRVWL MHP33DYUHVSLUDþQtSpþLVH
YãDN SRXåtYDMt MHGQRWN\ /N3D QHER MHãWČ þDVWČML
P/FP+22
1HMMHGQRGXããtI\]LNiOQtPRGHOSRGGDMQRVWLUHVSLUDþQt
VRXVWDY\ MH ULJLGQt QiGRED R ]QiPpP REMHPX -DNR
ULJLGQt PRGHO VH þDVWR SRXåtYi VNOHQČQê GHPLåRQ 8
WRKRWR PRGHOX VH Gi SRGGDMQRVW Y\SRþtWDW MDNR SRPČU
REMHPX 9 QiGRE\N DWPRVIpULFNpPXWODNX pDWP :
C
9
(2)
=GH DOH QDUiåtPH QD SUREOpP SĜL U\FKOpP SOQČQt
QiGRE\ SO\QHP 3ĜL U\FKOpP SOQČQt VH SO\Q RKĜtYi
a WHSHOQČ UR]WDKXMH DGLDEDWLFNê GČM WHG\ SĜL VWHMQpP
GRGDQpP REMHPX Y]QLNi Y\ããt WODN QHå SR Y\URYQiQt
teplot s RNROtP WM DQDORJLL V L]RWHUPLFNêP GČMHP
9]KOHGHP N WRPX åH EXGHPH GHPLåyQ YHQWLORYDW
PXVtPH Y\SRþtWDQRX SRGGDMQRVW SRGOH Y]RUFH 2)
Y\GČOLW DGLDEDWLFNRX NRQVWDQWRX N 9êVOHGQê Y]RUHF
EXGHPtWWYDU>]:
10
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
3ĜHG ]DKiMHQtP PČĜHQt MH GR NDOLEUDþQt VWĜtNDþN\
QDViQSRåDGRYDQêREMHPSO\QXD VWĜtNDþNDMHSĜLSRMHQD
k PRGHOX SURVWĜHGQLFWYtP VSRMN\ V RGERþNRX SUR
PČĜHQt WODNX 3ĜtYRGQt KDGLþND PRQLWRUX WODNX MH
v WRPWR RNDPåLNX RGSRMHQi RG VSRMN\ DE\ E\O WODN
SO\QX Y VRXVWDYČ PRGHO NDOLEUDþQt VWĜtNDþND QXORYê
-HOLNRåMHYVWXSPRQLWRUXWODNXSĜLSRMHQGR DWPRVIpU\
MHY WRPWRRNDPåLNXPRåQpY\QXORYDWLSĜtSDGQêRIIVHW
WODNX]REUD]RYDQêQD PRQLWRUXWODNX
3RSĜLSRMHQtPRQLWRUXWODNXN VRXVWDYČDSĜtSDGQpP
Y\QXORYiQt VHQ]RUX WODNX MH ]DKiMHQ ]i]QDP GDW
VRIWZDUHPWODNRYpKRPRQLWRUXDSRQČNROLNDVHNXQGRYp
SDX]HMHFHOêREMHPSO\QX]HVWĜtNDþN\U\FKOHYSUDYHQ
do PRGHOXSOLF'REDLQMHNFHSO\QXGRPRGHOXE\PČOD
EêWYHOPLNUiWNiW\SLFN\SRGV1DPRQLWRUXWODNX
MH VOHGRYiQD ]PČQD WODNX Y VRXVWDYČ 1HGRFKi]t-li
k ~QLNX SO\QX ]H VRXVWDY\ GRMGH SR XUþLWp GREČ
k XVWiOHQtKRGQRW\WODNXY VRXVWDYČ7DWRGREDXVWiOHQt
]iYLVtQDGUXKXD konVWUXNFLPRGHOXDSRK\EXMHVHRG
MHGQRWHNVHNXQGGRQČNROLNDPLQXW
3R XVWiOHQt WODNXY VRXVWDYČMH QDRSDN SO\Q QDViYiQ
]SČWGR NDOLEUDþQt VWĜtNDþN\ DOH QDUR]GtORGSRþiWHþQt
LQMHNFH SO\QX MH WRWR QDViYiQt ]iPČUQČ SRPDOp D SR
PHQãtFK GtOþtFK REMHPHFK WDN DE\ VH WODN Y VRXVWDYČ
SRK\ERYDO Y EOt]NRVWL QXORYp KRGQRW\ DOH SĜLWRP DE\
QHGRVDKRYDO]iSRUQêFKKRGQRW
8GUåRYiQt WODNX Y NODGQêFK KRGQRWiFK ]DEUiQt
SUĤQLNX RNROQtKR SO\QX GRYQLWĜ VRXVWDY\ SĜL MHMt
SĜtSDGQp QHWČVQRVWL 3RVWXSQêP QDViYiQtP SO\QX ]SČW
do NDOLEUDþQt VWĜtNDþN\ D QiVOHGQČ SRQHFKiQtP
GRVWDWHþQpKRþDVXQDXVWiOHQtKRGQRW\WODNXE\PČOEêW
SRXUþLWpGREČGRVDåHQQXORYêWODNY VRXVWDYČNWHUêVH
MLåY þDVHQHPČQt
-H-OL WRKRWR QXORYpKR WODNX GRVDåHQR SUiYČ SĜL
RSČWRYQpP QDSOQČQt NDOLEUDþQt VWĜtNDþN\ SĤYRGQtP
REMHPHP SO\QX VRXVWDYD MH WČVQi D SĜL PČĜHQt
SRGGDMQRVWL QHGRFKi]HOR Y VRXVWDYČ N ~QLNX SO\QX GR
RNROt 0ČĜHQt SRGGDMQRVWL PRGHOX MH SURWR PRåQp
SRYDåRYDW ]D VSUiYQp -HVWOLåH MH QDRSDN GRVDåHQR
VWDELOQt QXORYp KRGQRW\ WODNX Y VRXVWDYČ ale do
VWĜtNDþN\E\E\ORPRåQpMHãWČGDOãtREMHPSO\QXQDViW
YHOLNRVW WRKRWR GHILFLWX REMHPX MH PRåQp RGHþtVW QD
VWXSQLFL QD UXNRMHWL StVWX NDOLEUDþQt VWĜtNDþN\ GRãOR
SĜLPČĜHQtN ~QLNXSO\QX]HVRXVWDY\DREMHPXQLNOpKR
SO\QX RGSRYtGi REMHPRYpPX GHILFLWX SO\QX YH VWĜtNDþFH 0ČĜHQt SRGGDMQRVWL MH ]D WČFKWR SRGPtQHN
QHSĜHVQp$GLDEDWLFNiKRGQRWDDHIHNWLYQtKRGQRWDYL]
QtåH SRGGDMQRVWL MVRX Y WRPWR SĜtSDGČ RYOLYQČQ\
~QLNHP SRPČUQČ PiOR ]DWtPFR L]RWHUPLFNRX KRGQRWX
SRGGDMQRVWL ]PČĜHQRX ]D WČFKWR SRGPtQHN QHO]H
SRYDåRYDW]DVSUiYQRX
DĞƚŽĚLJ
0HWRGDPČĜHQtSRGGDMQRVWLUHVSLUDþQtVRXVWDY\
3UR PČĜHQt SRGGDMQRVWL PRGHOĤ UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\
E\Oa QDYUåHQD D sestavHQD PČĜLFt VRXVWDYD NWHUi MH
VORåHQD ] PČĜHQpKR PRGHOX SOLF YHONRREMHPRYp
NDOLEUDþQt VWĜtNDþN\ +DQV 5XGROSK LQF 6KDZQHH
.6 86$ SURSRMN\ VWĜtNDþN\ V PRGHOHP SOLF
s RGERþNRX Y\EDYHQRX /XHU /RFN SRUWHP D PRQLWRUX
WODNX SĜLSRMHQpKR N VRXVWDYČ WODNRYRX KDGLþNRX SĜHV
YêãH]PtQČQê/XHU/RFNSRUW0RQLWRUWODNXXPRåĖXMH
NRQWLQXiOQtPČĜHQtD]i]QDPWODNXY VRXVWDYČ-HGQiVH
R SĜtVWURM ]NRQVWUXRYDQê QD )%0, NWHUê REVDKXMH
WHSHOQČNRPSHQ]RYDQpDOLQHDUL]RYDQpWODNRYpVHQ]RU\
3& +RQH\ZHOO D MH ]DORåHQ QD ELWRYpP $'
SĜHYRGQtNX'$41,86%-1DWLRQDO,QVWUXPHQWV
s QDVWDYHQRX Y]RUNRYDFt IUHNYHQFt N+] 6HVWDYD
s QDSRMHQêP VHQ]RUHP WODNX MH ]REUD]HQD QD
2EUi]NX 9 ODERUDWRĜL XPČOp SOLFQt YHQWLODFH )%0,
MVRXN GLVSR]LFLNDOLEUDþQtVWĜtNDþN\R REMHPHFK
D OLWUĤ SĜLþHPå SRPRFt QDVWDYLWHOQp ]DUiåN\ O]H
X WČFKWRNDOLEUDþQtFKVWĜtNDþHNQDVWDYLWLPHQãtREMHP\
QHåMHMHMLFKREMHPPD[LPiOQt
2EU 6HVWDYD SUR PČĜHQt SRGGDMQRVWL PRGHOX
UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\ Y WRPWR SĜtSDGČ ULJLGQt QiGRE\
VQDSRMHQêPVHQ]RUHPWODNX
11
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
p
(ŬWĂ)
1,4
1,2
ŚŽĚŶŽƚĂƚůĂŬƵƉŽŝŶũĞŬĐŝŽďũĞŵƵ
urēƵũíĐí ĂĚŝĂďĂƚŝĐŬŽƵƉŽĚĚĂũŶŽƐƚC0
1
ŚŽĚŶŽƚĂƚůĂŬƵƉŽƵƐƚĄlení
urēƵũíĐí ŝnjŽƚĞƌŵŝĐŬŽƵƉŽĚĚĂũŶŽƐƚCь
0,8
0,6
0,4
njďLJƚŬŽǀljƚůĂŬ
ǀŵŽĚĞůƵ
ƉŽúƉůŶéŵ
ŶĂƉůŶĢní ƐƚƎíkaēŬLJ
0,2
0
-0,2
ƌLJĐŚůĄ ŝŶũĞŬĐĞƉůLJŶƵ
njĞƐƚƎíkaēŬLJĚŽŵŽĚĞůƵ
0
20
40
ƉŽēĄƚĞŬƉŽƐƚƵƉŶ錎ǀLJƉƌĂnjĚŸovĄní
ƉůLJŶƵnjŵŽĚĞůƵĚŽƐƚƎíkaēŬLJ
60
80
100
120
140
ĚŽƌĂnjƉíƐƚƵ– úƉůŶé
ŶĂƉůŶĢní ƐƚƎíkaēŬLJ
160
180
200
t ;ƐͿ
2EU=PČQ\WODNXYGRNRQDOHWČVQpPPRGHOXUHVSLUDþQtVRXVWDY\SĜLPČĜHQtMHKRSRGGDMQRVWL
3ĜLPČĜHQtE\ODSRXåLWDNDOLEUDþQtVWĜtNDþNDRREMHPX/DPRGHORSĜLEOLåQpPREMHPX/
3ĜtNODGSUĤEČKXWODNXY VRXVWDYČPRGHO – NDOLEUDþQt
sWĜtNDþND MH XYHGHQ QD 2EUi]NX SUR SĜtSDG WČVQp
VRXVWDY\ EH] ~QLNX SO\QX D QD 2EUi]NX 3 pro SĜtSDG
NG\ SĜL PČĜHQt QHE\OD VRXVWDYD WČVQi D GRFKi]HOR
k ~QLNXSO\QX]HVRXVWDY\
3UĤEČKWODNXYVRXVWDYČPRGHO– NDOLEUDþQtVWĜtNDþND
p
(ŬWĂ)
SR LQMHNFL SĜHVQČ GHILQRYDQpKR REMHPX SO\QX Pi
H[SRQHQFLiOQČNOHVDMtFtFKDUDNWHU+RGQRWDWODNXSO\QX
v PRGHOX UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\ Y þDVH NOHVi Y GĤVOHGNX
SRNOHVX WHSORW\ SO\QX Y PRGHOX QD WHSORWX RNROt
7HSORWD SO\QX Y PRGHOX E\OD LQLFLiOQČ ]YêãHQD GtN\
U\FKOpPX GRGiQt SO\QX GR QiGRE\ DGLDEDWLFNRX
1,8
1,6
ŚŽĚŶŽƚĂƚůĂŬƵƉŽŝŶũĞŬĐŝŽďũĞŵƵ
urēƵũíĐí ĂĚŝĂďĂƚŝĐŬŽƵƉŽĚĚĂũŶŽƐƚC0
1,4
1,2
1
ŶĞĚŽĐŚĄzí ŬƵƐƚĄlení ƚůĂŬƵ͕ŶĞůnjĞ
urēŝƚŝnjŽƚĞƌŵŝĐŬŽƵƉŽĚĚĂũŶŽƐƚCь
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
ĚŽƌĂnjƉíƐƚƵ
ƐƚƎíkaēŬLJ
0
-0,2
ŶĞŶƵůŽǀljƚůĂŬ
ǀŵŽĚĞůƵƉŽ
úƉůŶéŵŶĂƉůŶĢní
ƐƚƎíkaēŬLJ
ƵƐƚĄlení ƚůĂŬƵŶĂŶƵůŽǀé
ŚŽĚŶŽƚĢ ƉƎi neúƉůŶĢ
ŶĂƉůŶĢné ƐƚƎíkaēĐĞ
ƌLJĐŚůĄ ŝŶũĞŬĐĞƉůLJŶƵ
njĞƐƚƎíkaēŬLJĚŽŵŽĚĞůƵ
0
50
ƉŽēĄƚĞŬƉŽƐƚƵƉŶ錎ǀLJƉƌĂnjĚŸovĄní
ƉůLJŶƵnjŵŽĚĞůƵĚŽƐƚƎíkaēŬLJ
100
150
200
250
300
350
t ;ƐͿ
2EU =PČQ\ WODNX YQHWČVQpP PRGHOX UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\ SĜL PČĜHQt MHKR SRGGDMQRVWL
GRSURYi]HQp~QLNHPSO\QX]HVRXVWDY\3ĜLPČĜHQtE\ODSRXåLWDNDOLEUDþQtVWĜtNDþNDRREMHPX
1/DPRGHORSĜLEOLåQpPREMHPX/
12
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
L]RWHUPLFNp SRGGDMQRVWL MH MHMLFK YOLY SRGVWDWQê aQHER
GRNRQFHPČĜHQtL]RWHUPLFNpSRGGDMQRVWL]QHPRåĖXMH
NRPSUHVt SO\QX 8YHGHQê Y]UĤVW WHSORW\ E\O
GRSURYi]HQLQiUĤVWHPWODNXSO\QXY PRGHOX1iVOHGQČ
GRFKi]HORN SRNOHVXWHSORW\SO\QXY PRGHOXQDWHSORWX
okROtDWtPLN SRNOHVXWODNXSO\QXY PRGHOX-HOLNRå se
REMHP SO\QX Y PRGHOX QHPČQLO DOH Y PRGHOX NOHVDO
WODNSO\QXGRFKi]HORWtPN QiUĤVWXSRGGDMQRVWLPRGHOX
SRGOH Y]WDKX (1) NGH '9 MH ]QiPê REMHP SO\QX
GRGDQê ] NDOLEUDþQt VWĜtNDþN\ D 'p MH ]PČQD WODNX
v VRXVWDYČ ]SĤVREHQi GRGiQtP REMHPX '9 Y QDãHP
SĜtSDGČ UHODWLYQt WODN YĤþL SRþiWHþQt QXORYp KRGQRWČ
WODNXY PRGHOX
6WDQRYHQtFKDUDNWHUXPRGHOĤUHVSLUDþQtVRXVWDY\
3UR KRGQRFHQt FKDUDNWHUX PRGHOX WM ]GD VH PRGHO
YtFH EOtåt LGHiOQtPX L]RWHUPLFNpPX PRGHOX QHER
LGHiOQtPXDGLDEDWLFNpPXPRGHOXMHSURNDåGê] PRGHOĤ VSRþtWiQ SRO\WURSLFNê NRHILFLHQW D R]QDþRYDQê Wpå
MDNR SRO\WURSLFNê H[SRQHQW NWHUê FKDUDNWHUL]XMH GČM
ke NWHUpPX SĜL SOQČQt PRGHOX UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\
Y]GXFKHPGRFKi]t
0ČĜHQt L]RWHUPLFNp DGLDEDWLFNp D HIHNWLYQt
SRGGDMQRVWLPRGHOXUHVSLUDþQtVRXVWDY\
D
C0
Cf
(4)
kde C 0 MH DGLDEDWLFNi SRGGDMQRVW PRGHOX XUþHQi
KRGQRWRX WODNX EH]SURVWĜHGQČ SR LQMHNFL SO\QX GR
PRGHOX D C f MH L]RWHUPLFNi SRGGDMQRVW XUþHQi
NRQFRYRXKRGQRWRXWODNXY PRGHOXSRMHKRXVWiOHQtQD
NRQVWDQWQt KRGQRWČ 9]KOHGHP N WRPX åH X QČNWHUêFK
PRGHOĤPĤåHGtN\QHWČVQRVWHPNWHUpQHO]HMHGQRGXãH
RGVWUDQLW GRFKi]HW N ~QLNX SO\QX ] PRGHOX QHQt
v WČFKWRSĜtSDGHFKPRåQpKRGQRWX C f VWDQRYLWDQHO]H
SURWRXUþLWDQLKRGQRWXSRO\WURSLFNpKRNRHILFLHQWXD
3RGGDMQRVW XUþHQi KRGQRWRX WODNX EH]SURVWĜHGQČ SR
U\FKOp LQMHNFL SO\QX GR PRGHOX XUþXMH DGLDEDWLFNRX
SRGGDMQRVW PRGHOX R]QDþRYDQRX MDNR C 0 ]DWtPFR
NRQFRYi KRGQRWD WODNX Y PRGHOX SR MHKR XVWiOHQt QD
NRQVWDQWQt KRGQRWČ XUþXMH L]RWHUPLFNRX SRGGDMQRVW
C f 3UROHSãtSRSLVþDVRYpKRYêYRMHSRGGDMQRVWLE\O\
MHãWČ ]MLãĢRYiQ\ SRGGDMQRVWL C1 a C RGHþWHQp
v þDVHFK s D s RGGRNRQþHQtLQMHNFHSO\QX3URGDOãt
H[SHULPHQW\ D WHVW\ PRGHOĤ E\OD GHILQRYiQD D ]H
]i]QDPĤ SUĤEČKX WODNX Y PRGHOHFK RGHþWHQD W]Y
HIHNWLYQt SRGGDMQRVW C03 XUþRYDQi Y þDVH s od
GRNRQþHQt U\FKOp LQMHNFH SO\QX GR PRGHOX 7DWR
KRGQRWD E\OD ]YROHQD SURWR åH VH MHGQi R W\SLFNRX
KRGQRWX SUR NRQYHQþQt YHQWLODFL 5HåLP\ s LQVSLUDþQt
SDX]RX RNROR s QHER UHåLP\ V GRERX LQVSLULD
]KUXED RGSRYtGDMtFt WRPXWR þDVX 0RGHO UHVSLUDþQt
VRXVWDY\SURWRY\ND]RYDOWXWRHIHNWLYQtSRGGDMQRVW
3ĜL ]SČWQpP QDViYiQt SO\QX ] PRGHOX GR NDOLEUDþQt
VWĜtNDþN\ GRFKi]t QDRSDN N poNOHVX WODNX Y PRGHOX
RSURWL SĜHGFKR]t XVWiOHQp KRGQRWČ 7HQWR SRNOHV WODNX
MH GRSURYi]HQ SRNOHVHP WHSORW\ SO\QX Y PRGHOX
]SĤVRERYDQêP DGLDEDWLFNRX H[SDQ]t SO\QX -HOLNRå
H[SDQ]H SO\QX ]SĤVREXMH SRNOHV WHSORW\ SO\QX
v PRGHOX SRG WHSORWX RNROt GRFKi]t SĜL Y\URYQiYiQt
WHSORW\ SO\QX V WHSORWRX RNROt N SRVWXSQpPX QiUĤVWX
WODNXY PRGHOXMDNMHSDWUQp] 2EUi]NX -HOLNRå SĜL ]PČQČ WHSORW\ SO\QX GRFKi]t N MHKR
WHSHOQpUR]WDåQRVWLDSRNXGMHWHQWRSO\QX]DYĜHQQDSĜ
v ULJLGQt QiGREČ GRFKi]t YOLYHP ]PČQ WHSORW\
k QHåiGRXFtP ]PČQiP WODNX Y QiGREČ D WtP L N FK\EiP PČĜHQt SRGGDMQRVWL PRGHOX UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\
. Y\ORXþHQtYOLYXWHSORW\MHSURWRQXWQpQHFKDWPRGHO
s NDOLEUDþQt VWĜtNDþNRX GRVWDWHþQČ GORXKR QD PtVWČ
PČĜHQt DE\ VH WHSORW\ YãHFK þiVWt VRXVWDY\ Y\URYQDO\
s WHSORWRX RNROt 3ĜL YODVWQtP PČĜHQt MH QXWQp VH
Y\YDURYDW ]DKĜtYiQt MHGQRWOLYêFK þiVWt VRXVWDY\ UXNDPD 9KRGQp MH L Y\YDURYDW VH SĜLEOLåRYiQt WČOD
k VRXVWDYČ PRGHO – NDOLEUDþQt VWĜtNDþND SURWRåH
i v WRPWR SĜtSDGČ PĤåH GRMtW N RYOLYQČQt WHSORW\
VRXVWDY\ WHSORWRX WČOD ViOiQtP 2EGREQČ MDNR Y SĜHGFKR]tP RGVWDYFL MH QXWQp NRQVWDWRYDW åH W\WR WHSORWQt
YOLY\ PDMt SRPČUQČ PDOê YOLY QD SĜHVQRVW VWDQRYHQt
DGLDEDWLFNp þL HIHNWLYQt SRGGDMQRVWL DOH SĜL PČĜHQt
3ĜHG]SUDFRYiQtD]SUDFRYiQtQDPČĜHQêFKGDW
.RQWLQXiOQt ]i]QDPWODNXE\O]GĤYRGĤNRPSDWLELOLW\
VH VRIWZDUHP RYOiGDMtFtP PČĜLþ WODNX SR GRNRQþHQt
PČĜHQt Y\H[SRUWRYiQ GR SURJUDPX 06 ([FHO D SRWp
SĜHYHGHQ GR SURJUDPX 0DWODE 0DWK:RUNV 1DWLFN
0$86$NGDOãtPX]SUDFRYiQt=i]QDPE\OYêUD]QČ
]DãXPČQêDE\ORQXWQpSURYpVWILOWUDFL.WRPXWR~þHOX
E\O Y\WYRĜHQ ILOWU MDNR NRPELQDFH PHGLiQRYpKR ILOWUX
a GROQt SURSXVWL NWHUê E\O SRXåLW QD WODNRYi GDWD
X YãHFK]i]QDPĤ PČĜHQt7DNWRY\ILOWURYDQiGDWDE\OD
SRXåLWD N Y\NUHVOHQt NĜLYHN WODNX Y ]iYLVORVWL QD þDVH
a ] WČFKWR NĜLYHN E\O\ RGHþWHQ\ KRGQRW\ WODNX Y þDVH
0 V V V D Y þDVH NG\ GRãOR N XVWiOHQt WODNX
Z WČFKWR RGHþWHQêFK KRGQRW WODNX VSROX VH ]QiPêP
REMHPHP SO\QXNWHUê E\O LQMHNWRYiQGR PRGHOXE\O\
Y\SRþtWiQ\KRGQRW\DGLDEDWLFNpHIHNWLYQtDL]RWHUPLFNpSRGGDMQRVWLSRGOHY]WDKX1
1iVOHGRYDOR SĜHG]SUDFRYiQt YãHFK ]i]QDPĤ PČĜHQt
DE\E\ORPRåQpNĜLYN\Y]iMHPQČSRURYQiYDWDY\KRGQRFRYDW1HMSUYHE\O\NĜLYN\SRVXQXW\YþDVHWDNDE\
RNDPåLN GRNRQþHQt LQMHNFH SO\QX QDVWDO X YãHFK
]i]QDPĤ YH VWHMQpP þDVH FRå E\OR ]SUDYLGOD V od
]DþiWNX ]i]QDPX 2NDPåLN GRNRQþHQt LQMHNFH SO\QX
GR PRGHOX E\O UR]SR]Qin SRGOH RNDPåLNX NG\
KRGQRWDWODNXGRViKODPD[LPD7HQWRRNDPåLNE\OSUR
~þHO\GDOãtKR]SUDFRYiQtWODNRYpKRVLJQiOXSRYDåRYiQ
]DþDV V1iVOHGQČSURXVQDGQČQtSRURYQiYiQtNĜLYHN
E\ODGDWDQRUPDOL]RYiQD8NDåGpNĜLYN\E\OD]MLãWČQD
KRGQRWD WODNX Y þDVH s a YãHFKQ\ KRGQRW\ WODNX
GDQp NĜLYN\ E\O\ WRXWR KRGQRWRX Y\GČOHQ\ 7tP E\OR
GRVDåHQR VWDYX åH Y þDVH V SURFKi]HO\ YãHFKQ\
NĜLYN\VWHMQêPMHGQRWNRYêPERGHP
13
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
7.-– WHUPRNRPSHQ]RYDQêPRGHOY\UREHQêQD
)%0, ]H GYRX QiGRE REVDKXMtFtFK FKRPiþH
WHQNpKRPČGČQpKRVPDOWRYDQpKRGUiWX
'XUD/XQJ-/ – NRPHUþQČ GRVWXSQê WHUPRNRPSHQ]RYDQê PRGHO'XUD/XQJRREMHPX /6RXWK
3DFLILF%LRPHGLFDO7HPHFXOD&$86$
0LFKLJDQ– NRPHUþQČGRVWXSQêPRGHO'XDO$GXOW
7HVW /XQJ L 0LFKLJDQ ,QVWUXPHQWV *UDQG
5DSLGV 0, 86$ V QDVWDYLWHOQRX KRGQRWRX
SRGGDMQRVWL
$6/– NRPHUþQČGRVWXSQêPRGHO$6/
,QJ0DU0HGLFDO3LWWVEXUJK3$86$V nastaviWHOQRXKRGQRWRXSRGGDMQRVWL
3ĜL WHVWRYiQt PRGHOX $6/ E\OR ]MLãWČQR åH
RGH]YDQD]PČQXREMHPXSO\QXY PRGHOXMHSHULRGLFNi
s SRPČUQČ PDOêP WOXPHQtP $E\ E\OR PRåQp
RGKDGQRXW FKDUDNWHU FKRYiQt WRKRWR PRGHOX REGREQČ
MDNR X PRGHOĤ RVWDWQtFK E\OD ]H ]PČĜHQêFK VLJQiOĤ
WODNXRGVWUDQČQDSHULRGLFNiVORåNDDE\OWDNSRVX]RYiQ
YêYRM VWĜHGQt KRGQRW\ WODNX Y þDVH . ILOWUDFL WM
RGVWUDQČQt RVFLODFt E\O SRXåLW DOJRULWPXV Y\WYRĜHQê
NRPELQDFt PHGLiQRYpKRILOWUXYKRGQpGpON\Y]KOHGHP
k IUHNYHQFLRVFLODFtYHILOWURYDQpP VLJQiOXDILOWUXW\SX
GROQtSURSXVWL
3RXåLWpPRGHO\UHVSLUDþQtVRXVWDY\
+RGQRW\ D YODVWQRVWL SRGGDMQRVWt PRGHOĤ UHVSLUDþQt
VRXVWDY\ E\O\ PČĜHQ\ QD WČFKWR PRGHOHFK
(v QiVOHGXMtFtP WH[WX EXGRX VWXGRYDQp PRGHO\
R]QDþRYiQ\Y VRXODGXV WtPWRVH]QDPHP
51-51-51-51-51-51-51 51- 51- 51- D 51- MH FHONHP
MHGHQiFW QHNRPSHQ]RYDQêFK PRGHOĤ UHVSLUDþQt
VRXVWDY\ Y\UREHQêFK QD )%0, ] ULJLGQtFK QiGRE
VNOHQČQp QiGRE\ WXKp SODVWRYp VXG\ DQHER
MHMLFK NRPELQDFt ýtVOR R]QDþXMH SĜLEOLåQRX
velikRVW HIHNWLYQt SRGGDMQRVWL GDQpKR PRGHOX
v MHGQRWNiFK P/FP +22 3R]Q 7RWR NRQHþQp
R]QDþHQt XYHGHQêFK PRGHOĤ E\OR Y\WYRĜHQR
WHSUYH SR ]MLãWČQt MHMLFK HIHNWLYQtFK SRGGDMQRVWt
WM QD ]iNODGČ YêVOHGNĤ XYHGHQêFK Y kapitole
YêVOHGN\ 'R Wp GRE\ E\O\ XYHGHQp PRGHO\
SUDFRYQČ R]QDþRYiQ\ SĜLEOLåQêPL KRGQRWDPL
MHMLFKREMHPĤSRGOH~GDMĤYêUREFH
p/p0
(–)
sljƐůĞĚŬLJ
3ĜHG PČĜHQtP SRGGDMQRVWL YãHFK YêãH XYHGHQêFK
PRGHOĤ D SĜHG ]MLãĢRYiQtP FKDUDNWHUX MHMLFK FKRYiQt
E\O SURYHGHQ WHVW WČVQRVWL SRGOH SRVWXSX XYHGHQpKR
v PHWRGiFK 9êVOHGN\ WHVWĤ WČVQRVWL MVRX XYHGHQ\
JUDILFN\ QD 2EUi]NX = REUi]NX MH SDWUQp åH
X ]QDþQp þiVWL ULJLGQtFK PRGHOĤ 51 GRFKi]t N ~QLNX
SO\QXGtN\QČPXåQHGRFKi]tN XVWiOHQtWODNXY PRGHOX
QD NRQVWDQWQtKRGQRWČ D WODN Y PRGHOX QHXVWiOH Då QD
YêMLPN\SRPDOXNOHVi
1D ]iNODGČ YêVOHGNĤ WRKRWR WHVWX WČVQRVWL E\O\ SURYHGHQ\ ~SUDY\ PRGHOĤ V FtOHP ]MLãWČQp QHWČVQRVWL
RGVWUDQLW 8 YČWãLQ\ PRGHOĤ VH SRGDĜLOR QHWČVQRVWL
RGVWUDQLWMDNMH SDWUQp ] REUi]NĤ D 3RNXVRXWČVQČQt E\O YãDN QH~VSČãQê X þW\Ĝ PRGHOĤ: 51-
RN-99
RN-91
1
RN-69
RN-62
0.8
RN-54
RN-42
RN-27
0.6
RN-20
RN-12
RN-9
0.4
RN-5
TK-38
DuraLung-4L
Michigan
ASL 5000
0.2
0
-0.2
0
50
100
150
200
250
t ;ƐͿ
2EU9êVOHGHNSUYRWQtKRWHVWXWČVQRVWLPRGHOĤUHVSLUDþQtVRXVWDY\
14
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
7DE +RGQRW\ ]PČĜHQêFK SRGGDMQRVWt VWXGRYDQêFK PRGHOĤ UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\ X QLFKå QHQt SRGGDMQRVW
QDVWDYLWHOQiGtN\MHMLFKNRQVWUXNFL
3RGGDMQRVWLPRGHOXCP/FP+2O)
C0
51-
± 51-9
± 51-12
C
C1
C’
± ± —
± ± ± —
± ± “ ± ± 51-20
± ± ± ± ± 51-27
± ± ± ± —
51-42
± ± ± ± ± 51-
± ± ± ± ± 51-
± ± ± “ ± 51-
3 ± ± ± ± —
51-91
± ± ± ± 117 ± 2
51-99
± ± 101 ± 1
107 ± 2
± 7.-
± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 'XUD/XQJ-/
± C
9\VYČWOLYN\ C0 – DGLDEDWLFNi SRGGDMQRVW C – SRGGDMQRVW ]PČĜHQi Y þDVH V RG LQMHNFH Y]GXFKX
R]QDþRYDQiMDNRW]YHIHNWLYQtSRGGDMQRVWC1 a C – SRGGDMQRVWL]PČĜHQpY þDVH s D s RGLQMHNFHY]GXFKX
C’ – SĜLEOLåQi KRGQRWD L]RWHUPLFNp SRGGDMQRVWL WDWR KRGQRWD QHQt XYHGHQD Y SĜtSDGČ åH SĜL PČĜHQt QHGRãOR
k XVWiOHQtKRGQRW\WODNXY PRGHOXY GĤVOHGNX~QLNXY]GXFKX]SĤVREHQpKRQHRGVWUDQLWHOQRXQHWČVQRVWtPRGHOX
51-51-D51-
1iVOHGQČ E\O\ ]PČĜHQ\ SRGGDMQRVWi VWDQRYHQ MHMLFK
charakter D]MLãĢRYiQ\ QHWČVQRVWL MHGQRWOLYêFKPRGHOĤ
7DNWR E\O\ SURPČĜHQ\ YãHFKQ\ PRGHO\ V QHPČQQRX
SRGGDMQRVWtWMPRGHO\51-Då51-PRGHO7.-
DPRGHO'XUD/XQJ-/=MLãWČQpKRGQRW\DGLDEDWLFNêFK
HIHNWLYQtFK D L]RWHUPLFNêFK SRGGDMQRVWt MVRX XYHGHQ\
v 7DEXOFH 9êVOHGN\ MVRX YåG\ XYHGHQ\ MDNR
SUĤPČUQiKRGQRWD] SČWLPČĜHQtRSDWĜHQiVPČURGDWQRX
RGFK\ONRXȝ± V
&KDUDNWHU FKRYiQt MHGQRWOLYêFK PRGHOĤ SRGGDMQRVWt
] KOHGLVND UR]GČOHQt QD L]RWHUPLFNp D DGLDEDWLFNp
PRGHO\MHQHMOpSHSDWUQê] 2EUi]NĤD
1D 2EUi]NX MVRX ]D]QDPHQiQ\ þDVRYp SUĤEČK\
WODNX SR U\FKOp LQMHNFL Y]GXFKX Y PRGHOHFK V SHYQRX
poddDMQRVWt KRGQRFHQêFK Y 7DEXOFH D GRSOQČQp
o NĜLYNX WODNX Y PRGHOX 0LFKLJDQ L SĜL ]YROHQp
SRGGDMQRVWL P/FP +22
1RUPDOL]RYDQp NĜLYN\ WODNX SUR PRGHO\ 51 OHåt
na VREČSURWRMVRXY JUDIXSURSĜHKOHGQRVWXYHGHQ\MHQ
WĜL PRGHO\ 51- 51- D 51- 2GFK\ON\ NĜLYHN
SUR PRGHO\ 51 QHMVRX ]SĤVREHQ\ MLQêP FKRYiQtP
PRGHOX Y ]iYLVORVWL QD MHKR REMHPX DOH RGFK\ON\
NĜLYHN]SĤVREXMHLSRPČUQČPDOiQHWČVQRVW
9OLYHP PDOp QHWČVQRVWL QHMVRX SUDNWLFN\ RYOLYQČQ\
SRþiWHþQt þiVWL NĜLYHN DOH ~QLN SO\QX Pi ]D QiVOHGHN
QHPRåQRVW XVWiOHQt KRGQRW\ WODNX Y PRGHOX QD
NRQVWDQWQt KRGQRWČ D WtP L QHPRåQRVW XUþHQt
L]RWHUPLFNpSRGGDMQRVWLC’
1D 2EUi]NX QHQt SUR SĜHKOHGQRVW ]Qi]RUQČQD
WODNRYi NĜLYND PRGHOX $6/ 2GH]YD WRKRWR
PRGHOX QD LQMHNFL SO\QX D WR MDN U\FKORX WDN
i SRPDORX MH SHULRGLFNi MDN XND]XMH 2EUi]HN . XVWiOHQt KRGQRW\ WODNX Y WRPWR PRGHOX WM
k Y\PL]HQt RVFLODFt SUDNWLFN\ QHGRFKi]t = tohoto
GĤYRGX MH REWtåQp L XUþLW FKDUDNWHU FKRYiQt PRGHOX
$E\E\OR PRåQp FKDUDNWHU FKRYiQt PRGHOX $6/ RGKDGQRXW E\O\ ]i]QDP\ WODNX Y PRGHOX ILOWURYiQ\ D
E\O\ ] nich odstraQČQ\ RVFLODFH 3ĤYRGQt D ILOWURYDQi
KRGQRWD WODNX Y PRGHOX $6/ SUR QDVWDYHQRX
SRGGDMQRVW P/FP +22 MH ]Qi]RUQČQD WDNWpå na
OEUi]NX VSROX V GDOãtPL Y\EUDQêPL PRGHO\
'XUD/XQJ-/ 0LFKLJDQ- D 51- SUR PRåQRVW
SRURYQiQt
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
p/p0
(–)
DŝĐŚŝŐĂŶ-10
1
ƵƌĂ>ƵŶŐ-4L
TK-38
0.8
ZE-20
ZE-54
ZE-62
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
t ;ƐͿ
2EU ýDVRYê YêYRM UHODWLYQt KRGQRW\ WODNX XYQLWĜ PRGHOĤ UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\ SR MHMLFK U\FKOpP QDSOQČQt
Y]GXFKHP ] NDOLEUDþQt VWĜtNDþN\ +RGQRW\ WODNX MVRX SUR MHGQRWOLYp PRGHO\ UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\ QRUPDOL]RYiQ\ YĤþL KRGQRWČ WODNX p NWHUi E\OD Y SĜtVOXãQpP PRGHOX QDPČĜHQD Y þDVH V RG GRNRQþHQt LQMHNFH
Y]GXFKX GR PRGHOX 9ê]QDP ]NUDWHN SUR R]QDþHQt PRGHOĤ UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\ 'XUD/XQJ-/ – PRGHO
'XUD/XQJRREMHPX/6RXWK3DFLILF%LRPHGLFDO7HPHFXOD&$86$0LFKLJDQ-–PRGHO'XDO$GXOW
7HVW/XQJL0LFKLJDQ,QVWUXPHQWV*UDQG5DSLGV0,86$VQDVWDYHQRXSRGGDMQRVWtP/FP+2
TK- – WHUPRNRPSHQ]RYDQê PRGHO Y\UREHQê QD )%0, 51- 51 D 51- – QHNRPSHQ]RYDQp PRGHO\
Y\UREHQpQD)%0,]ULJLGQtFKQiGRE
Z KRGQRFHQêFK PRGHOĤ UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\ PDMt
FKDUDNWHULVWLNX EOt]NRX LGHiOQtPX L]RWHUPLFNpPX
PRGHOXSRX]HGYD$6/ D0LFKLJDQL-HMLFK
FKDUDNWHULVWLN\ MVRX GRNRQFH OHSãt QHå FKDUDNWHULVWLN\
RERX WHVWRYDQêFK WHUPRNRPSHQ]RYDQêFK PRGHOĤ
'XUD/XQJ-/ D 7.- &KRYiQt PRGHOĤ 51
Y\WYRĜHQêFK ] ULJLGQtFK QiGRE VH QDRSDN SĜLEOLåXMH
FKRYiQtLGHiOQtKRDGLDEDWLFNpKRPRGHOX
3UR KRGQRFHQt UR]GtOX FKRYiQt PRGHOX RG þLVWČ
L]RWHUPLFNpKR PRGHOX D þLVWČ DGLDEDWLFNpKR PRGHOX
MVRX SUR MHGQRWOLYp PRGHO\ VSRþtWiQ\ SRO\WURSLFNp
NRHILFLHQW\XYHGHQpY 7DEXOFH+RGQRW\SRO\WURSLFNpKR NRHILFLHQWX EOt]Np þtVOX VYČGþt R FKRYiQt
PRGHOX EOt]NpPX LGHiOQtPX L]RWHUPLFNpPX PRGHOX
a KRGQRW\ EOtåtFt VH DGLDEDWLFNp NRQVWDQWČ Y]GXFKX
N 14 QDRSDN LQGLNXMt SRGREQRVW V LGHiOQtP
DGLDEDWLFNêPPRGHOHP
ŝƐŬƵƐĞ
7DE 3RO\WURSLFNp NRHILFLHQW\ H[SHULPHQWiOQČ
]MLãWČQp KRGQRW\ VWXGRYDQêFK PRGHOĤ UHVSLUDþQt
VRXVWDY\
0RGHO
D(–)
$6/
0LFKLJDQ
'XUD/XQJ-/
7.-
PRGHO\51
3ULPiUQtP YêVOHGNHP WpWR SUiFH MH MHdnodXãH
SRXåLWHOQi PHWRGD XUþHQt SRGGDMQRVWt I\]LFNêFK
PRGHOĤ UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\ D WHVWRYiQt MHMLFK WČVQRVWL
'iOH E\O ]DYHGHQ SRMHP W]Y HIHNWLYQt SRGGDMQRVWL
NWHUi QHMOpSH SRVWLKXMH FKRYiQt PRGHOX SĜL YODVWQtP
SRXåLWt YH VSRMHQt V YHQWLOiWRUHP D NRQNUpWQtP
YHQWLODþQtPUHåLPHP
6SROHþQRX YODVWQRVWt ]QDþQp þiVWL DQDO\]RYDQêFK
PRGHOĤMHMHMLFKQHWČVQRVWNWHUi]SĤVREXMH~QLNSO\QX
] PRGHOX SĜL MHMLFK SRXåLWt 'DOãtP QHSĜtMHPQêP
]MLãWČQtP MH IDNW åH PRGHO $6/ Y\ND]XMH
QHVWDELOQt RGH]YX QD ]PČQX REMHPX SO\QX Y PRGHOX
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
p/p0 1.2
(–)
^>ϱϬϬϬ-10 + ^>ϱϬϬϬ-ϭϬĨŝůƚƌŽǀĂŶlj
1
DŝĐŚŝŐĂŶ-10
ƵƌĂ>ƵŶŐ-4L
ZE-54
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
t (s)
2EU 3RURYQiQt WODNRYp RGH]Y\ PRGHOX $6/ VRGH]YDPL GDOãtFK PRGHOĤ UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\
+RGQRW\ WODNX MVRX SUR MHGQRWOLYp PRGHO\ UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\ QRUPDOL]RYiQ\ YĤþL KRGQRWČ WODNX S
NWHUi E\OD YSĜtVOXãQpP PRGHOX QDPČĜHQD YþDVH VRG GRNRQþHQt LQMHNFH Y]GXFKX GR PRGHOX 3UR
]SUDFRYiQt VLJQiOX ] PRGHOX $6/ E\O\ ]SĤYRGQtKR VLJQiOX VYČWOH PRGUi NĜLYND RGVWUDQČQ\
RVFLODFHWPDYČPRGUiNĜLYND9ê]QDP]NUDWHNSURR]QDþHQtPRGHOĤUHVSLUDþQtVRXVWDY\'XUD/XQJ/–PRGHO'XUD/XQJRREMHPX/6RXWK3DFLILF%LRPHGLFDO7HPHFXOD&$86$0LFKLJDQ-–
PRGHO 'XDO $GXOW 7HVW /XQJ L 0LFKLJDQ ,QVWUXPHQWV *UDQG 5DSLGV 0, 86$ VQDVWDYHQRX
SRGGDMQRVWtP/FP+251-QHNRPSHQ]RYDQêPRGHOY\UREHQêQD)%0,]ULJLGQtQiGRE\
NWHUiVHSURMHYXMHY]QLNHPYHOPLSR]YROQDWOXPHQêFK
RVFLODFtWODNXXYQLWĜPRGHOX
-HGQRWOLYp PRGHO\ E\O\ FKDUDNWHUL]RYiQ\ KRGQRWDPL
SRGGDMQRVWL]MLãĢRYDQêPLY XUþLWêFKþDVRYêFKRNDPåLFtFK=QDþQiþiVWPRGHOĤY\ND]XMH~QLNSO\QX] GĤYRGĤ QHWČVQRVWL 1H YåG\ VH YãDN PXVt MHGQDW R ~QLN
SO\QXSRX]HYPRGHOXSĜLVStYDWNQČPXPĤåHLQHGRNRQDOiWČVQRVWVSRMĤMHGQRWOLYêFKþiVWtDSDUDWXU\StVWX
NDOLEUDþQtVWĜtNDþN\DWODNRPČUX
8 ]QDþQp þiVWL PRGHOĤ MH ~QLN YHOPL PDOê 'tN\
WRPX VH QHSURMHYt NUiWFH SR LQIODFL PRGHOX D WtP
SiGHP QHRYOLYQt KRGQRWX DGLDEDWLFNp D HIHNWLYQt
SRGGDMQRVWL 'RFKi]t YãDN NH VWiOpPX SRNOHVX WODNX
v PRGHOX D QHGRMGH N MHKR XVWiOHQt SURWR QHQt PRåQp
]MLVWLW SRGGDMQRVW L]RWHUPLFNRX 6 RKOHGHP QD
YHQWLODþQt IUHNYHQFH NWHré EêYDMt SRXåtYiQ\ Y SUD[L
QHQt QXWQp ]QiW KRGQRWX L]RWHUPLFNp SRGGDMQRVWL
PRGHOX SURWRåH SDUDPHWU\ GHFKX VSDGDMt GR þDVRYp
REODVWL YH NWHUp VH L]RWHUPLFNi KRGQRWD SRGGDMQRVWL
QHPĤåH SURMHYLW 7DWR GLVSURSRUFH PH]L þDVRYêPL
FKDUDNWHULVWLNDPLGHFKXD doERXSRWĜHEQRXNGRVDåHQt
L]RWHUPLFNp KRGQRW\ SRGGDMQRVWL SODWt L SUR RED
VWXGRYDQp WHUPRNRPSHQ]RYDQp PRGHO\ = XYHGHQêFK
YODVWQRVWt MH ]ĜHMPp åH SUR praktické DSOLNDFH QHQt
SRGVWDWQê UR]GtO ]GDOL EXGH SRXåLW WHUPRNRPSHQ]RYDQêþLQHNRPSHQ]RYDQêPRGHO
3ĜHNYDSLYêP ]MLãWČQtP MH SHULRGLFNi RGH]YD V poPČUQČ Y\VRNRX IUHNYHQFt D SRPDOêP WOXPHQtP
X PRGHOX $6/ MDNR UHDNFH QD ]PČQX REMHPX
SO\QXYPRGHOX0RGHO$6/MHDNWLYQtV\VWpPVH
]SČWQRYD]HEQRX UHJXODFt D ]MLãWČQp RVFLODFH MVRX
QHMVStãH WRXWR UHJXODFt ]SĤVREHQ\ 7\WR RVFLODFH
s YHONRX DPSOLWXGRX D PDOêP WOXPHQtP PRKRX SĜL
SURSRMHQtPRGHOXVYHQWLOiWRUHP]SĤVRELWQHRþHNiYDQp
17
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
FKRYiQt YHQWLOiWRUX D PRKRX RYOLYQLW L KRGQRW\ NWHUp
YHQWLOiWRUPČĜtD ]REUD]XMH2VFLODFHQDYtF]QHPRåĖXMt
XUþHQt SRGGDMQRVWL PRGHOX ] WODNRYp NĜLYN\ NG\ QHQt
MDVQp]GDMHQXWQpSRþtWDWV RNDPåLWRXKRGQRWRXWODNX
QHERVKRGQRWRXWODNXNWHURXO]HRGHþtVW]NĜLYN\VMLå
RGILOWURYDQêPLRVFLODFHPL
Z YêVOHGNĤ VWXGLD YODVWQRVWt GRVWXSQêFK PRGHOĤ
UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\ ]HMPpQD ] NĜLYHN YêYRMH WODNX
v PRGHOHFK UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\ SR LQVWLODFL Y]GXFKX
] Y\SRþWHQêFK SRO\WURSLFNêFK NRHILFLHQWĤ 7DEXOND )
DQiVOHGQpGLVNXVHO]HXþLQLWQČNROLN]iYČUĤ
äiGQê ] DQDO\]RYDQêFK PRGHOĤ WM DQL WHUPRNRPSHQ]RYDQp PRGHO\ QHPDMt FKRYiQt RGSRYtGDMtFt LGHiOQtPX L]RWHUPLFNpPX PRGHOX WM PRGHOXSOQČWHSHOQČNRPSHQ]RYDQpPX
1HMEOLåãt FKRYiQt SRGREQp L]RWHUPLFNpPX PRGHOX WM QHMEOLåãt FKRYiQt VNXWHþQp UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDYČþORYČNDPDMtPRGHO\$6/D0LFKLJDQ
L
9HOPL SRGREQp FKRYiQt Pi Wpå WHUPRNRPSHQ]RYDQêPRGHO'XUD/XQJ-/
7HUPRNRPSHQ]RYDQêPRGHO7.-PiYODVWQRVWL
KRUãt QHå YêãH KRGQRFHQp PRGHO\ QLFPpQČ
Y\ND]XMH]QDþQRXUHGXNFLDGLDEDWLFNpKRFKRYiQt
0RGHO\] ULJLGQtFKQiGRE51PDMtYãHFKQ\WpPČĜ
VWHMQp FKRYiQt QH]iYLVOp QD MHMLFK REMHPX WM
SRGGDMQRVWLDVYêPFKDUDNWHUHPVHEOtåtLGHiOQtPXDGLDEDWLFNpPXPRGHOX
Pro praktické H[SHULPHQW\ QHQt UR]KRGXMtFt ]GD
Pi PRGHO VStãH L]RWHUPLFNp QHER DGLDEDWLFNp
FKRYiQt9 REODVWHFKSRXåLWêFKYHQWLODþQtFKIUHNYHQFt SĜHVQČML LQVSLUDþQtFK a H[VSLUDþQtFK þDVĤ
VH YãHFKQ\ PRGHO\ FKRYDMt REGREQČ D åiGQê
] QLFK QHY\ND]XMH VWDELOQt SRGGDMQRVW Y þDVH 3ĜL
YHQWLODFL MH V YêKRGRX PRåQp SRSVDW YãHFKQ\
PRGHO\SRPRFtHIHNWLYQtSRGGDMQRVWLC
0RGHO\ UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\ ]SUDYLGOD REVDKXMt
XUþLWRXQHWČVQRVWDWRLPRGHO\NRPHUþQČGRVWXSQpMDNR0LFKLJDQLD$6/9ČWãLQRXMH
YãDN QHWČVQRVW PDOi D SĜL EČåQêFK YHQWLODþQtFK
IUHNYHQFtFKDWRYþHWQČIUHNYHQFtSĜLY\VRNRIUHNYHQþQtYHQWLODFLVHQHSURMHYtDSURWRQHRYOLYĖXMH
Yê]QDPQČYêVOHGN\PČĜHQt
ĄǀĢƌ
1DYUåHQi PHWRGD XPRåĖXMH VQDGQp D RSDNRYDWHOQp
PČĜHQtSRGGDMQRVWLDWČVQRVWLPRGHOĤUHVSLUDþQtVRXVWDY\ 6H ]DYHGHQtP HIHNWLYQt SRGGDMQRVWL SOLF O]H OpSH
SRSVDW FKRYiQt NRQNUpWQtKR PRGHOX SĜL NRQNUpWQtP
venWLODþQtP UHåLPX QHå SĜL SRXåLWt adiDEDWLFNp þL
L]RWHUPLFNpSRGGDMQRVWL
WŽĚĢŬŽǀĄŶş
7DWRSUiFHE\ODSRGSRĜHQD] SURVWĜHGNĤ0LQLVWHUVWYD
YQLWUD ý5 SURMHNWHP 9* 9ê]NXPQi
SRGSRUD +=6 ý5 D GDOãtFK VORåHN ,=6 ý5 D ] OpeUDþQtKR SURMHNWX 9]GČOiYiQt SUR NRQNXUHQFHVFKRSQRVW
239.SURMHNWX&=3RSXODUL]DFHYČG\DYê]NXPXý987
>ŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĂ
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
>@
5RXEtN . 5iIO - 3RGGDMQRVW D UHVLVWDQFH Y ULJLGQtFK
PRGHOHFKUHVSLUDþQtVRXVWDY\/pNDĜDWHFKQLNDURþ
þV–,661-
5iIO - 5RXEtN .: )\]LFNp PRGHO\ UHVSLUDþQt VRXVWDY\
DPRåQRVWLMHMLFKY\XåLWt/pNDĜDWHFKQLNDURþþ
V–,661-
,QJ0DU 0HGLFDO $6/ 70 $FWLYH 6HUYR /XQJ %UHDWKLQJ
6LPXODWRU8VHU¶VPDQXDO6RIWZDUHQG5HYLVLRQ
9DYĜtN ' +iMHN 0 Penhaker M 0ČĜHQt D Y\KRGQRFHQt
]iNODGQtFK YHQWLODþQtFK UHåLPĤ D SRUXFK Y VLPXODþQtP YHQWLODþQtP RNUXKX 7KH PHDVXUHPHQW DQG HYDOXDWLRQ RI EDVLF
YHQWLODWLRQ PRGHV DQG IDLOXUH VLPXODWLRQV RQ YHQWLODWLRQ
FLUFXLW/pNDĜDWHFKQLNDURþþ2V 191-194 ,661
0301-
3HQKDNHU 0 9DYULN ' 7KH PHDVXUHPHQW DQG IDLOXUH
VLPXODWLRQV RI EDVLF YHQWLODWLRQ PRGHV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
&RQIHUHQFHRQ1HWZRUNLQJDQG,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\
$UWLFOHQXPEHU SS -
proI,QJ.DUHO5RXEtN3K'
.DWHGUDELRPHGLFtQVNpWHFKQLN\
)DNXOWDELRPHGLFtQVNpKRLQåHQêUVWYt
ýHVNpY\VRNpXþHQtWHFKQLFNpY3UD]H
QiP6tWQi&=-.ODGQR
E-PDLOURXELN#IEPLFYXWF]
WHO
Roubík, K., Stránská, M.: A method of compliance measurement and gastight testing in models of the respiratory
system [Metoda měrení poddajnosti a těsnosti modelů respirační soustavy pacienta]. Lekar a Technika, 2014; 44 (1),
pp. 9-18.
http://ventilation.cz
http://ctj.fbmi.cvut.cz

Podobné dokumenty

Inkoust - Černý

Inkoust - Černý 1HEH]SHþQpSURGXNW\VSDORYiQt Nebezpecné rozkladné produkty vzniknuvší nedokonalym spálením, Oxidy uhlíku, Oxidy

Více