Means of mechanization

Transkript

MEANS OF MECHANIZATION
Hana Filipová
Obsah
1
2
AGRICULTURE MACHINES - INTRODUCTION................................................................................... 1
COMBINE HARVESTERS ................................................................................................................... 4
2.1
HARVESTING PROCESS .......................................................................................................... 10
2.2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
CLEANING SYSTEM ................................................................................................................ 15
STORAGE METHODS, BALE WRAPPERS ........................................................................................ 20
GRAIN STORING ............................................................................................................................. 30
POTATOE HARVESTERS.................................................................................................................. 35
SUGAR BEET HARVESTING............................................................................................................. 41
CATTLE FEEDING AND NUTRITION ................................................................................................ 48
DEVICES FOR CATTLE FEEDING ...................................................................................................... 54
MILKING MACHINES ...................................................................................................................... 57
DEVICES FOR CLEARING THE MANURE ..................................................................................... 65
KEY WORDS ............................................................................................................................... 73
Materiál vznikl jako součást projektu: Rozvoj technického vzdělávání v Jihočeském kraji, r.
č. CZ.1.07/1.1.00/44.0007
Partner projektu – Partner 07:
Střední odborná škola a Střední odborné učiliště Milevsko
399 01 Milevsko, Čs. armády 777
IČ: 14450402
DIČ: 14450402
1 AGRICULTURE MACHINES - INTRODUCTION
 Machines for harvest of cereals - harvesting / post-harvest machines
 Bale wrappers, bale movers
 Corn harvester
 Hay making machines
 Storage methods
 Potato harvesters, potato spinner /digger, haulm topper
 Beet harvester
 Diet feeder, feeding system
 Manure removal and liquid manure technology
 Milking machine
A) Match the definition with the following expressions
Silage, hay, straw, milk, milking machine, manure
1. A machine that farmers use for taking milk from cows is…………….
2. ……………. is made either by placing cut green vegetation in a silo, by
piling it in a large heap covered with plastic sheet, or by wrapping large
bales in plastic film.
3. ……………. is grass that have been cut, dried, and stored for livestock
such as cattle, horses, goats, and sheep.
4. ……………. is an agricultural by-product, the dry stalks of cereal plants.
5. A white liquid that comes from cows, goats, and sheep, which people drink
and use in cookingis …………….
6. Solid waste from farm animals is …………….
B) Give the machines in the pictures names
a)
b)
http://pixabay.com/static/uploads/photo/20
14/10/31/06/06/straw-bales510350_640.jpg
https://encryptedtbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ6XpaAPCwUXVFJkUOWTmmpxUrZmyLHCJydUj
CMjuZgAny5m_jp
c)
Foto Archiv Hana Filipová
Solution
A: 1. milking machine, 2. silage, 3. hay, 4. straw, 5. milk, 6. manure
B: a) bale wrapper, b) bale, c) milking machine
VOCABULARY
bale
[beɪl]
balík slámy
bale mover
[ˈmuːvə]
odstraňovač balíků
beet /sugar beet/
[ˈʃʊgə] [biːt]
cukrová řepa
cereal
[ˈsɪərɪəl]
obiloviny
corn
[kɔːn]
kukuřice
diet
[ˈdaɪət]
strava, krmivo
digger
[ˈdɪgə]
vyorávač
feeder
[ˈfiːdə]
podavač krmiv
harvest
[ˈhɑːvɪst]
sklizeň
harvester
[ˈhɑːvɪstə]
sklízecí stroj
hay
[heɪ]
seno
liquid
[ˈlɪkwɪd]
tekutina, kapalina
manure
[məˈnjʊə]
mrva, hnůj
milking
[ˈmɪlkɪŋ]
dojení
storage
[ˈstɔːrɪdʒ]
skladování
straw
[strɔː]
sláma
Information source:
http://www.macmillandictionary.com
https://encryptedtbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ6XpaAPCwUXVFJkUOWTmmpxUrZmyLHCJydUj
CMjuZgAny5m_jp
http://pixabay.com/static/uploads/photo/2014/10/31/06/06/straw-bales-510350_640.jpg
http://slovnik.seznam.cz/
Foto Archiv Hana Filipová, Farma Ing. Milan Basík, Zárybničná Lhota
2 COMBINE HARVESTERS
A HARVESTER is a large machine used on a farm for cutting grain crops and then
removing and cleaning the seeds.
A harvester is a machine or person that harvests crops.
The combine harvester, or simply combine, is a machine that harvests grain crops.
The name derives from its combining three separate operations:
1. Harvesting - reaping
2. Threshing
3. Winnowing
The combine harvester comprises the three operations into a single process. Among
the crops harvested with a combine are wheat, oats, rye, barley, corn (maize),
soybeans and flax (linseed).
Combine harvesters are one of the most economically important labour saving
inventions, enabling a small fraction of the population to be engaged in agriculture.
Corn /maize/
Klipart Microsot Word
Barley
Klipart Microsot Word
Wheat
http://www.visualdictionaryonline.com/images/
plants-gardening/plants/cereals/wheat.jpg
Parts of combine harvester
1) reel
11) adjustable sieve
2) cutter bar
12) top sieve
3) header auger
13) ear conveyor
4) grain conveyor
14) recyclation of ears
5) stone trap
15) grain auger
6) threshing drum
16) grain tank
7) concave
17) chaffer
8) straw walker
18) driver's cab
9) grain pan
19) engine
10) fan
20) unloading auger
21) impeller
Combine harvester
Original: Maehdrescher_schema_nummeriert.png by Hans Wastlhuber, 2006-12-14
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maehdrescher_schema_nummeriert.png
Combine harvester
Foto Archiv SOŠ a SOU Milevsko
1. Form Czech – English pairs
A. přihaněč
a) reel
B. žací lišta
b) grain tank
C. lapač kamení
c) chaffer
D. mlátící buben
d) cutter bar
E. mlátící koš
e) unloading auger
F. vytřasadlo
f) threshing drum
G. motor
g) fan
H. vyprazdňovací dopravník
h) concave
I. kabina řidiče
i) straw walker
J. zásobník zrna
j) driver's cab
K. drtič slámy
k) engine
L. ventilátor
l) stone trap
Solution
1. Aa), Bd), Cl, Df), Eh), Fi), Gk), He, Ij),
Jb), Kc), Lg
VOCABULARY
adjustable sieve
[əˈdʒʌstəbəl] [sɪv]
nastavitelné síto, horní
síto úhrabečné
Barely
[ˈbɑːlɪ]
ječmen
Chaffer
[tʃɑːfə]
drtič slámy
combine harvester
[kəmˈbaɪn]
sklízecí mlátička
Concave
[kɒnˈkeɪv]
mláticí koš
Corn
[kɔːn]
zrní, obilí, kukuřice
cuttter bar
[ˈkʌtə] [bɑː]
žací lišta
driver's cab
[ˈdraɪvəz kæb]
kabina řidiče
ear conveyor
[kənˈveɪə]
dopravník klásků
Engine
[ˈendʒɪn]
motor
Fan
[fæn]
větrák, ventilátor
Flax
[flæks]
len
grain auger
[greɪn] [ˈɔːgə]
obilný šnekový
dopravník
grain conveyor
[greɪn] [kənˈveɪə]
šikmý dopravník obilí
grain pan
[greɪn] [pæn]
stupňovitá vynášecí
deska
grain tank
[greɪn] [tæŋk]
zásobník na obilí
Harvesting
[ˈhɑːvɪstɪŋ]
sklízení úrody
header auger
[ˈhedə] [ˈɔːgə]
průběžný šnekový
dopravník
Impeller
[ɪmˈpelə]
odmítací buben
Maize
[meɪz]
kukuřice
Oats
[əʊts]
oves
Reaping
[riːp ɪŋ]
žatva, žně, kosení úrody
Reel
[rɪəl]
přihaněč
recyclation of ears
[ɪəz]
recyklace klásků
Rye
[raɪ]
žito
Soyabean
[ˈsɔɪˌbiːn]
sója
stone trap
[stəʊn] [træp]
lapač kamení
straw walker
[strɔː] [ˈwɔːkə]
vytřasadlo
threshing
[træʃɪŋ]
mlácení
threshing drum
[drʌm]
mláticí buben
top sieve
[tɒp] [sɪv]
spodní zrnové síto
unloading auger
[ʌnˈləʊd] [ˈɔːgə]
vyprazdňovací
dopravník
Wheat
[wiːt]
pšenice
winnowing
[ˈwɪnəʊ ɪŋ]
třídění, čištění
Information source:
Maehdrescher_schema_nummeriert.png by Hans Wastlhuber, 2006-12-14
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maehdrescher_schema_nummeriert.png
KOLOMAZNÍK, Miroslav. Stroje a zařízení. Institut výchovy a vzdělávání Ministerstva
zemědělství ČR, 2001, ISBN 80-7105-225-6.
Klipart Microsoft Word
Foto Archiv SOŠ a SOU Milevsko
2.1 HARVESTING PROCESS
A) Translate the legend into Czech.
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/Pys_O11nWNQ/UiiYZ6F8TmI/AAAAAAAAAEw/koZfr8y6u4s/s1600/combineschematics.gif
B) Describe the harvester using the following words and the picture
above. The expressions in bold can help you.
Cutter bar, reel, conveyor, threshing drum, sieves, straw walker, unloader,
spreader, cereals
http://cdn4.explainthatstuff.com/how-combine-harvester-works.png
1. ………….. are gathered in by the header at the front, which has a pair of sharp
pincers called crop dividers at either end.
2. A slowly rotating wheel called the ………….. pushes the crops down toward
the cutter.
3. The ………….. runs the entire length of the header underneath the reel. Its
teeth (sometimes called mowing fingers) open and close repeatedly to cut off
the crops at their base.
4. Behind the cutter bar, the cut crops are fed toward the centre by spinning
augurs (screws) and travel up a ………….. to the processing mechanism
inside the main part of the combine.
5. A ………….. beats the cut crops to break and shake the grains away from their
stalks.
6. The grains fall through ………….. into a collecting tank below.
7. The chaff passes along conveyors called ………….. toward the back of the
machine.
8. When the grain tank is full, the grain is carried up from the tank by an elevator
and shoots out of the ………….. into the trailer.
9. The unwanted straw chaff tumbles from the back of the machine. Some
combines have a rotating ………….. mechanism that throws the straw over a
wide area. Sometimes the straw is baled up by a baling machine and used for
animal bedding.
C) How do combine harvesters look like? Arrange the sentences in order.
1. Next there is the cutter bar that chops the crops.
2. At the front of the machine, on the right, there is the reel.
3. All that remains must split the wheat from the chaff in the separator unit.
4. When the crops are cut, they are smashed apart in the thresher.
D) Form pairs
1. cutter bar
2. tank
3. conveyor
4. chaff
5. baling machine
A. to roll the straw into bales
B. to be transported on a straw walker
C. to cut the straw
D. to collect the grain
E. to take the crop into a threshing drum
E) Are the statements TRUE or FALSE?
1. The wider the header, the faster
and more efficiently a harvester
can cut a field.
2. A cutter bar that cuts the straw
close to the ground.
3. The grain is not collected in a
tank.
TRUE
FALSE
1.
4. All combine harvesters have air
– conditioned cabs.
5. A new combine represents a
2.
3.
4.
major investment on the farm.
5.
6. The cutter bar can be wide 10
6.
meters.
7.
7. The cutter bar can´t be
transported separetely on a
special carriage behind a
tractor.
Solution
B) 1.cereals, 2. reel, 3. cutter bar, 4. conveyor, 5. threshing drum, 6. sieves, 7. straw
walker, 8. unloader, 9. spreader
C) 2, 1, 4, 3
D) cutter bar = to cut the straw, tank = to collect the grain, conveyor = to take the
crop into a threshing drum, chaff = to be transported on a straw walker, baling
machine = to roll the straw into bales.
E)
TRUE
1.
2.
3.
4.
FALSE
5.
6.
7.
VOCABULARY:
air-condition
[eə] [kənˈdɪʃən]
klimatizace
Behind
[bɪˈhaɪnd]
za
Blower
[ˈbləʊə]
dmychadlo
Carriage
[ˈkærɪdʒ]
vůz
Chaff
[tʃɑːf]
plevy
Fast
[fɑːst]
rychlý
Field
[fiːld]
pole
Major
[ˈmeɪdʒə]
hlavní
Separately
[ˈseprɪtlɪ]
odděleně
Sieve
[sɪv]
síto
Spreader
[spredə]
rozmetadlo
threshing cylinder
[θreʃɪŋ] [ˈsɪlɪndə]
mlátící válec
Unloader
[ʌnˈləʊdə]
vykladač
Wide
[waɪd]
široký
Information source:
http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4897020_combine-harvester-work.html
http://www.explainthatstuff.com/howcombineharvesterswork.html
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/Pys_O11nWNQ/UiiYZ6F8TmI/AAAAAAAAAEw/koZfr8y6u4s/s1600/combine-schematics.gif
2.2 CLEANING SYSTEM
The basic operation of a combine harvester is to recover the seed, free from any kind
of plant residue, with minimum seed loss.
http://usercontent1.hubimg.com/7718652_f1024.jpg
The four major operations performed by a harvester are:
Cutting /windrowing/ - cutting the crop from the windrow and conveying it to the
threshing mechanism.
Threshing - detaching the seed from the plant.
Separation - separating the seed and chaff from the straw.
Cleaning - cleaning chaff, dust and other unwanted material from the seed.
Cutting /Windrowing
Combines have removable headers at the front. There are different designs of these
cutterbars depending upon crops. The cutterbar cuts the crop and the spring-tined
reel takes it to intake auger. The intake auger takes the crop to feeder housing which
further carries it to threshing system through chain type elevator.
Threshing mechanism
Through feeder housing the crop moves to the threshing mechanism. The two main
components of the threshing mechanism are the threshing drum and concave. The
design of the drum and concave vary from crop to crop. The crop passes through
cylinder and concave and most of the grain and chaff gets separated from straw. The
grain falls through the concave to cleaning system and straw, being larger and
lighter, moves to rear towards straw walkers.
Two very important factors that play a very important role in having a good threshing
efficiency are:
Drum speed - optimum drum speed is very important for good threshing.
Cylinder-concave clearance - the distance between threshing drum and concave
plays a very important role.
Separation
Next comes the straw walkers. The straw moves to straw walkers. With the shaking
effect, the grain moves down to the cleaning system and the straw moves out of the
machine through rear. The walkers have the up-down and front-rear motion.
Cleaning system
Mixture of grain and chaff falls at the preparing floor through concave and walkers.
The reciprocating motion of the floor brings grains to the bottom and lighter chaff,
dust to top. These ones are blown off by the blower. Blower speed must be optimally
adjusted. If the speed is less the unwanted material do not blow out of the machine
When the speed is high, it does not blow the grain out of the machine.
The grain then falls to the set of sieves from where the threshed grain moves to grain
tank and unthreshed grain goes back to the threshing mechanism through return
elevator. The sieves contain sets of fingers. When the grain tank is filled, the operator
takes all the grain out through the unloading system.
Parts of the cleaning system
1 – grain pan
7 – fan
2 – slat sieve
8 – gradient pan
3 – adjustable sieve
9 – grain auger
4 – ear extension
10 – straw auger
5 – gradient pan
11 – movable/sliding sheet metal
6 – perforated sieve
Adjustable sieves
http://www.harvestservicesltd.com/index
http://www.magrix.cz/prodej/massey/down/
VOCABULARY
adjust
[əˈdʒʌst]
seřídit, nastavit
adjustable sieve
[əˈdʒʌstəbəl]
úhrabečné síto
auger
[ˈɔːgə]
šnek
blower
[ˈbləʊə]
fukar, dmychadlo
breakage
[ˈbreɪkɪdʒ]
poškození, rozbití
chaff
[tʃɑːf]
plevy
chopper
[ˈtʃɒpə]
řezačka /na slámu/
concave
[kɒnˈkeɪv]
mláticí koš
convey
[kənˈveɪ]
dopravit, dopravovat
cutter bar
[ˈkʌtə] [bɑː]
žací lišta
crankshaft
[ˈkræŋkˌʃɑːft]
kliková hřídel
drum
[drʌm]
buben
ear /ear of corn/
[ɪə]
klas, klásek
ear extension
[ɪkˈstenʃən]
kláskový nástavec
elevator
[ˈelɪˌveɪtə]
dopravník na obilí
fan
[fæn]
ventilátor
front-rear
[frʌnt-rɪə]
přední náhon
grain pan
[greɪn] [pæn]
stupňovitá vynášecí deska
gradient pan
[ˈgreɪdɪənt] [pæn]
spádová
deska
klásků
spádová deska zrna
grain auger
[greɪn] [ˈɔːgə]
šnekový dopravník zrna
grain tank
[tæŋk]
zásobník na zrní
header
[ˈhedə]
žací stroj
loss
[lɒs]
ztráta, úbytek
movable/ sliding sheet
[ˈmuːvəbəl] [ˈslaɪdɪŋ]
posuvný plech
motion
[ˈməʊʃən]
pohyb
perforated sieve
[ˈpɜːfəˌreɪtɪd] [sɪv]
děrované síto
reciprocating
[rɪˈsɪprəˌkeɪt]
opětovný
reel
[rɪəl]
přihaněč
residue
[ˈrezɪˌdjuː]
zbytek
seed
[siːd]
semeno, zrnko
sieve
[sɪv]
síto
shake
[ʃeɪk]
třást
slat sieve
[slæt]
žaluziové síto
spring
[sprɪŋ]
pružina
straw auger
[strɔː]
šnekový dopravník klásků
straw walker
[ˈwɔːkə]
vytřasadlo
thresh
[θreʃ]
vymlátit, mlátit /obilí/
up-down
[ʌp] [daʊn]
nahoru a dolu
uploading system
[ˈʌpˌləʊd ɪŋ]
vykládka
windrow
ˈ[wɪnˌroʊ]
kosit
metal
Information source:
http://www.harvestservicesltd.com/index
http://www.magrix.cz/prodej/massey/down/
http://usercontent1.hubimg.com/7718652_f1024.jpg
3 STORAGE METHODS, BALE WRAPPERS
STRAW is an agricultural by-product, the dry stalks of cereal plants, after the grain
and chaff have been removed. Straw makes up about half of the yield of cereal crops
such as barley, oats, rice, rye and wheat. It has many uses - fuel, livestock bedding,
fodder, thatching, basket-making. It is usually gathered and stored in a straw bale.
A STRAW BALE is a bunch of straw tightly bound with twine or wire.
Bales may be: square, rectangular, round. The shape depends on the type of baler.
Small square bales are easily stacked and stored out of the weather. They are also
easy to feed to livestock, because feeding can be done manually.
Small round balers
Large rectangular balers
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ronsenac_Mur_de_balles_2013.j
pg/800px-Ronsenac_Mur_de_balles_2013.jpg
A type of baler that produces small rectangular bales was once the most used form of
baler, but is less common today. It is primarily used on small fields.
A BALER is a piece of farm machinery used to compress a cut and raked crop - hay,
cotton, straw, silage - into compact bales that are easy to handle, transport and store.
Several different types of balers are used, each produces a different type of bales –
rectangular or cylindrical with various sizes, bound with twine, strapping, netting or
wire.
A round baler is a machine that compacts straw or hay into a cylindrical bale which
can be rolled. A square baler can be used for creating square bales.
BALE WRAPPERS
A bale wrapper is a farm device for wrapping bales in plastic. Bale wrappers have
two main forms - satellite type and turntable type.
A satellite bale wrapper
It usually consists of hydraulic driven bale supporting rollers and a hydraulic driven
rotating satellite arm which carries the plastic roll and dispensing unit.
A turntable bale wrapper
The wrapper has a loading arm - a bale handler - at the side, that scoops up a bale
and places it on the wrapping table. The wrapping table usually consists of two
rollers, and four belts which slowly spin the bales while the table itself revolves.
As the bale turns, plastic film is pulled through the dispensing unit and wrapped
tightly on the bale. When the table has revolved at least 16 times, the bale can be
ejected. The film is cut and then tied to the wrapper for the next bale. All this is
controlled via a computer inside the cab of the tractor.
Balers
Baler wrappers
Bale wrapper
Bale wrapper
Bale wrapper
Bale wrapper
Bale wrapper
Pickup and handling methods – bale movers
Bale mover
http://donahuetrailers.com/images/bale_mover.jpg
Bale lifters
A bale lifter is a farm equipment used to transport hay or straw bales.
It is connected to a tractor via the three-point linkage. They come in either double or
single bale lifters and are usually fitted with a tipping device to tip the round bales on
to their flat ends so that the bales do not deform when lying over the winter.
We can also storage hay balers. HAY BALERS can be used to tightly package grass
or alfalfa into a storable form for the winter months.
Hay baler
http://www.visualdictionaryonline.com/transport-machinery/heavy-machinery/agriculturalmachinery/hay-baler.php
Form pairs
1. Draw bar hitch head
I.
Metal part that connects the hay
baler to the tractor.
2. Tow bar
II.
Device that secures the hay baler
to the tractor’s towing hitch.
3. Pickup cylinder
III.
Device that shapes the bales of
hay or straw.
4. Power-takeoff shaft
IV.
Device that ties the bales of hay
or straw using string or wire.
5. Plungerhead
V.
Mechanical device that pushes
the hay or straw into the press
chamber.
6. Press chamber
VI.
Unit that picks up the cut grass to
convey it to the plungerhead.
7. Binder
VII.
Device that hitches the machine’s
shaft to the tractor’s power train.
Clue: závěs, vlečná tyč, zvedací válec, osa, pístová hlava, lisovací komora, vazač
Solution
1. Draw bar hitch head
II. Device that secures the hay baler to
the tractor’s towing hitch.
2. Tow bar
I. Metal part that connects the hay baler
to the tractor.
3. Pickup cylinder
VI. Unit that picks up the cut grass to
convey it to the plungerhead.
4. Power-takeoff shaft
VII. Device that hitches the machine’s
shaft to the tractor’s power train.
5. Plungerhead
V. Mechanical device that pushes the
hay or straw into the press chamber.
6. Press chamber
III. Device that shapes the bales of hay
or straw.
7. Binder
IV. Device that ties the bales of hay or
straw using string or wire.
VOCABULARY
Alfalfa
[ælˈfælfə]
vojtěška
Bale
[beɪl]
balík
bale wrapper
[beɪl] [ˈræpə]
balicí lis
Barley
[ˈbɑːlɪ]
ječmen
Bundle
[ˈbʌndəl
svazek, balík
Cereal
[ˈsɪərɪəl]
obiloviny
Chaff
[tʃɑːf]
plevy
Compress
[kəmˈpres]
stlačit, zmáčknout
Dispense
[dɪˈspens]
rozdělovat, vydávat
Eject
[ɪˈdʒekt]
vysunout
Fodder
[ˈfɒdə]
krmivo, píce
Fuel
[fjʊəl]
palivo, pohonná hmota
Lifter
[ˈlɪftə]
zvedák
Linkage
[ˈlɪŋkɪdʒ]
spojení, propojení,
provázání
Loading
[ˈləʊdɪŋ]
nakládání
Netting
[ˈnetɪŋ]
síťovina
Oats
[əʊts]
oves
Plant
[plɑːnt]
rostlina
Rake
[reɪk]
hrábě, uhrabat, shrabovat
Rectangular
[rekˈtæŋgjʊlə]
obdélníkový
Revolve
[rɪˈvɒlv]
otáčet se, rotovat
Rice
[raɪs]
rýže
Rye
[raɪ]
žito
Satellite
[ˈsætəˌlaɪt]
satelitní
scoop up
[skuːp]
nabrat, nabírat
Spin
[spɪn]
otočit se, otáčení, rotace
Stack
[stæk]
stoh
Stalk
[stɔːk]
stéblo
Storage
[ˈstɔːrɪdʒ]
skladovat
Strap
[stræp]
řemen, popruh
Straw
[strɔː]
sláma
String
[strɪŋ]
provázek, motouz
Thatch
[θætʃ]
došek
Tie
[taɪ]
svázat
Tip
[tɪp]
špička
Turnatable
[ˈtɜːnˌteɪbəl]
točna, otočný
Twine
[twaɪn]
provázek, motouz
Wheat
[wiːt]
pšenice
Wire
[waɪə]
drát, drátek
Yield
[jiːld]
výnos, sklizeň
Information source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ronsenac_Mur_de_balles_2013.j
pg/800px-Ronsenac_Mur_de_balles_2013.jpg
http://donahuetrailers.com/images/bale_mover.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Deere_tractor_with_round_hay_bale.jpg
http://www.visualdictionaryonline.com/transport-machinery/heavy-machinery/agriculturalmachinery/hay-baler.php
http://www.visualdictionaryonline.com
4
GRAIN STORING
Why to store agriculture products:
-
to keep the products after the harvest
-
to keep the products without any loss of quality and quantity
-
to increase quality and value of the products /by cleaning, drying, separating/
A) Afterharvesting processing
1. cleaning – removing of admixtures /straw, stones, chaff/ which can cause
higher humidity and can damage the crop. Sieves and fans (blowers) are used
in the process.
2. drying – a process of drying the grains up to humidity 14 – 15 %, two types:
by using cold and dry air or by hot air. The second one brings high
consumption of energy.
B) Storing
1. To be dried /humidity 14 – 15 %/
2. To be stored in cooled down conditions /0°C/, when the activity of pests is
reduced and stopped. This method of storing is used only for a short time.
3. To be stored using active ventilation – by using blowers /loft space, flooring
stores, grain silos/
4. To be stored without air – grain conservation method by airless CO2. There
are some disadvantages: germinability reduction, this method cannot be used
for seeds.
C) Stores
1. Granary
2. Flooring stores /made of iron, steel, concrete/, the floor must be isolated
against humidity, both loading and emptying is mechanized /conveyers,
loading machines/
3. Tower silos – the capacity of a silo can be 20 000 – 25 000 tons, the hight 40
m, loading and emptying, ventilation, cooling – automatized, the process is
controlled from the control room.
Silos are used in agriculture to store grain (in American English grain elevators) or
fermented feed known as silage. Three types of silos are in used today:
tower silos, bunker silos for silage storing and bag silos. Silo Bag is a new system of
grain storing, a safe, economical and profitable way of storing.
Silo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silo#mediaviewer/File:Harvestore_Silos_Britton_Michigan.JPG
Find the correct equivalents
Silo, humidity, granary, concrete, germinability, blower, sieve, consumption, seed
1. A tall tower on a farm used to store grain, it is a horizontal container often
cylindrical in shape, in which also silage is stored
2. A building or store room for storing threshed grain
3. A tool that has many small holes and that is used to separate smaller particles
from larger ones
4. Dampness of the grains, the amount of moisture
5. A device for producing a current of air
6. The amount of something that is used (energy, fuel)
7. The ability of grains to grow
8. The small, hard part of a plant from which a new plant grows
9. A substance used for building made from cement, sand, small stones, water
Solution:
1. A tall tower on a farm used to store grain, it is a horizontal container often
cylindrical in shape, in which also silage is stored – silo
2. A building or store room for storing threshed grain – granary
3. A tool that has many small holes and that is used to separate smaller particles
from larger ones - sieve
4. Dampness of the grains, the amount of moisture - humidity
5. A device for producing a current of air - blower
6. The amount of something that is used (energy, fuel) – consumption
7. The ability of grains to grow – germinability
8. The small, hard part of a plant from which a new plant grows – seed
9. A substance used for building made from cement, sand, small stones, water –
concrete.
VOCABULARY
admixture
[ədˈmɪkstʃə]
přísada
Airless
[ˈeəlɪs]
bez vzduchu
bag silo
[bæg] [ˈsaɪləʊ]
skladové pytle
blower
[ˈbləʊə]
ventilátor
bunker silo
[ˈbʌŋkə]
zásobník
Concrete
[ˈkɒnkriːt]
beton
consumption
[kənˈsʌmpʃən]
spotřeba
control room
[kənˈtrəʊl]
velín
cool down
[kuːl daʊn ]
zchladit
Damage
[ˈdæmɪdʒ]
zničit
Empty
[ˈemptɪ]
vyprázdnit
flooring store
[ˈflɔːrɪŋ] [stɔː]
podlahový sklad
germinability
[dʒɜːmˌɪnəˈbɪlɪtɪ]
klíčivost
Granary
[ˈgreɪnərɪ]
sýpka, obilný sklad
Humidity
[hjuːˈmɪdɪtɪ]
vlhkost
loft space
[lɒft]
půdní prostor
Pest
[pest]
škůdce
Profitable
[ˈprɒfɪtəbəl]
ziskový
Safe
[seɪf]
bezpečný
Seed
[siːd]
semeno
Sieve
[sɪv]
síto
Silo
[ˈsaɪləʊ]
silo
Store
[stɔː]
sklad, skladovat
Information source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silo#mediaviewer/File:Harvestore_Silos_Britton_Michigan.JPG
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/silo
5 POTATOE HARVESTERS
How to harvest potatoes
There are three operations in the potato harvesting process:
1. Stem /haulm/ removing
2. Harvesting
3. Postharvest operations /packaging, storage/
Ad 1) How to remove stem
By a chemical procedure – using suitable spray
By a mechanical procedure – using a stem breaker /hammer, belt, chain/
Why to remove stem
It necessary to do it 2 or 3 weeks before the harvest.
It easier for potato tubers to ripen.
We prevent potatoes from spreading of diseases.
During the harvest the harvester will not be clogged.
A haulm topper is an agricultural machine that cuts potato stems /haulms/ before
potatoes are harvested. Modern farmers often mount a haulm topper on the front of
the tractor and have a trailed potato harvester towed behind the tractor.
Ad 2) How to harvest
A row digger with manual harvesting/potatoes are gathered by hand – it is useful for
small fields, the machine is mounted beside or behind.
A combined potato harvester – digging, separating / soil, stones, stem/ transporting
potatoes into a tank or container.
The parts of the combined potato harvester:
 Digging/lifting part which consists of shares
 Separating part which it separates potatoes from stem, stones and soil
Different types of shares
a – a triangle share /plochá trojúhelníková radlice
b, e, f – a triangle share for a two-row machine /trojúhelníkové radlice pro
dvouřádkové stroje
c – a furrow share /žlabovité radlice pro dvouřádkové stroje
d – a rectangular share /obdélníková radlice
g, h – disc shares /talířové radlice
Types of separators
Conveyors with sieves, potatoes are transported on the conveyor and the soil gets
through the sieves.
Pneumatic cylinders which crush the soil clods.
Inclined belt separators
Pneumatic separators suck off potatoes.
Roller separators
Electronic separators
X-ray separators /only for non-consumable potatoes/.
Liquid separators - potatoes float in water but soil and stones sink.
A) Form pairs
1. conveyors with sieves
3. inclined belt separators
2. pneumatic cylinders
4. pneumatic separators
5. roller separators
7. X-ray separators
6. electronic separators
8. liquid separators
I.
prosévací dopravníky
V.
elektronická rozdružovadla
II.
přisávací rozdružovadla
VI.
rentgenová rozdružovadla
III.
válečková rozdružovací ustrojí
VII.
překulovače
IV.
kapalinová rozdružovadla
VIII.
pneumatické válce
POTATO HARVESTERS
Potato harvesters are machines that harvest potatoes. They work by lifting the
potatoes from the bed using a share. Soil and crop are transferred onto a series of
webs where the loose soil is sieved out. The potatoes are moved towards the back of
the harvester on to a separation unit and then to a picking table and then they go on
to an elevator and into a trailer or a potato box.
Potatoe harvesters
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lifting_potatoes_near_Bonby%2
C_2011.jpg/1024px-Lifting_potatoes_near_Bonby%2C_2011.jpg
Potato spinner
Before the invetion of modern potato harvesters there were two methods of digging
of potatoes. The first one was by ploughing which pushed the potatoes to the
surface. The second one was to use a potato spinner driven by horses.
Potatoe digger
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Old_potato_digger_at_Drumin_museum
._-_geograph.org.uk_-_258075.jpg
Solution:
A) 1.I, 2.VIII, 3.VII, 4.II, 5.III, 6.V, 7.VI, 8. IV
VOCABULARY
clog
[klɒg]
ucpat se
conveyor
[kənˈveɪə]
dopravník
digger
[ˈdɪgə]
vyorávač
flail
[fleɪl]
mlátit, cep
haulm
ˈ[hɔm]
nať
mount
[maʊnt]
připevnit, upevnit
ripen
[ˈraɪpən]
dozrát
row digger
[rəʊ]
řádkový vyorávač
share
[ʃeə]
radlice
soil
[sɔɪl]
zemina, hlína
spinner
[ˈspɪnə]
rozmetač
stem
[stem]
nať
topper
[ˈtɑpər]
rozbíječ natě
tow
[təʊ]
táhnout za sebou, vléci
trail
[treɪl]
táhnout za sebou, vléci
tuber
[ˈtjuːbə]
Hlíza
Information source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Old_potato_digger_at_Drumin_museum
._-_geograph.org.uk_-_258075.jpg
6 SUGAR BEET HARVESTING
The basics of growing and harvesting
Sugar beets have a leafy green top and a large root that contains a high
concentration of sucrose.
Sugar beets are commercially grown by farmers in temperate climates.
Sugar beets have a four to six month growing season - a growing season of at least
100 days is needed for a viable sugar beet crop.
At harvest time, the sugar beet root is often 3 to 5 pounds in weight — 15% to 18% of
this weight is sucrose.
Once harvested from the ground by farm equipment, the beets are brought to nearby
factories by trucks. The factories pile and freeze the beets to protect their sugar
content.
The basic sugar production steps include washing, slicing, and extracting the sugarrich juice. The juice then goes through additional refining and drying steps, resulting
in pure, crystallized sugar.
To achieve maximum productivity from the sugar beet crop, the grower should take
the following instructions in preparation for and during harvest:
Field preparation
Digging and handling
Crop maturity
Root damage
Timing of harvest
Soil damage for following crops
Defoliation and scalping
Safety
With proper attention and balance, the harvest will provide the grower with maximum
profit. Both quality and quantity are important harvest issues.
Uniform root size
If the seeds are uniformly spaced within the row and plants emerge, at the same
time, the resulting roots will be uniform in size and they will be at the same height
above the soil surface. This uniform size and height allows easy and consistent
defoliating and scalping.
When the size is not the same, the defoliator must be set for the tallest roots. When
the defoliator is set too low, it contributes to high field loss. When the defoliator is set
too high, the shortes roots are not defoliated enough and leaf material is left on the
root.
Sugar beet
http://dobrasemena.cz/images/clanky/18_0.jpg
Soil ridge
Most growers form a small soil ridge around the base of the sugar beet plant during
the last cultivation or ditching operation. The soil ridge must be centered with the crop
roots, othewise the harvester will slice roots and cause high field loss.
Weed control
Weed control is important to eliminate competition with the sugar beet plants for soil
moisture and nutrients. Tall weeds also create harvest problems for defoliating, lifting
and cleaning.
Soil moisture
Too much or too little soil moisture will create problems for sugar beet harvest. If the
soil is very dry, the result can may be broken tails, inability to maintain lifter wheel
depth and soil clods.
If the soil i stoo wet, slippage and sinking of the harvester will dislodge sugar beet
roots.
Maturity of the crop
Timing of harvest
What is necessary when to harvest?
-
The size of the fields
-
Capacity of harvesters, trucks and other equipment
-
Weather risk / rain, high or low temperature, snow may delay harvest
A general rule is that if the crop is still actively growing during September and early
October, sugar content will increase by 0.1 % per day. But a killing freeze in October
can stop plant growth and reduce sugar content.
Defoliating and scalping
Both defoliating and scalping influence the quality and quantity of yield. Scalpers
must be sharp and the depth of cut must match the root size and amount of crown to
be removed.
Avoid
-
Agressive defoliating
-
Too much of the leaf is left on the root
Digging and handling
You have to check the row finder adjustments to keep the lifter wheels centerred on
the crop row to avoid sliced roots.
What will happen when?
a) Roots are large – it is necessary to use wider spacing of the lifter wheels.
b) The soil is dry – it is necessary to run the lifter wheels depth.
c) The soil is wet – it is necessary to run lifter wheels as shallow as possible.
d) The roots contain too much soil – it is necessary to make the grab rolls or
squeeze chain elevators more agressive.
Root damage
Weeds and soil on the roots restrict air flow in the piles and contribute to hot spots.
Left leaves on the crowns encourage regrowth in the pile, decrease sugar content
and increase the temperature of the pile. Agressive scalping can cause diseases of
the roots. It is necessary to examine the roots periodically.
Soil damage
Soil damage affects following crops.
Safety
Sugar beet equipment is designed with chains, belts, top shafts and other moving
parts which can cause serious injuries and even death. Tractors and trucks are large
and heavy and it is difficult to stop them quickly. Do not be in front or behind
equipment that is moving because the operator cannot see you. Use many lights
when harvesting at night.
VOCABULARY
Avoid
[əˈvɔɪd]
vyhnout se
Balance
[ˈbæləns]
rovnováha
beet leaf
[biːt] [liːf]
chrást
beet top
[biːt]
chrást
Clod
[klɒd] [krɒp]
hrouda
Crop
[krɒp]
sklizeň
Cultivation
[ˌkʌltɪˈveɪʃən]
obdělávání
Damage
[ˈdæmɪdʒ]
poškození, zničení
Defoliate
[ˌdiːˈfəʊlɪeɪt]
zbavit natě
Defoliator
[ˌdiːˈfəʊlɪeɪtə]
odstraňovač natě
Delay
[dɪˈleɪ]
odložit
dig
[dɪg]
kopat
dislodge
[dɪsˈlɒdʒ]
uvolnit, vytlačit
ditch
[dɪtʃ]
příkop, strouha, zákop
drying
[draɪɪŋ]
sušení
emerge
[ɪˈmɜːdʒ]
vyvíjet, růst, ukázat se
flail
[fleɪl]
cep, mlátit
freeze
[friːz]
mráz, mrznout
grab
[græb]
uchopit, chňapnout
grower
[ˈgrəʊə]
pěstitel
lifter
[ˈlɪftə]
zvedač
loss
[lɒs]
ztráta
maintain
[meɪnˈteɪn]
udržovat
maturity
[məˈtjʊərɪti]
zralost
moisture
[ˈmɔɪstʃə]
vlhkost
nutrient
[ˈnjuːtrɪənt]
živina
petiole
[ˈpetɪəʊl]
řapík
pile
[paɪl]
hromada
pulverize weed
[ˈpʌlvəˌraɪz] [wiːd]
ničit plevel
ridge
[rɪdʒ]
hrůbek
root
[ruːt]
kořen, hlíza
rubber flail
[ˈrʌbə]
gumový cep
rule
[ruːl]
pravidlo
safety
[ˈseɪftɪ]
bezpečnost
scalp
[skælp]
odstranit nať
scalping knife
[skælpɪŋ] [naɪf]
nůž
slippage
[ˈslɪpɪdʒ]
sklouznutí
sink
[sɪŋk]
zabořit se
slicing
[slaɪsɪŋ]
odřezávání, krájení
soil
[sɔɪl]
půda
sucrose
[ˈsuːkrəʊz]
sacharóza
sugar beet
[ˈʃʊgə] [biːt]
cukrová řepa
timing
[ˈtaɪmɪŋ]
načasování
topping
[ˈtɒpɪŋ]
zbavování chrástu
weed
[wiːd]
plevel
yield
[jiːld]
úroda
Information source:
http://www.ianrpubs.unl.edu/epublic/live/ec156/build/ec156-13.pdf
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_vWvoE7u0A
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVbezwRi51I
7 CATTLE FEEDING AND NUTRITION
Livestock feeds provide animals with the protein, carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins and
minerals they need. Some cattle feeds are designed to bet the primary source of food
for the animals, while other feeds are designed to provide animals that eat forage
with the extra protein and energy they need to complete their diet. Supplements
provide cattle with extra minerals, vitamins and other compounds they require to
meet specific needs. When an animal eat forage, it means the animal graze on grass
in a pasture or field or eats some kind of preserved forage such as hay, silage,
haylage.
Cattle feed comes in three forms or combination of the form:
1. PELLETIZED cattle feed – it has the ingredients milled and formed into pellets.
2. SWEET feed comes in the form of fresh grains plus pellets.
3. BLOCK feed has the ingredients milled and formed into solid blocks.
Minerals come in two forms:
a) LOOSE minerals can be offered by a separate mineral feeder or added to feed
just as people can put salt on food.
b) BLOCK minerals are solid blocks that the animals lick.
Feeding cattle and calves
The reason is important when considering what type of cattle feed to give our herd
especially for pasture cattle. In the spring pasture cattle need a high magnesium
mineral supplement to prevent the occurence of grass tetany.
Grass tetany /hypomagnesemia/
Grass tetany causes nervousness, muscle twitching, high temperature, fast
respiration and abundant salivation. Progression of the condition is rapid – death can
occur as little as two to six hours after onset.
WHAT IS IMPORTANT?
-
The type of cattle - diary, beef cattle, calves…
Generally bulls, heifers, cows and steers require different nutrient requirements.
Dairy cows typically require a higher nutritional ration than beef cows.
Growing cattle like feeder /weaner/ stocker steers, young bulls, and feeder /weaner
/stocker/ replacement heifers require more energy and protein.
Classes of cattle:
Finishing heifers and steers
Replacement heifers
Breeding herd
Cull cows
Weaners and feeder cattle
-
The age of the cattle or calves – adult cattle have different nutritional needs
than calves.
-
The type of the cattle feeding program – pasture cattle /cattle that graze on
pasture/ will need mineral blocks of loose minerals.
-
If the cattle is on pasture – block feed is better
-
For dry lots pelletized feed works best
-
Cattle drink a lot of water – cattle should have a source of fresh water at all
times. Daily water consumption depends on the weather, and become higher
in last four months of pregnancy.
Feeding cattle
Feeding calves
WHAT DO WE FEED THE CATTLE?
A balanced diet includes roughage (hay, pasture, haylage and silage), some
supplements (grains or manufactured feed), minerals and a supply of fresh water.
HOW MUCH DO WE FEED THE CATTLE?
Mature cattle – cows should have continuous access /free-choice/ to good quality
pasture or hay. They will need minimal supplementation unlesss forage quality drops.
First-calf heifers may need the addition of concentrates to their diet.
WHY TO BUY MINERALS?
Minerals control the life of the brood cow. Without minerals cattle do not grow,
reproduce or convert feed efficiency.
WHICH SILAGE?
-
Pasture silage
-
Whole crop cereal silages
-
Summer forage crops
WHICH FORAGES?
Forages are plants or parts of plants eaten by livestock (cows, horses, sheep, goats,
llamas), and wildlife (deer, elk, moose, rabbits).
1. What is the most important vitamin for a breedig beef animal?
a) Vitamin B12
b) Vitamin D
c) Vitamin A
2. What season of the year do most beef cows calve?
a) Winter
b) Autumn
c) Spring
3. Ideally, how often should a show beef calf be brushed?
a) Only during show season
b) Once a month
c) Daily
Solution
1. C, 2. C, 3. C
VOCABULARY
abundant
[əˈbʌndənt]
hojný
breed
[briːd]
plemeno, chovat
bull
[bʊl]
býk
calf/calves
[kɑːf]
tele, telata
carbohydrate
[ˌkɑːbəʊˈhaɪdreɪt]
sacharid
cull
[kʌl]
druhořadý
diary
[ˈdaɪərɪ]
mléčný
feed
[fiːd]
krmit
fiber
[ˈfaɪbə]
vláknina
forage
[ˈfɒrɪdʒ]
píce, krmivo
graze
[greɪz]
pást se
hay
[heɪ]
seno
haylage
[ˈheɪlɪdʒ]
senáž
heifer
[ˈhefə]
jalovice
herd
[hɜːd]
stádo
lick
[lɪk]
lízat
livestock
[ˈlaɪvˌstɒk]
dobytek
loose
[luːs]
volný, sypký
mill
[mɪl]
mlít, drtit
pasture
[ˈpɑːstʃə]
pastvina
pellet
[ˈpelɪt]
peleta, granule
protein
[ˈprəʊtiːn]
bílkovina
replacement
[rɪˈpleɪsmənt]
na chov
respiration
[ˌrespəˈreɪʃən]
dýchání
roughage
[ˈrʌfɪdʒ]
stelivo, vláknina,
objemné krmivo
salivation
[ˌsælɪˈveɪʃən]
slinění
solid
[ˈsɒlɪd]
pevný, tuhý
supplement
[ˈsʌplɪˌment]
doplněk
steer
[stɪə]
býček
twitch
[twɪtʃ]
škubat, cukat
Information source:
http://www.tractorsupply.com/know-how_Cattle-Care-101_cattle-feeding-and-nutrition
Foto Archiv Hana Filipová, Farma Ing. Milan Basík, Zárybničná Lhota 15
8 DEVICES FOR CATTLE FEEDING
Feed preparation is a very important step in cattle feeding process. It is better to
prepare the feed to be digestible. Cattle should be fed in a regular time.
CUTTING MACHINES – STRAW CUTTERS, FIELD CHOPPERS, FORAGE
CUTTING MACHINES - straw, hay, fodder/, fodder is cut in length 5 cm, straw 20
cm, fodder for silage 0,5 cm
ROOT CUTTERS – used for roots, roots are sliced into thin slices, barrel-type root
cutter – disc-type root cutter
STEAMERS – steaming is a heat treating process in steamers, used for potatoes
WASHERS – which clean roots, for example: drum washers, drag-link washers,
screw washers
GRINDERS – used for a grinding process / wheat, corn - hominy, barley/
FARM FOOD MIXERS – used for feed mixing
Stationary feeding lines
-
Drag conveyors – they transport feed from the place of preparation to the
place of outgoing / screw, belt/
-
Feed troughs – located above solid conveyers /skipping, mobile, belt with a
throw-off carriage/
Mobile feeding lines
-
Discharging carts
-
Pick-up semi-trailers
-
Mixing feeding carts – used for loading, mixing, cutting and feed dosing
Discharging cart
Feeding pumps
-
Button pumps
-
Float pumps
-
Gob pumps /gob feeder/
-
Bell-type pumps
VOCABULARY
bell
[bel]
zvon, zvonek
button
[ˈbʌtən]
tlačítko, knoflík
cutter /straw/
[ˈkʌtə]
řezačka slámy
digestible
[daɪ-]
stravitelný
disc type cutter
[ˈkʌtə]
kotoučová řezačka
discharging carts
[dɪsˈtʃɑːdʒ ɪŋ]
vyprazdňovací vůz
drag-conveyor
[dræg] [kənˈveɪə]
hřeblový dopravník
drag-link
[dræg] [lɪŋk]
hřeblový dopravník
feed
[fiːd]
krmivo, krmit
field chopper
[fiːld] [ˈtʃɒpə]
silážní řezačka
float
[fləʊt]
plovák
fodder
[ˈfɒdə]
krmivo
gob feeder
[gɒb] [ˈfiːdə]
kapkový dávkovač,
krmítko
grinder
[ˈgraɪndə]
mlýnek, drtič
hominy
[ˈhɑməniː]
kukuřičný šrot
pick-up semi-trailers
[ˈtreɪlə]
sběrací návěs
pump
[pʌmp]
čerpadlo, pumpa,
vývěva
root
[ruːt]
hlíza
root cutter
[ˈkʌtə]
bubnová krouhačka
screw
[skruː]
šroubový
silage
[ˈsaɪlɪdʒ]
siláž, píce
skipping
[ˈskɪpɪŋ]
sklopný
solid
[ˈsɒlɪd]
pevný
stationary
[ˈsteɪʃənərɪ]
pevný, nehybný
steamer
[ˈstiːmə]
pařák, pařáček /na
brambory/
washer
[ˈwɒʃə]
myčka
Information source:
9 MILKING MACHINES
Automatic milking is the milking of dairy animals, especially of dairy cattle, without
human labour. Automatic milking systems (AMS) were developed in the late 20th
century.
Complete automation of the milking process is a type of agricultural robot. Automated
milking is therefore also called robotic milking.
Parts of the process: collecting animals before milking, routing animals into the
parlour, inspection and cleaning of teats /automatic teat spraying system/, attachment
of milking equipment to teats, and often massaging the back of the udder to relieve
any held back milk, extraction of milk, removal of milking equipment, routing of
animals out of the parlour.
Milking
http://ansci.illinois.edu/static/ansc438/Mastitis/milking_processy.jpg
The machine includes teat cups that contact the cow’s teats and remove the milk, a
claw where milk pools as it is removed from the four teats, vacuum tubes that provide
vacuum to the teat cups and a milk tube that removes milk away from the claw, a
source of vacuum for the machine, and a pulsator that regulates the on-off cycle of
the vacuum.
Many milking machine systems are linked to a computer system that both regulates
the machine and generates data about the cow and its milk.
Most cows have four functional teats. Therefore, milking machines are designed with
four teat cups. The teat cups are composed of an inner rubber liner and an outer
shell, usually made of metal. The rubber liner is relatively thin in the section that sits
inside of the shell, while the liner’s tube below the shell is thicker rubber.
Cleanliness of the machine and hygiene during the milking process are very
important for successful milking process.
The machine is also cleaned with hot water, soap, acid and germicide solutions after
milking.
The teat cup has two chambers. When the teat cup is applied to the teat, the end of
the inside chamber A is filled by the teat. During the milk phase the vacuum applied
inside the liner is constant and keeps a constant negative pressure at the end of the
teat, drawing milk from the gland. The vacuum applied to the second chamber B,
between the shell and the thinner walled part of the liner, keeps the liner from
collapsing under the vacuum. During the rest phase, the vacuum inside chamber B is
monetarily off. Air enters chamber B instantly reaches atmospheric pressure,
colapsing the rubber liner around the teat end, massaging the teat and maintaining
blood flow. The lower part of chamber A maintains its vacuum while the upper part
around the teat momentarily loses vacuum. This alternating vacuum-atmospheric
pressure in chamber B is controlled by a pulsator.
The principle of machine milking is to extract milk from the cow by vacuum. The
machines are designed to apply a constant vacuum to the end of the teat to suck the
milk out and convey it to a suitable container, and to give a periodic squeeze applied
externally to the whole of the teat to maintain blood circulation.
A milking machine installation consists of a pipework system linking various vessels
and other components which together provide the flow paths for air and milk.
Any milking machine must not hurt and damage udders and contaminate milk. The
milking machine must provide full milking process. The working of the device is
similar to calf suck.
Parts of milking machine
The machine includes teat cups that contact the cow’s teats and remove the milk, a
claw where milk pools as it is removed from the four teats, vacuum tubes that provide
vacuum to the teat cups and a milk tube that removes milk away from the claw, a
source of vacuum for the machine, and a pulsator that regulates the on-off cycle of
the vacuum.
Two-stroke milking machines:
-
sucking
-
compress
-
puls = sucking + compress
Synchronous milking machines – sucking and compress at the same time in all four
teat cups. Asynchronous milking machines – compress in two teat cups and sucking
in the remaining two teat cups.
Three-stroke milking machines – the third stroke is rest stroke
Pulsators:
-
electromagnetic
-
electronic
-
vacuum /diaphragm/
There are four chambers in each pulsator:
1. the chamber of continuous vacuum
2. the chamber of alternate vacuum and atmospheric pressure
3. the chamber of continuous atmospheric pressure
4. the connective chamber
Teatcup brushes
Parts of the milking machine
Milking cooling tank
Dairy room
Milking devices:
-
vacuum pump /suction pump/
-
milk-churn /stationary, mobile/
-
tubular
-
parlours /milking houses/
Parlours /movable, unmovable/:
-
tandem milking parlours (cows enter and leave their milking boxes
independently from each other)
-
herringbone milking parlours (the milking machines are positioned in the
middle - the 'spine' of the fish - between two aisles with room for the cows. The
cows come into the parlour and line up between each 'fish bone', creating two
rows of cows.
-
side-by-side milking parlours - parallel (cows stand comfortably side by side/
-
polygon parlours
-
carousel parlours
Name the following parlours
A
B
http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/t0218e/T02
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com
18e80.gif
mons/thumb/3/3f/Melkkarussell.jpg/800pxMelkkarussell.jpg
C
D
18e78.gif
18e82.gif
Solution:
A – carousel parlour, B – herringbone parlour, C – tandem parlour, D – parallel
VOCABULARY
attachment
[əˈtætʃmənt]
nástavec
carousel
[ˌkerəˈsel]
kruhový, kolotoč
chamber
[ˈtʃeɪmbə]
komora
compress
[kəmˈpres]
stisk
connective
[kəˈnektɪv
spojovací
diaphragm
[ˈdaɪəˌfræm]
membrána
held
[held]
držený, ovládaný
hose
[həʊz]
hadice, hadička
inner
[ˈɪnə]
vnitřní
outer shell
[ˈaʊtə] [ʃel]
vnější obal, plášť
parlour
[ˈpɑːlə]
dojírna
pipework
[ˈpaɪpˌwɜːk]
potrubní
rest
[rest]
odpočinek
rubber
[ˈrʌbə]
guma, gumový
source
[sɔːs]
zdroj
suck
[sʌk]
sát
suction
[ˈsʌkʃən]
sání
suction pump
[ˈsʌkʃən] [pʌmp]
vývěva
teat
[tiːt]
vemeno, struk
teat cup
[tiːt] [kʌp]
strukový násadec
udder
[ˈʌdə]
vemeno, struk
vacuum tube
[ˈvækjʊəm] [tjuːb]
vakuová trubice
Information source:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/t0218e/t0218e06.htm
http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/t0218e/T0218e78.gif
http://ansci.illinois.edu/static/ansc438/Mastitis/milkmachine.html
10 DEVICES FOR CLEARING THE MANURE
Clearing the manure was the most difficult part of cattle breeding process. New
technologies in cattle breeding have brought new forms of stabling which need less
human work. The proportion of moisture in the manure depends on the content of dry
mass animal fodder, the bedding, the amount of added liquid components.
Also the daily output of manure and urine depends on a kind of animals, feeding
ration, its structure and the way of feeding.
Cows differ considerably in the amount of manure they produce. Jerseys, for
example, produce only 60% as much manure as Holsteins.
Manure and urine production /per day/
Animals
urine /l
manure /kg
dairycows
8 – 25
25 – 35
veals
3–4
3–6
livestock
13,5
30 – 40
sows
6–8
6–8
pigs
2–4
2–4
sheep
1 – 1,5
1 – 1,5
Livestock can be stabled in:
free housing with deep bedding
box housing
grillage housing
The way of manure clearing depends on the way of stabling, if the animals are
stabled using bedding or not.
Devices for manure clearing
 Power shovel – hand scraper - loader
 Circulating scraper with a staging conveyer
 Circulating scraper with a manure sandwicher
 Conveyer with pendulum and reciprocating motion
 Hydraulic system
Ad1) Power shovel
-
a device for mechanical manure clearing which consists of a winder,
electromotor, rope, scraper board. The shovel transports the manure in one
direction towards to the collecting duct.
V-shape sweep scraper: drive, arm, tension pulley, chain
Ad2) Circulating scraper with a staging conveyer
-
used at stanchion housing systems, it is a flight conveyer placed in a concrete
gutter consisting of – drive unit, chain cradle, fixed and movable leading
wheels.
Ad3) Conveyer with pendulum and reciprocating motion
-
consisting of gearbox, electromotor, cradles, kelly, pins.
Ad4) Hydraulic system
-
used for clearing liquid manure, the basic principle of this method is ablation in
drains /canals/.
-
drains types: floating, reservoir /basin, tank/, overflow drain
1. Liquid manure
2. Solid manure systems
Liquid manure is defined as manure that contains less than 10% solids.
Solid manure systems, manure spreader
Foto Archiv Hana Filipová, Farma Ing. Milan
Basík, Zárybničná Lhota
The liquid mixture (manure, urine and water with a dry matter content of 5 – 12 %)
can be used for biogas production. It is an energy production process.
Dunkwater pit
 Positive environmental impact
In most cases the volume of manure is reduced and the emissions to the environment
are reduced. The production of biogas reduces the need for fossil fuel.
Composted manure has a higher value as organic fertilizer.
 Negative environmental impact
Most forms of processing of manure (drying and pelletizing, separation of solids and
liquids) require fossil energy.
Spreaders need to be able to apply manure uniformly, effectively, and consistently
from load to load and over time. There are several spreader systems, of which all
have specific calibration methods. Solid manure systems that store, move and
spread manure on soil surface.
Manure spreader
http://visual.merriam-webster.com/transport-machinery/heavy-machinery/agriculturalmachinery/manure-spreader.php
1. Form pairs using the picture above
1. jack stand
I.
Trailer’s metal structure
2. hydraulic hose
II.
Belt that transmits the rotational movement of the
power-take off shaft to the moving floor of the
trailer to bring the manure back to the beater.
3. frame
III.
Telescopic support for the draw bar hitch that
supports the trailer when stationary.
4. power-take off
IV.
Container that holds the manure.
V.
Rotating device that disperses manure over the
shaft
5. draw bar hitch
soil.
6. chain drive
VI.
Tube connected to the tractor’s hydraulic coupler
that uses a fluid (oil) to transmit power from the
engine to the device’s mechanisms nure back to
the beater.
7. box
VII.
Device that hitches the machine’s shaft to the
tractor’s power train to transmit the necessary
power to operate it.
8. beater
VIII.
Device that secures the manure spreader to the
tractor’s towing hitch.
Solution
1. jack stand
III. Telescopic support for the draw bar hitch that supports
the trailer when stationary.
2. hydraulic hose
VI. Tube connected to the tractor’s hydraulic coupler that
uses a fluid (oil) to transmit power from the engine to the
device’s mechanisms.
3. frame
I. Trailer’s metal structure
4. power-takeoff
VII. Device that hitches the machine’s shaft to the tractor’s
shaft
5. draw bar hitch
power train to transmit the necessary power to operate it.
VIII. Device that secures the manure spreader to the
tractor’s towing hitch.
6. chain drive
II. Belt that transmits the rotational movement of the
power-takeoff shaft to the moving floor of the trailer to
bring the manure back to the beater.
7. box
IV. Container that holds the manure.
8. beater
V. Rotating device that disperses manure over the soil.
VOCABULARY
ablation
[æbˈleɪʃn̩]
beater
[ˈbiːtə]
bedding
[ˈbedɪŋ]
podestýlka, stelivo
cattle breeding
[ˈkætəl] [ˈbriːdɪŋ]
chov dobytka
compost
[ˈkɒmpɒst]
kompostovat
cradle
[ˈkreɪdəl]
podpěrná konstrukce
dairy cows
[ˈdaɪərɪ] [kaʊz]
mléčný skot
drain
[dreɪn]
odtok, odpadní stoka
draw bar hitch
[drɔː] [bɑː] [hɪtʃ]
tažné zařízení
duct
[dʌkt]
vedení, kanál
fertilizer
[ˈfɜːtɪˌlaɪzə]
hnojivo
fodder
[ˈfɒdə]
krmivo, píce, nakrmit
fossil fuel
[ˈfɒsəl] [fjʊəl]
fosilní palivo
frame
[freɪm]
rám
gearbox
[ˈgɪəˌbɒks]
převodová skříň
grillage housing
[ˈgrɪlɪdʒ] [ˈhaʊzɪŋ]
roštové stání
gutter
[ˈgʌtə]
žumpa, strouha, odtokové
splavování
koryto
hydraulic hose
[haɪˈdrɒlɪk] [həʊz]
hadice hydrauliky
jack stand
[dʒæk] [stænd]
podstavec
kelly
[ˈkelɪ]
unášecí tyč
liquid manure
[ˈlɪkwɪd] [məˈnjʊə]
kejda
livestock
[ˈlaɪvˌstɒk]
dobytek
manure
[məˈnjʊə]
mrva
moisture
[ˈmɔɪstʃə]
vlhkost
pendulum
[ˈpendjʊləm]
kyvadlo, kývavý
power shovel
[ˈpaʊə] [ˈʃʌvəl]
mechanická lopata
power-take off shaft
[ˈpaʊə] [ˈteɪk ˌɒf] [ʃɑːft]
pomocný hřídel
scraper
[ˈskreɪpə]
hřeblo, shrnovač
solid manure
[ˈsɒlɪd] [məˈnjʊə]
hnůj
sow
[səʊ]
prasnice
spreader
[spredə]
rozmetadlo
stabling
[ˈsteɪbəlɪŋ]
ustájení
staging conveyor
[steɪdʒɪŋ] [kənˈveɪə]
vynášecí dopravník
stanchion
[ˈstɑːnʃən]
nosník, podpěra
store
[stɔː]
skladovat
urine
[ˈjʊərɪn]
moč
V-shape
[ʃeɪp]
ve tvaru V
Information source:
http://www.macmillandictionary.com
http://visual.merriam-webster.com/transport-machinery/heavy-machinery/agriculturalmachinery/manure-spreader.php
11 KEY WORDS
Agriculture machines – zemědělské stroje
Combine harvesters – sklízecí mlátičky
Harvesting proces - sklizeň
Cleaning system - čištění
Storage methods, bale wrappers – skladovací metody, balicí lisy
Grain storing – skladování obilí
Potatoe harvesters – kombajny na brambory
Sugar beet harvesting – sklizeň cukrové řepy
Cattle feeding and nutrition – krmení dobytka a výživa
Devices for cattle feeding – zařízení pro krmení dobytka
Milking machines – dojící zařízení
Devices for clearing the manure – zařízení pro odklízení chlévské mrvy

Means of mechanization

Transkript

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