ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ: ﺃﻋﻼﻡ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ

‫ ﺃﻋﻼﻡ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬
(٢٠٠٨ – ١٩٤١) ‫ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﺩﺭﻭﻳﺶ‬
!"# $% & '()*+! ,-./ & 0-( 1 12*345 .67*8+! 9+(
.$:;< =7>+! ,?@A & B7*C?+ DE FGHI76 J5 KL*A( $:;$
.MGN7O PQ.51 9/ FG-./ 9RS+ 7STUG5 VW*XHO DE 176(
9NY! .-1 ,-./ & ZI!9G[\! F3SH>] ^]_( .'9-9R+! ,-./ &
.`SN7- .Ta ,-./ & b2A7c+! F3SH>] dMH]( PeSHR+7[
! .45 e36( fSI!gh! Z62S8+! iL4+! DE 0-( 1 ^jA!
kC5 Q!.5 '96 eMG6! .9-9R+! ,*HR5( 174]\! ,TS4l &
mn Jop(( ,*SHSI!gh! Q7WH*X+! e?/ m5 $:q$ =7*6
.,SN7SX+! FT/!25( F]7r78A s?X[ ,-)R+! ,57/h!
'.*n7M+! DE 7*tC5( 2@*N25 DE F*u2] $:vw =7*6 &
.-.4] xSI syC5 ez{( ,SCSWXHT+! |74[Y! La.5 }_.] ~S B7C?+ DE 7n9>[ eMGA!(
,HR5 xN_( PVSCSWXHT+! VST4y+!( i7G@+! ,W[! xSI ( P,SCSW*XHO B(€*{ ,HR5
.FHS dG 7t-.4] }_.]( $:<$ =76 Q([ & ,SO7Mc+! e5.@+!
! 7*8GX5 ^‚ P$:<< =76 ,SCSW*XHT+! .-.4G+! ,3ƒC„ ,-kSTCG+! ,CRH+! & !2j6 s*UGA!
…6 7u7RG! ,-kSTCG+! ,CRH+! m*5 †7MG*N! $::% =76 &( PQ7O.6 g7- e!.+! xSI.H+
'96 & eMC] B_ 9>[ PF*H+! =! & ^SMS+ VW*XHO DE $::; =76 176 .2H*N(_ ‡7T]! JS/2]
.x- 7[( xA2]( '.n7M+!( Q(?a ma75_
Q762o2„7[ F*XTA ˆ4- ^+ FC@+( P,5(7M„! i1_ ‰25 ‰.[_ 9_ 0-( 1 12345 )*G>9_( ~-94+! Z*[.>+! .>*8+! & m-19R„! m5 )G>- 7*3a .'Š7?„! sS+7*N_( ,S*N7SX+!
.7>5 17MC+!( n73R+! i7R6E ‰7( P,S62C+!( 78GA\! V[ !2>3u m-k+! VHSHM+! ‹!.>8+!
P$:<Œ =76 *N2G„! .4?+! 'LI7u P$:q: =76 x]2+ 'LI7u 7tC5 PLI!2u '96 …6 ey
& 7CSN m[! 'LI7u P$:<$ =76 .>8H+ 7[( (_ ,2+ P$:<$ =76 ,SCSWXHT+! ' 2c+! Ž( 1
5Y! 'LI7u P$:<% =76 Z]7SO2X+! 174]\! & VCS+ 'LI7u P$:<w =76 Z]7SO2X+! 174]\!
| 36 |
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& e .7TS & e5.@+! e?u …6 ‘3S/_ ,SU- 7] ,-.>*{ ,S*X5_ DE 176 wŒŒv ‰23] &
.,[email protected]! '94G„! Q7-\2+! & F+ ‘-.u_ sHM+! & ,MS/1 ,S!.u ,SH36 .‚E wŒŒ< i# :
:7tC5 PsGa ,SA73‚ DE ,O7oh7[ .cC+!( .>8+! m5 7A!2-1 V‚‚ m5 .ca_ F+
$:qq PVWXHO m5 ’{76 •
$:vŒ P7t52A m5 “tC] ZG?S? •
$:<q Pe/_ 1 ( •
$::” P!9S( B7y4+! ‘a.] !"7„ •
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wŒŒ; P‘H>O 736 kG>] \ •
wŒŒ” P9>[_ (_ ‰2H+! .nLa •
wŒŒq P(•A) i7Sz+! '– & •
wŒŒ< P,{!.T+! .‚_ •
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(٢٠٠٣ – ١٩٣٥) ‫ﺇﺩﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ‬
ZA7c+! m-¦] †(Y! & }9M+! & 9S>N 1 !(1E .@T„! 9+(
P$:;v =7>+! & F*]g_ J5 '.n7M+! DE e*l( .$:%”
'94G„! Q7*-\2+! DE '¦*6 ,>[7*X+! m*N & Fu2] ^‚
}2- 2+7@?+! ,u 1 …6 ey .Z3H>+! FHSy4] J[7GS+
=76 G*Xu7„! ^‚ $:”v =7*6 B2G*XA.[ ,>57u m*5
$:q; =7*6 1 7O 7n ,*>57u m*5 §! 2*Ga9+!( $:qŒ
}¢ 9*- _9*[( P1!.*A2a `*-‰2u i1_ m*6 ,*(.r¨[
†2R]( P˜ 2-2SA & 7S?52+2a ,*>57u & B 7M„! i1Y!
,S3-17aY! Q7*XN€„! Q7-)a m5 196 & .I!‰ "7G*N¨a
|94] .L*C@[2n B2*u( 1.O 7n( e*-7- ,>57u e*c5
.,SCS]+!( ,S+7W-h!( ,*SA7„Y!( ,SA7?*Nh7[ ^+_( P,/W[ ,S*XA.T+!( ,-LSHRAh!( ,S[.>+!
'‹!.M+7[ FTz8[ §7?l kC5 ©.6 9/( P,N7SX+!( dMSN2„!( ,TXHT+!( B 7M„! i1Y7[ ^Gn!
!ªXa (\! 9I7/ J5 xN_ .2A7S?+! ,+# …6 7O‰76( !?a !.@T5( 7?]7a «?l_ dG dMSN2„!(
m5 VSMS*N25 ‘3o “i.z+!( ‡¦+! B!2-1” ,/.O ^-2?A 7[ †7SA!1 fSI!gh! ,*S59MG+!
.N(Y! ‡¦+! ‹74A_ ea
,SO7Mc+! FG-2n & .ƒC+! m>3- _9[ "E PF]7S & ¬)a ,O7W>A! $:qv B!.-L i. ‘H@{
xHR„! & !2j6 sUGA! .,SA7XAh! DE J*N!2+! FI73GA! …6 +" .‚€- B_ B(1 PZCSW*XHTa
$::$ =76 †7MGN!( Q!.5 '96 ,SCSWXHT+! '17SM+! 9MGA!( $:vv =76 ZCSWXHT+! ZCr2+!
.$::% =76 2HN(_ ‡7T]! ­ 7>5 ‰.[_ m5 B7a(
FC6 sGa( Pi.z+! & ,>N!( e>O 1(1 !c5 $:v< =7>+! & «‡!¦GN\!» F?Ga ‰.[_ 9l
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i.z+! b17>-( i.>+!( =Nh! m6 JO!9- FA_ Q_ i7G@H+ ,®r7¤ Q!*XT] ˜7Cn» :7M\
' 7‚E †¤ m5 i.z+!( ‡¦+! V[ '2*t+! ZWU] DE ©9t- B7a V & P'ªG*X5 ' 2y[
i.z+! …6 1 1.*R5 §!.- m5( PZA7>„! †ƒ[ e*T4- i7Ga & ,SO7Mc+! ,*-19>G+! ,*Sj/
.«X?„! `l2+! !kt[ FS+E ‹¯“O .7tGSA7*XAE m6( ,SCSW*XHT+! ,SjM+! m6 V>O!9„! ‰.*[_ m5 9S>*N 1 !(1E )G>7@Ah Q(*[ & .3]€5 9M6 wŒŒ$ =7*6 i.>+!( VSCSW*XHT+! VTMc„! m*5 ,*623R5(
9>[ wŒŒ% †2H-_ w” & e .,SA7c+! ,*S„7>+! i.4+! B7[E 7[( (_ & 7[( (_ 12t- ,*/.45
.†7j6 ž.5 J5 .-.5 Ž!°
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$:v< P‡!¦GN\! •
$:v: [email protected]! J3GR„!( ,SCSWXHT+! ,SjM+! •
$::< P,S+7-)5h!( ,O7Mc+! •
wŒŒŒ PB7@„! ± 7¤ •
wŒŒ% P`Mc„! 2l •
wŒŒ% PVS[( (Y! ( 9-(.O •
;&<( =4:> ,-?@& //
(«=Nh! ,SWz]» i7Ga ,59M5 m5 JWM5)
m5 ^+7>+! & 7C/(.- \ 7*5 Q7>?] FSH6 ZMHA ‹!9O 0*?a «=*Nh!» e>u …6 Ž73uE ,*3‚..
ec3- [email protected]! V3S+! .@X>5 9C6 =Nh7O ²'9-9u ,-17yG/!( ,S673Gu!( ,SN7SN ±"73A
m5 7¡[³ \E §!.- O *N2+! 75_ =ƒ+! B(./ ,Sr!./2S‚ 7*XS+! .@*X>5 9C6( ,-.[)+!
¢ ,t-.@+! ,[!.z+!
¢ …6 .'.TC„!
7CGO.>5 B_ ^.[ FA¨[ Q!.@X>„! §kn JS3u V[ ’O!2] ,3‚ B_
735 ^+7>+! +" & c@+! 9u2- \ FA´O i!.zG*N+ 269] ,u 9+ ,HS®o Z5*Nh! ^+7>+7[
7 ¡N7N_ Zn =Nh! & '12u2„! ^n9C6 '9S2+! ,3SM+!( PFA7*X4GN! (_ FSH6 ,MO!2„! m@3& B!2+Y!( †7@*{Y! ,62CG„! '!17>„! §kn B¨[ ¬.¤Y! ,+Lt3H+ ,O7oE P,S62S*8H+ F]!17>5
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(١٩٩٤ – ١٩٢٩) ‫ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬
dtA_( PV17a m-2[Y $:w: =76 '°7C+! ,*C-95 & 9+(
†7jC+! & ¶.*UA! .7*tSO ,*-2A7c+!( ,*SI!9G[\! FG*N! 1
^jA!( P'.@?5 mN & ZA7W-)+! 73>GN\! 9o Z?>*8+!
& ^n7*N( P,?@C+! =7*6 & Z62S*8+! iL*4+! ©2*Ty+
m5 VSCSW*XHT+! i.>+! B7@*X+! e*S.] JC„ 12*tR+!
^‚ PB7n9+!( ’*{.+!( ‹7*C?+!( ' 7*yM+! & e36 .1*?+!
!¡ .45 e36( P$:”; =7*>+! k*C5 ·7S*X+! e3>H+ ¸.T]
17yG/\! } 1 ($:qq – $:q<) ,S[1Y! 9*-9R+! ,HR3[
2@N25 D! ,S[L ,c>[ & ,S*Xa 7„! ,TXHT+!( ·7S*X+!
.VGCN '9„
'°7C+! ,-9H?+ 7 ¡XSI ^‚ P$:v% =76 Z62S8+! iL4+! ,3I7/ m3o ‘XSC@+! ,-2j>+ sUGA!
.¤Y! F52- dG ,-9H?H+ 7 ¡XSI ZM[ ~S P$:v” =76
,Sr!.M3-9+! ,t?R+! ¯N€5 m5 .ž Y! =2- i!³E P$:vq !"# %Œ & ZU- 7G+! i!³h! 17/
bk+!( P$:<Œ =76 ,S[.>+! n73R+! .3]€5 ,57/h m- 17?„! m5 .$:vv =76 '!(7X„!( =XH+
.VzS[ ^S7C5 PFCS & Ž7O9+! .-‰(( ,52@4+! xSI m5 b.@X6 .5¨[ .ƒ
¡
i1_ ^+7>5 ‰.[_( ^*n_ 9! )G>- P,y/(
!¡.*cA( !¡.>*{ ,S*N7SX+!( ,S[1\! ,[7G@+! } 75
FGO7M‚( ,*-.@T+! FGSTH¤ .67*8+! FSO `*¹2- ,Tr7>+! b2*/ P·73 §.>*{ .,*5(7M„!
Z?>*8+! i1Y7[ 7l7¤
7¡573Gn! 17-‰ ’SO2] 1.*O_ Z[1Y! §.cA &( .,>*N!2+! ,S@S*N@+!
¡
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.ZCSWXHT+!
ZU- 7] ‹7M+ m*5 F]126 ’-.r & B7a ~S P$::; =7*6 b(7*N¨5 ‡.r |17 & &2*]
.Q7O.6 g7- ZCSWXHT+! xSI.+7[
:7t3n_ ,-.cC+! sG@+!( ,-.>8+! Q7623R„! m5 9-9>+! 17-‰ ’SO2] `+_
.$:qq P7TS P(.>{) ^@-17-_ …6 9{_ •
$:qq PQ([ (.>{) !2jtA!( ^a7]25 !2CO1! •
$:q: PQ([ (.>{) sjz+!( ' 2c+! Q7SC_ •
$:v% P'°7C+! (.>{) ‹!.34+! ,7X+! & b(!ˆA •
$:v% P'°7C+! (.>{) ,62C35 ¬.¤_ 9I7y/( ,-.4+! ‹7CRN •
$:v; PQ([ (.cA) ZCSWXHT+! Z?>8+! i1\! m5 2l •
.$:v” P'°7C+! (.cA) ,- 2H@+2O Q7-7@ !7SA9+! †7 •
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s› M› 6— …6 7 ¡N_ :^@+ 7SA9+! sH/_ B_
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(١٩٩٦ – ١٩٢١) ‫ﺇﻣﻴﻞ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﻲ‬
m5 ˜ª„! '17t*{ …6 ey( $:w$ =76 7TS & 9*+(
'7Ty5 &( ‹7*C[ e57>a e36 P7*TS & 7/2+ 75 ,*SHa
}9M+! & ,SCSW*XHT+! ,*6!"h! !1 & 7*¡>-k5( *TC+!
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Q7CS‚c+! ,-7tA & ZCSWXHT+! Z62S8+! iL4H+ ^jA!
7-_ & 7n (9l kC5 174]\! ,TS4l .-.4] & ˜ 7{(
.$:;;
Q7WHN Q936 ZG+! ‰73t„! '9-.u 9l! $:;q =76 &
.¤7X+! 7t[2HN_ s?*X[ 7t/E DE ZA7W-)+! i!9GA\!
.9/7C+!
9>[ 174]\! '9*-.u .-.4] D2] .($:;;) «Z*Cr2+! .-.4G+! ,*?y6» ¯*N€5 m5 B7a
7n9>[ .($:vw – $:”%) ‘*XSC@+! & !¡2j6 «?l_( .$:;< `-.¤ & 7n (9l '1(7>5
ZG+!) .,S[1Y! © 7*85 ,HR5 9l!( 73a .($:<< d*G) 174]\! .-.4]( i1µ*+ ¸.*T]
1(!1 =7t*N ,?-1Y! Q176_ V wŒŒw d*G ‘?RG!( 1!96_ < F*]7O( dG 7tC5 9*l
.7TS & mO1( $::q =76 Z?S? eS5E &2] (7n !9lE
,S[1Y! Q76!9[h! m5 ,623R5 Z?S? eS5E sGa &74y+!( ·7S*X+! Fr7*8A D! ,O7o\7[
:7t3n_ Z[.>+! ^+7>+! & 7?@+! i7G@+! ©7y5 D! 7t?7l ‘>O '.t{( 7 ¡u!( ‘/\ ZG+!
$:q: P7TS P,GX+! =7-Y! ,SN!9N •
$:v; P7TS (,-!( ) eI78G„! x4C+! Z[_ 9S>N ‹7TG¤! & ,S[.z+! JI7/2+! •
$:<Œ P'°7C+! .(,S½5) .J@+ m[ J@+ •
$::$ P7TS P(,-!( ) ,SW¤_ •
$::$ P7TS .†2z+! ‘C[ 7-!g ,SO!.¤ •
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(١٩٨٥ – ١٩١٩) ‫ﺇﻣﻴﻞ ﺗﻮﻣﺎ‬
FGN! 1 dtA_ P$:$: =76 7TS & 752] eS5E ¿ €„! 9+(
dtA_( 7*TS & ,S*Xa("2‚ Y! ,*N 9„! & ,*SI!9G[\!
.}9M+! & B!.W„! ,N 95 & ,-2A7c+!
,S„7>+! i.*4+! Ž\9*A! ,S*86 ,S>57R+! FG*N! 1 _9*[
FSH6 k>]( P7*SA7W-.[ & 1 2T*Xa_ ,>57u & ,*SA7c+!
.i.4+! ©(.¹ s?X+ 7t+73aE
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m5 †(Y! 19>+! 9l $:;; 7*-_ $; &( P$:;% =7*6
7t?7l( ,?y>+! ^*N7[ ,Mr7C+! “17*4]\!” ,TS4l
.7t+ .¢ 45 †(_(
1?+! DE 7n9>[ 176 P.t{_ ,G*N mR* pN ~S Q([ DE KLA $:;< =76 ,?@C+! Ž2/( 9C6
:F]R5( iL4+! `4l & !¡ .*45
e36( fSI!gh! Z62S*8+! iL4+! ©2Tl & *8A(
¢
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.“,S[.>+! '92+! ea785( ,S[.>+! i2>8+! 'X5” 7tA!2C6
P7tGS62]( eSI!gE & ,SCSW*XHT+! ,S[.>+! ,*S52M+! ,SH/Y! ^SƒC] & VW*{7C+! m*5 B7a
=XH+ ,Sr!.M3-9+! ,t?R+!( Q7SCSX3U+! & ,S?>8+! ,S[.>+! ,t?R+! ,57/E & ˜ 7*{ 9MO
¢ ZG+! ,ST4y+! F]7[7Ga sA7u DE +" Z]¨-( .Q7SCS>S?*X+! `yGC5 & '!(7*X„!(
P7t>/(
.7n( «f5.@+! .[7u«( «B(9H¤ m[!» *a ' 7>GX5 ‹73N¨[ P7A¡ 7S_
:7tC5 PÀ- 7G+!( .@T+!( ,O7Mc+!( ,N7SX+! & '9-96 Q7TCy5 ˜.]
.$:qw 7TS P†(Y! 7n9M6 & ‰23] w% ' 2‚ •
.$:qw 7TS PN(Y! ‡¦+! & ZU- 7G+! 2¢ WG+!( i.>+! •
.$:v; 7TS Ps>{ Q7S52- •
.$:v< FH+! =! PVWXHO & ,S52M+! ,a.4+! …6 7¡576 B2GN •
.$:<$ Q([ P=Nh! & ,S673Gu\! Q7a.4+! •
| 44 |
!"#!$!%&
IHJ%& 3K/ //
($:”q P}17X+! 19>+! P«9-9R+!» ,HR5 & Q¦A ,+7M5 m5)
Zn '12>+! & V®u+! =*_ B_( ‘tGA! 9/ ,SCSW*XHT+! ,SjM+! B_ 9MG>- m5 ˜7*Cn( ..
=_ B_( e4] ^*+ ,SCSW*XHT+! ,SjM+! B_ …6 mn)] =7-Y! m@+( .'.*[76 `Sl =*_
& e4] ,‚ 7a DE b1€- 9/( ’HM+!( i!.Wo\!( .]2G+! ZM?S*N 7nÁ7M[( PdM?G*N V®u+!
.F[2>{ sSy]( N(Y! ‡¦+!
& ^tA7@*NE su!2+! m5( 1?+! §kn & V®u+ B7@*5 \ B_ ,SHSI!gh! ,*S>u.+! JS*8](
9/( y„! .-.M] ,+!96 en7RG]( mr2+! DE VC4+! ÂC] ,S>u.+! §kn BE .,S[.>+! 7W/Y!
.12tS+! i2H/ & VC4+! !kn ec5 Zn Q 7‚_ 9MO ..akG] B_ 7t?u!( m5 B7a
.,3MC+7[( ,Tr7>+7[ ‹f*„! i1Y! !kn .V®u+! i1_ & (9?] '12*>+! DE VC4+! !kn '2*/(
.'.n7ƒ+! §kn DE ‘TGH] B_ ,S>u.+! f>O
9MO .[76 (_ ,]2?@5 ‘*XS+ ,?.+! §kn( V®u+! ‹\€t+ ‹Ã ea Zn '12>+! & ,?.+! BE
7tX?GM- 9-9R+! eSR+!( eTWH+ 7t3H>- ÀS8+!( 7tA(98C- B2®u+!( .,y/( !¡.>{ ‘H ¢RX]
.^-9M+! eSR+! m6
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| 45 |
(١٩٧١ – ١٩٠٩) ‫ﺃﻛﺮﻡ ﺯﻋﻴﺘﺮ‬
§9+!( B7a( P$:Œ: =76 xH[7A & ªS6‰ .36 =.a_ 9*+(
§2¤_ 75_ .m-¦>+! B.M+! eI!(_ & xH[7A ,-9H?+ 7* ¡XSI
m5 9-9>H+ 7¡3uª5( 7*¡S5745( 7¡?]7a B7@O †17*6 )aY!
.sG@+! Q7t5_
} 1( xH[7A & K7*RC+! ,SHa & ,-2A7c+! FG*N! 1 ^]_
176 ^‚ PQ(*[ & ,[email protected]! ,*>57R+! & '9*!( ,C*N
& e3>+! .*‚# FC@+ .}9M+! & ‡2*M4+! ,SH@[ ’*4GHS+
-$:wv Q!2C*X+! & 7@*6 ,-2A7‚ & e*36( x*- 9G+!
“˜25+!” ,TS4l & ,*O74y+! ,Ct5 } 75( $:w:
‰7tu m5 FHyO DE Q1_ F*]\7M5 B_ (9?-( .,*-(7TS4+!
'#.5” '9-.u .-.4] ,N7I D2]( }9M+! DE 17>O .xH[7A FGSA95 DE F]126 JC5( ^SH>G+!
.VWXHO & ZA2Sty+! ¶78C+!( ,SA7W-)+! Q7WHX+! ,5(7M5 …6 F]\7M5 & La¢ ( .“‡¦+!
,-.@X>+! ,S3-17aY! &( ^SH>G+!( ,S[ª+! ' !‰( & Z52/ Fu23a e3>H+ $:%w =76 i9GA!
,-9SHMG+! Q!17SMH+ §9MA m5 7tSO 9¢>l Q\7M5 sGa( $:%” =76 1?+! DE 176 .‡!.*>+! &
.i!9GA\! ,Cn!95( x67MG+!( m?R+7[ 7n75 ( ,SCSWXHT+!
†7R5 & ,l7¤( $:%q =76 ZA9„! B7Sy>+!( i!³h! …6 “4+! & ·7N_ (1 F+ B7a
1!9z[( ’851 V[ eMC] $:%: =76 ' 2c+! ‹7tGA! 9>[( .,S?>8+!( ,S52M+! B7RH+! xSN¨]
.†2?CWN!(
¢
B!.-E & B1 µ+ !¡T*N V6 .ZA1 Y! ^@4+! ‘4] ˜!kA# ‘A7a( $:”$ =76 xH[7A DE 17*6
.-‰( 7tCS[ m5 sl7C5 '96 9HM]( $:qq =76 B1 Y! ,Su 7U+ !¡.-‰( «?l_( B7GXA7zO_(
.$::q B7XSA $< & B736 & &2] .Z3{7t+! ¶?+!
:LF)+M AN
.($:;Œ * $:$<) ,SCSWXHT+! ,SjM+! ’I7‚( PªS6‰ =.a_ ‡! (_ •
($:%: * $:%q) ^Sƒ>+! i!³h!( ¬)@+! ' 2c+! Q7S52- •
.($:%: * $:$<) ,SCSWXHT+! ,SCr2+! ,a.4+! ’I7‚( •
.($:%: * $:%”) ,SCSWXHT+! ,SCr2+! ,a.4+! ’I7‚( PªS6‰ =.a_ Q7S52- •
.($:;q * $:%:) ªS6‰ =.a_ Q!.ak5 m5 PZG5_ eu_ m5 •
| 46 |
!"#!$!%&
,KB O)P //
($:%$ i# wv P,SN9M„! «'7S4+!» '9-.u & ,+7M5 m5)
m5 Q7®„!( Q!¦>+! 73CS[ P7t/7n‰E & m*>3GO ,5!.a ,5Y! §kt+ B_ en7RG] ,WH*X+! 73CS[
i7?8+! …6 ž.T] ,5 7y+! =7@Y! 73CS[( P¡!.5‰ ¡ !.5‰ mRX+! DE B2/7X- i7?8+! !._
¿2S*8+! m5 †L>+! …6 7tl7l ,-LSH@A\! ‡17C?+! FSO ’HW] bk+! V4+! &( PŽ7O1 B(1
,¤° b9G>„! F*u( & ,5Y! 7tSO ¿ˆ] ZG+! ,67*X+! &( !‹7*XC+!( †7TrY!( B7?*8+!(
J3R- B_ sR- ZG+! ,A(¥! §kn &( P0W?+! 9{!( 17tWo\! Â/_ 7tHu_ m5 9[7@] P' 7?u
,S3-.@] QT DE ‹7tu( Ž.*t- Pd34+! m6 1(k+!( ,5!.@H+ ,?jz+! …6 B2SCSW*XHT+!
i ( ,WHX+! s7l 2n Z57*X+! i(9C„!( !}9M+!( 7O7- & Z57*X+! i(9C„! Ž!12+ =7M]
B236LG5( PxH[7A & b.R- =1 .B2RX+! «GT] F]1! ´[( =7@Y! 9y] F3N7[ PB7R+2y+!
^n( B(.>*8- \_ .‹759+! Q.u 7„ 7n\2+ ,WH*N ec3- m5 ^-.@G+ ¬.¤Y! B9„! & B2+(.t¼^MH>+! }¨a '2M+! ^tSMX] ^tA!2¤E m5 Q!¦6 B¨[ ^-.@G+! '9I75 …6 b78+! B2[¦-
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| 47 |
(١٩٤٨ – ١٨٦٥) ‫ﻧﺠﻴﺐ ﻧﺼﺎﺭ‬
$<q” =7*6 B7C?+ i2*Cu & i2C6 V*6 ,-./ & 9*+(
.i.z+! ‡2N ,N 95 & } 1(
F+ B7a( 7¡S+9Sl 7tSO e36( 7-)r 9y/ F[7?{ JHW5 &
.7tA(€{ & ‡k( ,6! L+! 7tSO } 75 ž ! B7*XS[ &
V ¦6 J*N7G+! B.M+! ,-7tA & &74y+! Fr7*8A _9[
B7*X+( ,-.n7M+! ^WM„! Z*GTS4l & ,*[7G@+7[ ŽŠ
…6 `-.>G+7[ F*]7[7Ga QLa.] 9*/( .,S](?+! †7*4+!
.VWXHO & ZA2Sty+! ¶78C+!
ZG+! e5.@+! ,TS4l 7TS ,C-95 & xN_ $:Œ< =76 &
Ž!ˆ+!( ZA2Sty+! ¶7*8C+! 25_ ,8/7C5 …6 7tT/(_
dG Z62?N_ e@*8[ ,TS4y+! §kn Q.t¹ 9/( .VW*XHO & i.>+!( 12tS+! V[ Z52M+!
FGu(‰ 7n.-.4] & F]967N( «9-9R+! e5.@+!» $:%% =76 7t3*N! «?l! 9/( .$:;w =76
. 7yA ±"7N
D! ,O7oE ,*S[.>+! ,S52M+!( ,SCSW*XHT+! ,SCr2+! Q7*S+7>T+! & ^u ¶7*8A 7*yC+ B7a
.&74y+! Fr78A
Z[.>+! Z52M+! Fr7*8A s?*X[ ,SA73c>+! Q7WH*X+! FGM\ ,SA73c>+! 'ªT+! ,-7tA Z*TA
9MG6! ZA7W-)+! i!9GA\! 9*t6 ,-!9[ &( .'7GT+! 7Sa.]( Z/ª+!( 17*4]\! ,S>3R+ Ä(7*C„!
.i!9GA\! ‹7jMA! 9>[ †MGN\! VSCSWXHT+! «C„ 7n7>*X5 & ,/17l 7SA7W-.[ B! 7¡3n!(
B76g FC@+ $:$< =76 '°7C+! ,C-95 & 7SA7W-)+ 9-€„! .4+! iL4+! `S+¨] & ˜ 7{ 9/(
^tMS?W] =96( ,S>3M+! ^tGN 735 9o( VSA7W-)+! 9o sG@O §17MG6! `-‰ ‘T8Ga! 75
73CS ,-9SHMG+! ,SCSW*XHT+! ,576L+! 17MGA! m5 Ž9].- ^+ ‘/2+! xTA &( i!9GA\! ,MS‚2+
& .«S4y+! ’-.W+! …6 *X] 7tA! 9MG6! 759C6 7t361 m5( i!2y+! sA7R] 7*tA! 9*MG6!
‹! # m5 ,?-./ ‘A7a( ,S[.6 ,S52/ †2S5 Q!" e5.@+! ,TS4l ‘4?l_ P'¤Y! 7t]!2C*N
.†MGN\! iL
9/( .,SA7c+! ,S„7>+! i.4+! ‹7*C‚_ (,S+75 Q7[2>l s?*X[) (9y+! m6 ,TS4y+! ‘T/2]
.$:;< ,CN & '°7C+! ,C-95 & mO1( 7yA &2]
:7t3n_ ¬.¤_ Q76!9[E( 7¡?Ga 7yA sSRA ˜.] JN!2+! &74y+! Fr78C+ ,O7oh7[
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| 48 |
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$:$: P,S½5 Pi.>+! '7O( •
Jr7M5 ‘C3j] ZA7Xz+! «HT5 ^N! ‘H3 ,SO!.2S[ ,-!( 7C 2[_ 7C s-1Y! F+ ¦A 73a
.F]7S m5 ,SyU{ «55(
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($:%Œ ‰23] w% =2- & e5.@+! '9-.u ,S7GGO!)
eu! m5 B2o 7>5 7CA_ B2+2M-( 7CA2?/7>- }7C+! “>[ P!28S>G+ "7MA\! ’-.r & !2*85E
:’I7M4+! `8@] ,[.RG+! m@+( 7 ¡4S4l !kn B2@- 9/ .17MGA\7[ Å7¤ J+( 7C+( ,o 7>„!
73a Z5a \ f36 ’*-.r & ,SCr2+! ,a.4+7[ B2*3I7M+! *X- B_ 9-.A 7CAY 9MGCA m*4A
V5_ ±74+! ,73N †9>- B_ 9-.A .‹! 2+! DE Ž2u ( ' 7X¤ ,RSGC+! ‘A7a( =2S+! DE 7Ag
LSHRA\! 1[ DE 12/2+! †7N E m6( Q7CX4a Q7A76h! J3R+ 12/2+! †7*N E m6 ZCS*X4+!
DE 7C[ ‘>u e[ =75h! DE '2W¤ 7C[ =9MG] ^+ ZG+! Q7u7RG\! JO ( QT4+! ,57/E m6(
B2yHU„!( P7A2TyC- B_ B2?4- m-k+!( 7C]!17MGA! m5 FG73N …6 B( 7z- m-k+7O .‹! 2+!
FHu Jj-( MO '9!( ,-./ bª8S+ b9CO_ V5_ ±74+! i7Cu !24yC- B_ ^tSH6 ^n1?+
&( F+2 ©7TG+\! DE V6!9+! FH36 m-9CR„! ,>SHr & B2@A 7CA_ B(O ,SH3>+! ’-.W+! &
$;:% 19>+! PB(¦>+!( ,SA7c+! ,C*X+! P7TS Pe5.@+! : 9y„!) FG576L[ VOª>„! ,59M5
.(w%/v/$:%Œ & ‹7>[ Y!
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| 49 |
(١٩٤٨ – ١٨٨٢) ‫ﺇﺳﻌﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﺷﻴﺒﻲ‬
k3HG]( Q(*[ & ,3@4+! !1 & ^*H>]( }9M+! & 9*+(
DE 176 7n9>[ ZA7G*X?+! FH+! 9*?6 ÀS*8+! 9- …6 7*tSO
9/( .,Sy+! ,N 9„! & ,S[.>H+ 7 ¡N 95 V6( }9M+!
Z & FGS[ & sG@+! Q7t5_ Q2 ,3Sƒ6 ,?G@5 x*N_
i.4+! ‹7C‚E 7tH57@[ ‘67o ,?G@+! §kn) .K!.u ÀS8+!
.(,?@C+! =76 &
!¡.-95 ©7>*NE V6 D(Y! ,*S„7>+! i.*4+! ,-7tA 9*>[
¡
7¡576 7*8GT5
+" 9>[( }9*M+! & ,-9S*{.+! ,*-2A7cH+
i!9GA\! ,52@4+ ,>[7G+! © 7>„! '.I!1 & ,S[.>+! ,*zH+
Z3H>+! J3R„! & !¡2j6 G¤! $:w< =76 & .ZA7W-)+!
V[ eMGC- k¤!( © 7>„! '.I!1 & FGTS¹( m5 †7MG*N! $:%Œ ,C*N &( ’*851 & Z[.>+!
VSN7NY! i7G@+! 9! B7a $:;v -$:%v V[ ,>/!2+! 'ªT+! &( .’851( '.n7M+!( }9M+!
~S .'.n7M+! & Q7-L+! m*X 93! 7n 9l_ ZG+! ' 2t*8„! ,S[1Y! «,+7*N.+!» ,HR5 &
.«s-1Y! eMA» ^N! ‘H3 ,G[7‚ ,-(!‰ 7tSO F+ ‘A7a
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Q!¦6( 7T+€5
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.,S5Nh! ' 7j4+!( ,S[.>+! ,zH+! Æ7R5 & 7t3ƒ>5 .,S3H>+! Q\7M„!
08BFB/ Y*.B 089. CZV //
(Z/2{ 93_ V[¨] & 7n7M+_ ,3Ha m5)
sS>- \( 7n7A9?6( P†17*6 ,3‚ xS+( 7t? -Z*[.>+! 7t-_ – 7C3Sn Z*G+! ,S[.>+! §k*n(»
=2- ('(9C+! !1) & e*MGC- m+( P7t+2 B2@+! §k*n & ‘?c- m+ en7u \E 7*A9C6 7*t]17?6
7t+7( P,SA95 ,*[ ,S[.z+7a ,*S[.>+!( ,S[.z+! ,*C-9„! §kn ‘O.6 !"E \E P7*t+2/ †2*M+!
,SM-.h! ,SA9„! 7tM-.r & ‘*/\ 7t].-Lu m6 ‘C>r 7„ 7tA¨O ..tG*85 Q7C-9„! ,?4y[
‘O.R>] \( - ejO Q!k+ 7tAE( – 7tHjT[ ‘+1_ 75( P‘X?>] \( 7n9¤ 7tC6 Q.>l 73O
«7tC6 ‘‚9( P7t-9- V[ =2cR+! ‘+7r¨O P7tC5 ^H6! 7tA¨[ ‘CMSGN!(
| 50 |
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(١٩٨٠ – ١٩١٠) ‫ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻨﻄﻲ‬
FG*N! 1 dtA_ P,SHSMH/ m*5 7tHl_ ,HI7>+ 7*O7- & 9*+(
,>57RH+ sXGA! $:w< =76 &( 7O7- & ,-2A7c+!( ,S+(Y!
sMH+! …6 $:%w =76 ey 7tSO( Q([ & ,*[email protected]!
,>57R+! ‘A7a( .17*yG/\!( ,S*N7SX+! =2H>+! & †(Y!
Q.7C]( 7tSO ‘W*8A ,®SO1 V4+! +" & ,*[email protected]!
Z52M+! 7*SG+7a ,THGU„! ,*SCr2+!( ,S52M+! Q! 7*SG+!
F]126 9>[ .ZA7C?H+! ZCr2+!( b 2X+! Z52M+!( Z[.>+!
«,S5*Nh! ,>57R+!» ,TS4l & 7¡SO74l e36 7O7- DE
B7a( .Z/( 7T+! Zu7G+! B73SH*N ÀS*8+! 7t@HG5! ZG+!
ZM+ «i7?*8+! ~-9» B!2C6 ‘*4] ¡ \7M5 7tSO s*G@.'?a ,S?>{( 7 ¡u!(
.,S[.>+! ,-(92+! †2S„! s7l ZCSWXHT+! †MGN\! iL D! ^jA! $:%% =76 &
m-9+! ¤ †7c5_ 7*?@+! i.>+! VSO74y+! m*5 ,623R5 J5 7O7- & ¨*8A! $:%; =7*6 &
' 7z+! m8] ^+ BE» 7n 7>*{ B7a ZG+! .,S52S+! «Ž7O9+!» ,TS4l ±!½+! Z57*N( fa L+!
Zn7j] ,HSH/ 2t*{ B2j & ,TS4y+! §k*n ‘4?l! 9/( .«JO!9O 7*¡34GM5 ‹!2>*8+!
7t573]! 9>[( 7n( ,S5*N\! ,>57R+!( e5.@+!( VW*XHTa ,3-9M+! `4y+! Q7*-)a
m5 7n 78GA! †9>5 el( ~S 78GA\! ~S m5 7¡>S3u `4y+! §kn Q9>] D(\! 7tGCN
,O7o! !kn i.6( VSCSW*XHO Pm-‰ 7[ 7¡[7Ga ,TS4y+! ‘?G@G*N! 9/( .196 ©¥! $Œ – <
.VWXHO & ,S[.>+! ,O74y+! ,67Cl eM …6 7tGH¤1_ ZG+! ,HI7t+! ,SCMG+! ' 2c+! D!
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,S[( (\! ^l!2>+! & ^Sn!.[! †2R] ($:%: – $:%q) ¬)@+! ,SCSWXHT+! ' 2c+! ,-7tA &
.B9C+( x- 7[( `SCu !LO ,SCSWXHT+! .ƒC+! ,tu( K¦+
=7/!( (9y+! m*6 Ž7O9+! ‘T/2] ,SCSW*XHT+! ,?@C+!( $:;< 7*-! & 7*O7- ¶2M*N 9>[
7n.-.4] & Fa 7*{( «'.n7M+!» 7n73*N! ,TS4l 7tSO § 9l! ~S '.*n7M+! & ^*Sn!.[!
..!1 9>N! ZA7C?H+! &74y+!
=76 dG ˜7Cn Q 9l ZG+! Ž7O9+! ,TS4l !9l! 7tSO 19u( }9M+! D! eMGA! +" 9*>[
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dG 7tSO =7/! Z*G+! B1 \! & VSO74yH+ 7¡?SMA ZWC*8+! ^Sn!.[! sUGA! $:q: =7*6 &
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| 51 |
(١٩٧٣ – ١٨٩٧) ‫ﻭﺍﺻﻒ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ‬
& ^‚ 7tSO ,*SA7„\! ,*N 9„! & ^H>]( }9*M+! & 9*+(
.ZCSa7@X+! eSH¤ 7n !1! ZG+! ,- 2GN9+! ,N 9„!
ZCS*X4+! V*X §9t>] ,-2A7c+! ,H.„! FI7tA! 9>[(
.ZA73c>+! 9t>+! ,-7tA & }9M+! ,-9H[ xSI
…6 ©L>+! m*M]7O §.*zl kC5 dMS*N2„ ¡S5 .*t¹!
…6 dMS*N2„! ^H>] 9*/( .12*>+!( 2*?CW+!( ,*[7[.+!
el! m5) 0*W?+! .36 12>+! ©‰7*6 9- …6 7*t+2l!
^RA `l!( B7a D(\! ,S„7>+! i.4+! ‹7C‚!( .(b 2*N
VT¹2„!( ¶7?j+! ©Š …6 =7M] ‘A7a ZG+! Q!.tX+!
& dC( ©L6( 73a .}9M+! ,C-95 & 7?@+! VSA73c>+!
.,l7U+! 7tI7-.‚! Q7Xu &( ,Sr!.MGN \! g\! eO745
Q7A75.T+!( ’I7‚2+!( 2*y+!( ,SMS*N2„! Q\¥!( ,SCT+! ©.W+! J3R[ _9[ $:w; =7*6 &
¡
,SH45 & .3GN! 9/( «,-.n2R+! ,623R„!» ^*N! FSH6 ’Hr! 7T4G5
}9M+! & FGS[ «?l!(
9S+! U[ ,[2G@5 Q!9*HR5 ,‚‚ & F]7T+€5 `*l!( B(1 9/( .$:q< =76 d*G J*3R+!
¦C[ wŒŒ% =76 ,SN9M„! Q7*N! 9+! ,XN€5 ‘57/ 9/( .«,-.n2R+! Q7-.ak+!» 7n73*N
.«$:$v – $:Œ; P,-.n2R+! Q!.ak„! & ,SA73c>+! }9M+!» B!2C6 ‘4] 7tC5 †(\! ‹LR+!
¡ 7a¡ 7] $:v% =76 Q([ & `l!( Ç2]
,623R5( ,-.n2R+! ,623R„! & FƒT !¡?a 7‚!.]
'ªO & ,SCSW*XHT+! ,6!"h! !1 7*tG6!"E( F*]2y[ 7tHR*N B74+Y!( ZA7Y! m*5 '*?a
.ZA7W-)+! i!9GA\!
| 52 |
!"#!$!%&
(١٩٤١-١٨٨٦) ‫ﻣﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‘MH] .,SCSW*XHO =_( Z*A7C?+ iY '°7*C+! & Q9*+(
' 2r V6 & ,-2A7c+!( '°7*C+! & ,SI!9G[\! 7tG*N! 1
.B7C?H[
~S P'.n7M+! & ,57/È+ 7t]g_ J5 $:Œv =76 ‘HMGA!
& ,TXHT+!( Z5*Nh! À- 7G+!( Z[.>+! i1Y! ‘*N 1
.,S?CuY! Q7zH+! x- 9] & ‘H36( '.n7M+! ,>57u
7t3RA k¤_( VST4y+!( i7*G@+! ‘W+7¤ '.*n7M+! &(
,c7[( b9*MA( Z[1_( Z*673Gu! †7*M5 ,?]7a ’*+¨G'(9A» ^*N7[ ‘O.6 ,S62?*N_ '(9A ‘*XN_ .,?SW¤(
ˆ>+! ‹!.>*{( ‹7[1_ '2*Tl 7tSH6 11¢ .*] P«‹7*‚c+!
e¹ PFMGH] ^+ 7tA_ J*5( .17M>+! }7?6( B!.W5 eSH¤( Z/2*{ 93_( V*X Fr ^tC5(
¡
7¡576 m-¦>+ 73tCS[ Q*N!.„! ‘5!1( B!)u eSH¤ B!)R[ 7t]7S †!2*r !"2¤¨5
7*t?H/
.$:%$ =76 ˜ 2-2SA & F]7O( dG
,SXA.T+7[ .>{ B!2-1 7t+ .,-ˆ„! QR„!( `4y+! Q7-)a & |74[Y!( Q\7M„! Q¦A
.sGa( Q7-!( '96(
^‚ Q(?[ ,4y5 & ‘61(_( ,S*XTA( ,S4l ,5‰Y B!)u( 7t-9+!( eS 9>[ ‘*o¢.>]
.$:;$ =76 '.n7M+7[ Ç2GG+ ˆ5 DE Q176
CJ%& [)\/ 01/B ]08#4JN ^1/ [9./ //
!B!)u
s4+! .tƒ3[ B(.*u7G- \ m-k+! BE .s4+! ,*3Ha 9-74]Y Q74Ty+! §k*n ea p‘?Ga 9*M+
.,S@S57C-1 '2/ ^t/736_ & s4+! Z¢3C- PQ7673Gu\!( •/!.„! & §!261(
ZA_( PZ[2?45 A_ ©.6_ ZC@+( PF[ ZC6_ !"75 ©.6_ \ ZAE ¼F?Ga_ bk+! !kn dC>5 75
‹Ã+!( 4M+!( ©7TR+! c@+! s4+! m5 eSHM+! B_ Z3H6 J5 !kn †2/_ .s4+! ©7¤_
.XS+! LC+! m5 ¤ s4+7[
.b 1_ \ ¼FSO ¶¢.O_ `Sa( .!kt[ S+E ‹7jOh! …6 ½u_ `Sa
¢ \( ‡ 2+! …6 F?Ga_ Z*A_ FH+ 9*34+!
¡
‘[.t+ 9*XR+7[ !³7
B¥! ‘A7a 2+ AY F[ É*TH]_
¡
¡
¡
.ÂC] B_ 9*>[ \E Z*A!.] 61_ 7*3O P*-2r 7C5‰ ‘*STG¤\( P=@*+! !k*n 9*>[ *R¤
m5 ‹759M+! †2*/ .ak]_ ..,-.4+! §kn ea '.* 7t[ ZAY P7tSH6 ¯TA =2*+_ ,[7G@+! d*G
.sG@] \( _.M] \ B_ ‘C?H+ 
» ¤ B_ :VS/¦+!
'()*+ ,-./ :01)2%& 3)4%&
| 53 |
(١٩٥٣ – ١٨٧٨) ‫ﺧﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻛﻴﻨﻲ‬
& ^H>] .$<v< =7*6 ZA7c+! B2*A7a & }9*M+! & 9*+(
,l7¤ ,*N 95 & ^‚ m5( xa"2‚ Y! =(.*+! ,*N 95
B2Stl ,*N 95 & 7n9>[( . C.M.S ,*S>3R+ ,*>[7]
.}9M+! & ,-LSHRA\!
Q7-\2+! D! 7*tC5( 7SA7W-.[ D! .*u7n $:Œq =7*6 &
iMA\! d*G 7tSO Z*M[ 9*/( .$:Œv =7*6 '9*4G„!
.[ 9/( .$:Œ< `*Sl & 2G*N9+! B6E( ZA73c>+!
¡
& B7*XAh! BE ” :*I7/
'94G„! Q7*-\2+! m*5 F*]126
0z+! …6 93G6! !"E \E «RC- \ 7n( '94G„! Q7-\2+!
.“7¡62u ‘5 2+( ¯TA 7n7[¨] ZG+! Q7Ty+! m5 +" ( ik@+!( Ž!9U+!(
7C 7n 9y- B7a Z*G+! Z>3lY! ,*HR5 & !9¡ 67*X5 !¡ .45 e36 }9M+! D! F*]126 9*>[
s*XGA! $:Œ< =76 & .7SA7C sSRA ± 2u 7n 9y- B7a ZG+! }9M+! '9-.u &( xS>+!
‹7¤Y! ,S>3u” 7n73*N! 174]\! ,*S>3u }9M+! & x*N_( Z/ª+!( 17*4]\! ,*S>3u D!
s?*X[ Z/ª+!( 174]\! ,S>3u ˜ªO VGS>3R+! J5 `HG¤! 75 B76g FC@+( “¯a"2‚ Y!
'.WSN s?*X[ ,S*Xa"2‚ Y! ,Sa.-.W?+! †7u ^l7¤( i.>H+ ‹!9>+!( -ªG+! ,*N7SN
.B75.4+! FSH6 ‘o.O( ,SXa"2‚ Y! ,XSC@+! FG>r7MO .7tSH6 VSA7A2S+!
kS5G+! 7tSO ^H>] 9/( “,- 2GN9+! ,N 9„!” 7n73N ,SCr( ,N 95 †(_ xN_ $:Œ: =76
.^t?n!k5 `HGU5 …6
¡
,S3SH>G+! Ên7C„! ^X/ m6 }9M+! & ,SA73c>+! © 7>„! '.I!1 & \(€X5 V6 $:$; =76 &
& 7{7[ †73u 7tXN_ ZG+! ,Sy+! ,N 9„! & ,S[.>+! ,zH+ 7 ¡N 95 V6 ,C*X[ +" 9>[(
.Z?S{78C+! ©7>NE( 0-(7u L-L>+! 9?6( 9S ^GN 7tSO e5!‰ 9/( }9M+!
’859O B736 & ^‚ m5( }9M+! & ,S[2@X„! ,-7C[ & ,-!9[ B2SA73c>+! FCRN $:$v =76
,S[.>+! ' 2c+! D! ^jA¨O F*!g ’Hr_ ~S $:$< =76 JHW5 dG FCR*N & ZM[ 9*/(
.VX4+! m[ eySO 5Y! '17SM[
¡
7*8GT5
B2SA7W-)+! 7t57/_ ZG+! © 7>„! '.I!1 & V*6( $:$: JHW5 & }9M+! D! 17*6
.7¡576
¡
J3R„! & !¡2j6( ,*S[.>+! ,zH+! x- 9] …6 7¡576 7*8GT5
ZCSa7@*X+! «?l_ $:wq =7*6
.’851 & Z[.>+! Z3H>+!
7tSO ,57/È+ eMGA! ZG+! '.n7M+! & ,S[.>+! ,zH+! J3R5 & !¡2j6 V6 $:;< =76 JHW5 &
| 54 |
!"#!$!%&
F+G! 9>[ B23WM+! Z & FGS[ 9MO 7t]!" ,C*X+! `Sl &( ,C*X+! xTA m5 B7*XSA &
.,-12tS+! Q!2M+! e?/ m5
JRO B_ 9>[ .t*{_ ,‚‚ $:”% =76 `Sl & F*]7O( dG '.n7M+! & ZCSa7@*X+! Ë7*6
.bg P§9S( PFC[! '7O2[
†2l_( ,S[ª+! & Q\7*M„! Q!¦*6( 7¡[7Ga m*-¦>+! i 7M- 7*5 ZCSa7@*X+! `+_ :§ 7*‚#
:7t3n_ PÀ- 7G+!( ,S[.>+! ,zH+!( x- 9G+!
.$:%; P}9M+! -,S[.>+! ,zH+! ^SH>] & †(Y! eS+9+! .$:;% P}9M+! Px/ FSH6( $:;% P}9M+! P½S] 75 .$:”” =76 F]7O( 9>[ J?r (Q7S52-) 7SA1 7- 7A! !ka K-4%& )$'%X _)`Ja 0`%& bF&<R& //
¢
P,SI!9G[! } !93O P†7Trµ+ V]7*X[ :7[( (_ & } !9„! ec5 7tS+E ±7G4A ZG+! } !9„! BE
e?/ 7A9C6 B7a 7*3a MO ^*N\7[ \ ,SMSM } !9*5 B2@] B_ ¶¦[ P,*-2A7‚ } !9*3O
¬(¨5 } !9„! B2*@] B_ \ m- 9GM„! ‹7TaY! Q7*3H>„!( V3H>„! 7t+ 7*GUA B_( ²i.*4+!
ZC-1 ‚¨] ea m6 !1¡ .¢ R5 7tSO ^SH>G+! B2@- B_( ²7Sa.] 9t6 …6 ‘A7a 73a VH57¤ 'L*R6
^SH>G+! m5 9» [ m@- ^+ !"E( ²^*H>H+ ,CS5_ } !9„! B2@] B_ sR- b_ P·7S*N (_ ¯*Cu (_
}7C+! '¤ m*5 m-9+! 'k]7*N_ 7GUA B_ ¶¦[ F?nk5 †2l_ k*S3H] ea ^*H>SHO Z*C-9+!
†2M>+! eHj] Q7O7U*N m6 ' 7?6 ^t3SH>] B2@- *®+ ^tA¨*{( ^taªA B_ \ ^tHo7O_(
7MG!( ,SA9„! §.*a }2TC+! & 9*™*+2]( 7¡3S5" 7¡?y>] ¾*8C]( ,SCr2+! 9I7M>+! 9*XT](
¢ …6 ²,S3H>+! sn!k„!
} !95 DE ±7G4A 7CAE .,N 9„! K( DE ,?XC+7[ b2A7‚ .5_ +" ea B_
Ä17?„! m5 +"  DE ‡9y+!( ,67R8+!( †MGN\!( ‹7[h!( ,-.4+! K( kS5G+! & ~?]
.¡ \!2r ¡ \7Su_ FGX?+ bk+! ,-12?>+! i2‚ 7tC6 “TCGO 7t+23¤ '9n( m5 ^5Y7[ “tC] ZG+!
'()*+ ,-./ :01)2%& 3)4%&
| 55 |
(٢٠٠٣-١٩١٧) ‫ﻓﺪﻭﻯ ﻃﻮﻗﺎﻥ‬
,*N 9„! & ‘*N 1 .$:$v =7*6 B7*/2r ¬(9*O Q9*+(
.,S]!k+! ,N! 9+! …6 7n9>[( .xH[7A & ,S8I7>+!( ,S3r7T+!
B7?8+! ,S>3u & ,SI7X5 ,N 95 & ,-LSHRA\! ,zH+! ‘3H>]
,-LSHRA\! ,zH+! +" 9>[ ‘N 1( 73a .}9M+! & ,S4SX„!
.1 2TXa_ ,C-95 & ,STSl Q! (1 †¤ m5
.($:v; P$:vw P$:vŒ P$:q$ P$:qŒ)
7n2¤_ `*8Ga! P.>*8+! ,[7G@+ ¡S5 Q9[_ 7n.zl kC5
.§76 ( §73CO eS„! !kn B7/2r ^Sn!.[E 2t8„! .678+!
‘HM‚_ 7tSO Q¨*8A ZG+! ,ƒO74„! ,-9SHMG+! ,®S?+! m@+(
~S ,®S?+! §kn ¬(9O ‘Tl( 9/( 7t]9S/( !¡ca 7tSH6
m6 ,HI7>+! F*G‚ !2] ?a b.‚! ‘S[ &( ,*ƒO74„! '9-9*{ ,SHI76 ,®S[ & Q¨*8A » :‘*+7/
=7ƒC+! Q! (³( =‹*G- ~S4[ }9Cn PB75.4+!( ^-.4+! 2*yM[ ˜.ak- ‘S[ 1!9*uY!
'_.„7O P,S[.>+! Q2S?+! ea & 73a eu.+! FSH6 .WSXO Æ2 m5 fI7>+! ¿7C„! 75_ .Z67W/h!
=2tT5 ,SyU8+! ,-.4+!( P U8+! †MGN\! m5 ,5(.45 PsG@+!( B! 9R+! ,CSRN FSO
B7?jM+! ‹! ( VR*X+! }7*XE x_ ‘Ca ‘S?+! !kn & .7t]7S & F+ 2j \ s*I7
Z52M+! 2>*8+! ZMGH- ~S( Psy>] +7[ Z*C-9+! sy>G+! ZMGH- ~S 7*¡SHu «*3r!(
,O7Mc+7[ 1(LG+!( ^*H>+! eSy4G+ FUS*N.] …6 Z36( Z[_ Å. &7M‚ 9*SHMG[ Z*Cr2+!(
.«xH[7A & ^H>+! ir ,H?/ (.n‰Y!) B7a ‘/( & ,S[.z+!
.,SCr2+!( ,-2XC+!( ,57>+! ,SA7XAh!( ,SH5¨G+!( ,S]!k+! ,6LC+! FSO P,62CG5 7n.>{ JSo!25
sA7u DE .,S*N7SX+! ,SjM+! ,59¤( †G\! “O & 7n.>*{ Q9Cu $:qv i. 9>[
,SCr2+! K7RC+! ,*>57u xS*N¨] J5 .12>+! ,+# …6 ©L>+! ¬(9*O 9SR] .>*8H+ 7tG[7Ga
.7tI7C5_ xHR5 & !¡2j6 B7/2r ¬(9O ‘?UGA!
¡
,S]!k+! 7t]N 7j-_ ‘?Ga( ,-.>*8+! Q7623R„! m5 9-9>+! ¬(9O Q 9l_ :7t]7T+€5 m5
:Q7T+€„! §kn ^n_ m5
.$:;q P7O7- -^Sn!.[! Z¤_ .$:”w P'.n7M+! .=7-Y! J5 b9( .$:q: PQ([ .B7N.T+!( eSH+! $:v; PQ([ . 7tC+!( eSH+! }2[7a $:v< PQ([ .B7/2r ¬(9O B!2-1 .$:<v P7@6 .(,S]!" 'N) .,?>l ,H P,SH?u ,H -
| 56 |
!"#!$!%&
Q"F)c`%& 5)4P ,)N/ S)dM //
2?>+! b9RGN! ½R+! & ZGT/(
2?>+! b9RGN! §#
†2345 Ž2WM„! ¯TA Z/7CG¤!
.'tƒ+! Ên( …6
7ƒGA! Q767N J?N
‘/2+! K7Cu •/ bk+! 75
¼'tƒ+! =!9/_ « ¢Xa m5
ZCS?u ÉSM+! 9HRZA2Tu & 7 ¡4H5 MX- Z/.6
B2S>+! ©\# P§#
^+! 7-!.5 ¬.4+! ,TtH+! 7tGMH6
m-(7C6 P«- 7yG+! ˜7?{ ‡2O
7?Wl!( 7yGA!
2?>+! b9RGXA §#
VRn b9Cu Q2l b(9-(
!=7L+! Fu( …6 b2t/ F3W+
ia PÌ2O Pi.6»
«ia 7- Lu74+! !2[.M] \ !2>u !
i( 9+! 9X] «- 7yG+! ˜7?{ ’Ty] 9-(
=7L+! Fu( &
'()*+ ,-./ :01)2%& 3)4%&
| 57 |
(١٩٧٧ – ١٩٣٦) ‫ﺭﺍﺷﺪ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ‬
FG*N! 1 d*tA_ .$:%q ,C*N •*3y5 ,*-./ & 9*+(
,CS>5 'ªO ^SH>G+! H*N & e36 .'°7C+! & ,*-2A7c+!
,-!9[ & 7¡[.M5 B7a .·7S*X+! Fr7*8A s*X[ eyO ^‚
m5 +" 9>[( f*SI!gh! Z62S*8+! iL4+! m5 ,M-.r
“>[ .-.4] & ˜ 7*{ ZG+! ,S52M+! «ž Y!» ,*a.
Z[1Y! ^*XM+! .¢ ( 17l.„! ,TS4l & sGa .7t]!¦A
.($:qw – $:”<) .RT+! ,HR5 &
PFSO )6
¢ ‡! ( xHN &74l i2H*N¨[ FG[7Ga LS3] 9/(
,l7¤ PF*523n( Ž 7*8+! “?A m*6 P`H@]  m*5
..RT+! ,HR5 & 7n . Z*G+! «}7C+! §!2O_ m5» ,*-(!‰
.>8+! i7[ …6 `Cl bk+! §.>{ s?X[ ‘A7a ,>*N!2+! VX mX 9{! '.t*{ m@+(
,623R5 ^‚ ($:”v =76) «.RT+! J*5» D(Y! ,-.>*8+! FG623R5 9l! 9/ B7@O .=(7M„!
73a +7S[ B734A ^S-7 .67*8H+ 7>*{_ ,623R5 ,-)>+! m6 ^u.]( .($:”<) À- !2l
.,SCSWXHT+! ,S?>8+! 7>{\! “>[ ,-)>H+ ,S[.>+! m5 ^u.](
ey .,?>l ,S]7S ©(.¹ & ˜ 2-2SA & =7*/_( '94G„! Q7-\2+! DE .u7n $:qv =7*6
.˜ 2-2SA & ,SCSWXHT+! .-.4G+! ,3ƒC5 ,c>[ & e36( ,[email protected]! ,SXCR+! …6 ˜7Cn
•3y5 DE FA73cu eMA 9/( 7tSO =7/_ ZG+! ,M8+! & s*{ ’-. s?*X[ $:vv =76 &2]
«,SCSWXHO 9I7y/» B7G-.>{ B7G623R5 F+ Q¦A F]7O( 9>[ .7tSO mO1( F*N_ M*X5
.($:<w) .«.W„! ZCS5.4] \ ž Y! 7A_» ( ($:<w)
| 58 |
!"#!$!%&
<e //
,H?CN b1[ !2‚ K.R- B_ 9o
,H?C/ -eTr šb_ -eTr e34- B_ 9o
,S/9C?+! Qj6 ZG¤_ } 9] B_ 9o
m@+( ..^G®{ 75 9o
,S?A (_ Z?A dG F>j- bk+! 75
*****
'Š7>+! & ¡W[ eTr «?y- B_ 9o
'.R8+! 1!€O 7¡57z+_ .3c- B_ 9o
’A785 ZCS]7X[ B7y_ «?y] B_ 9o
’A785 ­ _ & 1 2+! ž7S e-24] 9o
m@+ ..^G®{ 75 9o
Z[7?{( Z/7O ( b1[ ‡!.E 9>[
!¼‡17C[ b 7>{_ «?y] \ `Sa
'()*+ ,-./ :01)2%& 3)4%&
| 59 |
(١٩٤٨ -١٩١٣) ‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ‬
‹7j/ -7*G?C6 & 12*345 ^*S.+! 9*?6 .67*8+! 9*+(
m5( FG-./ ,N 95 & ,SI!9G[\! FG*N! 1 dtA_ =.@+2r
m5( ,-1!96\! ,H.„! ,*N! 9+ =.@+2r D! eMGA! ˜7Cn
.,-2A7c+! ,H.„! ,*N! 9+ xH[7A & K7RC+! ,SHa D! ^*‚
Ž\9A! 9C6( K7*RC+! ,SHa & ,S[.>+! ,*zH+ 7* ¡N 95 V6
¡
7MO!.5
e*36( !2*c+7[ ’*4G+! P$:%: -$:%q ' 2*‚
±74+! ^*S.+! 9?6 =7*>+! ' 2c+! 9*I7M+ !g! ^*]7a(
,7Sl m6 ¡ \(€*X5 B7a 9/( .,*[7A" ,-./ m*5 9345
^+( .FGMWC5 & ' 2c+! 7n 9y] ZG+! Q7A7S?+!( {7C„!
˜ 7*{ e[ ,7Sy+!( ,[7G@+! †7367[ ^S.+! 9?6 `G@: 2t8„! F+2M[ ¡36 VSA7W-)+! 9o †7GM+! & f>O e@8[
¬1.+! b(7t5 & 7t[ ZM+_(
¬9>+! ÉSz- »Q735 75E(
ZG! …6 Z( e3¨N
’-9y+! ½] '» 7S 75´O
±.U]( ,-.@X>+! ,SH@+7[ ’4G+! ˜7Cn( ‡!.>+! D! eMGA! $:%: – $:%q ' 2‚ ‹7tGA! 9>[
} 93a !1¡ 9R5 e36( VWXHO D! 176 7n9>[ P'ˆ?+! & ,SI!9G[! ,N 9„ !¡.-95 V6 ^‚ 7tC5
.,SCr2+! K7RC+! ,SHa &
Q75!9Wl\! Ž\9*A!( w:/$$/$:;v & '9*4G„! ^5Y! F*]./_ bk+! ^S*XMG+! !./ 9*>[
˜ 7>5 & ˜ª{!( KX+! e34+ ¬.¤_ '.5 ^S.+! 9?6 sn P12tS+!( i.>+! V[ ,-.@X>+!
,GS35 K(.*R[ 7tSO sSl_ ZG+! (7*-)r ‹7j/) '.R*8+! ,a.>5 7n.¤# ‘*A7a '19*>G5
.$;/v/$:;< & '°7C+! ,C-95 & mO1( 7n.‚_ …6 9t8GN!
QR„!( `4y+! & '.c>?5 ‘A7a e[ F]7S & 12345 ^S.+! 9?6 7>{_ J?W] ^+ :§ 7‚#
§ 7>*{_ J3R+ ,CR+ B1 Y! & ^SH>G+!( ,*S[ª+! ' !‰( ‘H@*{ $:”< =7*6 &( P,*THGU„!
i7Ga & § 7>{_ ^ƒ>5 '12>+! !1 Q¦A $:v; =76 &( Pzl B!2-1 & 7tj>[ Q¦A(
m-9+! L6 ZCSW*XHT+! .67*8+! ¦A $::% =76 &( .“12345 ^S.+! 9?6 B!2-1” FG3*N_
¡
.7MSM4]
ejO_( 7 ¡4SMC] .ca_ ,>?W[ “12345 ^S.+! B!2-1” '°7C„!
12345 ^S.+! 9?6 sGa ‡7O¥! F].t*{ Q( bk+! ZCr2+! §.>*8+ ,O7oh7[ :§.>*{ m5
.,SN7SN( ,-.@O B7>5 FC3o 7¡SM?r -7¡S673Gu! !¡.>{
| 60 |
!"#!$!%&
f)ghD ;)+F i //
s-.z+! Q25 }7C+! V[ ‘59/
sSyA ^tSO xI7?H+ xS+(
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