Good Practices in Environment Telematics Implementation

Transkript

European Commission,
Directorate General:
Information Society
Good Practices in
Environment Telematics Implementation
Results of the Telematics
Applications Programme
Správné postupy pøi zavádì ní
telematiky ž
ivotního prostøedí
Výsledky Programu
pro aplikace telematik
Rezultaty Programu
Zastosowa
Telematyki
January 2000
THE REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CENTER
for Central and Eastern Europe
Editors:
Martin Mudri, International Society for Environmental Protection, Austria
Jerome Simpson, The Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe, Hungary
Czech and Polish texts translated by:
Agnieszka Kostyra
ul. Bialowska 14m.6
04-063 Warsaw
Poland
Email: [email protected]
Maria Kazmukova
City Development Authority Prague
Hradcanske Namesti 8
11854 Prague 1
Czech Republic
ISBN: 963 8454 76 8
Acknowledgement:
The CAPE project gratefully acknowledges the support of all project managers who dedicated their time
to detailing the respective environment telematics applications for inclusion in this guide.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREDMLUVA
SPIS TREŒCI
FOREWORD
7
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
9
VYSVÉTLIVKY VÝRAZÙ
11
13
1. INTRODUCTION
17
ÚVOD
19
WPROWADZENIE
21
2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
23
2.1 Context of Environment Telematics in Europe
24
2.2 Good Practices in Environment Telematics
25
2.3 Relevance to Central and Eastern Europe
26
2.4 Environmental Benefits
28
2.5 Technical Implementation Framework
34
2.6 Lessons Learned
39
2. SHRNUTÍ
43
2.1 Kontext Telematiky pro
44
2.2 Správné Postupy v Telematice pro
44
2.3 Relevantnost Aplikací pro Støední a Východní Evropu
46
2.4
48
2.5 Technická Implementace
54
2.6 Zkuš enosti a Poznatky
60
2. SKRÓT DOKUMENTU
63
2.1 K
64
2.2 Przyk£ ady Dobrej Praktyki w Zakresie Zastosowania Telematyki w Ochronie Œrodowiska
64
2.3 U¯ ytecznoœæ z Punktu Widzenia Europy Œrodkowej i Wschodniej
66
2.4 K
68
2.5 Techniczne Ramy Realizacyjne
75
2.6 Wyci¥
82
3. GOOD PRACTICES IN ENVIRONMENT TELEMATICS
3.1 Technologies Supporting Waste and Contaminated Sites Management
85
85
Construction &Demolition Recyclables Exchange
Telematics for Waste Management in the Rhone-Alpes Region (SINDRA)
Contaminated Sites Management Support System (COSIMA)
3.2 Technologies Supporting Environmental Monitoring
101
Urban Air Quality Management in Vilnius, Lithuania
Joint Air Monitoring System in the Black Triangle Region (JAMS)
Portuguese Water Resources Information System (SNIRH)
3.3 Technologies Supporting Emergency Management
123
Telematics Assisted Handling of Flood Emergencies in Urban Areas (TELEFLEUR)
Danube Accident Emergency Warning System (DANUBE AEWS)
Forest Fire Support Management (DEDICS)
3.4 Technologies Supporting Public Access to Information
137
Health and Environmental Information System of Munich (HEIS-MUC)
Environmental Information System of Prague (IOZIP)
Black Sea Marine Environmental Management Support System (BLACK SEA WEB)
3. SPRÁVNÉ POSTUPY V TELEMATICKE PRO ŽIVOTNÍ PROSTØEDÍ
3.1 Technologie pro Podporu Managementu
Kontaminovaných Území
85
85
3.2 Technologie pro Podporu Managementu Monitorování Životního Prostøedí
101
3.3 Technologie pro Podporu Managementu Havárií a Rizikových Situací
123
3.4 Technologie pro
137
Informacím
85
3.1 Technologie Zwi¥ zane z Odpadami
85
3.2 Technologie Zwi¥ zane z Monitoringiem
101
3.3 Technologie Dotycz¥ ce Zwalczania Nadzwyczajnych Zagro¯
123
£eczeñstwa do Technologii Informacyjnych
ANNEX I: GOOD PRACTICE TEMPLATE
137
155
FOREWORD
While considerable knowledge is available for transport
telematics 1-related issues in the European Union (EU),
in the area of environment telematics the empirical basis
is unsatisfactory. For Central and East European
countries (CEE), little or no information on the current
status and framework of the implementation of
telematics is available.
CAPE (Co-ordinated Action for Pan-European
Transport
and
Environment
Telematics
Implementation Support) is an EU funded project and
“accompanying measure” of the Telematics Applications
Programme and INCO (International Cooperation)
Programme. It has been funded under the EU’s 4th
Framework Programme for Research and Technological
Development (1994-1998). CAPE aims to encourage
greater use of telematics or Information Society
Technologies (IST) in the EU and CEE. The project is
meant to generate a number of products that will serve
local self-governments across Europe while helping the
European
Commission
(EC)
facilitate
the
implementation of telematics solutions at the municipal
and district level.
CAPE’s goals are twofold:
First, the project aims to benefit local self-governing
authorities in CEE and the EU by raising their
awareness of telematics applications and facilitating their
implementation at the local level.
In CEE countries, CAPE will target those local selfgoverning authorities who have an immediate need for
applying efficient and low-cost telematics systems in the
areas of transport and environment. In EU countries,
CAPE will focus on those authorities not yet fully aware
of the potentials of advanced telematics for
environmental management.
Project results will be disseminated through:
§
completion of a good practice guide in
environment
and
transport
telematics
implementation (represented by this report);
§
conferences serving as dissemination events;
§
workshops that serve as an opportunity to
exchange information and experiences, and build
networks between the EU and CEE;
§
an Internet web page which serves as part of the
related dissemination activities (available at:
http://www.rec.org/ist/cape).
CAPE’s second goal is to extensively survey,
quantitatively and qualitatively, the needs, priorities and
frameworks among CEE and EU local and regional
public authorities for transport and environment
telematics implementation. Four reports meeting these
objectives were published in August 1999.
It is hoped these reports will assist in improving the
understanding of telematics applications: their value to
environment and transport management at national and
local-self-governing level; their contribution to meeting
EU Directives and policy; and their benefits to the
European citizen. This increased understanding will
hopefully encourage future CEE involvement in the
European Union’s 5th Research and Technological
Development Framework Programme, 1999-2002, and
consequently a better environment.
The CAPE partners
1 Telematics or Information Society Technologies (ISTs) describes the application of telecommunication technologies to the
world of informatics. Products and services are intended to support the collection, storage and dissemination of information.
Ultimately these benefit the decision-maker and society, and consistent with European Commission policy, contribute to
realising proposals for the Creation of a User-friendly Information Society
MAP OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
ArcInfo/View
- A complete software package supporting Geographic Information
Systems (GIS) capacity to map and present data. The package includes
ArcView, which supports the display of maps and images
CD-ROM
- Compact Disc Read-Only Memory. An optical disk that is
physically the same as an audio CD, but contains computer data.
Client-interface programme
- A locally developed computer program that facilitates end-user access
to, and retrieval and update of, specific data stored in different formats,
for instance, HTML, GIS, and Oracle.
Database software
- Software (that element of computer technology that cannot be
physically touched and which is therefore based on a computer
programme) that is used for storing and accessing data. Examples
include FoxPro, Filemaker Pro or Oracle.
Decision Support System
- A co-ordinated assemblage of people, devices or other resources
(increasingly technology-based) that analyses business data and
presents it so that people and managers can make decisions more
easily. Three types of DSS can be distinguished: reporting DSS, that
extracts, sorts, summarises and lists data from existing data files;
analysing DSS, used to analyse data; modelling DSS, to answer “what-if”
type questions.
Expert System
- A computer system programmed to imitate the problem-solving
procedures that a human expert makes. For example, in a
medical system the user might enter data like the patient's symptoms, lab
reports, etc., and derive from the computer a possible diagnosis. The
success of an expert system depends on the quality of the data provided
to the computer, and the rules the computer has been programmed with
for
making deductions from that data.
Front-end
GIS
- An interface, typically graphics-based, between a computer
terminal and the user.
- Geographic Information System. A computer system that
contains maps and geographic information, and sometimes
analyses of geographic data. Geographic information systems are
applied in many sectors including government, tourism, education,
environment, engineering, and marketing.
GPS
- Global Positioning System. A system of satellites that continually
transmit data, which makes it possible to identify earth locations
through a receiving unit.
Incident Alert System
- A warning system for used for accidents or emergencies
Information Society
- Telematics tools (also known as Information Society Technologies)
help improve the quality and efficiency of public administrations and
services, as well as their accessibility and user-friendliness, leading to
better informed citizens. This contributes to realising European Union
for an inclusive "User-Friendly Information Society."
Integrated Environmental
Data Management System
goals
- A system, typically technology-based, that enables the unified,
combined and co-ordinated management of data concerning environmental
problems. The system typically brings together the data of relevant
organisations, groups, individuals and disciplines, resulting in a holistic
approach toward environmental management.
Internet
- A global system of networked computers that allows communication
between users and the transfer of data from one computer terminal to any
other within that network
ISDN
- Integrated Services Digital Network. Digital Telecommunication
lines that can transmit up to 128 Kilobytes of information,
including both voice and digital services, and which are much
faster than traditional analogue lines.
Local Area Network (LAN)
- A network that connects computers, usually by cable, that are
close to each other, usually in the same building
Meta-information
- Data about data, represented, for example, by a catalogue or an index.
Often the data referred to is itself a compilation of data resources. Metadata is often stored in a meta-data information system that describes or
defines other bodies of data, documents or information elements
Oracle
- A “relational” database management system of the Oracle
Corporation. It offers a database software package that can handle
and “relate” datasets of many different formats and types.
Oracle’s Binary Large Object
- A software developed by the Oracle Corporation for image storage
Management System
- A computer system that collects and analyses data from different
sources, designed to provide an organisation’s management with
up-to-date information (such as reports, an inventory) at any time.
PERL
SGML
- PERL is a general-purpose programming language developed in 1987. It
tends to be used for World Wide Web development, text processing,
Internet services, mail filtering, graphical programming and systems
administration (CC).
-Standard Generic Mark-up Language which enables alternative presentations of the same information by defining the general structure and
elements of a document. HTML (Hypertext Mark-up Language)
commonly used for preparing websites is based on
SGML.
Spatial Database Engine (SDE) - An add-on tool that can be used to extend the capacity of a relational
database server like Oracle to include geographic and map-based data.
Sustainable Development
Telematics
- Development that provides economic, social and environmental
benefits in the long term, in a way that meets the needs of living and
future generations.
- The application of telecommunications to information-related
activities or informatics, resulting in technologies that support
information storage, processing and transfer.
UNIX workstation
- A multi-user, multi-tasking computer operating system (o.s.) for
use on mini-co mputers, mainframes and personal computers. The
UNIX o.s. is written in the “C” computer programming language,
developed by AT&T. (CC)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
- A network in which computers are connected to each other over
a long distance, using telephone lines and satellite links.
Windows NT
- Windows “New Technology.” A 32-bit operating system from
Microsoft for “high-end” workstations, servers, and networks. It
supports the Unicode character set (larger than ASCII) and has
built-in networking, memory protection and fault tolerance.
POUŽITÉ VÝRAZY A JEJICH VÝZNAM
ArcInfo/View
- softwarový produkt pro geografické informaèní systémy(GIS) na
uchovávání a prezentaci dat ve formì map. Souèástí produktu je
ArcView, který umožòuje zobrazit mapy a obrazy na displeji
CD-ROM
- kompaktní disk s pamìtí jen pro ètení údajù. Opticky disk vypadá
fyzikálnì stejnì jako CD, jenže obsahuje poèítaèová data.
Databázový software
- Software ( ta èást poèítaèové technologie, která není fyzicky hmatatelná a
je založena na poèítaèovém programu) na uchovávání a na
pøístup k údajùm, napø. FoxPro, Filemaker Pro nebo Oracle.
Expertní systém
- poèítaèový systém, který je naprogramován tak, že imituje procedury na
øešení problému, jak to dìlá odborník-èlovìk. Napø. v lékaøském
systému mùže uživatel za pomocí vstupných dat (napø. symptomù
pacienta, laboratorních výsledkù atd.) urèit pomocí poèítaèe
pravdìpodobnou diagnózu. Úspìšnost expertního systému závisí na
kvalitì údajù vložených do poèítaèe a pravidel, které jsou v poèítaèi
naprogramovány na posouzení tìchto údajù
Front-end
- rozhraní, vìtšinou grafické, mezi terminálem a uživatelem
GIS
- geografický informaèní systém: Poèítaèový systém, který obsahuje mapy
a geografické informace a nìkdy analýzy geografických dat. Geografické
informaèní systémy se používají v mnoha sektorech, napø. ve vládì,
turistice, výchovì,v životním prostøedí, v konstrukci a v marketingu.
GPS
- globální systém urèování polohy. Systém satelitù, které kontinuálnì
pøenášejí data a tím umožòují, aby se pomocí pøijímací jednotky
stanovila zemìpisní poloha.
- telematické nástroje (známé též jako technologie informaèní spoleènosti)
pomáhají zlepšit kvalitu a efektivitu veøejné správy a služeb, jejich
pøístupnost a pohodlné využívání. Lépe informovaní obèané pøispívají
k uskuteènìní jednoho z cílù Evropské unie - uživatelsky jednoduchá a
pøátelská informaèní spoleènost (User-Friendly Information Society).
Integrovaný systém pro - systém, obvykle technologický, který umožòuje jednotný, propojený a management
koordinovaný management dat o environmentálních problémech. Systém
propojuje data rùzných organizací, skupin, jednotlivcù a oborù,
které se týkají životního prostøedí a umožòuje celostní (holistický)
pøístup
k managementu životního prostøedí.
Internet
- globální systém sítì propojených poèítaèù, který umožòuje komunikaci
mezi uživateli a pøenos dat z jednoho poèítaèe na druhý v této síti
ISDN
- integrovaná sí• digitálních služeb. Digitální telekomunikaèní linky, které
pøenášejí až 128 kilobajtù informací, vèetnì zvuku a digitální služby vyšší
rychlostí, než tradièní analogové linky.
Local Area Network (LAN)
- sí• pro propojení poèítaèù, které jsou umístìny blízko sebe, obvykle
ve stejné budovì, obvykle pomocí kabelu
Meta-information
Oracle
- údaj o údaji , napø. katalog, nebo index. Èasto se jedná o sestavení údajù
o zdrojích dat
Meta-data se èasto uchovávají v meta-datových
informaèních systémech, které popisují, nebo definují další soubory dat,
dokumentù nebo informaèních prvkù .
- "relaèní" databázový systém spoleènosti Oracle Corporation.
Nabízí soubor databázových programù, které mohou zpracovávat a
propojovat datové soubory rùzných formátù a typù.
obrazù
- software, který vyvinula firma Oracle Corporation pro uchovávání
PERL
- PERL je všeobecnì orientovaný programovací jazyk vyvinutý v roce
1987. Používá se pro sestavení webových stránek, zpracování
internetových služeb, grafické programování atd.
Program pro
- poèítaèový program pomocí kterého má uživatel pøístup a mùže rozhraní
vyhledávat a aktualizovat specifická data uchováván v rozlièných
formátech, jako napø. HTML, GIS, a Oracle.
SGML
- standardní generický programovací jazyk pro zpracování dokumentù,
webových stránek apod.
Spatial Database Engine (SDE) - pomocný nástroj, který pomáhá rozšíøit kapacitu relaèního
databázového serveru pro propojení geografických a mapových informací
Systém pro management
- poèítaèový systém, který shromažïuje a analyzuje data z rùzných
zdrojù a poskytuje vedení organizace aktuální informace (zprávy, souhrny,
atd.) v libovolném èase
Systém pro podporu
rozhodování DSS
- koordinované propojení lidí, zaøízení a dalších zdrojù (technologií),
které analyzuje pøíslušná data tak, že se lidé a manažeøi mohli lépe
rozhodovat. Jsou tøi typy DSS:
- popisný DSS, který tj. vybírá, tøídí, shrnuje a vytváøí seznamy
dat z existujících datových souborù
- analytický DSS, který analyzuje data
- modelovací DSS, který odpovídá na otázky typu "co když?".
Trvale
Telematika
rozvoj - rozvoj, který poskytuje ekonomické, sociální a environmentální pøínos
v dlouhodobém horizontu s ohledem na životní potøeby pøíštích generací.
- aplikace telekomunikací v informaèních aktivitách, nebo v
informatice, kterých výsledkem jsou technologie na uchovávání,
zpracování a pøenos dat
UNIX workstation
- poèítaèový operaèní systém pro souèasné zpracování mnoha úkolù pro
mnoho uživatelù, který vyvinul AT&T.
Varovný systém pro havárie
- varovný systém používaný pøi haváriích nebo mimoøádných událostech
Wide Area Network (WAN)
- sí•, která propojuje od sebe vzdálené poèítaèe pomocí telefonního a
satelitního spojení
Windows NT
- Windows “Nová Technologie.” 32-bitový
Microsoftu pro servery a sítì.
od
S£OWNICZEK TERMINÓW
ArcInfo/View
(GIS) do przedstawiania danych w formie map i ich prezentacji.
odzwierciedlanie map i obrazów
Binary Large Object
CD-ROM
GIS
przechowywania obrazów
firmy Oracle
- Dysk kompaktowy tylko do odczytu. Dysk optyczny, który
fizycznie jest identyczny jak dysk kompaktowy z nagraniami audio,
ale zawiera dane komputerowe.
- System Informacji Geograficznej. System komputerowy, który
zawiera mapy i informacje geograficzne, a czasami - analizy danych
geograficznych. Systemy informacji geograficznej maj¹ zastosowanie
w wielu sektorach, takich jak administracja, turystyka, edukacja,
ochrona œrodowiska, in¿ynieria i marketing.
GPS
- Globalny System Lokalizacji. System satelitów, które bezustannie
przesy³aj¹ dane, co umo¿liwia okreœlanie po³o¿enia na Ziemi za
poœrednictwem specjalnego odbiornika.
Interfejs czo³owy
a u¿ytkownikiem.
Internet
jednego terminala komputerowego do jakiegokolwiek innego
komputera, znajduj¹cego siê w owej sieci.
ISDN
zarówno us³ugi g³osowe, jak i cyfrowe, które s¹ przy tym o wiele
logowe.
Lokalna Sieæ
(LAN)
- Sieæ, która ³¹czy komputery (zwykle przy pomocy kabla), które Komputerowa
Metainformacje
metadanych, który opisuje lub definiuje inne zestawy danych,
dokumentów lub elementów informacji.
Oprogramowanie bazy danych - Oprogramowanie (ten element techniki komputerowej, którego
nie mo¿na fizycznie dotkn¹æ, a zatem który opiera siê na programie
komputerowym), wykorzystywane do przechowywania i
Filemaker Pro lub Oracle.
Oracle
formatach i rodzajach.
PERL
internetowych, filtrowania korespondencji, programowania
graficznego i administrowania systemami.
Program interfejsu klienta
- Napisany na poziomie lokalnym program komputerowy,
u³atwiaj¹cy dostêp u¿ytkownika koñcowego do konkretnych
danych przechowywanych w ró¿nych formatach, na przyk³ad
HTML, GIS i Oracle, a tak¿e wyszukiwanie i modyfikacjê takich
Komputerowa (WAN)
danych.
- Sieæ, w której komputery po³¹czone s¹ ze sob¹ na du¿¹ odleg³oœæ,
przy u¿yciu linii telefonicznych i ³¹czy satelitarnych.
- Rozwój, który na d³u¿sz¹ metê zapewnia korzyœci gospodarcze,
spo³eczne i ekologiczne, uwzglêdniaj¹c potrzeby obecnie ¿yj¹cych i
SGML
-Standardowy Uniwersalny Jêzyk Znakowania, który umo¿liwia
ró¿ne alternatywne prezentacje tych samych informacji poprzez
definiowanie struktury ogólnej i elementów dokumentu. HTML
(jêzykhipertekstowego znakowania informacji), powszechnie
wykorzystywany do przygotowywania witryn w sieci WWW,
siê w³aœnie na SGML.
Spatial Database Engine - Dodatkowe narzêdzie do bazy danych, które mo¿e byæ u¿yte do
rozszerzenia mo¿liwoœci serwera relacyjnej bazy danych - takiej jak
Oracle - o dane geograficzne i mapowe.
opiera
(SDE)
dziedziny telematyki (znane tak¿e jako Technologie
Spo³eczeñstwa Informacyjnego) pomagaj¹ w poprawie jakoœci i
efektywnoœci administracji publicznej i us³ug, jak równie¿ ich
dostêpnoœci i przyjaznoœci, co prowadzi do lepszego
poinformowania obywateli. Stanowi to wk³ad w realizacjê celów
Unii
Europejskiej, do których nale¿y nie pomijaj¹ce nikogo
przyjazne spo³eczeñstwo
informacyjne.
System Doradczy (Ekspertowy) - System komputerowy, który jest zaprogramowany w taki
b, by naœladowaæ procedury rozwi¹zywania problemów,
pacjenta, wyniki badañ laboratoryjnych itd., a nastêpnie uzyskaæ od
danych dostarczonych do komputera oraz regu³, które
w komputerze, by móg³ wyci¹gaæ wnioski z tych
danych.
zaprogramowano
System Ostrzegania
o Incydentach
System Wspomagania
(Decyzji Decision Support
System - DSS)
analizuje dane gospodarcze i prezentuje je w taki sposób, aby
mened¿erom i innym osobom ³atwiej by³o podejmowaæ decyzje.
Mo¿na wyró¿niæ trzy typy DSS:
-DSS raportuj¹cy, który wybiera, sortuje, streszcza i wylicza
(wymienia) dane z istniej¹cych plików danych;
-DSS analizuj¹cy, wykorzystywany do analizowania danych;
-DSS modeluj¹cy, którego zadaniem jest odpowiadanie na pytania
- System komputerowy, który zbiera i analizuje dane z ró¿nych Ÿróde³, Danymi
przeznaczony do dostarczania kierownictwu organizacji w dowolnym
momencie aktualnych informacji (takich jak raporty, stan zapasów).
Telematyka
- Zastosowanie telekomunikacji do czynnoœci zwi¹zanych z
informacji.
UNIX workstation
(s.o.) do wykorzystywania w minikomputerach, komputerach klasy
mainframe i komputerach osobistych. S.o. UNIX napisany jest w
jêzyku programowania “C”, stworzonym przez AT&T.
Windows NT
- “Nowa Technologia” Windows. 32-bitowy system operacyjny
firmy Microsoft dla profesjonalnych stacji roboczych, serwerów i
sieci. Obs³uguje on zestaw znaków Unicode (wiêkszy ni¿ ASCII) i
posiada wbudowan¹ mo¿liwoœæ tworzenia sieci, ochronê pamiêci i
Zintegrowany System
jednolite, kompleksowe i skoordynowane zarz¹dzanie danymi
dotycz¹cymi problemów ekologicznych. System ten skupia zwykle
w jedno dane odpowiednich organizacji, grup, osób i dyscyplin
1. INTRODUCTION
Background
Transport
and
Environment
Telematics
Implementation Support) is a European Union (EU)
funded project that aims to encourage the greater use of
telematics or so-called Information Society Technologies
(IST) in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the
EU.
A key objective of CAPE is to showcase telematics
applications through different mechanisms in order to
facilitate their uptake. These mechanisms to date have
included an online website, user-fora, and technical
workshops. This publication represents another of
those mechanisms, namely to summarise and
demonstrate in the form of a “good practice” guide
those technologies supporting environment and
knowledge management.
Why this Guide?
A clear opportunity exists for CEE countries to
“leapfrog” certain western technological developments
and move quickly into the realm of telematics (for
instance from line-based to wireless communications),
coincident with the EU enlargement process. A recent
CAPE survey2 revealed that more than 70 percent of
CEE local government environment experts and
decisionmakers considered the use of IT/telematics
applications a future priority. Some 80 percent indicated
a preference for decision-making support systems and
90 percent for public information and disseminationrelated applications. Upon further examination, the key
environmental areas for application were considered to
be waste, environment monitoring (air and water),
emergency management, and transport. Amongst the
vehicles considered most useful for disseminating
telematics results, 80 percent requested conferences and
dissemination events, 81 percent asked for technical
training sessions, and 75 percent requested on-site
technical visits. In response to this, CAPE hosted the
above referenced events in Munich, Prague, Warsaw and
Sofia during summer and autumn 1999. Constructive
dialogue and exchange of experiences was hosted during
those events on a series of applications that met these
priority needs.
Sixty-nine percent of those surveyed also called for
supporting documentation and “good practice” guides.
This guide is intended to satisfy those requests and to
further document and demonstrate the value and
benefits of telematics applications. It specifically targets
the CEE local government decisionmaker, although it
may be of interest to anyone who wants to know more
about implementing telematics applications. It
summarises 12 innovative and proven telematics tools
matching the priority areas identified. Several of the
applications included were developed under the
European Commission’s 4th Framework Programme
for Research and Technological Development, 1994-8,
and were presented at the Munich User-forum and
Workshop. Others have been funded through different
European Commission and international programmes.
Several local initiatives are included for comparison, as
well as a number developed independently in CEE.
It is the goal of this guide to show the strengths of
telematics applications in bettering environmental
management processes, and to show how knowledge
and information can be better exploited and distributed
through such tools. It is also intended to complement
other “good-practice” guides currently available,
including the ENWAP User Forum Good Practice in
Air and Water Management Systems for Europe and the
CAPE project’s Good Practice in Transport Telematics
Implementation.
Structure of the Guide
Data for the 12 surveyed applications was collected with
a standard questionnaire format (included in Annex I)
that examined the technical profile of the application, its
background and objectives, transferability, and benefits.
Questionnaire responses have been edited for clarity and
are presented according to this strucure, enabling crosschecking between cases. An abstract summarises the
main points of each study and serves to introduce it.
Case studies are presented in sections addressing the
four priority areas identified above, namely: 1) waste and
contaminated sites management, 2) environmental
monitoring (of air and water), 3) emergency
management and 4) public access to information (this
category substitutes for transport, which is dealt with in
its entirety by a separate CAPE publication, entitled
"Good
Practices
in
Transport
Telematics
Implementation)." Three
case studies have been
selected for each area, and with the exception of waste
management, each contain an example from the CEE
region.
An Executive Summary digests and summarises the
information contained within the case studies and
provides additional analysis. After summarising the
Context of Environment Telematics in Europe, the
Good Practice in Environment Telematics section
introduces the 12 surveyed applications. This overviews
each case-study by name, the environmental issues
addressed by each project and the nature of funding.
The following four sections examine key transfer-related
issues, including: applications’ Relevance to Central
and Eastern Europe, their Environmental Benefits,
the technical frameworks required for Implementation
and Lessons Learned – concerning for instance, project
management and legal frameworks. Through these
sections, the Executive Summary aims to demonstrate
telematics’ benefits for the environment and the
requirements for implementation and transfer.
A Glossary of Terms is included after the Foreward in
order to help explain some of the more technical terms
included in the Executive Summary and case studies.
An effort has been made to keep the guide as simple
and straightforward as possible. It is targeted toward
readers with a general understanding of information
technology issues.
The Introduction, Executive Summary and case study
abstracts have been translated into Czech and Polish in
order to promote the dissemination of results to a
wider audience. Furthermore, the guide and its local
language translations are available in full-text on the
world wide web at: <http://www.rec.org/ist/cape>,
and under the Telematics Applications Programme
website: <http://www2.echo.lu/telematics/>.
2
The survey, entitled ”Status and Priorities for
Telematics
Applications - A Survey of Local Government in Ten Central and
East European Countries” was undertaken in October 1998 and
published in August 1999.
It is accessible via the Internet in full
under:
http://www.rec.org/REC/Programs/Telematics/CAPE/quansrvy/cee/
env/env.html
1. ÚVOD
Základní informace
Projekt CAPE (Co-ordinated Action for Pan-European
Transport
and
Environment
Telematics
Implementation Support), financovaný Evropskou
unií (EU), si klade za cíl podpoøit vyšší využívání
telematiky, nebo tzv. technologií pro informaèní
spoleènost (IST) ve støední a východní Evropì a EU.
Hlavním zámìrem projektu CAPE je poukázat na
telematické aplikace pomocí rùzných mechanizmù a
podpoøit jejich zavádìní. Tyto mechanizmy dosud
pøedstavují webové stránky, fóra uživatelù a technické
workshopy. Tato publikace ve
formì prùvodce
"správnými postupy” je dalším prostøedkem pro
souhrn a demonstraci technologií, které podporují
management životního prostøedí.
Proè tento
Ve støední a východní Evropì existuje reálná možnost
"pøeskoèit" urèité stadium technologického vývoje na
západì a posunout se rychle k telematice zároveò s
procesem rozšiøování Evropské unie. Výzkum CAPE 2
odhalil, že více než 70% odborníkù a pracovníkù,
odpovìdných za rozhodování v støední a východní
Evropì pokládá využití IT/telematických aplikací za
budoucí prioritu. Asi 80 procent preferuje pro systémy
na podporu rozhodování a 90 procent aplikace,
zamìøené na informování veøejnosti. Za klíèové oblasti
životního prostøedí podle výsledkù výzkumu jsou
pokládány odpady, monitorování životního prostøedí
(ovzduší a vod), management havarijních a rizikových
situací a doprava. Nejužiteènìjšími prostøedky pro
rozšiøování informací a výsledkù telematiky jsou pro
80 procent dotázaných konference a jim podobné akce,
81 procent vyžaduje školení a technický výcvik a 75
procent požaduje technické exkurze na místì. CAPE
proto uspoøádal v létì a na podzim 1999 setkání v
Mnichovì, Praze, Varšavì a v Sofii, v rámci kterých se
uskuteènil konstruktivní dialog a výmìna zkušeností
z používání øady prioritních aplikací.
Šedesát šest procent dotazovaných požaduje
dokumentaci a prùvodce "správnými postupy." Z toho
dùvodu byl zpacován tento prùvodce, který
dokumentuje hodnotu a pøínos telematických aplikací.
Je urèen pro øídící pracovníky místní správy, nicménì je
otevøen pro každého zájemce o aplikace telematiky.
Prùvodce též struènou formou podává pøehled o
dvanácti inovativních a osvìdèených telematických
nástrojích, které se týkají jmenovaných priorit. Nìkteré
ze zaøazených aplikací byly vyvinuty v 4. rámcovém
programu Evropské komise v letech
1994-98 a
prezentovány na workshopu a foru uživatelù v
Mnichovì.
Další byly financovány rùznými
mezinárodními a evropskými programy. Pro srovnání je
pøipojeno nìkolik
dalších programù, které jsou
výsledkem místních iniciativ a programy, které byly
nezávisle vyvinuty ve støední a východní Evropì.
Úlohou tohoto prùvodce je poukázat na pøínosy
telematických aplikací pro zlepšení životního prostøedí
a ukázat, že je možné lépe využít a rozšiøovat
znalosti a informace pomocí tìchto nástrojù. Dalším
zámìrem je doplnit jiné dostupné prùvodce "správními
postupy," vèetnì pøíruèky
“Správné postupy v
systémech pro management ovzduší a vod - fora
uživatelù ENWAP a “Správné postupy v telematice pro
dopravu” zpracovanou v rámci projektu CAPE.
Struktura
Údaje o dvanácti zkoumaných aplikacích byly sestaveny
podle standardizovaného formuláøe (který je uveden v
pøíloze II) kterým se provìøil technický profil aplikace,
její základní údaje a zámìry, transferabilita (m ožnost
pøevodu jinam) a pøínosy. Odpovìdi z dotazníku byly
sestaveny a prezentovány podle této struktury, která
umožnila provìøení a kontrolu mezi postupy.
Abstrakty pøedstavují a shrnují hlavní body každého
postupu.
Ovìøované studie jsou prezentovány ve ètyøech
oblastech, oznaèovaných jako priority: 1) management
odpadù a kontaminovaných míst, 2) monitorování
životního prostøedí (ovzduší a vod), 3) management
rizikových a havarijních situací a 4) pøístup veøejnosti k
informacím (nahrazuje dopravu, o kterých pojednává
zvláštní publikace CAPE s názvem “Správné postupy
pøi zavádìní telematiky v dopravì”). Pro každou oblast
byly vybrány tøi aplikace a každá uvádí pøíklad ze
støední a východní Evropy. Pro lepší rozlišení je každá
oznaèena jinou barvou.
Shrnutí zhuš•uje a shrnuje informace, které jsou
uvedeny v ovìøovaných studiích a uvádí dodateènou
analýzu. Po shrnutí Kontextu telematiky pro
, sekce
Správné postupy
v telematice
uvádí dvanáct
zkoumaných aplikací. U každé uvádí název, oblast
prostøedí, které se dotýká, a zpùsob jejího financování.
Následující ètyøi sekce se provìøují hlavní otázky, které
se týkají možného transferu aplikací jako relevantnost
pro
východní Evropu, jejich pøínosy pro
životní prostøedí, zaøízení, které vyžaduje
technická implementace a zkušenosti a poznatky které se týkají
napø. managementu projektu a
legislativy. Pomocí tìchto sekcí pomáhá Shrnutí
demonstrovat pøínos telematiky pro životní prostøedí
a požadavky na její transfer a implementaci.
Seznam použitých výrazù je uveden pro lepší vysvìtlení
nìkterých technických termínù, které se používají ve
Shrnutí a v ovìøovaných studiích. Byl sestaven
z nìkolika zdrojù,
vèetnì
tezaurù GEMET 2.0
European Environment Agency Environmental
Thesaurus, EuroDicAutom a slovníku Computer
Currents High Tech Dictionary Snažili jsme se, aby
tento prùvodce byl pro èitatele s obecnou znalostí
otázek informaèních technologií pokud možno
jednoduchý a pøímý.
Úvod, shrnutí a abstrakty ovìøovaných studií byly
pøeloženy do èeštiny a polštiny. Doufáme, že tím se
výsledky dostanou k vìtšímu poètu zájemcù. Kromì
toho jsou prùvodce a pøeklady do tìchto jazykù
k dispozici
na
webových
stránkách:
<http://www.rec.org/ist/cape> a na stránce programu
Telematics
Applications
Programme:
<http://www2.echo.lu/telematics/>.
2
Prùzkum s názvem "Stav a priority pro telematické aplikace
-
Prùzkum místní správy v deseti zemích støední a východní Evropy"
byl proveden v øíjnu 1998 a publikován v srpnu 1999. Je dostupný
na internetu
na adrese:
<http://www.rec.org/REC/programs/
telematics/cape/quansrvy/cee/env/env.html>
1. WPROWADZENIE
T³o
Transport
and
Environment
Telematics
Implementation Support - Skoordynowana Akcja na
rzecz wdra¿ania telematyki w transporcie i ochronie
œrodowiska w Europie) to projekt finansowany przez
Uniê Europejsk¹ (UE), którego celem jest pobudzanie
szerszego wykorzystywania telematyki czy te¿ tak
zwanych Technologii Spo³eczeñstwa Informacyjnego
(IST) w Europie Œrodkowej i Wschodniej oraz UE.
upowszechniaj¹cych, 81 procent prosi³o o szkolenia
techniczne, a 75 procent ¿¹da³o wizyt fachowców w
Najwa¿niejszym celem CAPE jest zaprezentowanie
poprzez ró¿ne mechanizmy zastosowañ telematyki, po
to by u³atwiæ ich zrozumienie. Jak dot¹d do
mechanizmów tych nale¿¹ dostêpne w trybie online
witryny WWW, fora u¿ytkowników oraz specjalistyczne
warsztaty. Niniejsza publikacja jest przyk³adem
kolejnego z tych mechanizmów, a mianowicie
syntetycznego przedstawienia w formie przewodnika po
"dobrej praktyce" ("w³aœciwym postêpowaniu")
techno-logii
wspomagaj¹cych
zarz¹dzanie
œrodowiskiem i wiedz¹.
Szeœædziesi¹t dziewiêæ procent ankietowanych
opowiedzia³o siê ponadto za dokumentacj¹
pomocnicz¹ oraz przewodnikami po "dobrej praktyce."
W rezultacie przygotowany zosta³ niniejszy przewodnik,
który ma na celu dalsze dokumentowanie i
Sk¹d wzi¹³ siê pomys³ tego Przewodnika?
WyraŸnie widaæ, ¿e Europa Œrodkowa i Wschodnia,
równolegle do procesu poszerzania UE, ma szansê
"przeskoczyæ" pewne zachodnie rozwi¹zania techniczne
i szybko wkroczyæ do królestwa telematyki (na przyk³ad
przechodz¹c od telekomunikacji opartej na tradycyjnych
liniach do bezprze-wodowej). Niedawne badanie
ankietowe2 przeprowadzone w ramach projektu CAPE
oraz decydentów od spraw ochrony œrodowiska uwa¿a
wykorzystywanie technologii informacyjnej/aplikacji
telematycznych za priorytet na przysz³oœæ. Oko³o 80
wspomagaj¹cych podejmowanie decyzji, a 90 procent aplikacji s³u¿¹cych do informowania spo³eczeñstwa i
najwa¿niejsze obszary zwi¹zane z ochron¹ œrodowiska,
dla których aplikacje s¹ potrzebne uwa¿a siê odpady,
monitoring œrodowiska (powietrza i wody), zwalczanie
rozpowszechniania osi¹gniêæ telematyki, 80 procent
wspomnianych imprez w Monachium, Pradze,
Warszawie i Sofii, które odby³y siê latem i jesieni¹ roku
1999.
Konstruktywny
dialog
oraz
wymiana
doœwiadczeñ, które mia³y miejsce podczas tych imprez,
dotyczy³y szeregu aplikacji odpowiadaj¹cych potrzebom,
(wykorzystuj¹cych technologie teleinformatyczne) oraz
p³yn¹cych z nich korzyœci. Adresowany jest zw³aszcza
do decydentów samorz¹dowych z EŒW, choæ mo¿e
te¿ z niego skorzystaæ ka¿dy, kto interesuje siê
zastosowaniem aplikacji telematycznych. Przewodnik
przedstawia w skrócie dwanaœcie nowatorskich i
sprawdzonych
narzêdzi
telematycznych,
odpowiadaj¹cych
zidentyfiko-wanym
obszarom
priorytetowym. Kilka spoœród opisanych tu aplikacji
powsta³o w ramach 4. Ramowego Programu Komisji
Europejskiej na rzecz Badañ i Rozwoju Technicznego
(1994-8) i by³o prezentowanych podczas Forum
U¿ytkow-ników i Warsztatów w Monachium. Inne
finansowane by³y za poœrednictwem ró¿nych
programów
Komisji
Europejskiej
oraz
miêdzynarodowych. Dla porównania uwzglêdniono
te¿ kilka inicjatyw lokalnych, jak równie¿ parê
stworzonych niezale¿nie w Europie Œrodkowej i
Wschodniej.
Celem niniejszego przewodnika jest ukazanie zalet
aplikacji telematycznych z punktu widzenia poprawy
procesów zarz¹dzania œrodowiskiem oraz pokazanie,
jak za poœrednictwem takich narzêdzi mo¿na lepiej
wykorzystywaæ i rozpowszechniaæ wiedzê i informacje.
Ma on ponadto stanowiæ uzupe³nienie innych aktualnie
dostêpnych przewodników po “dobrej praktyce,” takich
jak "W³aœciwe postêpowanie w dziedzinie systemów
zarz¹dzania zasobami powietrza i wody dla Europy"
(ENWAP, Forum U¿ytkowników) oraz powsta³a w
ramach projektu CAPE "Good Practice in Transport
Telematics Implementation" (w³aœciwe postêpowanie
przy wdra¿aniu telematyki w obszarze transportu).
Struktura Przewodnika
zgodnie
ze
standardowym
formu-larzem
kwestionariusza (zamieszczonym w Aneksie I), który
bada³ profil techniczny aplikacji, jej t³o i cele,
mo¿liwoœæ przenies-ienia na inny grunt oraz uzyskane
korzyœci. Odpowiedzi na ankietê poddane zosta³y dla
wiêkszej
jasnoœci
zabiegom
redakcyjnym;
zaprezentowano je wed³ug tej struktury, umo¿liwiaj¹c
porównywanie poszczególnych przypadków. G³ówne
za³o¿enia ka¿dej analizy zawarte s¹ w streszczeniu, które
s³u¿y jako wprowadzenie do niej.
Analizy przypadków (case studies) przedstawione s¹ w
grupach, odpowiadaj¹cych wy¿ej zidentyfiko-wanym
czterem obszarom priorytetowym, którymi s¹: 1)
gospodarka odpadami i zarz¹dzanie terenami
ska¿onymi, 2) monitoring œrodowiska (powietrza i
wody), 3) zwalczanie nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eñ
œrodowiska oraz
4) dostêp spo³eczeñstwa do
informacji (zastêpuj¹cy transport, który omówiony
zosta³ kompleksowo w osobnej publikacji CAPE,
Good Practices in Transport Telematics
Implementation). Dla ka¿dego obszaru wybrano trzy case
studies, przy czym z wyj¹tkiem gospodarki odpadami,
ka¿dy z nich obejmuje przyk³ad z Europy Œrodkowej i
Wschodniej. Dla u³atwienia dostêpu, ka¿da grupa
zosta³a oznaczona innym kolorem.
Skrót Dokumentu (Executive Summary) porz¹dkuje i
streszcza informacje zawarte w analizach przypadków, a
tak¿e zawiera dodatkow¹ analizê. Po krótkim
Kontekstu telematyki w ochronie
Dobra praktyka w
zakresie zastosowania telematyki w ochronie
w badaniu aplikacji. Dokonano w nim ogólnego
przegl¹du wszystkich analiz przypadków - ich nazw,
problemów ekologicznych, których dotycz¹, oraz
mo¿liwoœci¹ przenoszenia aplikacji na inny grunt, w
tym ich U¿ytecznoœæ z punktu widzenia Europy
Œ rodkowej i Wschodniej, zwi¹zane z nimi
, ramy techniczne niezbêdne dla
oraz Wyci¹gniête wnioski - dotycz¹ce na
przyk³ad zarz¹dzania projektami i ram prawnych. W
rozdzia³ach tych Skrót Dokumentu zmierza do
zademonstrowania korzyœci, jakie aplikacje telematyczne
przynosz¹ œrodowisku oraz wymogów zwi¹zanych z
ich wdra¿aniem i przenoszeniem na inny grunt.
Po Spisie treœci zamieszczono S³owniczek terminów,
który ma pomóc w wyjaœnieniu niektórych bardziej
specjalistycznych terminów, wystêpuj¹cych w Skrócie
Dokumentu i analizach przypadków. Starano siê, by
przewodnik by³ maksymalnie prosty i jasny; adresowano
go do czytelnika maj¹cego ogóln¹ orientacjê w
zagadnieniach technologii informacyjnych.
Wprowadzenie, Skrót Dokumentu oraz streszczenia
analiz przypadków zosta³y przet³umaczone na jêzyk
czeski oraz polski, co powinno sprzyjaæ dotarciu
uzyskanych wyników do szerszej publicznoœci. Ponadto
przewodnik ten i jego t³umaczenia na jêzyki lokalne
dostêpne s¹ w ca³oœci w Internecie pod adresem
<http://www.rec.org/ist/cape> i w witrynie WWW
Programu
Zastosowañ
Telematyki
(Telematics
Applications
Programme):
<http://www2.echo.lu/telematics/>.
2
Badanie, zatytu³owane ”Stan i priorytety w zakresie aplikacji
telematycznych -
badanie ankietowe samorz¹dów w
dziesiêciu
krajach Europy Œrodkoweji Wschodniej” przeprowadzone zosta³o w
paŸdzierniku 1998, a jego wyniki opublikowano w sierpniu 1999. S¹
one dostêpne w ca³oœciza poœrednictwem Internetu pod adresem:
<http://www.rec.org/REC/Programs/Telematics/CAPE/quansrvy/ce
e/env/env.html>
G OOD P R A C T I C E S
IN
E NVIRONMENT T ELEMATICS I MPLEMENTATION
2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction to Structure of the Executive Summary
The Executive Summary is arranged in six sections.
The first section, 2.1 Context of Environment Telematics in Europe, introduces the role of telematics and
summarises the main driving forces and mechanisms leading to their use in Europe. This section is meant to “set-thescene” and define telematics’ value and role in supporting the implementation of EU policies, particularly with regard to
the environment.
The second section, 2.2 Good Practices in Environment Telematics, introduces, in table form, the 12 applications
surveyed. The tables include the name of each application, the environmental issues the application addresses and the
nature of their funding.
Sections 2.3-2.7 summarise the main results, conclusions and other attributes of case-studies and provides additional
?” while the latter
two consider “How to implement telematics applications.” These questions are also used to subdivide Sections 2.3-2.7
into two parts. An attempt has been made to provide as much “value-added” and useful summary information as
possible.
Section 2.3 examines the applications’ Relevance to Central and Eastern Europe, particularly with regard to the
environmental problems of the region. Section 2.4 highlights the Environmental Benefits to be gained from the use
of such specialised applications. Section 2.5 considers the Implementation Framework and addresses the technical
requirements for application transfer, while Section 2.6 Lessons Learned, summarises project experiences related to
their management, legal frameworks and expectations of the use of telematics.
These four themes were considered to be most relevant to the target audience (public authorities in CEE), and are
chosen as the best means to respond to the needs identified in CAPE’s surveys of the CEE region.
Each of the above sections is arranged in a broadly similar format, and each discusses applications and issues respective
to the four key priority areas identified by CAPE for environment telematics (waste and contaminated sites management
tools, environmental monitoring, emergency management applications and tools facilitating public access to
information). Section 2.3, on “Relevance to Central and Eastern Europe” summarises CEE environmental problems,
independent of the attributes of the 12 case-studies. Sections 2.4 on “Environmental Benefits” and 2.5, on
“Implementation Framework,” detail case-study attributes, according to the environmental issues they support. This
means case studies are addressed by environmental theme, and in the order shown in Table One overleaf. Attributes are
addressed on a project-by-project basis, largely because of their heterogeneous nature and the difficulty in summarising
key issues. (It is also assumed this is the most useful means of providing access for the expert and/or decision-maker
with a specific interest). Section 2.6 Lessons Learned, rather than separated by priority areas, summarises a number of key
project management issues that were commonly raised amongst all projects, and therefore is issue-based.
The main goal of the Executive Summary is to summarise the key results of the surveyed applications and to serve as an
introduction for the reader to the more detailed information provided within the case studies themselves on the
subsequent pages.
2.1
CONTEXT
OF
TELEMATICS IN EUROPE
ENVIRONMENT
Telematics tools incorporate those information
technology applications developed from EC-funded
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research projects. Environment telematics applications
are intended to support the environmental
management procedures of local governments, both
within, and outside of, the EU. Through better
monitoring of the local environment, telematics tools
support compliance with EU Directives, and contribute
to the meeting of sustainable development targets. The
improved collection and storage of environmental data
supports “informed” decision-making – and informed
citizens – and can facilitate public involvement in the
decision-making process. Telematics tools are also
intended to improve the quality and efficiency of local
public administrations and services, as well as their
accessibility and user-friendliness. Telematics tools
thereby support implementation of the EU’s
“subsidiarity” principle. They also contribute to the
realisation of European Union goals for an inclusive
User-Friendly Information Society.
APPLICATION AREAS
Waste Management and
Contaminated Sites
2.2 GOOD PRACTICES IN ENVIRONMENT
TELEMATICS
Table 1 below briefly summarises the twelve
applications addressed by this guide. Four of the casestudies (including TELEFLEUR, HEIS-MUC,
DEDICS, COSIMA) were co-funded by the EC’s
Telematics Applications Programme (TAP), during
1994-8. Some have been funded by other international
programmes and donors (such as Black Sea Web, JAMS,
Danube AEWS, and the Air Quality Management
System in Vilnius, Lithuania). Projects like IOZIP,
SNIRH, SINDRA and the Construction and
Demolition Recyclables Exchange are almost fully
funded locally.
CASE STUDIES
Construction & Demolition
Recyclables Exchange
SINDRA - Telematics for Waste
Management in the Rhone-Alpes
Region
COSIMA - Contaminated Sites
Management Support System
Environmental
Monitoring
Emergency Management
Public Access to
Information
24
Urban Air Quality
Management System in
Vilnius, Lithuania
JAMS Joint Air Monitoring System in
the Black Triangle Region
SNIRH Portuguese Water Resources
Information System
TELEFLEUR - Telematics
Assisted Handling of Flood
Emergencies in Urban Areas
Danube AEWS Danube Accident Emergency
Warning System
DEDICS Forest fire management support
system
HEIS-MUC Health and Environmental
Information System Munich,
Germany
KEY ATTRIBUTES
Re-usable building and construction waste inventory
serving the whole of Austria and neighbouring
countries.
Waste processing and management tool applied at
regional level.
GIS-based contaminated sites assessment and decision
support tool applied at local government level in
Ireland, Germany, Italy and Amsterdam.
Urban air quality modelling and monitoring system.
Transboundary air quality monitoring and emergency
warning system.
Water quality and resource management system.
Integrated management system supporting emergency
services in Athens, Greece dedicated to the management
of flash-floods.
Pollution incident alert system operating in 11
countries, through which the Danube river runs,
facilitating emergency preparedness and response.
Integrated management system supporting emergency
services dedicated to the management of forest fires in
Crete, the French Riviera and Andalucia.
Integrated environmental data management system
providing improved decision-maker and public access to
environmental data.
IOZIP Environmental Information
System of Prague, Czech
Republic
Black Sea Web Black Sea Environmental
IN
Integrated environmental data management system
providing improved decision-maker and public access to
environmental data corresponding to environmental
regulations.
Regional environmental data management system for
marine-related issues serving several Black Sea countries
relying on Internet.
Table 1: Projects and their key attributes
In order to have qualified for EC co-financing,
applications such as HEIS-MUC, COSIMA, and
TELEFLEUR will have been shown to be central to the
needs of public authorities and research centres
managing and monitoring environmental issues.
Having been successful in procuring funding, up to 50
percent of the project costs will have been contributed
locally, clearly showing the practical value attached to
such tools by the authorities implementing them.
Today, financing of these applications and their
management continues independent of EC support.
Some applications are being further developed, for
instance, DEDICS and HEIS-MUC.
For other organisations implementing projects financed
by foreign programmes, the development of telematics
tools will have been based upon clearly identified
environmental priorities, for instance, in better
coordinating management of the heavily polluted Black
Triangle region in Central Europe, or the effective
monitoring of the Danube waterway. Other activities
were initiated in order to realise commitments toward
sustainable development policy – in the field of waste,
for instance, within the Recyclables Exchange
application. In some cases, applications have been fullyfinanced by city authorities, for instance the Prague
Environmental Information System, because of the
need to support decision-makers with valuable
information concerning environmental pressures and
threats. These examples also show the value attached to
telematics tools therefore by senior decision-makers in
supporting environmental policy goals and targets.
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WHY IMPLEMENT TELEMATICS APPLICATIONS?
2.3 RELEVANCE TO THE CEE REGION
The environment of the CEE countries is frequently
cited as one of the main obstacles in their quest for EU
accession. Recent CAPE surveys 3 identified the main
environment priorities to be poor air quality arising
from traffic emissions, noise pollution, waste
problems, wastewater treatment and a keen desire
among 90 percent of decision-makers to improve public
access to environmental information. These priorities
broadly correspond to the main priority areas identified
for environment telematics applications, namely tools
supporting waste management, environmental
monitoring (of air and water), emergency management,
and public access to environmental information.
This section, based on CAPE survey results and
according to the priorities identified for telematics tools,
aims to detail why these environmental issues are of
importance in CEE.
Waste Problems and Contaminated Sites
Some 25 percent of CEE public administrations and
local governments identified domestic waste as their
most important environmental problem, according to
CAPE. Annual growth rates are around 8 percent.
Among those waste-related problems most frequently
cited, acute short-term problems included: increasing
levels of domestic waste, illegal waste dumping, the
disposal of hazardous waste, and the treatment of
sludge from wastewater plants. It is not surprising that
some 70 percent of surveyed authorities indicated a
desire to use telematics to "support waste
management."
CAPE also found that, in Western Europe, around 66
percent of waste is now being landfilled, while in CEE
countries, the figure stands at approximately 80 percent
(and 6 percent goes uncollected). Improperly managed
waste landfill sites can lead to groundwater pollution
and soil contamination. This problem is of increasing
3
concern to CEE countries. Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary,
and Lithuania were earmarked by CAPE as being
particularly at risk from groundwater contamination.
Furthermore, decades of socialist rule within the CEE
region left a legacy of contaminated military installations
and a landscape dominated by heavy industry. Some 275
military bases covering one percent of the country were
identified as susceptible to the threat of pollution. As a
consequence, contaminated site remediation was an
earmarked priority among 30 percent of the public
administrations surveyed.
Air and Water Pollution
Nearly all CEE countries have experienced reductions in
the emissions of major pollutants, including sulphur
dioxide and particulates, owing in part to a decline in
heavy industry and the use of cleaner production
technologies. However, transboundary air pollution
continues to be a problem. Many CEE countries are also
now experiencing increasing nitrous oxide (NOx)
concentrations, ozone and noise, due to rising levels of
urban traffic (see Figure 1 over). Up to 40 percent of
surveyed authorities claimed long-term policies will need
to be developed to tackle long-term problems such as
traffic emissions, and already as many as 30 percent have
policies in place. Some 40 percent considered telematics
will play a major role in the future in modelling and
forecasting air quality.
The capital city of Lithuania, Vilnius, is a typical example
of a CEE city experiencing increasing air quality
problems arising from traffic pollution levels and
industry. In response, the city estab-lished an entire unit
devoted to air quality management, and adopted a
coordinated urban air pollution management strategy.
In order to support this and define future policy,
monitoring and modelling equipment has been
implemented and combined with a decision support
system.
Qualitative Survey of Ten Central and East European Countries on the Requirements and Framework for Environment and Transport Telematics Implementation,
August 1999 and Quantitative survev based on questionnaire responses of the needs and policy priorities of public authorities, summarised in the
report on Status and Priorities for Environment Telematics Applications - A Survey of Local Government in Ten Central and East European Countries, August 1999. Both online
under: <http://www.rec.org/ist/cape>.
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Figure 1: Rising levels of car ownership in Prague, Czech Republic. (Source: IOZIP)
Transboundary air quality problems are common in the
CEE region. Slovakia, Romania and Lithuania are
known to be net-importers of atmospheric pollution
and acid rain. The Black Triangle Region, which includes
part of the Czech Republic, Poland and Germany is
perhaps the most well-known example of pollution
with no respect for borders. Decades of heavy industry
in the region has had a hugely detrimental impact on
the environment, with acid-rain helping to create an
ecological disaster by destroying mountain forests and
acidifying the soils. Some 3 million tons of sodium
dioxide (SO2) and approximately 1 million tons of NOx
are emitted each year. In response, international donors
and governments in the region initiated the Black
Triangle Programme in 1991, which included activities
such as the establishment of an automated monitoring
system.
Much of the groundwater in CEE remains polluted by
non-point sources including uncontrolled runoff,
untreated sewage, contaminated soils, bacteriological
pollution and nitrate excesses. In many cases these
conditions are found to be worsening. Some reductions
in surface water pollution have been detected across
CEE. However, it is clear that measures need to be
taken in order to ensure better quality control and
adequate resource management. Given that only about
20 percent of households in CEE countries are
connected to a sewage system, effective water resource
management remains critical. For these reasons, as many
as 72 percent of the surveyed public authorities indicated
environmental policies are in place in order to deal with
increasing levels of sewage water and some 36 percent
have already begun to monitor groundwater.
Environmental Emergencies
The occurrence of natural emergencies has risen in recent
years in the CEE region, particularly with respect to
flooding. Fewer instances of forest fires were noted by
CAPE, however, countries with large forested areas like
Romania and Bulgaria, and those experiencing rapid
urbanisation, may be threatened by such incidents.
Industrial accidents and oil spills are of concern in
countries like Slovenia and Latvia, and have been a major
cause for concern along international waterways like the
Danube for many years. The need to be better prepared
for such events and to ensure their effective
management, through telematics tools, appears to be
already apparent. Some 46 percent of the CEE
authorities surveyed expect telematics tools to have a
considerable impact on the sector over the coming twoto-three years.
In some places, like the town of Olomouc in the Czech
Republic, the use of telematics has already begun. In
1997, Olomouc experienced its worst flood of the 20th
century and in response, as was reported at the CAPE
Telematics User Forum and Workshop in Munich, June
1999, the town began operating a simple emergency
warning system. Flash-floods are becoming increasingly
commonplace in southern European cities
too,
particularly those cities surrounded by steep topography
and
experiencing
rapid
urban
development,
deforestation and the effects of greenhouse gases.
Industrial accidents and oil spills have frequently
occurred along the Danube waterway during the 1980s
and 1990s. These have threatened water supply and
caused the shutdown of water intakes. Downstream
countries, and less economically developed countries
among the 13 countries in the Danube basin, are
particularly threatened by such events. These countries
need advance notification in order to effectively deal with
spills and other accidents. In 1991, the international
donor community initiated the Danube Environment
Programme, which seeks to improve cooperation
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among the Danube countries. This programme has also
helped realise the implementation of a network of alert
“centres” and an emergency warning system along the
international waterway.
Improving Public Access to Environmental
Information
Some 90 percent of self-governing public authorities in
CEE indicated high interest in telematics-based, public
environmental information systems. This is partly in
response to legal requirements such as the EU’s Access
to Environmental Information Directive 90/313/EEC
and the “Aarhus” Convention on Access to
Information, Public Participation in Decisionmaking
and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, signed
by all CEE countries.
However, in order to disseminate up-to-date
environmental information, local and regional public
administrations must first establish mechanisms to
collect and store this data. Often this poses a significant
challenge, since information is collected and stored in
different locations, by a variety of organisations and in
incompatible formats. According to CAPE, 8 percent of
respondents store data in GIS format, while 20 percent
record information in different electronic databases.
Furthermore, information is often collected by different
organisations and research institutes with whom
effective cooperation must be developed. This often
results in delays in access, for both decision-makers and
the public.
The Internet is an increasingly common means for
disseminating environmental information. However, its
use in many CEE countries is hindered by poor
telecommunications networks and the high costs of
access. The surveys performed by CAPE showed 40
percent of decision-makers now have access to e-mail,
and 43 percent to the Internet. Nevertheless, limited
technical expertise and poor quality equipment within
public authorities are still major hurdles preventing
public authorities from taking full advantage of the
opportunities offered to disseminate information to a
wide audience.
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2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
This section builds on section 2.1 Context of
Environment Telematics in Europe, which opened
the Executive Summary. It summarises the benefits and
relevance of the surveyed telematics tools, particularly in
an environmental context and with regard to CEE
countries (and also the problems outlined in the
previous section). The benefits in terms of meeting of
policy targets, and improvements to cost-effectiveness
and efficiency are also summarised.
Technologies Supporting Waste and Contaminated
Sites Management
Stricter sustainable development targets (aimed at
ensuring the use of existing natural resources without
compromising those available to future generations) are
giving rise to the need to sort waste, and to increase the
amounts of waste recycled and re-used. Telematics
applications which support these goals can be
invaluable.
A unique and innovative, yet relatively simple
application, is the Austrian Construction and
Demolition Recyclables Exchange. This application
helps to reduce the level of construction waste entering
domestic landfills. By setting up an exchange system
hosted and managed via the Internet (see Figure 2
below), the country’s federal governments are able to
better re-use and recycle building waste. The approach
has a direct impact on sustainable development policy
targets and helps avoid the depletion of natural
resources. It also helps to meet the requirements of strict
legislation concerning landfills. Given the large number
of construction and development projects now
underway in CEE, and the consequent demolition of
older structures, such a system could prove valuable to
authorities looking to reduce building waste that is
being disposed of in landfills. This would also assist the
40 percent of authorities CAPE identified who say they
are looking to implement policies that promote waste
reduction and recycling. The system also offers economic
benefits to those who would otherwise pay for the
disposal of waste, and enables the purchase of
discounted building materials.
IN
Figure 2: An online session from the Construction & Demolition Recyclables Exchange
showing Supplies in Lower Austria. (Source: CDRE)
An application like SINDRA is intended to benefit
local authorities within a whole region, by improving
the storage and accessibility of information related to
waste and waste management. This information would
cover such issues as local waste levels, collection, sorting
and disposal mechanisms, treatment facilities, waste
flows and so on. This tool, coupled with background
information on regulations and taxation regimes, helps
local authorities monitor waste management practices
and prepare and assess waste policies. The tool also
improves cooperation and the exchange of experiences
among local and regional decision-makers.
Improperly managed waste landfills or industrial
process sites can cause soil and groundwater
contamination. The “polluter pays” principle is
increasingly being enforced and with European
legislation calling for contaminated sites to be cleaned
up prior to sale, telematics tools like COSIMA which
support this process can offer significant cost savings.
COSIMA is an application whose strengths lie in its
support to contaminated site managers and the
enhanced information it provides to city planners.
Relying on GIS technology, it can be used to identify
the nature, extent and effects of contamination arising
from landfill, industrial or military activity. The
COSIMA application also supports rapid decisionmaking of the most suitable clean-up mechanisms.
Land can be restored ( to a level compliant with soil and
remediation standards) and successfully offered to
prospective investors and housing developers, thereby
facilitating
both
economic
and
sustainable
development. COSIMA can also be used to support
risk-assessment and can help prioritise or rule out
future activities which may have an impact on any given
site.
Technologies Supporting Environmental
Monitoring
Effective air quality management requires the
monitoring of real-time conditions, emissions and
emergency situations. Many public authorities in CEE
already realise this, and some 40 percent anticipate a
demand for telematics technologies in this process in the
near future. Monitoring tools can help ensure
compliance with legislation, including local and
European laws on air quality, while modelling tools can
be relied upon to prevent short-term severe
deterioration of air quality. Both modelling and
monitoring data can serve as a basis for defining future
air-related policy, and can be invaluable in the planning
of air quality management strategies.
Telematics tools like AIRVIRO, which monitors and
models air quality, have already been adopted by the City
of Vilnius, Lithuania, as part of its Urban Air Quality
Management System. The AIRVIRO system supports
the collection of real-time air quality data through a
network of sensors and stations, and processes this
information into convenient reports for decision-makers
and urban air quality managers. It also summarises air
quality data for public use and makes this available via
the Internet. Besides contributing to a well-informed
(and environmentally conscious) society, the reports
generated can be relied upon to draft urban air quality
management strategies. AIRVIRO also models and
simulates air quality situations and therefore serves as a
decision support system, which is already being used to
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help air quality managers determine traffic routes and
industrial levels of permissible emissions. Tangible
environmental benefits will be realised once the policies
the system is helping to define are fully implemented.
When this happens, the system will enable the
monitoring of the effectiveness of, and compliance
with, those policies.
At a regional level, tools like the Joint Air
Management System or JAMS are of value in dealing
with transboundary air pollution problems. JAMS has
been implemented in the “Black Triangle” region of
CEE to provide automated monitoring of
transboundary air pollution. Annual reports on the
state of the Black Triangle environment, based on
monitoring data, are now being generated. These
reports enable air quality managers in all Black Triangle
countries to draft and prepare targeted environmental
strategies and policies. JAMS is also an emergency
warning system that enables monitoring authorities to
act quickly when emergencies arise, thus minimising the
impacts of potential ecological disasters. For example, in
poor weather conditions, industrial activity can be
temporarily halted. JAMS also provides an effective tool
for facilitating transboundary cooperation among air
quality managers, enabling frequent communication and
a coordinated approach to air quality management. This
results in harmonised policy dealing with
transboundary air quality issues. The System helps to
meet the goals of respective domestic policies for
managing the Black Triangle environment.
Water resource managers operating at the local and
national level need to effectively manage water quality
and water resources, particularly since much waste water
is not collected in CEE, but instead enters directly into
the groundwater. Standardised information concerning
the availability and quality of water resources, including
hydrology data, groundwater reserves and reservoirs can
be pertinent to their activities. Applications like SNIRH
aim to provide exactly this kind of data. Applied in the
relatively new EU member state of Portugal, SNIRH
enables effective and coordinated management of water
resources at the national and local level, in compliance
with EU quality standards (see Figure 3 below). The
system assists water resource managers in tracking water
quality and resource levels at the regional, river-basin
level and helps them to ensure adequate clean-water
supplies. By storing all forms of water-related data
(geographic, hydrographic, water-use etc.) in an
information system that can be readily queried, the tool
also supports the planning, development and
implementation of National Water Resources and River
Basin Plans. Given the EUs forthcoming Water
30
Resources Framework Directive, the system can also
serve as a means to assisting in meeting EU standards.
Figure 3: SNIRH system query showing water quality
compliance. (Source: SNIRH)
SNIRH has also assisted in optimising communication
with other government institutions, and has helped to
ensure internal resources at the National Institute for
Water Resource Management (INAG) are effectively
allocated. The system is also geared toward providing
public access to information, and thus ensures the
articles of the EU’s Access to Environmental
Information Directive and Aarhus Convention are
complied with.
Technologies Supporting Emergency
Management
EC policy increasingly emphasises the need for
preventive measures in environmental management, as
opposed to remediative actions for existing
environmental pollution. The environment can be
better preserved without loss or damage to the existing
ecosystem when the potential impact of threats is
minimised. As a result, the cost of emergency
expenditures can be kept low, which benefits authorities,
households, insurance companies – and the
environment.
Applications like TELEFLEUR, funded under the
EC’s Telematics Applications Programme, increase
emergency preparedness among public authorities in
urban areas that have been experiencing flash-floods.
The application’s main benefit is its ability to serve as an
alarm system that warns of potential flash-floods and
gives support to the coordination of emergency services
such as the police and fire deptartments, public works,
etc. In the event of a flash-flood, a decision support
system assists public adminstration in identifying and
coordinating the necessary manpower and equipment
required to minimise flood damage, not only during,
but also prior to its occurrence. It also details the most
effective emergency measures, and the required
restorative actions. Thus, the application helps
minimise environmental impacts and reduce the costs
of flood damage – a prioirty issue according to public
authorities surveyed by CAPE.
The Danube Accident Emergency Warning System
is used by the riparian countries along the Danube basin
in Western, Central and Southern Europe. Today it is
being relied upon to reduce the risks of spills of
hazardous substances and support water quality
managers to control these areas. Using a network of
IN
sensors throughout the river basin, up-to-date
monitoring information is collected, enabling water
quality managers to take timely preventive measures to
minimise impacts and environmental threats. The
Systems’ main strength is its ability to rapidly provide
information on pollution-related incidents, through a
network of Principal International Alert Centres (PIACs
– see Figure 4 below). The benefits have already been
realised. For instance, during October 1997, an accidental
oil spill was successfully contained and the
transboundary impacts prevented. Eight other pollution
incidents have been detected since the system’s
implementation
in
1997,
ensuring
limited
environmental impact. Other benefits of the system
include the way it helps participating countries comply
with international conventions concerning the Danube,
as well as agreements on transboundary waters and
emergency management. But perhaps most importantly,
this telematics tool has helped to bring about the
international cooperation of a region, traditionally
polarised
as
East
and
West.
GERMANY
CZECH
REPUBLIC
PIAC-01
Passau
PIAC-03
Brno
PIAC-11
Uzgorod
PIAC-05
Budapest
PIAC-06
Ljubljana
0
PIAC-07
Zagreb
state boundary
catchment boundary
250 km
PIAC-10
Kishinev
PIAC-12
Izmail
PIAC-08
Bucharest
PIAC-09
Bucharest
Figure 1. PIACs of the Danube AEWS
Figure 4: The Danube Accident Emergency
Warning System (Source: DAEWPS)
The strengths of a disaster management tool like
DEDICS lies in its usefulness to minimise the
potential impacts of forest fires in natural areas,
particularly those bordering on urban areas or adjacent
to industrial activity. DEDICS can benefit locations in
drier, mediterranean-like regions. Like TELEFLEUR,
this application improves communication and
coordination between all main public service actors,
including fire patrol vehicles (through the use of radio
communication systems and Global Positioning
System tools), a command center, and networks of
watchtowers. The main results are the better
coordination of emergency efforts and improved
communication, resulting in better use of human and
financial resources, and mimimised environmental
damage. The strength of the system is the way it can
process different environmental monitoring data and
present this in a format that is useful to both public
administration and emergency services.
Technologies Supporting Public Access to
Information
Ensuring citizens’ access to environmental information,
either upon request or on an on-going basis is required
under national, European and international laws.
Providing the public with access to environmental
information helps to raise their awareness and
understanding of environmental concerns, which in turn
can contribute to better acceptance of tough
environmental policy and sustainable development
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targets. Public involvement in decision-making can also
ensure a more informed, cooperative and participatory
process.
HEIS-MUC and IOZIP will be jointly summarised
because of their similarities. Both applications store,
process and disseminate valuable environmental
information for the benefit of urban (and international)
communities. Their target audiences are the cities of
Munich and Prague respectively. Both tools offer the
ability to manage, store and process data collected
through different independent sources – and through
different technical equipment. The systems can handle
data on air quality, noise pollution, water resources (see
Figure 5 below) and traffic levels, stored in media such
as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), databases
and the Internet.
Figure 5: Air quality indicators. (Source: IOZIP)
These applications’ end-products include useful and
presentable environmental information, both for the
public and decision-makers. For instance, public access
to data is provided via the Internet, public-accessterminals, City Info Columns and InfoKiosks in
Munich – and via the Internet, CD-ROM, Yearbooks
and Atlases in Prague. The end-user benefits through
improved access to data in several different user-friendly
formats. And by enabling widespread public access at
relatively low cost, the systems help officials meet many
of the public information requirements of domestic and
international legislation. The easy availability of data also
saves time and money for those complying with public
requests for information.
There are also extra benefits for decision-makers: Public
administration policy-makers are faced with information
“overload,” yet they are expected to absorb and
understand many different critical environmental issues,
ranging from air quality to traffic data, noise emissions
and weather patterns, water quality and waste levels etc.
Knowledge of these issues is essential in developing
policy, facilitating development and planning and
conducting
environmental
impact
assessment.
Electronic tools like HEIS-MUC and IOZIP help
streamline the acquisition and storage of information.
The valuable data that is reported at the end of the line
can better contribute to informed decision-making.
The Black Sea Web offers similar benefits to HEISMUC and IOZIP. The difference is that, instead of
serving a single city, the Black Sea Web is oriented
toward an entire region (incorporating the Black Sea,
Ukraine, Romania, and Russia). The application is a
regional Environmental Management Support System
that benefits local and national decision-makers, citizens
non-governmental organisations and other interested
parties, such as the media, experts and academia. The
application provides user-friendly access to marine data
regarding the Black Sea environment using the Internet.
Much of the data is actually stored in country-specific
and differently formatted marine databases (located at
separate sites). The advantage, however, is that the
diverser sources of information is never apparent to the
user.
A key strength of the Black Sea Web is in the way it
promotes regional cooperation and exchange of
information among Black Sea environmental decisionmakers. Environmental problems are often not limited
to one country, and in the case of marine areas, they
often cross boundaries. The Black Sea Web and Marine
Environmental Mangement Support System helps
different environmental managers work together to
preserve the environment of the Black Sea as a whole.
THE GROWTH OF THE INFORMATION SOCIETY
Surveys performed by CAPE showed 40 percent of decision-makers now have access to email, and 43 percent to the
Internet. The last three applications referenced above rely on the Internet to provide public access to information.
The Internet offers several advantages: It is simple to use, it is internationally accepted as a tool to access and disseminate
information, it serves as a valuable means of overcoming geographical and social barriers and it grows increasingly less
expensive to access. Internet use is becoming more commonplace: Schools and universities, working environments,
homes, libraries, Internet cafes, etc. enable Internet access from many diverse locations. The growth of the “information
society,” is very much driven by tools like the Internet. Other issues are driving this growth too. The case studies
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presented above show how monitoring tools, data storage and processing equipment and decision support systems are
contributing to the growth of the information society. And the private sector is increasingly being dominated by
“knowledge-based” enterprises, which are storing, trading, compiling, selling and disseminating information – typically
in electronic format.
These trends, coupled with legislation, increase the need to improve information dissemination capacity at the local
administrative level, and to rely on information technology and telematics in order to achieve this need. Many local
governments within the EU are already doing so, through their own initiative and mechanisms like “governments online.” Clearly the IT revolution is upon us, and as Markus Spring, project manager at HEIS-MUC notes, “telematics
tools will offer the most common, comfortable and cheapest means for enabling public access to environmental
information in the future.”
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TELEMATICS TECHNOLOGIES IMPLEMENTATION
Section 2.5 Technical Implementation Framework aims to illustrate the main technical requirements for implementing
any of the surveyed telematics applications. End-user requirements, costs for set-up and management issues related to
maintenance are also discussed where this information is available. Section 2.6 highlights some of the “lessons learned”
by project managers of the respective applications, specifically in transferring a system from a research environment to
actual implementation.
2.5
TECHNICAL
IMPLEMENTATION
FRAMEWORK
The minimum technical requirements for the
implementation of the surveyed telematics applications
are summarised in Table 2 below. The table highlights
the options available for technical transfer, the software
and hardware requirements, and actions required for
implementation. It also summarises the geographical
scope of the applications and target users.
Project Name
Geographical
Implementation
National
Application Characteristics and
Transferability
Hardware
Requirements
Software
Requirements
Target Groups
A well-established Internetbased system which requires
some reprogramming and costs
of software licenses.
Personal Computer and
Internet Web Server.
Oracle database,
Internet access.
SINDRA
Regional
Internet Server and
hardware capacity to
host a large database
that can be accessed
regularly by as many as
15-20 local users at
once.
Database management
software for the host
provider.
Internet access and
browser for the user.
COSIMA
Urban
GIS technology, UNIX
platform and /or NT
Serrver. Local Area
Network.
Oracle database,
ARC/Info,
ARC/View for data
presentation and
MapInfo.
Contaminated site
managers and
land-use planners
within public
administration.
Urban Air
Quality
Management
System in
Vilnius,
Lithuania
Urban
The conceptual data model is
ready, however, the
harmonisation and
standardisation of waste
definitions, calculation
methods, and presentation of
information in order to achieve
compatibility with local
approaches will require
considerable time.
The architecture and framework is based around a socalled Uniform Data Model.
This must be tailored to local
conditions, including different
data structures and public
administration procedures.
A well-established package
based upon the AIRVIRO
system. Local calibration of data
required.
Construction and
demolition
companies,
municipal
authorities, waste
associations.
Regional and local
authority decisionmakers
responsible for
waste
management.
AirWeb, Air quality
management software
including emissions
database, dispersion
modelling tools,
Internet access.
Urban air quality
managers and
policy-makers.
JAMS
Transboundary
AIRVIRO System, air
quality monitors and
sensors, UNIX workstation, computer
server and workstations, Internet access,
reliable telecommunications infrastructure.
Reliable telecommunications infrastructure, wide area
network, satellite
transmitters and
receivers, monitoring
stations/sensors, and
analysers.
ENVISAT CAS
software.
Air quality
managers and
policy-makers.
Construction
and
Demolition
Recyclables
Exchange
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The concept and methodology
can be applied anywhere, with
technical requirements tailored
to some degree to local
conditions. Data calibration of
local inputs is necessary.
SNIRH
National
The framework including its
functional analysis and
theoretical concepts has been
successfully transferred to the
Azores, Madeira, and elsewhere.
However, it must be tailored to
local circumstance and access to
local data collection networks is
a pre-requisite.
Local Area Network
Spatial Database Engine
(SDE) enabling database
server to include
geographic data.
ALPHA 4000 UNIX,
ALPHA 600 Web Server
Workstations with
Win95/Win98/ Win
NT PC’s.
TELEFLEUR
Urban
UNIX workstation, PC,
Command Centre
receiving and storing
data, sensors (e.g.
surface meteo stations,
water level-meters),
satellite receivers.
Danube AEWS
Transboundary
DEDICS
Urban
The Decision Support System
(DSS) can be customised by
tailoring its rules and
procedures to those of urban
administrations. Communication protocols and interfacing
software must be fine-tuned to
the requirements of the
individual tasks.
The System’s underlying
operational principle is based
on the Rhine and Elbe
International Alert and Warning
Systems. This methodology can
be tailored to any
transboundary river basin, given
the existence of data supply
mechanisms.
DEDICS relies on five separate
applications, and integrates,
together based on local
conditions. System transfer
must be performed with
careful consideration and on a
case-by-case basis, because of
the many different data
components.
HEIS-MUC
Urban
IOZIP
Urban
Black Sea Web
Transboun
dary
The application offers a
working framework and system
that relies, where possible, on
public domain software and
tools. It must be tailored,
however, to the special
environmental needs and
datasets of any administration.
The principles and
methodologies can be applied,
however, adaptation to
individual data sets, formats and
requirements is needed.
The necessary architecture for
linking remote and disparate
databases together is offered.
The data must ensure only a
meta-data description and user
familiarity with the Internet.
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Oracle database
software, Oracle’s
Binary Large Object
software for image
storage, Apache Web
Server ARC/Info and
ARC/View for data
presentation. GIS
software and original
software developed
by Chiron.
Decision Support
System, and
Expert System.
Water resource
and water quality
managers at
national, regional
and local level, as
well as
environment
agencies.
Network of “principal
international alert
centres,” water quality
monitoring networks
and sensors. Telecommunication system,
satellite transmitters and
receivers.
Hazardous substances
information system,
“Danube Basin Alarm
Model,” Information
Processing System.
Surface water
resource
managers, public
authorities.
Spatial Decision
Support System;
Network of automated
monitoring terminals
“Firefighter Command
Center.” Satellite
transmitters and
receivers. Access to
meteorological
networks, Database
Management System,
GIS and GPS capacity.
UNIX server, Windows
NT platform, GIS, PC
workstations, Local
Area Networks, Map
server, Info-kiosks, and
public terminals.
DEDICS “software
layer” or other similar
package
Emergency
managers within
public
administration,
fire-fighting
patrols, and other
emergency
services.
Intranet and Internet,
PERL and SGML
editing and
programming tools,
ArcInfo, MapObjects,
ArcView.
Environmental
managers and
policy-makers,
administration at
urban, regional,
international level.
GIS, Local Area
Network, Internet
server and MapObjects
Internet Server.
Oracle and FoxPro,
database, MapInfo,
ArcView, Internet
browser and editor.
Environmental
managers and
policy makers at
urban level.
GIS, Internet Server.
Central Meta
Directory, Electronic Sounding Board,
Management Support
System, Remote Data
Access and
Application Layer
Modules.
Water managers
and policy makers.
Public authorities
dealing with
emergency
flooding
incidents.
Table 2: Geographical and technical requirements among the surveyed telematics applications
Technologies Supporting Waste and
Contaminated Site Management
The Construction and Demolition Recyclables
Exchange and SINDRA rely heavily on Internet
communication technologies and database software.
The Recyclables Exchange application utilises Oracle
database software to store construction waste inventory
information. This is mounted on an Internet website
using a webserver. The update of the system is largely
left to the users – construction and demolition
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companies. The host of the system, the “RecyclingPlatform for Construction” is an association of six
federal regions and several associations of the
construction industry. The organisation relies on a single
PC for database maintenance, updating the website,
managing membership and public relations.
Exchange users require Internet access and a membership
password, but a fax-on-demand service caters to those
without Internet access. The system can be applied at any
level (the case study portrays national level application).
The more users and greater geographic spread the system
has, the greater its impact. The system costs
approximately EUR 100,000 to implement. However,
costs can be offset by launching system development as
part of an academic research assignment. A small
membership fee and the sale of advertising space
subsidises the maintenance of the Exchange.
Organisations looking to establish such a system might
also look to guarantee its use by lobbying municipal
authorities to embody its use within all municipal
tenders and contracts concerning construction and/or
demolition. The operator of the Exchange is willing to
make further technical information available in order to
support its transfer.
SINDRA is an application that relies solely on a database
management system to store and manage waste related
data. The database is made available over the Internet,
which means the host provider must also be able to offer
an Internet website and have server capacity for this.
Users also need the same software as that in which the
database is hosted as well as Internet access. The
development of a waste management information
system requires the input of related information acquired
from local authorities. This information must then be
harmonised. For instance, waste-related definitions,
calculation methods, and presentation of information
compatible with independent local approaches should be
standardised. Some of the mechanisms used by
SINDRA in overcoming these challenges are highlighted
below in “Project Management.”
The COSIMA application largely relies on GIS
technology for operation and data management. Oracle
database software is used to store site data, while
ARC/Info is the software relied on for data presentation,
and to provide a user-friendly, graphical user interface.
The database may reside within a Local Area Network,
and can also be operated from Windows NT and UNIX
workstations. COSIMA has already developed a base
architecture and framework that combines different data
models into one Unified Data Model. COSIMA has
been applied in several European cities and its strength
lies in its ability to adapt to different IT-infrastructures
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and legal conditions. COSIMA requires considerable
expertise in the field of contaminated sites and GIS, and
anticipates several experts with skills in these fields are
required to implement successfully.
The cost of implementing COSIMA will depend on
local circumstances. Approximately EUR 500,000 was
required to implement the application in Cologne,
Germany. Funds should also be earmarked for an
analysis of existing data infrastructures, staff training,
and for the purchase of software components. The City
of Cologne co-financed the application with EC support
and offers consultancy services and system
demonstrations
as
a
means
to
support
implementation/uptake.
Technologies Supporting Environmental
Monitoring
Air quality monitoring tools such as those used by the
City of Vilnius and the Black Triangle Region (JAMS)
require a number of technical conditions be met. The
Joint Air Monitoring System of the Black Triangle
Region requires PC workstations, modem, data analysts
and a reliable telecommunications infrastructure upon
which to establish a wide area network and Internet
services. (One of the obstacles faced by the project team
was the insufficient capacity and reliability of the
telecommunications network in the region when the
system was first implemented). The AIRVIRO System
requires a UNIX workstation, computer server,
individual workstations and Internet access in order to
be fully implemented.
Both AIRVIRO, of the City of Vilnius, and JAMS rely
on a series of automated air quality monitoring stations
and meteorological sensors. In the Black Triangle
(transboundary) Region, these must be operated
according to jointly agreed data calibration standards.
The cost of installing AIRVIRO was approximately
EUR 750,000. These were borne by both domestic and
international sources, including the Swedish
International Development Agency and the Lithuanian
government. In the Black Triangle Region, equipment
costs of EUR 2.2 million were offset by the PHARE
Programme, while all other costs were borne by the
countries involved. The hosts of both systems
highlighted the importance of obtaining the right
technical support and the need to give careful
consideration in the selection of technical equipment
suppliers. References should therefore always be checked
carefully.
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Water resource and/or environment agencies dealing
with the management of drinking water resources
would be target users. The application hosts – the
Portuguese Water Resources Institute or INAG – has
considerable documentation on SNIRH and its
procedures. It has also organised explanatory sessions
and country-wide present-ations. The technical partner,
Chiron, has also been involved in this process, and has
supported transfer to Madeira, the Azores and
Mozambique.
UNIX server
with ORACLE DBMS
Local network
Data
Servidor NT
Windows
client
applications
Internet
Web server
CGI, Java,
ActiveX
Figure 6: SNIRH Framework.
(Source: SNIRH)
The SNIRH water resources management information
system is designed around a database server that
continuously receives data from many different sources,
and simultaneously replies to requests from different
clients. It depends on a variety of software and hardware
applications. In terms of software, Oracle is used for data
storage and Arc/ Info for data presentation. ORACLE's
Binary Large Object, BLOb application is used to
support image storage, while client interface programmes
enable user-query mechanisms. A Local Area Network
(LAN) supports data access, and a so-called Spatial
Database Engine (SDE) enables the database server to
include geographical data. The SNIRH framework
(shown in Figure 6), including its functional analysis and
theoretical concepts can be transferred to practically any
region, after relatively simple tailoring to local
circumstances and local data sets.
Technologies Supporting Emergency
Management
Emergency warning systems rely on local data collection
networks and mechanisms. This involves the use of
monitoring tools and sensors. Data is stored within
databases that are part of decision-support systems. The
exchange of data throughout regions or urban areas
(seen in both the Danube emergency warning system as
well as DEDICS) is increasingly supported by satellite.
Satellite receivers and transmitters are increasingly
prerequisites while software tools are commonly
required for impact assessment modelling.
Both TELEFLEUR and DEDICS require a network of
remote sensors that feed dynamic data into respective
decision support systems. The TELEFLEUR floodwarning system (see Figure 7 below) requires sufficient
ground-based, surface water, meteorological and
hydrological sensors – as well as satellite and radar
receivers and transmitters – to collect data on a
continuous basis. This data is analysed by modelling
tools, which can simulate meteorological and
hydrological conditions to forecast flash-flood scenarios.
The modelling tools operate within a central computing
facility. A so-called Command Center must also be
established to host a Decision Support System (DSS)
that acts as a repository for the acquired data. An expert
system within the DSS provides data assessment and
displays data and potential courses of action. Based on
these decisions, the DSS coordinates and informs the
relevant emergency public services.
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Fig. 7: Schematic Diagram for TELEFLEUR. (Source: TELEFLEUR)
TELEFLEUR can be customised to any urban area,
provided the existence of the necessary data components
and data collection mechanisms. New geo-morphological
and local data standards must be defined, and the
system’s procedures tailored to those of urban
administrations. Communication protocols must be
tailored to the appropriate hardware platforms (UNIX
and PC).
The Danube Accident Emergency Warning System
requires a framework of “principal international alert
centres or PIACs” to alert countries to emergency
incidents. Such centres must be supported by a reliable
data supply and exchange chain that incorporates each
country’s water quality monitoring networks and
sensors. A reliable telecommunication system is required
in order to ensure emergency messages can be received
and handled on a 24-hour basis. Satellite transmitters
and receivers can support this process. Among the
software requirements are an information system on
hazardous substances, and a model under which the
propagation of pollutants can be simulated. This is
known as the “Danube Basin Alarm Model.”
The System’s underlying operational principle is similar
to that of the Rhine and Elbe International Alert and
Warning Systems, and can be tailored to any similar
region’s circumstances and needs. Funding of the system
was contributed by a number of international and
domestic sources.
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The DEDICS forest fire management support system
relies on five separate telematics applications that form
part of a “Spatial Decision Support System or SDSS.”
The system relies on a network of automated terminals
that provide early warning detection and are linked
through satellite communication connection to a
Firefighter Command Centre. A meteorological
monitoring system is also necessary, to feed real-time
weather data into the SDSS. A Database Management
System monitors and stores the data received from
these sources, while a fourth GIS-based system
provides model-based assessments of climate and
land-use risk. These latter tools are also located within
the Firefighter Command Centre. A fifth application,
called “FLORINUS,” uses a Global Positioning System
to support communication about emergency incidents
(including maps and location) to different fire-fighter
patrols. The information from these sources are linked
together through DEDICS application’s “software
layer” that simplifies information exchange and
communication.
The DEDICS application must be transferred on a
case-by-case basis, because of its reliance on different
data management tools. It must also be tailored
according to local emergency needs, a task which will
require further software development.
Technologies Supporting Public Access to
Information
One of the main obstacles in CEE to establishing more
sophisticated telematic based systems is the cost of new
software and hardware. A reliance on disparate and
obsolete equipment can also be a challenge when
implementing sophisticated tools that integrate different
data-sets.
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databases hosted by the Black Sea Web (see Figure 9
below). This module helps to formulate queries using
menus and forms. Finally, an Application Layer
Module (based on GIS) presents information for the
user, who can access it via the Black Sea Web
homepage. These tools are an integral part of the
system, however, and need not be acquired separately.
Munich’s HEIS-MUC application, however, relies as
much as possible on public domain software and free
hardware in order to limit the costs of implementation.
Among the technical tools required for the operation of
HEIS-MUC (see Figure 8 below), Arc/ Info software is
required for data presentation, while Oracle database
software is used for information storage. The Internet
and appropriate web software is required for the
dissemination of information. GIS hardware, a Local
Area Network, Internet and Intranet servers, and mapserver tools are among the hardware that is required.
Reliable telecommunications connections to monitoring
stations (ISDN-preferred) is also necessary for
information transfer.
Applications like HEIS-MUC are not classical “install and
run” packages, and will require considerable expertise and
knowledge to implement. The labour costs required are
estimated at around EUR 150,000. Technical expertise is
also required for different computer programming
languages (including SGML and PERL). Hardware costs
amount to approximately EUR 10,000.
IOZIP relies on a framework of GIS hardware and
software tools, like MapInfo and ArcView. Oracle
software hosts a central database of 11 data files. Further
hardware includes PC and UNIX servers, a local area
network, and Internet capacity.
The operational costs of HEIS-MUC is around EUR
25,000 annually, while IOZIP costs approximately EUR
150-200,000 to run. Like the City of Munich, the City of
Prague pledges its technical knowledge to any party
interested in adopting such applications. IOZIP and
HEIS-MUC are tools targeting city or town
administrations, though they can be applied regionally or
internationally. These tools are intended to support
collection,
processing
and
dissemination
of
environmental information.
The Black Sea Web application requires an Internet
server and GIS hardware, which are used for to exchange
environmental data from different origins. Knowledge
of the European Environment Agency (EEAs)
Catalogue of Data Sources is required, because the Black
Sea Web uses this data for its Central Meta-Directory,
which describes the information available. A Data Access
Module is needed for end-user searches of the different
Fig. 9: Screenshot of a Dataset query.
(Source: Black Sea Web)
The Black Sea Web concept targets government bodies
that are responsible for the marine environment. It
could also be applied in other regions including the
Volga, Vistula Delta, Danube, or Lake Balaton.
Approximately EUR 365,000 was required to establish
the system and operate it over two years time.
Any organisation looking to participate or add to the
system must have an Internet connection and their
own (database) server. The data contributed must only
include a meta-data description (thereby simplifying the
process of storing further data within the system).
2.6 LESSONS LEARNED
The section summarises a number of key project
management issues commonly raised amongst many
of the surveyed projects and applications. It differs,
therefore, from previous sections in that it is structured
by “issue,” rather than according to telematics
application priorities and specific applications.
Project Management
Project Preparation
Projects like TELEFLEUR, the Construction and
Demolition Recyclables Exchange, SINDRA and
IOZIP demonstrate the importance of reviewing needs
and conducting user assessments prior to the
implementation of the application. DEDICS, SNIRH
and the Black Sea Web show how vital it is to clearly
define goals and objectives. DEDICS, SNIRH and
the Black Sea Web also teach the value of establishing
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an advisory panel, composed of different institutions
involved, to support eventual deployment and adoption.
Projects like COSIMA, IOZIP and JAMS outlined the
need to review technical capacity, including
infrastructures and data formats. It is also important to
consider carefully how best to integrate these elements.
Project Development
Some projects – such as Danube AEWS, SINDRA, and
the City of Vilnius – demonstrate the importance of
ensuring the participation of various project team
members. The definition of roles and responsibilities
are considered important in realising the full potential of
the application, as was learned in projects like the Black
Sea Web. If one partner within an emergency warning
system, like the Danube AEWS for instance, does not
participate or provide the necessary information in the
data supply chain, all parties involved have a harder time
managing the trans-boundary impact of any pollution
incident. Thus, one weak link effectively handicaps the
entire system. Another lesson learned from the Black Sea
Web project is that a cooperative atmosphere is
essential to being ready for unforeseen problems.
The IOZIP and Vilnius case studies outlined the value
of communication between institutions collecting
environmental data and city administrations. Successful
negotiation can lead to mutually beneficial cooperation.
This will depend on the clear indication of benefits.
This will help ensure participation of the key players, their
resulting commitment (in some cases financial) and
contribute to the overall value of the system. The
benefits of any system must be illustrated from an early
stage in development to users and senior management
(according to SNIRH), while SINDRA indicated the
value in relying on a presentation model.
User Acceptance
In order to facilitate the uptake of telematics tools, the
value of training users, preferably by technical experts
who developed the application is important, as is reliable
documentation, and clear definition of responsibilities.
The value of training and documentation was made clear
during the development of several projects, especially
DEDICS, IOZIP, COSIMA and SNIRH. It is
important to earmark project resources for this purpose
and vital to keep training aids easy to understand.
Projects like SINDRA indicated the need to allow an
adequate period for would-be users to become
accustomed with the tools that will form part of their
daily work. This is especially true because that project
incuded many risks involved in implementing complex
tools “overnight.”
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Before participating in any co-operative research and
development activities, to strengthen technical
capacity, to build up in-house knowledge and
qualified manpower equivalent to the level of technical
work being undertaken. This was the lesson learned
from projects like HEIS-MUC and SNIRH. Poorly
trained or ill-informed experts can hinder progress,
which in turn can influence the profitability of any
activity. Furthermore, relying on a small nucleus of
devoted promoters of digital information systems, it is
possible to convince internal administration of the
benefits of such a system and win the necessary
financial backing.
User Feedback
Finally, several projects (IOZIP, COSIMA, SNIRH)
demonstrated the need to solicit feedback from
users, in order to ensure needs are constantly met, and
modifications are made where needed. The COSIMA
project showed how a so-called “spiral” management
model can assure that application development goes
hand-in-hand with user-feedback.
Legislative Frameworks
Several projects brought home the importance of
considering legal requirements, because these can
steer application development or govern the
implementation and actual use of any application. The
experience of those involved in IOZIP showed the
need to consider the background of national
legislation, such as the standards for monitoring or the
requirements regarding public access to environmental
information.
Indeed, strengthening (and lobbying for) legal rules
that govern the provision of raw and processed data
can further serve as a driving force governing the
development and implementation of such
applications. HEIS-MUC highlighted the need for
legislation that considers the recoverable costs for
providing access to environmental data. These projects
also brought up issues of ownership rights of
processed environmental data as well as regulations
governing pollutant release and transfer registers.
Further concerns that arose involved widespread
publication of detailed information on the emissions
of industry, by industry.
In fact, legislation governing public access is increasingly
being adopted, while rules already exist on air and
water quality standards and monitoring within the EU.
The EU’s Access to Environmental Information
Directive 90/313/EEC entitles public authorities to
recover the reasonable costs of providing
environmental data to the public. Internationally, the
recently adopted "Aarhus Convention on Access to
Information, Public Participation in Decisionmaking and
Access to Justice in Environmental Matters” (Denmark,
June 1998) calls for the public availability of
environmental status reports. The so-called Aarhus
Convention also requires public authorities to take steps
to establish a coherent, nationwide system of pollution
inventories, increasingly in electronic form. The
Convention will begin to be ratified by many European
countries toward the end of 2000.
Telematics for Decision Support
or Decision-making?
It is clear from the case studies presented that telematics
applications can significantly support the decisionmaking processes. In emergency management, the
applications can advise mitigation strategies; in
monitoring they can help define air quality management
policy and traffic routes; and in site remediation they can
advise on clean-up actions.
However, it is important to remember that these tools
represent only a support to the decision-maker, and are
not intended to substitute his/her role – or provide all
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necessary solutions to environmental management. At
the end of the day, it is the environmental manager
who represents the real expert in the field, and who
must decide on a given course of action. This principle
can be applied to all telematics tools, which are
highlighted in this guide as a means to support
environmental management and not to manage it
directly.
Furthermore, it is vital to remember that, while many
of the applications reviewed may be considered proven
solutions that support decision-making, they
nevertheless typically only offer a framework for aiding
environmental management. Telematics applications
must still be tailored to local circumstances, including
data collection mechanisms, formats, standards,
software and hardware. Any desire to implement such
an application will require technical understanding,
positive commitment, coordination, time and financial
resources to ensure maximum benefit. It is hoped this
guide has helped further improve understanding and
clarify any questions decision-makers may have in
deciding whether to allocate funds and financial
resources
for
telematics
tools.
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2. SHRNUTÍ
Shrnutí - úvod a struktura
je sestaveno do 6 sekcí, ve kterých se uvádí význam telematiky a ovìøované studie s popisem jejich hlavních
První sekce 2.1 Kontext telematiky pro životní prostøedí v Evropì opisuje úlohu telematiky a shrnuje hlavní hnací
síly a mechanizmy, které vedou k jejímu využívání v Evropì. Zámìrem je pøedstavit a definovat pøínos telematiky pøi
zavádìní politiky Evropské Unie, pøedevším s ohledem na životní prostøedí.
Druhá sekce 2.2 Správné postupy v telematice životního prostøedí uvádí v tabulkové formì dvanáct zkoumaných
Sekce 2.3 -2.7 shrnují hlavní výsledky, závìry a jiné atributy ovìøovaných studií a uvádí dodateènou analýzu. První dvì
sekce se snaží odpovìdìt na otázku: "Proè zavádìt telematické aplikace?" zatímco poslední dvì zvažují: "Jak zavádìt
sekce 2.3-2.7 na dvì èásti. Pokusili jsme se rovnìž poskytnout co
relevantnost aplikací pro støední a východní Evropu, zvláštì s ohledem na problémy životního
prostøedí v tomto regionu. Sekce 2.4 zdùrazòuje
Sekce 2.5 Technická implementace se
sekce 2.6 zkušenosti a poznatky
zemích støední a východní Evropy), pokládaly tyto ètyøi témata za nejdùležitìjší
a nejvhodnìjší prostøedky, které odpovídají potøebám identifikovaným prùzkumem CAPE v regionu støední a východní
Evropy (CEEC).
Každá z výše uvedených sekcí je sestavena v podobném formátu. Popisuje aplikace a oblasti podle ètyø stanovených
priorit, které CAPE identifikoval pro telematiku pro životní prostøedí (nástroje na pro odpadù a kontaminovaných
území, monitorování životního prostøedí, aplikace pro management havarijních a rizikových situací a nástroje na
ulehèení pøístupu veøejnosti k údajùm o životním prostøedí). Sekce 2.3 o relevantnosti pro zemì støední a východní
zemích CEEC, nezávisle na atributech 12 ovìøovaných studií. Sekce
2.4 Pøínosy pro životní prostøedí a 2.5 technická implenetntace se podrobnì zabývá vlastnostmi ovìøovaných studií
podle oblastí životního prostøedí, kterým pomáhají. To znamená, že ovìøované studie jsou adresovány podle tìchto
oblastí v poøadí, které je uvedeno v tabulce 1. Atributy jsou adresovány postupnì podle projektù, vzhledem k jejich
heterogenní povaze a obtížnosti shrnutí hlavních bodù. (Pøedpokládáme také, že to je nejužiteènìjší nástroj pro
zabezpeèení pøístupu pro experty a øídící pracovníky se specifickým zájmem). Sekce 2.6 Poznatky a zkušenosti, spíše než
rozdìlena podle prioritních oblastí, shrnuje klíèové otázky managementu projektù, které se objevily pøi aplikaci projektù
a je tedy orientovaná na tyto otázky.
Hlavním cílem tohoto Shrnutí je uvedení klíèových výsledkù aplikace zkoumaných projektù a úvod k podrobnìjším
informacím, které èitatel mùže nalézt v samotných ovìøovaných studiích na následujících stránkách.
2.1
KONTEXT
TELEMATIKY
Nástroje telematiky uvádìjí ty aplikace informaèních
technologií, které byly vyvinuty z výzkumných projektù
financovaných
EU. Úèelem aplikací
telematiky
43
IN
životního prostøedí je podpora postupù managementu
životního prostøedí pro místní správu uvnitø i vnì
Evropské unie. Pomocí lepšího monitorování
lokálního životního prostøedí, tyto nástroje podporují
dodržování evropských smìrnic, pøispívají k dosažení
cílù trvale udržitelného rozvoje. Lepší sbìr a ukládání
dat o životním prostøedí podporuje "lépe
informované" rozhodování a informované obèany, což
ulehèuje úèast veøejnosti na rozhodovacím procesu.
Nástroje telematiky jsou zamìøeny také na zlepšení
kvality a efektivnosti místní veøejné správy a služeb,
stejnì jako jejich pøístupnosti a uživatelské
jednoduchosti. Nástroje telematiky tím podporují
zavedení EU principu subsidiarity. Pøispívají také k
realizaci cíle EU - vytvoøení uživatelsky jednoduché a
pøátelské informaèní spoleènosti.
OBLAST APLIKACE
HLAVNÍ CHARAKTERISTIKY
Management odpadù a
kontaminovaných území
Construction & Demolition
Recyclables Exchange
recyklovatelného stavebního
a demolièního odpadu
SINDRA – Telematika pro
management odpadù v regionu
Rhone-Alpes
COSIMA – systém pro podporu
managementu kontaminovaných
území
Urban Air Quality
Management System,
Vilnius, Litva
Management pro kvalitu
Monitoring životního
prostøedí
Management havárií
rizikových situací
44
2.2 SPRÁVNÉ PØÍSTUPY V TELEMATICE
ŽIVOTNÍHO PROSTØEDÍ
Tabulka 1 uvádí struènì dvanáct aplikací, kterými se
zabývá tento prùvodce. Ètyøi ovìøované studie (vèetnì
TELEFLEUR, HEIS-MUC, DEDICS, COSIMA) byly
spolufinancovány Programem pro aplikace telematiky
(PAT) Evropské komise EC v letech 1994-98. Nìkteré
další financovaly jiné mezinárodní projekty a dárci
(Black Sea Web, JAMS, Danube AEWS, a Air Quality
Management System - Systém managementu kvality
ovzduší ve Vilniusu, Litva). Projekty jako IOZIP,
SNIRH, SINDRA a Construction and Demolition
Recyclables Exchange jsou témìø plnì financovány z
a
Litva
JAMS Joint Air Monitoring System –
Spojený systém pro monitorování
ovzduší v regionu Èerného
trojúhelníku
SNIRH Portugalský informaèní systém
vodních zdrojù
TELEFLEUR
povodòových situací na
urbanizovaných územích pomocí
telematiky /Telematics Assisted
Handling of Flood Emergencies
in Urban Areas
Inventura recyklovatelného stavebního a konstrukèního
odpadu pro Rakousko a sousední zemì
Nástroj na zpracování a management odpadù na
regionální úrovni
GIS-nástroj na podporu pøi rozhodování a vyhodnocení
kontaminovaných území na místní úrovni v Irsku,
Nìmecku, Itálii a Amsterdamu
Systém pro modelování a monitorování kvality ovzduší
v urbanizované oblasti
Monitorovací a varovný systém kvality ovzduší pøes
Systém pro management vodních zdrojù a kvality vod
Integrovaný systém pro management a podporu
havarijního servisu v
Øecko, zamìøený na
management pøívalových povodní
Pøístup veøejnosti
k informacím
Danube AEWS Danube Accident Emergency
Warning Systém
Varovný havarijní systém pro
Dunaj
DEDICS Forest fire management support
systém
Systém pro podporu
managementu lesních požárù
HEIS-MUC Health and Environmental
Information System Munich,
Germany
Informaèní systém o životním
prostøedí a zdraví v Mnichovì
IOZIP Environmental Information
System of Prague, Czech
Republic
prostøedí v Praze
IN
Výstražný systém pro havarijní zneèištìní, který operuje
v 11 zemích, pøes které Dunaj protéká, a který
usnadòuje pøípravu a odezvu na mimoøádné situace
Integrovaný systém pro management a podporu
havarijního servisu urèeného pro management lesních
požárù na Krétì, francouzské Riviéøe a vAndalusii.
Integrovaný systém pro management údajù o životním
prostøedí, který zabezpeèuje lepší pøístup øídících
pracovníkù a veøejnosti k údajùm o životním prostøedí
Integrovaný systém pro management údajù o životním
prostøedí, který zabezpeèuje lepší pøístup øídících
pracovníkù a veøejnosti k údajùm o životním prostøedí,
který odpovídá environmentálním regulacím
Black Sea Web Regionální systém pro management údajù o životním
Black Sea Environmental
prostøedí moøe, který slouží pro nìkolik Èernomoøských
Management Support Systém
státù na Internetu.
Systém pro podporu
managementu životního prostøedí
Èerného moøe
Tabulka 1: Projekty a jejich hlavní charakteristiky
Aplikace jako HEIS-MUC, COSIMA a TELEFLEUR,
aby se mohly kvalifikovat pro spolufinancování z
prostøedkù Evropské komise, musely prokázat centrální
potøebnost pro místní veøejnou správu a výzkumné
ústavy, které øídí a monitorují oblast životního
prostøedí. Když bylo financování úspìšnì provìøeno,
pøíspìvek na místní úrovni dosáhl až 50% nákladù na
projekt. Tím se prokázala prakticky hodnota, kterou
tìmto nástrojùm pøiradila veøejná správa, která je
zavádìla. Dnes pokraèuje financování tìchto aplikací a
jejich provozu úplnì nezávisle na podpoøe EC. Nìkteré
aplikace, DEDICS a HEIS-MUC jsou dále vyvíjeny.
Jasnì identifikované priority životního prostøedí,
napøíklad lepší koordinace øízení silnì zneèištìného
PROÈ ZAVÁDÌT APLIKACE TELEMATIKY?
2.3 RELEVANTNOST PRO STÀEDNÍ
VÝCHODNÍ EVROPU
regionu Èerného trojúhelníku ve støední Evropì, anebo
efektivnìjší monitorování Dunajské vodní cesty byly
podmínkou pro vývoj projektù financovaných ze
zahranièních zdrojù. Další aktivity byly iniciovány
legislativními požadavky a zámìrem realizovat politiku
udržitelného rozvoje, v oblasti odpadù napø. aplikace
Recyclables Exchange. V nìkterých pøípadech byly
Informaèní systém životního prostøedí IOŽIP, což
vyvolala potøeba podpory rozhodování podle kvalitních
informací o environmentálních hrozbách a tlacích. Tyto
pøíklady ukazují, jakou mají nástroje telematiky hodnotu
pro
øídící orgány
pøi podpoøe cílù a zámìrù
environmentální politiky.
A
hlavním prioritním oblastem pro aplikace telematiky v
životním prostøedí, jmenovitì nástrojùm na podporu
45
IN
managementu
odpadù, monitorování životního
prostøedí (ovzduší a vod), managementu rizikových a
havarijních situací a pøístup veøejnosti k informacím o
životním prostøedí. Tato sekce, na základì výsledkù
CAPE a podle priorit identifikovaných pro nástroje
telematiky má za cíl podrobnì popsat, proè mají tyto
environmentální otázky význam v zemích støední a
Pøibližnì 25% orgánù veøejné a místní správy, podle
CAPE, identifikovalo místní odpad jako jejich
nejvýznamnìjší environmentální problém. Roèní
pøírùstky jsou pøibližnì 8%. Mezi nejvíce uvádìnými
akutními krátkodobými problémy z oblasti odpadù
jsou: zvyšující se objem domácího odpadu, nelegální
skládkování a využívání kalù z èištìní odpadních vod.
Následnì asi 70% dotázaných vyjádøilo pøání používat
telematiku na "podporu managementu odpadù".
CAPE také zjistil, že také v západní Evropì je
pøibližnì 66% odpadù ukládáno na skládky, zatímco v
zemích CEEC je to pøibližnì 80% (šest procent
odpadù vùbec není odváženo na skládky). Nevhodnì
provozované skládky odpadù mohou vést ke zneèištìní
podzemních vod a ke kontaminaci pùdy, což podporuje
rostoucí obavy v zemích støední a východní Evropy.
Zvláštì Bulharsko, Estonsko, Maïarsko a Litvu
oznaèil CAPE jako zemì, kde jsou mimoøádná rizika
pro kontaminaci podzemních vod. Pozùstalostí
desetiletí socialistického režimu jsou kontaminovaná
území
vojenských zaøízení a tìžkého prùmyslu.
Kolem 275 vojenských základen, které pøestavují 1%
území tìchto státù bylo identifikováno jako pro
zneèištìní. Následkem toho oznaèilo 30% dotázaných
orgánù vyèištìní kontaminovaných území za prioritu.
Zneèištìní ovzduší a vod
Pøibližnì všechny zemì CEEC dosáhly snížení emisí
hlavních škodlivin, vèetnì oxidu siøièitého a prašného
spadu, èásteènì následkem útlumu tìžkého prùmyslu a
zavádìní èistìjších výrobních technologií. Avšak
46
problém pøenosu zneèištìní za hranice ještì pøetrvává. V
mnohých zemích CEEC teï dochází ke zvyšování
koncentrací NOx, ozonu a hluku, jako dùsledek zvýšení
místní dopravy (viz obr. 1). Více než 40% orgánù
prohlásilo, že na øešení dlouhodobého problému emisí z
dopravy bude nutno stanovit dlouhodobé strategie, a
více než 30% je již zavedly. Asi 40% pøedpokládá, že
telematika bude mít hlavní roli pøi modelování a
pøedpovídání kvality ovzduší v budoucnosti.
Hlavní mìsto Litvy, Vilnius, je typickým pøíkladem mìsta
ve støední a východní Evropì, ve kterém se problém
kvality ovzduší zvyšuje s objemem emisí z dopravy a
prùmyslu. Mìsto zøídilo oddìlení, které se zabývá
managementem kvality ovzduší a které pøijalo a
koordinovala strategii managementu kvality ovzduší ve
mìstì. Pro podporu svých akcí a pro definování odezvy
pøíští politiky, byly zavedeny monitorovací a modelovací
nástroje, které jsou kombinovány se systémem pro
podporu rozhodování.
Pøenos zneèištìní ovzduší pøes hranice je problémem
spoleèným pro zemì støední a východní Evropy.
Slovensko, Rumunsko a Litva se pokládají za importéry
atmosférického zneèištìní a kyselých deš•ù. Region
Èerného trojúhelníka na hranicích Èeské republiky, Polska
a Nìmecka je snad nejznámìjším pøíkladem. Desetiletí
pùsobení tìžkého prùmyslu v regionu mìlo znièující vliv
na pøírodní prostøedí, kdy kyselé deštì pøispìly k vytvoøení
ekologické katastrofy a znièení lesních porostù v horách a
acidifikaci pùdy. Pøibližnì 3 milióny tun SO2 a asi 1 milión
NOx byly zde roènì vypouštìny. Proto mezinárodní dárci
monitorovacího systému.
Slovensko, Rumunsko a Litva se pokládají za importéry
atmosférického zneèištìní a kyselých deš•ù. Region
Èerného trojúhelníka na hranicích Èeské republiky,
Polska a Nìmecka je snad nejznámìjším pøíkladem.
Desetiletí pùsobení tìžkého prùmyslu v regionu mìlo
znièující vliv na pøírodní prostøedí, kdy kyselé deštì
pøispìly k vytvoøení ekologické katastrofy a znièení
lesních porostù v horách a acidifikaci pùdy. Pøibližnì 3
milióny tun SO2 a asi 1 milión NOx byly zde roènì
vypouštìny. Proto mezinárodní dárci a vlády iniciovaly
v roce 1991 program Èerný trojúhelník s pøíslušnými
aktivitami,
vèetnì
zavedení
automatického
monitorovacího systému.
Mnoho podzemních vod v zemích CEEC je zneèištìno
z bodových zdrojù, vèetnì nekontrolovaného odtoku
deš•ových vod, neèištìných odpadních vod,
kontaminovaných pùd, bakteriologického zneèištìní a
nitrátù. V mnoha pøípadech se tyto podmínky zhoršují..
V zemích CEEC bylo detekováno slabé snížení
zneèištìní povrchových vod. Avšak je zøejmé, že je
nutno zavést opatøení na zajištìní lepší kontroly kvality
a adekvátní management zdrojù. Jestliže pøibližnì
jenom 20% domácností v zemích CEEC je pøipojených
na kanalizaci, je efektivní management vodních zdrojù
kritické. Z tìchto dùvodù až 72% dotázaných odpadové
vody a 36% zahájilo monitorování podzemních vod.
Rizikové a havarijní situace v životním prostøedí
Výskyt pøírodních katastrof se v posledních letech v
zemích CEEC zvýšil, zejména v souvislosti se
záplavami. CAPE zaznamenal ménì výskytù lesních
požárù, avšak zemì, kde se nacházejí rozsáhlé zalesnìné
oblasti, jako Bulharsko a Rumunsko, a které jsou
IN
vystaveny rychlé urbanizaci mohou být tìmito událostmi
ohroženy. Prùmyslových a ropných havárií se obávají
v zemích jako Slovinsko a Lotyšsko. Ty byly hlavní
pøíèinou obav podél mezinárodních vodních cest jako
Dunaj po mnohaletí. Potøeba lepší pøipravenosti na tyto
události a na jejich efektivnìjší management pomocí
telematiky je zjevná, nebo• asi 46% dotázaných orgánù
oèekává, že nástroje telematiky budou mít
V nìkterých místech, jako napøíklad v Olomouci v Èeské
republice, je to již jasné. Když v roce 1997 zažilo nejhorší
povodeò ve dvacátém století, jak to bylo uvedeno na
workshopu CAPE
a foru uživatelù telematiky v
Mnichovì v èervnu 1999, zahájilo provoz jednoduchého
povodòového výstražného systému. Také ve mìstech
jižní Evropy, které jsou obklopeny pøíkrým terénem a kde
dochází k rychlé urbanizací a odlesòování, ale i k úèinkùm
skleníkových plynù, se náhlé povodnì stávají èastìjšími.
Prùmyslové havárie a ropné úniky se èasto vyskytovaly
podél Dunajské vodní cesty v osmdesátých a devadesátých
letech. Ty ohrožovaly dodávku vody tím, že musely být
odstaveny odbìry. Ekonomicky ménì vyvinuté zemì na
dolním toku (13 zemí povodí Dunaje) tyto havárie
mimoøádnì ohrožují a jsou proto závislé na vèasném
upozornìní, aby se s nimi mohli efektivnì vypoøádat. V
roce 1991 iniciovala mezinárodní komunita dárcù program
Danube Environment Programme, který byl zamìøen na
zlepšení kooperace mezi dunajskými státy. Ten pomohl
realizovat varovnou sí•, tzv. "center", a výstražný systém
podél mezinárodní vodní cesty.
Zlepšení pøístupu veøejnosti k informacím o životním
Asi 90% samosprávních orgánù ve støední a východní
Evropì indikovalo vysoký zájem o informaèní systémy o
životním prostøedí pro veøejnost. Je to èásteènì odezva
na legislativní požadavky EU, jako Evropská smìrnice o
47
IN
informacím, o úèasti veøejnosti na rozhodování a právu
na spravedlnost v záležitostech životního prostøedí,
Evropy.
Pro potøeby rozšiøování aktuálních
informací o
životním prostøedí, musí místní a regionální správy
nejdøíve zavést mechanizmy na sbìr a uchovávání dat.
To èasto pøedstavuje znaèný problém, protože
informace se obecnì snímají a uchovávají na rùzných
místech, rùzných institucích a v nekompatibilních
formátech. Podle CAPE asi 87% respondentù uchovává
data ve formátu GIS, zatímco 20% zapisuje informace
do rùzných elektronických databází.. Dále je èasto
získávají rùzné organizace a výzkumné ústavy, se
kterými se teprve musí vytváøet efektivní kooperace,
èímž dochází ke znaènému prodlení v pøístupu k
informacím pro øídící orgány i pro veøejnost.
Internet se stává obecným prostøedkem pro rozšiøování
informací o životním prostøedí. Avšak jeho využití
v mnohých zemích CEEC ochromuje slabá
telekomunikaèní sí• a vysoké náklady na pøipojení.
Prùzkum, který provedl CAPE ukázal, že 40% øídících
pracovníkù má pøístup k emailu a 43% k Internetu.
Nicménì, limitované technické znalosti a nízká kvalita
zaøízení ve veøejné správì je stále brzdou, která
zabraòuje, aby veøejná správa mohla plnì využít výhody
poskytování informací široké veøejnosti.
2.4 ENVIRONMENTÁLNÍ PØÍNOS
Tato sekce navazuje na sekci 2.1 Kontext
uvedenou na
zaèátku Shrnutí. Sumarizuje pøínosy a relevantnost
zkoumaných
nástrojù
telematiky,
zvláštì
v
environmentální kontextu, a s ohledem na zemì
48
støední a východní Evropy (a také problémy, které byly
podtrženy v pøedchozí sekci). Sumarizovány jsou také
pøínosy ve smyslu dosažení cílù politiky a zlepšení
efektivnosti nákladù a úèinnosti.
Technologie pro podporu managementu odpadù a
kontaminovaných míst
Pøísnìjší cíle pro dosažení udržitelného rozvoje (zajištìní
využívání existujících pøírodních zdrojù bez ohrožení tìch,
které mají využívat pøíští generace) vyvolaly potøebu
tøídení odpadù a zvyšování objemu recyklovaného a
znovu využívaného odpadu. Telematické aplikace, které
podporují tyto cíle, mohou být neocenitelné.
Unikátní a inovativní a pøeci jednoduchá je rakouská
aplikace Austrian Construction and Demolition
Recyclables Exchange - rakouský projekt burzy pro
výmìnu recyklovatených stavebních a demolièních
odpadù. Její aplikace pomáhá snižovat objem stavebního
odpadu, který se dostává na skládky domácího odpadu.
Výmìnný systém, který je zaveden a provozován pomocí
Internetu (viz obr. 2) umožòuje rakouské vládì zlepšit
znovuvyužívání a recyklaci stavebního odpadu. Takový
pøístup má pøímý dopad pro dosažení cílù trvale
udržitelného rozvoje a omezuje vyèerpávání pøírodních
zdrojù. Pomáhá také dodržovat pøísné požadavky na
skládkování. Vzhledem k množství stavebních a
rozvojových projektù v zemích CEEC, a následným
demolicím starých konstrukcí a budov, se tento systém
mùže stát velmi užiteèným pro administrativy, které se
snaží snížit objem stavebního odpadu ukládaného na
skládkách. Rovnìž pro 40% veøejných správ, které podle
CAPE, hledají strategie pro podporu snížení odpadù a
jejich recyklaci to mùže pomoci. Systém poskytuje
ekonomické výhody také tìm, kteøí by jinak museli platit
za uložení odpadu a umožòuje nákup stavebního
materiálu za snížené ceny.
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xchange
v dolním Rakousku (zdroj: CDRE)
Zámìrem aplikací jako SINDRA je pomáhat místní
správì v celém regionu pøi zlepšení uchovávání a
informacím o odpadech a hospodaøení s
odpady. Týká se to napøíklad objemu místních odpadù,
sbìru, mechanizmù pro tøídìní a nakládání s odpady,
èistících zaøízení, množství odpadních vod atd. Spolu se
základní informací o režimu regulace a zpoplatòování
tento systém pomáhá místním orgánùm evidovat rùzné
postupy managementu odpadù, pøipravovat a
vyhodnocovat strategie
pro nakládání s odpady,
vylepšit kooperaci a výmìnu zkušeností mezi øídícími
pracovníky na místní a regionální úrovni.
Nevhodnì provozované skládky odpadù nebo
pùmyslové zóny mohou zpùsobit kontaminaci pùdy a
podzemních vod. Pøi zvýšenou mìrou prosazovaném
principu
“zneèiš•ovatel platí” a sEvropskou
legislativou, která vyžaduje vyèištìní kontaminovaných
území pøed jejich prodejem, telematické nástroje
COSIMA,
podpoøe
manažerù kontaminovaných území a komplexních
informacích pro urbanistické plánování. Tím, že se
spoléhá na technologie GIS, mùže se použít na
identifikaci charakteru, rozsahu a úèinku kontaminace,
která vzniká ze skládek, prùmyslové nebo vojenské
aktivity Podporuje urychlené rozhodování o
nejvhodnìjších mechanizmech na vyèištìní. Území
mùže být revitalizováno (tím, že bude vyhovovat
normám o revitalizaci a o pùdì) a úspìšnì nabídnuto
perspektivním investorùm a firmám, které se zabývají
obytnou zástavbou, což podporuje ekonomický i trvale
udržitelný rozvoj. COSIMA se mùže také použít pro
vyhodnocení rizik a mùže pomáhat pøi stanovení priorit
nebo pravidel, což mùže mít dopad na jakékoliv dané
místo.
Technologie na podporu monitorování životního
Efektivní management kvality ovzduší vyžaduje, aby se
podmínky, emise a kritické situace monitorovaly v
reálném èase. To si uvìdomují mnohé orgány veøejné
správy ve støední a východní Evropì a asi 40% pøedvídá
význam telematických technologií v tomto procesu v
blízké budoucnosti. Nástroje pro monitoring pomohou
zajistit
dodržování legislativních pøedpisù, vèetnì
místních a evropských norem pro kvalitu ovzduší,
zatímco na nástroje pro modelování se lze spolehnout pøi
prevenci krátkodobých zhoršení kvality ovzduší. Oba
údaje z modelování a monitorování mohou být použity
pøi definování budoucí politiky ochrany ovzduší a mohou
se stát neocenitelnými pøi plánování strategie
managementu ochrany kvality ovzduší.
Nástroje jako AIRVIRO pro monitorování a modelování
pøevzalo mìsto Vilnius jako souèást Mìstského systému
managementu kvality ovzduší. Systém zabezpeèuje sbìr
údajù o kvalitì ovzduší v reálném èase pomocí sítì
senzorù a stanic a zpracovává tyto informace do
pøehledných tabulek pro øídící pracovníky a manažery
kvality ovzduší. Také sestavuje údaje o kvalitì ovzduší
urèené pro veøejnost, které jsou dostupná na Internetu.
Kromì toho, že pøispívají k lépe informované a
environmentálnì uvìdomìlé spoleènosti, lze se na tyto
správy spolehnout pøi sestavování návrhu strategií
managementu kvality ovzduší. AIRVIRO rovnìž
modeluje a simuluje situace v kvalitì ovzduší a tím slouží
jako systém pro podporu rozhodování, èím dnes
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exhalací. Výrazný pøínos pro životní prostøedí lze
oèekávat, když budou plnì zavedeny strategie, které
tento systém pomáhá vyvíjet. Pokud se toto uskuteèní,
dodržování tìchto strategií. Na státní úrovni se nástroje
jako Joint Air Management Systém (spojený systém
pro management ovzduší), nebo JAMS
monitorovaní se v tomto èase pøipravují zprávy o stavu
životního prostøedí v "Èerném trojúhelníku", které
umožní manažerùm kvality ovzduší ve všech státech
Èerného trojúhelníku navrhnout a pøipravit cílené
environmentální strategie a politiky. JAMS je také
varovný systém, který v pøípadì havarijních situací
zastavena prùmaselní èinnost. JAMS pøedstavuje také
efektivní nástroj na ulehèení mezihranièní spolupráce
ochrany kvality ovzduší. Výsledkem toho je
harmonizace politiky, která se týká otázek kvality
ovzduší mezi hranicemi státù. Systém také pomáhá
dosáhnout cílù podle pøíslušných domácích politik na
ochranu životního prostøedí v regionu Èerného
trojúhelníku.
Manažeøi pro ochranu vod na místní a státní úrovni
potøebují efektivnì øídit kvalitu vod a vodních zdrojù,
obzvláštì když mnoho odpadních vod ve støední a
východní Evropì není èištìno, ale prosakuje pøímo do
podzemních vod. Pro jejich èinnost jsou nezbytné
standardizované informace o vodních zdrojích a jejich
kvalitì a o zásobách podzemních vod. Aplikace SNIRH
jsou právì na to zamìøeny. . Jsou používány v relativnì
nových èlenských státech EU , jako Portugalsko, a
umožòují efektivní a koordinovaný management
vodních zdrojù na národní a místní úrovni v souladu s
normami kvality EU (viz obr. È. 3). Systém pomáhá
manažerùm vodních zdrojù sledovat kvalitu vody a
hladiny zásob na úrovni regionálních povodí øek a
pomáhá jim zajistit adekvátní dodávku èisté vody.
Všechny formy údajù o vodách (geografické,
hydrografické, vodohospodáøské atd.) se uchovávají v
snadno pøístupném
informaèním systému, což
podporuje plánování, vývoj a zavádìní Národního
plánu vodních zdrojù a zásob. Ten mùže sloužit jako
prostøedek k dosažení evropských norem oèekávané
smìrnice EU o vodních zdrojích.
50
kvality vody (zdroj: SNIRH )
SNIRH také pomáhá optimalizovat komunikaci mezi
vládními institucemi a pomohl zajistit INAG, Národním
ústavu vodního hospodáøství, efektivní alokaci interních
zdrojù. Systém je také orientován na poskytování
informací pro veøejnost a tak zajiš•uje splnìní požadavkù
Evropské smìrnice o pøístupu k informacím o životním
prostøedí a Aarhuské konference.
Technologie pro podporu managementu rizikových
Politika Evropské unie zvyšující se mírou zdùrazòuje
potøebu preventivních opatøení pøi managementu
životního prostøedí jako protiklad knápravì existujícího
zneèištìní životního prostøedí. Pøirozené životní
prostøedí lze lépe uchovat beze stráty, nebo poškození
existujících ekosystémù minimalizací hrozících dopadù.
Dùsledkem toho budou
nižší
výdaje na sanaci
havarijních situací, které èasto hradí veøejná správa,
domácnosti, pojš•ovny a na které doplácí životní
Aplikace jako TELEFLEUR, který byl financován
Programem telematických aplikací EC, zvyšují
pøipravenost veøejných správ voblastech, kde se vyskytují
pøívalové záplavy v urbanizovaném území. Hlavním
pøínosem aplikace je varovný systém, který upozoròuje v
pøípadì potenciálního výskytu na pøívalové povodnì.
Umožòuje koordinaci havarijních orgánù, jako je policie a
hasièi, odbor veøejných prací atd. Systém pro podporu
rozhodování pomáhá pøed a pøi identifikaci a koordinaci
minimalizaci povodòových škod.. Podrobnì popisuje
nejefektivnìjší protipovodòová opatøení a akce na
obnovu. Takové aplikace pomáhají minimalizovat
dopady na životní prostøedí a snižovat náklady na
povodòové škody. Podle orgánù veøejné správy v
prùzkumu CAPE je to prioritní otázka.
Varovný systém havárií na Dunaji Danube Accident
Emergency Warning Systém používají pøíbøežní
zemì podél povodí Dunaje v západní, støední a
.
umožòuje snížit riziko úniku nebezpeèných látek a
jejich kontrolu. Pomocí sítì senzorù podél celého
povodí se shromažïují aktualizované údaje, aby
manažeøi pro kvalitu vody pøijali vèasná preventivní
opatøení na minimalizaci dopadù ohrožení životního
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prostøedí. Hlavní pøednost systému spoèívá v jeho
schopnosti urychlenì poskytovat informace o incidentu s
havarijním zneèištìním pomocí sítì bodù “PIACs” ,
neboli Principal International Alert Centres (viz obr. 4), a
v "modelu výstrahy". Pøínosy již byly zaznamenány.
zavedení systému v r. 1997 bylo detekováno 8 pøípadù,
pøi kterých byl jejich dopad na životní prostøedí
minimalizován. Další výhodou systému je, že pomáhá
pøíslušným zemím dodržovat závazky, které vyplývají z
mezinárodních úmluv o Dunaji, a také Úmluvy o øešení
mezinárodní spolupráce v regionu, který byl tradiènì
GERMANY
CZECH
REPUBLIC
PIAC-01
Passau
PIAC-03
Brno
PIAC-11
Uzgorod
PIAC-05
Budapest
PIAC-06
Ljubljana
0
PIAC-07
Zagreb
state boundary
catchment boundary
250 km
PIAC-10
Kishinev
PIAC-12
Izmail
PIAC-08
Bucharest
PIAC-09
Bucharest
Obr. 4: Danube Accident Emergency Warning System (DAEWS)
(zdroj: DAEWPS)
DEDICS
lesních požárù v pøírodních územích, které sousedí s
urbanizovanými oblastmi , nebo jsou v blízkosti
prùmyslové èinnosti. Jeho pøínos je zøejmý zvláštì v
sušších støedomorských oblastech. Podobnì jako
TELEFLEUR, tato aplikace zlepšuje komunikaci a
koordinaci mezi hlavními veøejnými sektory, vèetnì
hlídkových vozidel
(pomocí radiokomunikaèních
systémù a systému GPS - Global Positioning System),
øídícího centra a sítì strážných vìží. Hlavní výhodou je
lepší koordinace úsilí pøi haváriích
a kvalitnìjší
komunikace. Výsledkem je lepší využití lidských a
finanèních zdrojù a minimalizace škod na životním
prostøedí. Pøednost systému spoèívá ve zpracování
rùzných dat z monitoringu životního prostøedí a v jejich
prezentaci ve formátu, který je užiteèný jak pro veøejnou
správu tak i pro havarijní službu.
Technologie pro pøístup veøejnosti k informacím
Zajištìní pøístupu veøejnosti k informacím o životním
prostøedí na základì vyžádání, nebo prùbìžnì, jsou
požadavkem národních,
Evropské a mezinárodní
legislativy. Pøístup veøejnosti k environmentálním
informacím pomáhá zvyšovat její uvìdomìlost a chápání
záležitostí životního prostøedí, které pak mùže pøispìt k
lepší akceptovatelnosti pøísnìjší environmentální politiky
a cílù trvale udržitelného rozvoje . Pøi úèasti veøejnosti na
rozhodování je tak
možno dosáhnout lepší
informovanosti a skooperaci pøi spoleèném postupu.
HEIS-MUC a IOZIP
vzhledem k jejich podobnosti, možno shrnout souèasnì.
Obì aplikace uchovávají, zpracovávají a rozšiøují
hodnotné informace o životním prostøedí ke prospìchu
místních (a mezinárodních) komunit. Jejich cílovou
skupinou jsou mìsta Mnichov, resp. Praha. Hlavní
pøednost obou nástrojù je jejich schopnost øídit,
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uchovávat a zpracovávat data, která byla získána z
rùzných nezávislých zdrojù a z rùzných technických
zaøízení. A to vèetnì dat o kvalitì ovzduší, hluku a
vodních zdrojù (viz obr. 5) a údajù o dopravní zátìži ,
které jsou uchovávány napø. v grafickém informaèním
systému GIS a na Internetu.
Obr. 5: Ukazovatele kvality ovzduší (zdroj:IOZIP)
Koncový produkt tìchto aplikací pøedstavuje užiteèné a
prezentovatelné
informace o životním prostøedí,
jednak pro veøejnost a také pro øídící pracovníky
mìstských orgánù. Napøíklad pøístup veøejnosti je
umožnìn pøes Internet, terminály pro veøejnost , City
Info sloupce a InfoKiosky v Mnichovì a pøes Internet,
CD-ROM, roèenky a atlasy v Praze. Koncový uživatel
má výhodu lepšího pøístupu k údajùm v nìkolika
rùzných uživatelsky vhodných formátech. Umožnìním
pøístupu široké veøejnosti za relativnì nízkou cenu jsou
splnìny mnohé požadavky místní a mezinárodní
legislativy. Tím, že jsou data rychleji pøístupná, tyto
nástroje šetøí èas a náklady na zodpovìzení dotazù
Dále je možno zmínit pøínos pøi pøíjímání rozhodnutí.
Lidé, odpovìdní za vytváøení politiky ve veøejné správì,
zvýšenou mìrou èelí informaènímu "pøetížení" a pøesto
se od nich oèekává, že absorbují a budou rozumìt
mnoha rozlièným kritickým environmentální otázkám
od kvality ovzduší po údaje o dopravì, hluku a typu
poèasí a objemu odpadu atd. Znalost tìchto otázek je
dùležitá pro pøípravu politiky a programù, místního a
územního plánování a pro provedení studií o dopadu na
životní prostøedí. Elektronické nástroje jako HEIS-MUC
a IOZIP pomáhají smìrovat získávané informace a
uchovávaná data pro rùzné soubory surových dat.
Vyhodnocená informace, která se objevuje na konci
zpracování
tak pøispívá k procesu pøíjímání
kompetentních
rozhodnutí
na
základì
lepší
informovanosti.
Stránka Black Sea Web
jsou ovšem orientovány na region (sdružující Èerné moøe,
Ukrajinu, Rumunsko a Rusko). Aplikace je regionální
systém podpory managementu životního prostøedí, který
slouží místním a státním øídícím pracovníkùm, obèanùm,
nevládním organizacím a dalším zainteresovaným
stranám , jako jsou sdìlovací prostøedky, experti a
akademiètí pracovníci. Vzhledem k tomu, že se spoléhá
na Internet, který je pøístupný všem, umožòuje
uživatelsky pøijatelný pøístup k údajùm o životním
prostøedí v moøi.
Mnoho z toho je ve skuteènosti
uchováváno v databázích, které jsou specifické pro každou
zemi a které jsou rùznì formátované (a umístìné na
oddìlených místech). Výhodou je, že uživatelé se nemusí
touto složitostí zabývat.
Klíèovou silou stránky Black Sea Web je také to, že
podnítila a podporuje regionální kooperaci a zajiš•uje
výmìnu informací mezi pracovníky, kteøí rozhodují o
životním prostøedí v oblasti Èerného moøe.
Environmentální problémy èasto nejsou omezeny pouze
na jednu zemi, a v pøípadì pøímoøských oblastí zasahují
napøíè hranicemi. Stránka Black Sea Web a systém
podpory managementu životního prostøedí v moøi
pomáhá rùzným specialistùm a environmentálním
manažerùm
spolupracovat na ochranì životního
prostøedí Èerného moøe jako celku.
ROZVOJ INFORMAÈNÍ SPOLEÈNOSTI
Prùzkum, provedený CAPE prokázal, že 40 % øídících pracovníkù má pøístup k emailu, a 43% k Internetu. Poslední tøi
uvedené aplikace se pøi poskytování pøístupu veøejnosti kinformacím se spoléhají na Internet.
Internet nabízí nìkolik výhod: má jednoduché použití, je internacionálnì uznáván jako prostøedek pro pøístup a
rozšiøování informací, slouží jako cenný prostøedek k pøekonávání geografických a sociálních barier a pøístup k nìmu se
stává stále levnìjší. Použití Internetu se také stává stále obecnìjším : školy a university, pracovištì , domácnosti,
knihovny, Internetové kavárny atd. v souèasnosti umožòují pøístup k
"informaèní spoleènosti" je pohánìn nástroji, jako internet. Také další nástroje urychlují tento rozvoj. Výše uvedené
ovìøované studie ukazují, jak monitorovací nástroje, uchovávání dat a zaøízení na jejich zpracování a systémy na
podporu rozhodování pøispívají k rozvoji informaèní spoleènosti. Privátní sektor zaèíná být ovládán spoleènostmi,
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které jsou "orientovány na znalosti", které uchovávají, kupují, kompletují, prodávají a rozšiøují informace - typicky v
elektronickém formátu.
Tyto hnací síly, doprovázeny legislativou, budou dále posouvat potøebu na zlepšení kapacit pro šíøení informací na
úrovni místní veøejné správy a aby to dosáhly, budou se spoléhat na informaèní technologie a telematiku. Mnohé
místní samosprávy v Evropské unii to už zavedly pomocí vlastní iniciativy a mechanizmù “Governments on-line.”
Zøejmì je informaèní, anebo IT revoluce na nás, a jak poznamenává Markus Spring, HEIS-MUC project manager,
“telematické nástroje nabízejí nejobecnìjší, nejpohodlnìjší a nejlevnìjší prostøedek pro pøístup veøejnosti k informacím
o životním prostøedí v budoucnosti.”
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Sekce 2.5: Cílem oblasti technických implementací je ilustrace hlavních technických požadavkù na zavedení zkoumaných
telematických aplikací. Požadavky na koncového uživatele, ceny na sestavení a záležitosti provozu a údržby jsou
uvedeny, pokud jsou k dispozici. Sekce 2.6 zdùrazòuje nìkteré zkušenosti a poznatky manažerù projektù pøíslušných
aplikací, zvláštì pøi pøenosu z oblasti výzkumu do skuteèné implementace.
2.5 TECHNICKÁ IMPLEMENTACE
Minimální technické požadavky na implementaci
zkoumaných telematických aplikací jsou uvedeny v
tabulce 5. Tyto vyznaèují napø. požadavky na software a
hardware, varianty pro technický transfer a následné akce
potøebné pro implementaci. Tabulka také udává
geografický rozsah aplikace a cílové uživatele.
Název
projektu
Územní
implementace
Státní
Charakteristika a
transferabilita aplikace
SINDRA
Regionální
COSIMA
Místní
Urban Air
Quality
Management
System
Vilnius,
Litva
Místní
JAMS
Mezihranièní
SNIRH
Státní
Construction
and
Demolition
Recyclables
Exchange
54
Cílové skupiny
hardware
software
Internetový systém, který
vyžaduje pøeprogramování a
náklady na softwarové,
licence.
PC a Internet web
server
Databáze Oracle,
pøístup interpretu
Konceptuální datový model je
hotov, ovšem znaèný èas si
vyžádá harmonizace a
standardizace definicí
odpadù, výpoèetních metod, a
prezentace informace tak, aby
byla kompatibilní s místními
pøístupy.
Architektura a koncept je
založen na tzv. jednotném
modelu dat. Ten musí být
pøizpùsoben místním
podmínkám, napø. rùzným
datovým strukturám a rùzným
postupùm ve veøejné správì
Balík programù na systému
AIRVIRO. Vyžaduje místní
kalibraci dat
Internetový server a
kapacita hardwaru pro
databázi, která umožní
pravidelný pøístup 15 20 místním
uživatelùm
Koncept a metodologie, která
mùže být aplikována na
dalších místech, technické
požadavky musí být
pøizpùsobeny do urèitého
stupnì místním podmínkám.
Kalibrace místních vstupních
dat je potøebná
Rámec vèetnì jeho funkèní
software pro
provozovatele,
pøístup
Internetu a
prohlížeè pro
uživatele
Stavební a
demolièní
spoleènosti,
místní správa
asociace pro
odpady
Øídící pracovníci
regionální a
místní správy,
odpovìdni za
management
odpadù
Technologie GIS,
UNIX a/nebo místní
sí• NT
Databáze Oracle,
ARC/Info,
ARC/View pro
prezentaci dat a
MapInfo
Manažeøi
kontaminovaných
území, územní
plánování ve
veøejné správì
Systém AIRVIRO,
monitory a senzory
kvality dat,
workstation UNIX,
server a stanice,
pøístup internetu,
spolehlivá
telekomunikaèní
infrastruktura
Spolehlivá
telekomunikaèní
infrastruktura,
regionální sí•, satelitní
vysílaèe a pøijímaèe,
monitorovací
stanice/senzory a
analyzátory.
Místní sí• LAN -Local
AirWeb, Air quality
management
software pro kvalitu
ovzduší, vèetnì
databáze emisí,
nástroje pro
disperzní
modelování, pøístup
internetu
Software ENVISAT
CAS
Pracovníci
odpovìdni za
kvalitu ovzduší a
pracovníci,
zabývající se
strategií pro
kvalitu ovzduší
Pracovníci
odpovìdni za
kvalitu ovzduší a
pracovníci,
zabývající se
strategií pro
kvalitu ovzduší
analýzy a teoretických
konceptù byl úspìšnì
pøeveden na Azorské ostrovy,
Madeiru a na jiná místa. Musí
být pøizpùsoben místním
podmínkám a vyžaduje
pøístup k místní síti pro sbìr
dat
TELEFLEUR
Místní
Systém pro podporu
rozhodování DSS) mùže být
pøizpùsoben podle pravidel a
postupù místní správy.
Komunikaèní protokoly a
software pro interface musí
být doladìn podle
jednotlivých úkolù
Danube
AEWS
Mezihranièní
Operaèní princip systému je
založen na mezinárodních
varovných a výstražních
systémech pro Rýn a Labe.
Tato metodika mùže být
pøizpùsobena pro povodí øek,
protékajících pøes více státù
za pøedpokladu, že existují
mechanizmy pro dodání
vstupních dat.
DEDICS se opírá o pìt
oddìlených aplikací, které
integruje podle místních
podmínek. S ohledem na
rùzné komponenty dat, se
pøevod systému musí z
pøípadu na pøípad dùkladnì
zvážit.
DEDICS
Místní
HEIS-MUC
Místní
IOZIP
Místní
Black Sea
Web
Mezinárodní
Aplikace nabízí pracovní
rámec a systém, opírající se
pokud možno o software a
nástroje na doménì Musí byt
pøizpùsoben podle
specifických
environmentálních potøeb a
datových souborù pøíslušné
administrativy
Principy a metodika IOZIP se
mohou aplikovat, potøebná je
adaptace podle jednotlivých
datových souborù, formátù a
požadavkù
Architektura pro spojení
vzdálených a rozdílných
databází. Data musí obsahovat
pouze meta-popis a uživatel
musí znát práci s internetem.
Area Network,
databáze Spatial
Database Engine SDE, která umožòuje,
aby databázový server
zpracoval geografická
data, . ALPHA 4000
UNIX, ALPHA 600
Web Server a
Win95/Win98/ Win
NT PC’s.
Workstation UNIX,
PC, øídící støedisko
pro pøíjem a
uchovávání dat,
senzory (napø.
povrchové
meteorologické
stanice, mìøièe hladiny
vody), satelitní
pøijímaèe.
Sí• základních
mezinárodních
výstražních center, sítì
a senzory pro
monitorování kvality
systém, satelitní
vysílaèe a pøijímaèe.
Spatial Decision
Support System; sí•
automatických
monitorovacích
terminálù, hasièské
øídící støedisko,
satelitní vysílaèe a
pøijímaèe, pøístup k
meteorologické
monitorovací síti,
databázový systém,
zaøízení GIS a GPS Global Positioning
System.
Server UNIX,
Windows NT, GIS,
PC, sí• Local Area
Networks, Map
server, Info-kiosky, a
veøejné terminály.
Network, Internet
server a MapObjects
Internet Server
GIS, Internet Server
IN
software Binary
Large Object pro
uchovávání obrazù,,
Apache Web Server
ARC/Info a
ARC/View pro
prezentaci dat. GIS a
pùvodní software,
který vyvinul Chiron.
zdrojù a kvality
vod na státní,
regionální a
místní úrovni a
také agentury
životního
prostøedí
Systém pro podporu
rozhodování,
expertní systém.
Orgány veøejné
správy, které se
zabývají
povodòovým
nebezpeèím.
Informaèní systém o
nebezpeèných
látkách, “Danube
Basin Alarm Model,”
systém pro
zpracování
informací.
Manažeøi
povrchových
vodních zdrojù,
veøejná správa.
"softwarová vrstva"
DEDICS anebo
podobný balík
Manažeøi veøejné
správy pro
mimoøádné
situace, hasièské
patroly a další
služby pro
mimoøádné
situace.
Intranet a Internet,
editovací a
programovací
nástroje PERL a
SGML, ArcInfo,
MapObjects,
ArcView
Manažeøi pro
životní prostøedí
a pracovníci
odpovìdní za
politiku,
administrativa na
místní, regionální
a mezinárodní
úrovni.
Manažeøi pro
životní prostøedí
a pracovníci
odpovìdní za
politiku na místní
úrovni
Manažeøi pro
vodu a pracovníci
odpovìdní za
politiku
Databáze Oracle a
FoxPro, MapInfo,
ArcView,
internetový browser
a editor
Central Meta
Directory,
Electronic Sounding
Board, Management
Support System,
Remote Data Access
Module, Application
Layer Module
55
IN
Tabulka 2: Geografické a technické charakteristiky zkoumaných telematických aplikací
Technologie pro management odpadù a
Program Construction and Demolition Recyclables
Exchange a SINDRA
spoléhá na komunikaèní technologie Internetu a
databázový software.
V pøípadì aplikace o burze na výmìnu recyklovatených
odpadù
se na uchovávání údajù o inventarizaci
stavebního odpadu používá databázový software Oracle.
Ten je nainstalován na internetové webové stránce a
využívá webserver Internetu. Aktualizace systému je v
podstatì ponechána na uživatelích - na stavebních a
demolièních firmách. Provozovatel systému je v tomto
pøípadì "Platforma pro recyklaci ve stavebnictví", asociace
šesti regionù a nìkolika sdružení stavebního prùmyslu.
Organizace se spoléhá na jednoduchý PC pro dohled nad
údržbou databáze, aktualizaci webové stránky,
management informací o èlenech a udržování vztahù s
Uživatelé systémù pro výmìnu musí mít pøístup na
Internet, svoje heslo a pro zájemce bez pøístupu na
Internet je k dispozici faxová služba na požádání. Systém
mùže být aplikován na kterékoliv úrovni (ovìøovaná
studie uvádí aplikaci na národní úrovni). S vyšším
poètem uživatelù a s rozšiøováním územního rozsahu
systému se zvyšuje jeho dopad. Implementace systému
stojí pøibližnì 100 000.- EUR. Ovšem cena mùže být
zredukována, když se rozvoj systému stane souèástí
akademického výzkumu. Nízký èlenský poplatek a prodej
prostoru pro reklamu mùže podpoøit provoz finanènì.
Organizace, které chtìjí zavést tento systém, by mìly
hledat garance jeho použití lobováním místní správy, aby
zavedla jeho používání ve všech konkurzech a
kontraktech, které se týkají výstavby nebo demolice.
Operátor systému pro výmìnu je ochotný poskytnout
další dostupné technické informace a podpoøit jeho
transfer.
SINDRA
databázový systém uchovávání a managementu dat o
odpadech. Databáze je k dispozici na Internetu a proto
provozovatel musí být schopen nabídnout internetovou
webovou stránku a mít pro ni kapacitu na serveru.
Uživatelé pøistupující pøes Internet musí mít stejný
software, ve kterém je instalována databáze a stejný
pøístup k Internetu. Vývin informaèního systému na
managementu odpadù
vyžaduje vstup informací
získaných od místních orgánù a proto musí být
56
harmonizován. Napø. definice odpadù, výpoètové
metody, zobrazení informací s nezávislým místním
pøístupem musí být standardizovány. Nìkteré
mechanizmy, které øeší tyto otázky jsou osvìtleny v další
èásti o "managementu projektu." Aplikace COSIMA se
pøi zpracování dat vìtšinou spoléhá na technologii GIS.
Na ukládání údajù o místech se používá databázový
software Oracle, zatímco pøi prezentaci dat se spoléhá na
ARC/Info software, který nabízí uživatelsky pøístupný
grafický interface. Databáze mùže být umístìna v lokální
síti a taky mùže být øízena pomocí stanic Windows NT a
UNIX. COSIMA již vyvinula základní architekturu a
rámec, který kombinuje rùzné modely dat ve spoleèném
instalována v nìkolika evropských mìstech a její velká
pøednost je ve schopnosti adaptace na rùzné informaèní
technologie, v dostupnosti rùzných údajù a legislativních
podmínek. COSIMA vyžaduje znaèné znalosti v oblasti
implementaci pøedpokládá nìkolik zkušených odborníkù
Náklady na zavedení projektu COSIMA budou záviset
na místních podmínkách. Implementace v Kolínì si
vyžádala pøibližnì 500 000.- EUR. Je potøeba vyèlenit také
finance na analýzu infrastruktury existujících dat, výcvik
personálu a na nákup nových softwarových komponent.
Mìsto Kolín spolufinancovalo tuto aplikaci spolu s
finanèní podporou EC a nabízí konzultaèní služby a
pøedvedení systému pro podporu jeho implementace a
nastartování.
Technologie na podporu monitorování
životního prostøedí
Nástroje na monitorování kvality ovzduší , jako ty, které
byly použity ve mìstì Vilnius a v regionu Èerného
trojúhelníku (JAMS), vyžadují splnìní množství
technických požadavkù.Joint Air Monitoring System z
regionu Èerného trojúhelníku vyžaduje stanice PC
workstation, modem, analyzátory dat a spolehlivou
telekomunikaèní infrastrukturu, na které se zøídí široká
oblastní sí• a internetové služby. Na výmìnu dat jsou
použity satelitní transmitéry Meteosat. Jednou z pøekážek,
které musel èelit tým projektu byla nedostateèná kapacita a
spolehlivost telekomunikaèní sítì regionu pøi zavedení
systému. Pro úplnou implementaci systému AIRVIRO
vyžaduje UNIX workstation,
poèítaèový server,
individuální workstationy a pøístup Internetu.
Oba AIRVIRO ve mìstì Vilnius a JAMS se spoléhají na
soubor automatických stanic na monitorování kvality a
Informaèní systém pro management vodních zdrojù
SNIRH je navržen na databázovém serveru, který
kontinuálnì pøijímá data z rozlièných zdrojù. Souèasnì
odpovídá na dotazy rùzných klientù. Je závislý na mnoha
rùzných softwarových a hardwarových aplikacích. Co se
týèe softwaru, Oracle se používá na uchovávání dat a
Arc/Info pro jejich prezentaci. Aplikace ORACLE's
Binary Large Object se používá na podporu uchování
obrazu, zatímco programy pro klientské rozhraní
umožòují mechanizmus uživatelských dotazù. Sí• Local
Area Network (LAN) slouží pro pøístup dat a tzv.
Spatial
Database
Engine
(SDE)
umožòuje
databázovému serveru zabudování geografických dat.
Koncept SNIRH (viz obr. 6) vèetnì jeho funkèní
analýzy a teoretických konceptù mùže být transferován
do prakticky kteréhokoliv regionu
po relativnì
jednoduchém pøizpùsobení na místní podmínky a na
místní soubory dat.
UNIX server
with ORACLE DBMS
Data
Local network
meteorologických senzorù. V (mezihranièním) regionu
Èerného trojúhelníku
tato musí operovat podle
spoleènì odsouhlasených standardù na kalibraci údajù.
Cena instalace AIRVIRO dosáhla pøibližnì 750 000.EUR. Tyto výdaje byly pokryty z místních a také z
mezinárodních zdrojù vèetnì
agentury Swedish
International Development Agency a litevské vlády. V
regionu Èerného trojúhelníku zaøízení stálo 2,2 milionù
EUR , které byly hrazeny programem PHARE , zatímco
ostatní výdaje hradily pøíslušné zemì. Provozovatelé
obou systémù zdùraznili význam technické podpory a
potøeby starostlivého zvažování výbìru dodavatelù
technického zaøízení. Proto je dùležité dùkladnì provìøit
všechny reference.
IN
Servidor NT
Windows
client
applications
Internet
Web server
CGI, Java,
ActiveX
obr. 6: Diagram SNIRH
(zdroj: SNIRH)
Agentury životního prostøedí, anebo také agentury pro
vodní zdroje, které se zabývají managementem pitné
vody, budou cílovými uživateli. Provozovatel aplikace Portugalský institut pro vodní zdroje (INAG) vypracoval
pro SNIRH a jeho procedury rozsáhlou dokumentaci,
aby ulehèil jeho pochopení a transfer. Také se organizují
zvláštní seznamovací akce a celostátní prezentace.
Technický partner, Chiron, je také zainteresovaný na
tomto procesu a podporoval transfer na ostrov Madeira,
Azorské ostrovy a na Mozambik.
Technologie pro management kritických a
havarijních situací
Varovné systémy pro havárie se spoléhají na místní
mechanizmy a sítì pro sbìr dat. Jedná se o monitorovací
nástroje a senzory. Následnì jsou data uchovávána v
databázích jako souèást systému pro podporu
rozhodování. Výmìna dat mezi regiony a mìstskými
oblastmi (jako v havarijním varovném systému Dunaje, a
také projektu DEDICS) je rostoucí mìrou podporována
satelitními zaøízeními. Satelitní pøijímaèe a vysílaèe se stále
více stávají pøedem vyžadovanou podmínkou, zatímco
pro modelování a vyhodnocení dopadù jsou všeobecnì
Oba projekty TELEFLEUR a DEDICS vyžadují sí•
dálkových senzorù, které posílají dynamické údaje do
57
IN
TELEFLEUR (viz
obr. 7) vyžaduje dostateèné množství povrchových,
vodních, meteorologických a hydrologických senzorù a
spoléhá na modelovací nástroje (pro meteorologické a
hydrologické podmínky), které analyzují tato data a
pøedpovídají rùzné scénáøe lesních pøívalových povodní.
Jako provozovatel systému na podporu rozhodování
(Decision Support System - DSS),
ve kterém se
uchovávají všechna potøebná data, musí být ustaveno tzv.
Øídící støedisko. Expertní systém v DSS provádí
vyhodnocení dat a zobrazení dat a potenciálních smìrù
vývoje situace. Na základì tìchto rozhodnutí DSS
koordinuje a informuje pøíslušné veøejné havarijní složky
obr. 7: Schématický diagram Telefleur (zdroj: TELEFLEUR)
TELEFLEUR, i pøes svou komplexnost, mùže být
upraven tak, aby vyhovoval požadavkùm libovolné
urbanizované oblasti, za pøedpokladu, že existují
potøebná data a že jsou instalovány mechanizmy na jejich
získávání. Musí být definovány nové geomorfologické a
místní normy dat a procedury systému na podporu
rozhodování se musí pøizpùsobit požadavkùm místní
správy, pro které se aplikace implementuje. Komunikaèní
protokoly se také musí upravit podle pøíslušných
hardwarových platforem (obvykle UNIX a PC).
Varovný systém pro Dunaj - Danube Accident
Emergency Warning System
základních mezinárodních výstražných center, nebo
“principal international alert centres - PIAC” proto, aby
varovaly zemì v pøípadì nebezpeèí. Tato centra musí
získat spolehlivé údaje a informaèní øetìzce, které v sobì
zahrnují monitorovací sítì a senzory. Aby se varovné
zprávy mohly pøijímat a zpracovávat 24 hodin, je nutný
spolehlivý telekomunikaèní systém. Tento proces
mohou zajistit satelitní pøijímaèe a vysílaèe. Mezi
softwarovými požadavky jsou informaèní systémy o
nebezpeèných látkách a modely, na kterých je možno
58
modelovat postup zneèiš•ujících látek, který je známý
jako výstražný model povodí Dunaje -“Danube Basin
Alarm Model.”
Základní operaèní systém je podobný výstražným a
varovným systémùm pro Rýn a Labe a mùže být tedy
pøizpùsoben podmínkám a potøebám podobných
regionù. Na financování systému se podílela øada
mezinárodních a místních zdrojù.
Systém pro podporu managementu lesních požárù
DEDICS
aplikacích, které tvoøí souèást systému pro podporu
prostorového rozhodování “Spatial Decision Support
System - SDSS.” Požaduje sí• automatických
terminálù, které zabezpeèují vèasnou varovnou detekci
a které musí být propojeny pøes satelitní komunikaèní
spojení
do
hasièského
øídícího
støediska.
Meteorologický monitorovací systém slouží pro
poskytování údajù o poèasí v reálném èase do SDSS.
Systém pro øízení databází monitoruje a uchovává data
z tìchto zdrojù, zatímco ètvrtý systém GIS
vyhodnocuje na základì modelu klimatická a územní
opírá se o údaje GPS - Global Positioning System.
Informace z tìchto zdrojù je propojena pomocí aplikací
DEDICS , které se nazývají "softwarové vrstvy " a které
zjednodušují výmìnu informací a komunikaci.
Transfer aplikace DEDICS se musí uskuteènit na báze
pøípad od pøípadu, protože se opírá o rùzné nástroje na
zpracování dat. Aplikace musí být souèasnì upravena
podle místních požadavkù na havarijní situace, což si
vyžádá další vývoj softwaru
Technologie pro pøístup veøejnosti
k informacím
cena nového softwaru a hardwaru. Spolehlivost
zastaralého a poruchového zaøízení
je jednou
z problémù pøi zavádìní progresivních nástrojù, které
integrují rùzné soubory dat.
Aplikace HEIS-MUC
veøejné domény a bezplatný hardware, aby se snížily
náklady na implementaci a ulehèil transfer. Mezi
technickými nástroji pro provoz HEIS-MUC se pro
prezentaci údajù vyžaduje software Arc/Info a pro
uchovávání informace databáze Oracle. Pro rozšiøování
informací se požaduje Internet a vhodný webový
software. GIS hardware, sí• Local Area Network, servery
pro Internet a Intranet, map-server jsou mezi
požadavky na hardware. Spolehlivé telekomunikaèní
spojení na monitorovací stanice (preferenènì ISDN) je
nezbytné pro pøenos informací.
IN
Co se týèe nákladù na provoz, HEIS-MUC potøebuje
kolem 25 000.- EUR roènì, zatímco IOZIP pøibližnì
150-200 000.- EUR roènì (v druhém pøípadì se ve
stejném pomìru jedná o získávaní dat, jejich
zpracování a pøípravu publikací, map atd.). Podobnì
jako mìsto Mnichov, také mìsto Praha slíbilo podporu
know-how pro stranu, která se zajímá o adaptaci tìchto
aplikací. IOZIP a HEIS-MUC jsou nástroje využitelné
pro mìstskou a místní administrativu (ale mohou být
také použity v regionálním nebo internacionálním
Provozování aplikace Black Sea Web
internetový server a hardware pro GIS. Poskytují
platformu pro výmìnu informací o životním prostøedí
rùzného pùvodu. Požaduje se znalost katalogu
environmentálních
informací
Evropské
environmentální agentury, protože se aplikace opírá o
podporu seznamu Black Sea Web’s Central MetaDirectory (který popisuje dostupné informace a místo,
kde se nacházejí). Proto, aby uživatelé mohli vyhledávat
na rùzných databázích, umístìných na stránce Black Sea
Web (viz obr. 8), se vyžaduje modul pøístupu k
informacím Data Access Module. Ten umožòuje
formulovat dotazy pomocí menu a forem. Koneènì
modul Application Layer Module (na báze GIS)
zpracovává a presentuje data pro uživatele, který k nim
má pøístup pøes Internet a domovní stránku Black Sea
Web. Tyto nástroje jsou integrální souèástí systému,
ovšem nemusí být získány separátnì.
Aplikace jako HEIS-MUC nejsou klasické softwarové
balíky typu "instaluj a spus•" a vyžadují znaèné
zkušenosti a znalosti pøi jejich zavádìní. Cena lidské
práce, která je potøebná pro jejich implementaci mùže být
ohodnocena na pøibližnì 150 000.- EUR. Požadují se
také technické znalosti rùzných programovacích jazykù
(vèetnì SGML a PERL). Náklady na implementaci
hardwaru dosáhly pøibližnì 10 000.- EUR.
IOZIP se opírá o podobné schéma GIS hardwaru a
softwarové nástroje jako MapInfo a ArcView. Centrální
databáze 11 datových složek se opírá o softwareOracle.
Dalším požadovaným hardwarem jsou PC servery,
místní sí•, pøipojení pro Internet a servery UNIX.
obr. 8: Ukázka dotazu Dataset
(zdroj: Black Sea Web)
Koncept projektu Black Sea Web je zamìøen na vládní
orgány, které odpovídají za kvalitu životního prostøedí
moøe. Mùže být použit pro jiné regiony, jako napø.
Volha, delty Visly a Dunaje, nebo jezero Balaton.
Pøibližnì 365 000.- EUR bylo potøeba na zavedení
59
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systému a pokrývá
provoz na dva roky.
èas potøebný na implementaci a
meta-popis dat (tím se zjednoduší proces uchovávání
kooperaci. To závisí na jasném oznaèení pøínosù.
Pomùže to
dosáhne jejich zavázanost (v nìkterých pøípadech
finanèní). To pøispìje k celkové hodnotì systému.
Pøínosy systémù se musí uživatelùm a vyššímu vedení
objasòovat a ilustrovat již v raných stadiích vývoje
(podle SNIHR), zatímco SINDRA zdùraznila
výhodnost prezentace modelem.
Akceptace uživatelù
2.6 POZNATKY A ZKUŠENOSTI
Sekce sumarizuje nìkolik klíèových otázek managementu
projektù, které se obecnì vyskytly pøi mnoha
zkoumaných projektech a aplikacích. Od pøedcházejících
sekcí se liší v tom, že je strukturována podle "otázek "
spíše než podle priorit telematických a specifických
aplikací.
Management projektu
Pøíprava projektu
Projekty, jako TELEFLEUR,
Construction and
Demolition Recyclables Exchange, SINDRA a IOZIP,
zdùraznily význam provìøení potøeb a vyhodnocení
požadavkù uživatelù pøed implementací aplikací.
DEDICS, SNIRH a Black Sea Web zdùraznily
jasného definování zámìrù a cílù
a navrhly
ustanovení poradního orgánu složeného z rùzných
zainteresovaných institucí. Tím se zajistí správná
podpora pro eventuální zavádìní a adaptace. Projekty
jako COSIMA, IOZIP a JAMS zdùraznily
provìøování technické kapacity, vèetnì infrastruktury a
formátù dat a peèlivého zvažování jejich integrace.
Vývoj projektu
Nìkteré projekty (Danube AEWS, SINDRA, a projekt
mìsta Vilnius) zdùraznily význam plné úèasti všech
èlenù projektového týmu, anebo zajištìní vhodných
èlenù projektového týmu (SNIRH) pro zabezpeèení
vhodné úrovnì zavázanosti a zainteresovanosti na
projektu Definice úloh a odpovìdností (Black Sea
kooperativní atmosféry je podstatné pro pragmatické
zvládání nepøedvídaných situací (Black Sea Web).
Ovìøované studie IOZIP a Vilnius zdùraznily význam
komunikace
60
Význam výcviku
technickými experty, kteøí se podílely na vývoji aplikace),
dokumentace, a jasná definice
odpovìdnosti jsou pro ulehèení nástupu telematických
aplikací také zdùraznìny (DEDICS, IOZIP, COSIMA,
SNIRH). Zdroje a finance na projekt musí být pro
tento projekt jasnì vyznaèeny a vymezeny a pomùcky
pro výcvik
musí být jednoduché a snadno
srozumitelné. Projekty jako SINDRA oznaèily potøebu
adekvátního období, v prùbìhu kterého se pøíští
uživatelé seznámí s nástroji, které budou formovat
èást jejich denní práce. Daný projekt si uvìdomil velká
rizika, která vyplývají ze zavádìní složitých nástrojù
Projekty jako HEIS-MUC a SNIRH stanovily, že pøed
úèastí na kooperaèních výzkumných a rozvojových
aktivitách je potøebné zesílení technických kapacit,
vybudovaní dostateèného domácího zázemí
se
znalostí a lidskými zdroji, které budou adekvátní
úrovni zamýšlených technických prací. Slabì vycvièení a
nesprávnì informovaní odborníci mohou narušovat
postup projektu, což se mùže odrazit na ziskovosti
každé èinnosti. Navíc, pøi spoléhání se na malé skupiny
oddaných promotérù digitálních informaèních systémù,
je možné pøesvìdèit vnitøní vedení o pøínosech
takového systému a tím získat potøebné finanèní
Zpìtná vazba uživatelù
Koneènì, nìkolik projektù
(IOZIP, COSIMA,
SNIRH) zdùraznilo potøebu získávání
, aby se zajistilo, že se kontinuálnì
vyhovuje potøebám a že se provádìjí zmìny, když je to
nutné. Tzv. "spirálový" model managementu mùže
zabezpeèit, že vývoj aplikace jde ruka v ruce se zpìtnou
vazbou uživatelù, podle projektu COSIMA.
Legislativní rámec
Otázka legislativních požadavkù se vyskytla v
nìkolika projektech, nebo• tak lze øídit a ovlivòovat
vývoj aplikace a ovládat zavádìní a skuteèné využívání
každé aplikace. IOZIP naznaèil potøebu zvážení
pøíslušného legislativního rámce, který bude systém
podporovat (napø. pøi monitorování životního
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pøijímání rozhodnutí. Pøi managementu nebezpeèných
Poskytování nezpracovaných a zpracovaných dat mùže
dále sloužit jako hnací síla pro rozvoje a zavádìní tìchto
aplikací a pro lobování a zesilování legislativních
pøedpisù. HEIS-MUC zdùraznil potøebu legislativy, která
by vyžadovala, aby prùmysl hradil náklady na umožnìní
pøístupu k údajùm o životním prostøedí a na vlastnická
práva, týkající se zpracovaných údajù o životním
prostøedí, náklady na regulace, které se týkají vypouštìní
zneèištìní a registrù transferù, a náklady, které se týkají
publikací s podrobnými údaji o emisích z prùmyslu.
Normy v oblasti kvality ovzduší a vod a jejich
monitorování již v zemích EU existují Smìrnice EU o
pøístupu veøejnosti k informacím o životním prostøedí
90/313/EEC opravòuje orgány veøejné správy vyžadovat
úhradu pøimìøených nákladù na poskytování údajù o
životním prostøedí
veøejnosti. V mezinárodním
rozsahu nedávno pøijatá Aarhuská smlouva o pøístupu k
údajùm o životním prostøedí, úèasti veøejnosti na
rozhodování a pøístupu ke spravedlnosti v záležitostech
životního prostøedí (Dánsko, èerven 1998) vyžaduje, aby
byly zprávy o životním prostøedí veøejnosti dostupné a
aby veøejné orgány pøijaly kroky pro zøízení soudržného
celostátního systému inventur zneèištìní, pøedevším v
elektronické formì. Smlouvu budou ratifikovat mnohé
evropské zemì ke konci roku 2000, což bude mít za
následek pøevedení jejího textu do národní legislativy.
Telematika pro podporu rozhodování anebo pøímo
pro rozhodování?
pomoci definovat politiku pro management kvality
ovzduší a dopravních tras a pøi èištìní
mohou poradit pøi
vyèiš•ovacích akcích.
Není možné ovšem pøehlédnout, že tyto nástroje
pøedstavují jenom podporu pro pracovníky, kteøí
pøijímají rozhodnutí a nejsou navrženy tak, aby je
nahradily anebo aby poskytly všechna potøebná øešení
v managementu životního prostøedí. Manažer
životního prostøedí pøedstavuje skuteèného odborníka
v oboru a musí rozhodnout o daném smìru akce.
Tento princip je aplikován ve všech telematických
nástrojích, které jsou vyznaèeny v tomto prùvodci jako
prostøedky na podporu managementu životního
prostøedí a ne jeho pøímé øízení.
Mnohé z provìøovaných aplikací lze pokládat za
ovìøená øešení, která podporují pøijímání rozhodnutí,
nicménì obecnì pouze nabízejí rámcový koncept pro
pomoc v managementu životního prostøedí. Tyto
musí být dále upraveny podle místních podmínek,
vèetnì mechanizmu sbìru dat, formátù, norem,
softwaru a hardwaru. Pøání implementovat tyto aplikace
vyžadují technické
znalosti, pozitivní nadšení a
koordinaci, èas a finanèní zdroje pro zajištìní
maximálního pøínosu.
Doufáme, že tento prùvodce pomohl lépe porozumìt
a vysvìtlit otázky, které kladou øídící pracovníci, když
mají pøidìlovat fondy a finanèní prostøedky pro
telematické
zdroje
podobného
typu.
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2. SKRÓT DOKUMENTU
Wprowadzenie do struktury Skrótu Dokumentu
Niniejszy Skrót Dokumentu (Executive Summary) sk³ada siê z szeœciu rozdzia³ów, które mówi¹ o znaczeniu telematyki,
oraz analiz przypadków (case studies), po których przedstawiono ich charakterystyki (g³ówne atrybuty) oraz p³yn¹ce z nich
Rozdzia³ pierwszy, 2.1 Kontekst telematyki w ochronie œrodowiska w Europie, przedstawia rolê telematyki oraz
wymienia g³ówne si³y napêdowe i mechanizmy, prowadz¹ce do stosowania technologii teleinformatycznych w Europie.
Ma to na celu "przygotowanie gruntu" i okreœlenie wartoœci i roli telematyki we wspomaganiu realizacji polityk Unii
Europejskiej, zw³aszcza w odniesieniu do œrodowiska.
2.2
przedstawia, w formie tabeli,
dwanaœcie aplikacji, bêd¹cych przedmiotem badania ankietowego. Zawiera ich nazwê, problemy ekologiczne, do których
Rozdzia³y 2.3-2.6 podsumowuj¹ g³ówne rezultaty, wnioski i inne atrybuty opisanych przypadków oraz dostarczaj¹
dodatkowej analizy. Pierwsze dwa rozdzia³y staraj¹ siê odpowiedzieæ na pytanie: “Dlaczego warto wdra¿aæ aplikacje
telematyczne?”, podczas gdy dwa nastêpne poœwiêcone s¹ temu, “Jak wdra¿aæ aplikacje telematyczne.” Pytañ tych u¿yto
te¿ do dokonania podzia³u rozdzia³ów 2.3-2.6 na dwie czêœci. Starano siê zapewniæ tyle dodatkowych i u¿ytecznych
U¿ytecznoœæ z punktu widzenia Europy Œrodkowej i Wschodniej
odniesieniu do problemów ekologicznych tego regionu. Rozdzia³ 2.4 naœwietla
uzyskaæ z korzystania z takich specjalistycznych aplikacji. Rozdzia³ 2.5 rozwa¿a Ramy realizacyjne i podejmuje temat
wymagañ technicznych dla przeniesienia aplikacji na inny grunt, zaœ Rozdzia³ 2.6,
podsumowuje
zdobyte przy realizacji projektów doœwiadczenia zwi¹zane z zarz¹dzaniem nimi, ramami prawnymi oraz oczekiwaniami
Te cztery tematy uznano za najbardziej u¿yteczne z punktu widzenia docelowych odbiorców (w³adz publicznych w
EŒW) i uwa¿a siê je za najlepsz¹ odpowiedŸ na potrzeby zg³oszone przez adresatów ankiety dotycz¹cej regionu EŒW,
przeprowadzonej w ramach projektu CAPE.
Ka¿dy z powy¿szych rozdzia³ów ma zasadniczo podobn¹ strukturê i omawia aplikacje oraz zagadnienia odnosz¹ce siê
do czterech najwa¿niejszych obszarów priorytetowych, zidentyfikowanych przez CAPE dla zastosowañ telematyki w
ochronie œrodowiska (narzêdzia zwi¹zane z gospodark¹ odpadami i zarz¹dzaniem terenami ska¿onymi, monitoring
œrodowiska, aplikacje zwi¹zane ze zwalczaniem nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eñ œrodowiska oraz narzêdzia u³atwiaj¹ce dostêp
Korzyœci ekologiczne oraz 2.5: Ramy realizacyjne okreœlaj¹ charakterystykê opisywanych przypadków wed³ug zagadnieñ
case studies omawiane s¹ wed³ug tematów zwi¹zanych z ochron¹
œrodowiska, i to w kolejnoœci ukazanej w Tabeli 1 na nastêpnej stronie. Cechy charakterystyczne opisywane s¹
indywidualnie dla ka¿dego projektu, g³ównie z uwagi na ich niejednorodny charakter i trudnoœæ skrótowego okreœlenia
kluczowych zagadnieñ. (Zak³ada siê ponadto, ¿e jest to naju¿yteczniejszy sposób zapewnienia dostêpu dla eksperta
i/lub decydenta, interesuj¹cego siê konkretnym tematem). Rozdzia³ 2.6, Wyci¹gniête wnioski, nie dzieli ich wed³ug
obszarów priorytetowych, lecz w syntetycznej formie przedstawia kilka problemów zwi¹zanych z zarz¹dzaniem
projektami, które powszechnie podnoszono w zwi¹zku ze zrealizowanymi projektami, a wiêc mówi o zagadnieniach
ogólnych.
G³ównym celem Skrótu Dokumentu jest streszczenie najwa¿niejszych rezultatów badanych aplikacji; ma te¿ on s³u¿yæ
jako wprowadzenie czytelników do bardziej szczegó³owych informacji, zawartych w samych analizach przypadków na
kolejnych stronach.
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2.1 KONTEKST TELEMATYKI W OCHRONIE
ŒRODOWISKA W EUROPIE
Narzêdzia wykorzystuj¹ce telematykê ³¹cz¹ w sobie
aplikacje z zakresu technologii informacyjnej, stworzone
w ramach projektów badawczych finansowanych przez
Komisjê Europejsk¹. Zastosowania telematyki w
ochronie œrodowiska maj¹ na celu wspomaganie
procedur zarz¹dzania œrodowiskiem w samorz¹dach
lokalnych, zarówno wewn¹trz Unii Europejskiej, jak i
poza ni¹. Poprzez lepszy monitoring lokalnego
œrodowiska, narzêdzia te u³atwiaj¹ osi¹gniêcie zgodnoœci
z dyrektywami UE i przyczyniaj¹ siê do spe³nienia celów
rozwoju zrównowa¿onego. Ulepszone zbieranie i
przechowywanie informacji o œrodowisku umo¿liwia
bardziej kompetentne podejmowanie decyzji - oraz
posiadanie dobrze poinformowanych obywateli - i
mo¿e u³atwiæ zaanga¿owanie spo³eczeñstwa w procesy
podejmowania decyzji. Narzêdzia telematyczne maj¹
ponadto na celu poprawê jakoœci i efektywnoœci
lokalnych administracji publicznych i us³ug, jak równie¿
zwiêkszenie ich dostêpnoœci i przyjaznoœci. A zatem
narzêdzia z zakresu telematyki wspomagaj¹ realizacjê
obowi¹zuj¹cej w UE zasady "subsydiarnoœci".
OBSZARY
ZASTOSOWANIA
Gospodarka odpadami i
Monitoring œrodowiska
64
Przyczyniaj¹ siê one ponadto do realizacji celów Unii
Europejskiej, mówi¹cych o nie wy³¹czaj¹cym nikogo,
przyjaznym spo³eczeñstwie informacyjnym.
ZAKRESIE ZASTOSOWANIA TELEMATYKI W
Zamieszczona ni¿ej Tabela 1 krótko opisuje dwanaœcie
aplikacji, którymi zajmuje siê niniejszy przewodnik.
Cztery spoœród opisywanych przypadków (a mianowicie
TELEFLEUR, HEIS-MUC, DEDICS i COSIMA)
wspó³finansowane by³y, w latach 1994-98, przez
program Komisji Europejskiej (EC) o nazwie
Telematics Applications Programme (TAP). Niektóre
by³y finansowane przez inne miêdzynarodowe
programy i donatorów (Sieæ Czarnomorska, JAMS,
Danube AEWS oraz System Zarz¹dzania Jakoœci¹
Powietrza w Wilnie na Litwie). Projekty takie jak IOZIP,
SNIRH, SINDRA i Gie³da materia³ów budowlanych i z
rozbiórki, nadaj¹cych siê do ponownego wykorzystania
s¹ niemal w ca³oœci finansowane ze œrodków lokalnych.
OPISY PRZYPADKÓW
Gie³da materia³ów
budowlanych i z rozbiórki,
nadaj¹cych siê do
ponownego wykorzystania
SINDRA - Telematyka na
rzecz zagospodarowania
odpadów w regionie Renu i
Alp (Rhone-Alpes)
COSIMA - System
wspomagaj¹cy zarz¹dzanie
terenami ska¿onymi
System zarz¹dzania jakoœci¹
powietrza w mieœcie - Wilno,
Litwa
JAMS Wspólny system monitoringu
powietrza w rejonie "Czarnego
Trójk¹ta"
SNIRH Portugalski system informacji
o zasobach wodnych
CHARAKTERYSTYKA
ca³¹ Austriê i kraje z ni¹ s¹siaduj¹ce
Narzêdzie wykorzystywane do celów obróbki
odpadów i gospodarki odpadami, stosowane na
poziomie regionu
Dzia³aj¹ce w oparciu o GIS narzêdzie do oceny
ska¿onych terenów i wspomagania decyzji,
stosowane na poziomie samorz¹dów lokalnych w
Irlandii, Niemczech, W³oszech i Amsterdamie
powietrza
System transgranicznego monitoringu jakoœci
powietrza i ostrzegania o sytuacjach awaryjnych
System zarz¹dzania jakoœci¹ i zasobami wody
Zwalczanie
TELEFLEUR Wspomagane rozwi¹zaniami
telematycznymi radzenie sobie
z zagro¿eniami
powodziowymi na obszarach
zurbanizowanych
Danube AEWS System ostrzegania o
nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eniach
dla Dunaju
DEDICS System wspomagaj¹cy
zwalczanie po¿arów lasów
Publiczny dostêp do
informacji
HEIS-MUC - System
informacyjny dotycz¹cy
zdrowia i œrodowiska,
Monachium, Niemcy
IOZIP Praski system informacji o
œrodowisku, Czechy
Black Sea Web System wspomagaj¹cy
zarz¹dzanie œrodowiskiem w
rejonie Morza Czarnego
IN
Zintegrowany system zarz¹dzania, wspomagaj¹cy
s³u¿by ratownicze w Atenach w Grecji, przeznaczony
do radzenia sobie z gwa³townymi powodziami
System ostrzegania o wyst¹pieniu incydentów
zanieczyszczenia, dzia³aj¹cy w 11 krajach, przez które
przep³ywa rzeka Dunaj, u³atwiaj¹cy bycie
przygotowanym na nadzwyczajne zagro¿enia i
reagowanie na nie
Zintegrowany system zarz¹dzania, wspomagaj¹cy
s³u¿by ratownicze, przeznaczony do zwalczania
po¿arów lasów na Krecie, na Rivierze Francuskiej i w
Andaluzji
Zintegrowany system zarz¹dzania danymi o
œrodowisku, zapewniaj¹cy decydentom i
spo³eczeñstwu lepszy dostêp do danych o
Zintegrowany system zarz¹dzania danymi o
œrodowisku, zapewniaj¹cy decydentom i
spo³eczeñstwu lepszy dostêp do danych o
œrodowisku, odpowiadaj¹cy przepisom o ochronie
Regionalny system zarz¹dzania danymi o
œrodowisku dla spraw zwi¹zanych z morzem,
obs³uguj¹cy kilka krajów le¿¹cych nad Morzem
Czarnym, wykorzystuj¹cy Internet.
Tabela 1. Projekty i ich charakterystyka
Aby zakwalifikowaæ siê do wspó³finansowania przez EC,
niezbêdne by³o wykazanie, ¿e aplikacje, np. HEIS-MUC,
COSIMA i TELEFLEUR, odpowiadaj¹ istotnym
potrzebom w³adz publicznych i oœrodków badawczych,
zarz¹dzaj¹cych œrodowiskiem i prowadz¹cych jego
monitoring. Gdy uda³o siê zapewniæ to finansowanie,
do piêædziesiêciu procent kosztów projektu musiano
pokryæ na miejscu, co wyraŸnie wskazuje na wartoœæ
praktyczn¹, jak¹ mia³y te narzêdzia w opinii wdra¿aj¹cych
je w³adz. Dzisiaj finansowanie tych aplikacji i zarz¹dzanie
nimi pozostaje niezale¿ne od wsparcia EC. Niektóre
aplikacje s¹ nadal rozwijane, na przyk³ad DEDICS i
HEIS-MUC.
W przypadku innych organizacji realizuj¹cych projekty
finansowane przez programy zagraniczne, tworzenie tego
typu narzêdzi opiera³o siê na jasno okreœlonych
priorytetach ekologicznych, takich jak lepsza koordynacja
zarz¹dzania
mocno
zanieczyszczonym
i
zdewastowanym rejonem Czarnego Trójk¹ta w Europie
Œrodkowej czy skuteczny monitoring drogi wodnej
Dunaju. Inne dzia³ania zosta³y podjête na skutek
wymogów prawnych oraz w celu realizacji zobowi¹zañ
do prowadzenia polityki zrównowa¿onego rozwoju,
np. w przypadku aplikacji "Gie³da materia³ów nadaj¹cych
siê do powtórnego wykorzystania" - w obszarze
odpadów. W niektórych przypadkach aplikacje by³y w
ca³oœci finansowane przez w³adze miejskie, na przyk³ad
Praski System Informacji o Œrodowisku, z uwagi na
zakresu telematyki jako wspieraj¹cych bli¿sze i dalsze cele
polityki ekologicznej.
65
IN
Zaniedbania w ochronie œrodowiska w Europie
Œrodkowej i Wschodniej (EŒW) wymieniane s¹ czêsto
jako jedna z g³ównych przeszkód stoj¹cych na drodze
przyst¹pienia do Unii Europejskiej. Niedawne badanie
ankietowe3, przeprowadzone przez CAPE jako
najwa¿niejsze priorytety ekologiczne zidentyfikowa³o z³¹
jakoœæ powietrza, wynikaj¹c¹ z emisji komunikacyjnych,
zagro¿enie ha³asem, problemy z odpadami, oczyszczanie
œcieków oraz szczere pragnienie 90 procent decydentów,
by poprawiæ dostêp spo³eczeñstwa do informacji o
œrodowisku. Priorytety te generalnie odpowiadaj¹
g³ównym obszarom priorytetowym, zidentyfikowanym
dla zastosowañ telematyki w ochronie œrodowiska, a
konkretnie narzêdzi wspomagaj¹cych gospodarkê
odpadami, monitoring œrodowiska (powietrza i wody),
zwalczanie nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eñ œrodowiska oraz
dostêp spo³eczeñstwa do informacji o œrodowisku.
Niniejszy rozdzia³, oparty o wyniki ankiety CAPE i
zgodnie z priorytetami zidentyfikowanymi dla narzêdzi z
zakresu telematyki, ma na celu wyjaœnienie, dlaczego te
problemy ekologiczne s¹ istotne w EŒW.
Problemy z odpadami i tereny ska¿one
Wed³ug CAPE, oko³o 25 procent administracji
publicznych i samorz¹dów EŒW zidentyfikowa³o
odpady z gospodarstw domowych jako swój
najwa¿niejszy problem ekologiczny. Ich iloœæ zwiêksza
siê co roku o oko³o 8 procent. Wœród najczêœciej
wymienianych problemów zwi¹zanych z odpadami, do
problemów ostrych na krótk¹ metê zaliczano: rosn¹ce
iloœci odpadów z gospodarstw domowych, powstawanie
dzikich wysypisk, utylizacjê odpadów niebezpiecznych
oraz neutralizacjê osadów z oczyszczalni œcieków. W
sumie oko³o siedemdziesiêciu procent badanych w³adz
wskazywa³o na pragnienie wykorzystywania telematyki
do "wspomagania gospodarki odpadami".
3
CAPE stwierdzi³a ponadto, ¿e w Europie Zachodniej
oko³o 66 procent odpadów sk³adowanych jest obecnie
na wysypiskach, podczas gdy w krajach EŒW
odpowiednia liczba wynosi w przybli¿eniu 80 procent
(szeœæ procent nie jest odbieranych). Nieprawid³owa
eksploatacja wysypisk œmieci mo¿e prowadziæ do
zanieczyszczenia wód podziemnych i ska¿enia gleby, co
budzi coraz wiêksze zaniepokojenie w krajach EŒW.
Bu³garia, Estonia, Wêgry i Litwa zosta³y przez CAPE
wskazane jako szczególnie nara¿one na ska¿enie wód
podziemnych. Co wiêcej, dziesiêciolecia rz¹dów
socjalistycznych w Europie Œrodkowej i Wschodniej
pozostawi³y
dziedzictwo
ska¿onych
instalacji
wojskowych oraz krajobraz, w którym dominuje
przemys³ ciê¿ki. W ostatnim z wymienionych krajów
oko³o 275 baz wojskowych, zajmuj¹cych jeden procent
powierzchni kraju, okreœlono jako zagro¿one
zanieczyszczeniem.
W
rezultacie
przywracanie
ska¿onych terenów do w³aœciwego stanu 30 procent
badanych administracji publicznych okreœli³o jako
priorytet.
Zanieczyszczenie powietrza i wody
zanieczyszczaj¹cych, w tym dwutlenku siarki i py³ów,
produkcji. Jednak¿e transgraniczne zanieczyszczenia
stê¿enia tlenków azotu i ozonu oraz natê¿enie ha³asu,
co wynika z coraz wiêkszego ruchu samochodowego w
miastach (patrz Rys. 1 poni¿ej). Prawie 40 procent
badanych w³adz twierdzi³o, ¿e trzeba bêdzie opracowaæ
d³ugofalowe kierunki dzia³ania, aby odpowiedzieæ na
d³ugofalowe problemy, takie jak emisje komunikacyjne,
a a¿ 30 procent ju¿ owe kierunki dzia³ania opracowa³o.
przysz³oœci odgrywaæ powa¿n¹ rolê w modelowaniu i
Jakoœciowe badanie dziesiêciu krajów Europy Œrodkowej i Wschodniej dotycz¹ce Wymogów i ram dla wdra ania telematyki
1999 oraz Iloœciowe badanie oparte na odpowiedziach na ankietê dotycz¹cych potrzeb i
priorytetów polityki w³adz publicznych, podsumowanych w raporcie na temat Stanu i priorytetów dla zastosowa telematyki w ochronie
rodowiska - Badanie ankietowe samorz dów lokalnych w dziesi ciu krajach Europy rodkowej i Wschodniej, sierpie 1999. Oba opracowania
dostêpne w jêzyku angielskim w Internecie pod adresem: <http://www.rec.org/ist/cape>.
rodowiskowej i transportowej, sierpie
66
narastaj¹ce problemy z jakoœci¹ powietrza, wynikaj¹ce z
przemys³owych. W rezultacie miasto utworzy³o specjaln¹
jednostkê organizacyjn¹, która zajmuje siê zarz¹dzaniem
strategiê zarz¹dzania jakoœci¹ powietrza w mieœcie. W celu
wspierania jej dzia³añ oraz adekwatnego okreœlenia
systemem wspomagania decyzji.
Transgraniczne problemy z jakoœci¹ powietrza s¹
wspólne dla Europy Œrodkowej i Wschodniej.
Wiadomo, ¿e na S³owacji, w Rumunii i na Litwie
wystêpuje przewaga iloœci importowanych zanieczyszczeñ
atmosfery i kwaœnego deszczu nad ich eksportem. Rejon
"Czarnego Trójk¹ta" w pobli¿u granic Czech, Polski i
Niemiec jest byæ mo¿e przyk³adem najbardziej znanym.
Dziesiêciolecia przemys³u ciê¿kiego w tym rejonie mia³y
ogromnie szkodliwy wp³yw na œrodowisko naturalne, a
kwaœne deszcze, przez zniszczenie lasów górskich i
zakwaszenie gleb, przyczyni³y siê do powstania katastrofy
ekologicznej. Ka¿dego roku emitowanych jest oko³o 3
milionów ton SO2 i w przybli¿eniu 1 milion ton NO x. W
odpowiedzi na to, zagraniczni donatorzy wraz z rz¹dami
krajów regionu zainicjowali w roku 1991 program
"Czarny Trójk¹t" oraz zwi¹zane z nim dzia³ania, w tym
utworzenie automatycznego systemu monitoringu.
Wiele wód podziemnych w EŒW pozostaje
zanieczyszczonych przez Ÿród³a rozproszone, w tym
niekontrolowany sp³yw wód opadowych, nieoczyszczone
œcieki, ska¿one gleby, zanieczyszczenia bakteriologiczne
oraz nadmiar azotanów. W wielu przypadkach okazuje
siê, ¿e sytuacja w tych dziedzinach pogarsza siê. W ca³ej
IN
EŒW stwierdzono pewne zmniejszenie zanieczyszczenia
wód powierzchniowych. Jest jednak jasne, ¿e trzeba
podj¹æ kroki w celu zapewnienia lepszej kontroli jakoœci
wód i odpowiedniego zarz¹dzania ich zasobami. Bior¹c
pod uwagê, ¿e tylko oko³o 20 procent gospodarstw
domowych w krajach EŒW jest pod³¹czonych do
kanalizacji, efektywne gospodarowanie zasobami
wodnymi pozostaje spraw¹ o zasadniczym znaczeniu. Z
tych powodów a¿ 72 procent badanych w³adz publicznych
wskazywa³o, ¿e opracowano kierunki polityki ochrony
œrodowiska, zmierzaj¹ce do poradzenia sobie ze
wzrastaj¹c¹ iloœci¹ œcieków, a oko³o 36 procent rozpoczê³o
W ostatnich latach nasili³o siê wystêpowanie klêsk
powierzchni lasów, takie jak Rumunia i Bu³garia, oraz te,
które ulegaj¹ raptownej urbanizacji, mog¹ byæ nara¿one na
takie incydenty. Stwierdzono, ¿e awarii przemys³owych i
wycieków ropy obawiaj¹ siê takie kraje, jak S³owenia i
£otwa, a ponadto od lat mo¿liwoœæ ich wyst¹pienia budzi
wodnych, takich jak Dunaj. Potrzeba bycia lepiej
przygotowanym na takie wydarzenia i zapewnienia ich
skutecznego zwalczania, przy wykorzystaniu narzêdzi z
zakresu telematyki, wydaje siê ju¿ byæ oczywista - oko³o
46 procent badanych w³adz z EŒW oczekuje, ¿e w ci¹gu
najbli¿szych dwóch-trzech lat wp³yw narzêdzi
telematycznych na omawian¹ dziedzinê bêdzie znacz¹cy.
W niektórych miejscach, jak np. w czeskim mieœcie
O³omuniec, jest to ju¿ jasne. W roku 1997 wyst¹pi³a tam
najgorsza powódŸ dwudziestego wieku i w odpowiedzi
na to, jak relacjonowano podczas Forum U¿ytkowników
67
IN
Telematyki i Warsztatów CAPE w Monachium w
czerwcu 1999 r., miasto zaczê³o eksploatowaæ prosty
system ostrzegawczy. Tak¿e w miastach Europy
Po³udniowej, zw³aszcza otoczonych przez strome formy
ukszta³towania terenu i w których wystêpuje gwa³towna
urbanizacja, wylesianie oraz skutki emisji gazów
szklarniowych, gwa³towne powodzie staj¹ siê coraz
bardziej rozpowszechnione.
W latach osiemdziesi¹tych i dziewiêæ-dziesi¹tych czêsto
zdarza³y siê awarie przemys³owe i wycieki ropy wzd³u¿
drogi wodnej Dunaju. Zagrozi³y one zaopatrzeniu w
wodê, powoduj¹c zamkniêcie jej ujêæ. Kraje po³o¿one w
dole rzeki i mniej rozwiniête gospodarczo (dorzecze
Dunaju tworzy 13 krajów) s¹ szczególnie nara¿one na
takie zdarzenia i aby skutecznie radziæ sobie z takimi
wypadkami, potrzebuj¹ byæ o nich wczeœniej
powiadomione.
W
roku
1991
spo³ecznoœæ
miêdzynarodowych donatorów zainicjowa³a Program na
rzecz Œrodowiska Dunaju, który zmierza do poprawy
wspó³pracy pomiêdzy krajami naddunajskimi. Pomog³o
to tak¿e w realizacji utworzenia sieci "Centrów"
alarmowych i systemu ostrzegania o nadzwyczajnych
zagro¿eniach wzd³u¿ miêdzynarodowej drogi wodnej.
Poprawa dostêpu spo³eczeñstwa do
informacji o œrodowisku
Oko³o 90 procent w³adz samorz¹dowych w Europie
Œrodkowej i Wschodniej wskazywa³o na du¿e
zainteresowanie
opartymi
na
technologiach
teleinformatycznych publicznymi systemami informacji o
"Konwencja z Aarhus" o dostêpie do informacji, udziale
spo³eczeñstwa w podejmowaniu decyzji oraz dostêpie
do sprawiedliwoœci w sprawach dotycz¹cych œrodowiska,
Po to jednak, aby rozpowszechniaæ aktualne informacje
informacji o œrodowisku. Czêsto stanowi to powa¿ne
wyzwanie, gdy¿ informacje s¹ zazwyczaj zbierane i
przechowywane w ró¿nych miejscach, przez bardziej
odpowiednie instytucje, a przy tym w niekompatybilnych
formatach. Wed³ug CAPE, oko³o 8 procent
respondentów przechowuje dane w formacie GIS, zaœ 20
procent zapisuje informacje w ró¿nych elektronicznych
bazach. danych. Do tego zbierane s¹ one czêsto przez
ró¿ne organizacje i instytuty badawcze, z którymi trzeba
nawi¹zaæ skuteczn¹ wspó³pracê. Czêsto powoduje to
d³ugie opóŸnienia w dostêpie do informacji, zarówno w
przypadku decydenta, jak i spo³eczeñstwa.
68
Coraz
powszechniej
u¿ywanym
sposobem
rozpowszechniania informacji dotycz¹cych œrodowiska jest
Internet. Jednak w wielu krajach EŒW korzystanie z niego
utrudniaj¹ z³y stan sieci telefonicznej oraz wysokie koszty
obecnie dostêp do poczty elektronicznej, a 43 procent do
Internetu. Mimo to ograniczona znajomoœæ technologii i
kiepska jakoœæ sprzêtu w urzêdach publicznych nadal
wykorzystanie przez w³adze publiczne potencjalnych
mo¿liwoœci rozpowszechniania informacji do szerokiej
opinii publicznej.
2.4 KORZYŒCI EKOLOGICZNE
Niniejszy rozdzia³ opiera siê na rozdziale 2.1: Kontekst
który
rozpocz¹³ niniejszy Skrót Dokumentu. Podsumowuje on
korzyœci, jakie wi¹¿¹ siê z narzêdziami z zakresu
telematyki, bêd¹cymi przedmiotem badania oraz
znaczenie tych narzêdzi, zw³aszcza w kontekœcie ochrony
œrodowiska i w odniesieniu do Europy Œrodkowej i
Wschodniej (a tak¿e problemy, zarysowane w
poprzednim rozdziale). Omówiono tak¿e korzyœci w
zakresie osi¹gniêcia celów polityki oraz poprawy
efektywnoœci kosztowej i wydajnoœci.
Technologie wspomagaj¹ce gospodarkê odpadami i
zarz¹dzanie terenami ska¿onymi
Cele z zakresu rozwoju zrównowa¿onego w bardziej
œcis³ym rozumieniu tego terminu (zapewnienie
korzystania z istniej¹cych zasobów naturalnych bez
poœwiêcania zasobów dostêpnych dla przysz³ych pokoleñ)
rodz¹ potrzebê segregacji odpadów oraz poddawania
wiêkszej iloœci odpadów recyklingowi lub ponownemu
wykorzystaniu. Aplikacje telematyczne s³u¿¹ce tym celom
mog¹ oddaæ nieocenione us³ugi.
Unikaln¹ i nowatorsk¹, a mimo to stosunkowo prost¹
aplikacj¹ jest austriacka Gie³da materia³ów budowlanych
i z rozbiórki, nadaj¹cych siê do ponownego
wykorzystania
komunalne. Poprzez utworzenie systemu wymiany,
goszczonego i zarz¹dzanego za poœrednictwem Internetu
(patrz poni¿szy Rys. 2), w³adze federalne tego kraju s¹ w
stanie lepiej zagospodarowywaæ i recyklizowaæ odpady
budowlane. Metoda ta ma bezpoœredni wp³yw na cele
polityki zrównowa¿onego rozwoju i pomaga unikaæ
zu¿ywania zasobów naturalnych. Pomaga tak¿e w
spe³nieniu wymogów surowych przepisów prawnych,
odnosz¹cych siê do sk³adowania odpadów na
wysypiskach. Zwa¿ywszy na du¿¹ liczbê realizowanych w
EŒW przedsiêwziêæ budowlanych i developerskich oraz
wynikaj¹c¹ st¹d liczbê rozbiórek starszych budowli, taki
IN
odpadów. System oferuje ponadto korzyœci ekonomiczne
tym, którzy w przeciwnym wypadku musieliby zap³aciæ za
wywóz odpadów, a tak¿e umo¿liwia nabywanie tañszych
które, jak stwierdzi³a CAPE, d¹¿¹ do wdra¿ania polityk,
promuj¹cych ograniczenie iloœci odpadów oraz recykling
Rys. 2: Sesja w trybie online gie³dy materia³ów budowlanych i z rozbiórki,
pokazuj¹ca dostarczone materia³y z odzysku w Dolnej Austrii (•ród³o: CDRE)
Aplikacje takie jak SINDRA
w³adzom lokalnym w obrêbie ca³ego regionu,
poprawiaj¹c przechowywanie i dostêpnoœæ informacji
dotycz¹cych odpadów i ich zagospodarowania. Chodzi tu
na przyk³ad o informacje o iloœci odpadów,
mechanizmach ich zbiórki, segregacji i usuwania,
urz¹dzeniach do utylizacji, strumieniach odpadów i tak
dalej. W po³¹czeniu z informacjami Ÿród³owymi na
temat przepisów i zasad opodatkowania, narzêdzie to
pomaga w³adzom lokalnym œledziæ praktyki z zakresu
postêpowania z odpadami, przygotowywaæ i oceniaæ
polityki dotycz¹ce odpadów oraz doskonaliæ wspó³pracê i
wymianê doœwiadczeñ pomiêdzy decydentami szczebla
lokalnego i regionalnego.
Niew³aœciwie zarz¹dzane wysypiska czy tereny
przemys³owe mog¹ powodowaæ ska¿enie gleby i wód
podziemnych. Coraz czêœciej egzekwowana jest zasada
"zanieczyszczaj¹cy p³aci", a w sytuacji gdy prawodawstwo
europejskie domaga siê przed sprzeda¿¹ ska¿onych
terenów ich oczyszczenia,
narzêdzia oparte o technologie teleinformatyczne, takie
jak COSIMA,
kosztach. COSIMA jest aplikacj¹, której mocne strony to
wspomaganie osób zarz¹dzaj¹cych ska¿onymi terenami
oraz zapewnianie lepszej informacji dla planistów
miejskich. Opieraj¹c siê na technologii GIS, mo¿e ona
byæ u¿ywana do okreœlania charakteru, zakresu i skutków
ska¿enia pochodz¹cego z istniej¹cych wysypisk,
dzia³alnoœci przemys³owej czy wojskowej, a tak¿e
wspomaga szybkie podejmowanie decyzji co do
najbardziej odpowiednich mechanizmów usuwania
ska¿eñ. Grunt mo¿e zostaæ przywrócony do w³aœciwego
stanu (zgodnego z normami dotycz¹cymi gleby i jej
rekultywacji) i z powodzeniem zaoferowany potencjalnym
inwestorom i developerom, przyczyniaj¹c siê tym samym
do rozwoju - zarówno gospodarczego, jak i
zrównowa¿onego. COSIMA mo¿e byæ ponadto
wykorzystywana do obs³ugi oceny ryzyka i mo¿e pomóc
w okreœleniu kolejnoœci priorytetów lub wykluczeniu
przysz³ych dzia³añ, które mog¹ mieæ wp³yw na
jakikolwiek konkretny teren.
Technologie wspomagaj¹ce monitoring œrodowiska
Skuteczne zarz¹dzanie jakoœci¹ powietrza wymaga
monitoringu warunków, emisji i sytuacji nadzwyczajnego
zagro¿enia, wystêpuj¹cych w czasie rzeczywistym. Wiele
w³adz publicznych w Europie Œrodkowej i Wschodniej
ju¿ zdaje sobie z tego sprawê, a oko³o 40 procent
przewiduje dla technologii teleinformatycznych du¿¹ rolê
w tym procesie w niedalekiej przysz³oœci. Narzêdzia do
monitoringu mog¹ pomóc w zapewnieniu zgodnoœci z
przepisami prawnymi, w³¹czaj¹c w to lokalne i europejskie
normy jakoœci powietrza, zaœ na narzêdzia do
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IN
zdefiniowania przysz³ej polityki w odniesieniu do
powietrza i mog¹ byæ bezcenne przy planowaniu strategii
Narzêdzia takie jak AIRVIRO, które monitoruj¹ i
modeluj¹, zosta³y ju¿ przyjête przez miasto Wilno w
ramach jego systemu zarz¹dzania jakoœci¹ powietrza
miejskiego.
czasie rzeczywistym poprzez sieæ czujników i stacji oraz
przetwarza te informacje na wygodne raporty dla
decydentów i mened¿erów jakoœci powietrza miejskiego.
Ponadto kondensuje on dane o jakoœci powietrza do
u¿ytku publicznego i udostêpnia je za poœrednictwem
Internetu. Niezale¿nie od tego, ¿e generowane raporty
przyczyniaj¹
do
dobrego
poinformowania
(i
œwiadomoœci ekologicznej) spo³eczeñstwa, mog¹ te¿ one
byæ pomocne przy opracowywaniu strategii zarz¹dzania
powietrzem miejskim. Ponadto AIRVIRO modeluje i
wykonuje symulacje jakoœci powietrza, a zatem s³u¿y jako
system wspomagania decyzji, pozwala to mened¿erom
jakoœci powietrza okreœlaæ trasy przemieszczania siê i
poziomy dopuszczalnych emisji dla przedsiêbiorstw.
Namacalne korzyœci ekologiczne ujawni¹ siê z chwil¹
pe³nego wdro¿enia polityk, które system ten pomaga
okreœliæ. Gdy to siê stanie, system umo¿liwi
monitorowanie skutecznoœci tych polityk i ich
przestrzegania.
Na poziomie regionalnym, narzêdzia w rodzaju
wspólnego systemu monitoringu powietrza (JAMS)
przydaj¹ siê przy radzeniu sobie z problemami
transgranicznych zanieczyszczeñ powietrza. JAMS
wdro¿ony zosta³ w œrodkowoeuropejskim rejonie
"Czarnego Trójk¹ta", aby zapewniaæ automatyczny
monitoring transgranicznych zanieczyszczeñ powietrza.
Obecnie w oparciu o dane z monitoringu
przygotowywaæ precyzyjnie ukierunkowane strategie i
polityki w zakresie ochrony œrodowiska. System JAMS
jest ponadto systemem ostrzegania o nadzwyczajnych
zagro¿eniach œrodowiska, który w momencie wyst¹pienia
wypadków nag³ego zagro¿enia umo¿liwia organom
prowadz¹cym
monitoring
podjêcie
dzia³añ,
zmierzaj¹cych do maksymalnego ograniczenia skutków
potencjalnych katastrof ekologicznych. Na przyk³ad, w
zale¿noœci od warunków pogodowych, mo¿liwe jest
tymczasowe zatrzymanie dzia³alnoœci przedsiêbiorstwa.
JAMS stanowi ponadto skuteczne narzêdzie u³atwiaj¹ce
70
wspó³pracê transgraniczn¹ pomiêdzy zarz¹dzaj¹cymi
jakoœci¹ powietrza, umo¿liwiaj¹ce czêst¹ komunikacjê i
skoordynowane podejœcie do zarz¹dzania jakoœci¹
powietrza. Wynikiem tego jest zharmonizowana polityka
w sprawach transgranicznych zagadnieñ jakoœci powietrza.
System pomaga w spe³nieniu celów odpowiednich polityk
krajowych, dotycz¹cych zarz¹dzania œrodowiskiem
"Czarnego Trójk¹ta".
Zarz¹dzaj¹cy zasobami wodnymi, dzia³aj¹cy na poziomie
lokalnym i krajowym, powinni skutecznie zarz¹dzaæ
jakoœci¹ wody i zasobami wodnymi, zw³aszcza ¿e w
Europie Œrodkowej i Wschodniej du¿o œcieków nie jest
odbieranych, lecz trafia bezpoœrednio do wód
podziemnych. Standaryzowane informacje dotycz¹ce
dostêpnoœci i jakoœci zasobów wodnych (w³¹cznie z
danymi hydrologicznymi), zasobów wód podziemnych i
zbiorników mog¹ mieæ dla ich dzia³alnoœci istotne
znaczenie. Aplikacje takie jak SNIRH
zapewnienie takich informacji. Stosowana w relatywnie
nowym pañstwie cz³onkowskim UE jakim jest Portugalia
aplikacja SNIRH umo¿liwia skuteczne i skoordynowane
zarz¹dzanie zasobami wodnymi na poziomie krajowym i
lokalnym zgodnie z normami jakoœci UE (patrz Rys. 3
poni¿ej). System pomaga zarz¹dzaj¹cym zasobami
wodnymi œledziæ jakoœæ wody i poziom zasobów na
regionalnym poziomie dorzecza oraz pomaga im
zapewniæ odpowiednie dostawy czystej wody. Poprzez
przechowywanie wszystkich form danych zwi¹zanych z
wod¹ (geograficznych, hydrograficznych, dotycz¹cych
zu¿ycia wody itd.) w systemie informatycznym, któremu
³atwo zadawaæ pytania, narzêdzie to wspomaga ponadto
planowanie, tworzenie i wdra¿anie Narodowych Planów
Zasobów Wodnych oraz Dorzeczy. Zwa¿ywszy na
przysz³¹ Dyrektywê Ramow¹ UE w sprawie zasobów
wodnych, mo¿e ono tak¿e s³u¿yæ jako œrodek pomagaj¹cy
w spe³nieniu standardów UE.
IN
Applications Programme, zwiêkszaj¹ przygotowanie
w³adz publicznych, doœwiadczaj¹cych gwa³townych
powodzi na terenach zurbanizowanych, na wyadek klêsk
¿ywio³owych. Najwiêksz¹ zalet¹ aplikacji jest to, ¿e mo¿e
ona s³u¿yæ jako system alarmowy, ostrzegaj¹cy o
mo¿liwoœci wyst¹pienia gwa³townej powodzi, oraz to, ¿e
wspomaga koordynacjê s³u¿b ratowniczych takich jak
policja i stra¿ po¿arna, a tak¿e robót publicznych itd. W
wypadku gwa³townej powodzi, system wspomagania
decyzji pomaga administracji publicznej w okreœleniu i
koordynacji si³y roboczej, niezbêdnej do minimalizacji
zniszczeñ powodziowych nie tylko podczas, ale tak¿e
przed wyst¹pieniem powodzi. Wyszczególnia on tak¿e
najskuteczniejsze œrodki antykryzysowe i niezbêdne
dzia³ania naprawcze. A zatem aplikacja ta pomaga
ograniczyæ do minimum skutki ekologiczne oraz
zmniejsza koszty zniszczeñ powodziowych. Wed³ug
w³adz publicznych, które odpowiedzia³y na ankietê
CAPE, jest to zagadnienie priorytetowe.
Gospodarki Wodnej. System zorientowany jest ponadto
na zapewnianie dostêpu do informacji spo³eczeñstwu, a
przez to zapewnia przestrzeganie artyku³ów Dyrektywy
UE o dostêpie do informacji o œrodowisku oraz
Konwencji z Aarhus.
Technologie wspomagaj¹ce zwalczanie
nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eñ œrodowiska
Polityka Komisji Europejskiej coraz mocniej podkreœla
potrzebê œrodków zapobiegawczych w zarz¹dzaniu
œrodowiskiem w odró¿nieniu od dzia³añ naprawczych
wobec
istniej¹cych
zanieczyszczeñ
œrodowiska.
Œrodowisko naturalne mo¿na lepiej zachowaæ, bez utraty
lub zniszczenia istniej¹cego ekosystemu, gdy skutki
katastrof ograniczone zostaj¹ do minimum. Wówczas
tak¿e wydatki na ich usuwanie mog¹ byæ utrzymywane na
niskim poziomie, a przecie¿ ich koszt ponosz¹ czêsto
w³adze publiczne, gospodarstwa domowe oraz firmy
ubezpieczeniowe - i œrodowisko.
Aplikacje takie jak TELEFLEUR, finansowane w
ramach programu Komisji Europejskiej Telematics
System ostrzegania o nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eniach
dla Dunaju wykorzystywany jest przez kraje nadrzeczne
wzd³u¿ dorzecza Dunaju w Europie Zachodniej,
Œrodkowej i Po³udniowej. Obecnie wykorzystuje siê go
do
zmniejszania
ryzyka
rozlewów
substancji
niebezpiecznych - wspomaga mened¿erów zajmuj¹cych
siê jakoœci¹ wody w ograniczaniu tych zjawisk.. Poprzez
sieæ czujników, rozmieszczonych w ca³ym dorzeczu,
zbierane s¹ aktualne informacje z monitoringu,
umo¿liwiaj¹c osobom odpowiedzialnym za. jakoœæ wody
podjêcie w porê œrodków zapobiegawczych, by
zminimalizowaæ skutki i zagro¿enia dla œrodowiska.
G³ówn¹ mocn¹ stron¹ Systemu jest jego zdolnoœæ do
b³yskawicznego przekazywania informacji o incydentach
zwi¹zanych z zanieczyszczeniem œrodowiska poprzez sieæ
g³ównych oœrodków ostrzegania miêdzynarodowego
“PIAC” - Principal International Alert Centres (patrz Rys.
4 poni¿ej) i odpowiedni "Model alarmu" (Alarm Model).
Korzyœci ju¿ sta³y siê faktem. Na przyk³ad w paŸdzierniku
1997 r. zasiêg przypadkowego rozlewu ropy zosta³
skutecznie ograniczony, co zapobieg³o skutkom
transgranicznym. Od wdro¿enia Systemu w roku 1997
wykryto osiem innych przypadków zanieczyszczeñ,
zapewniaj¹c ograniczenie ich wp³ywu na œrodowisko. Inne
korzyœci z systemu to pomoc poszczególnym krajom w
wype³nianiu
obowi¹zków
wynikaj¹cych
z
miêdzynarodowych konwencji dotycz¹cych Dunaju, jak
równie¿ konwencji o wodach transgranicznych w aspekcie
zwalczania nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eñ œrodowiska.
Ponadto, co byæ mo¿e jest najwa¿niejsze, omawiane
narzêdzie z arsena³u telematyki pomog³o w nawi¹zaniu
wspó³pracy miêdzynarodowej w regionie, tradycyjnie
spolaryzowanym
na
Wschód
i
Zachód.
71
IN
GERMANY
CZECH
REPUBLIC
PIAC-03
PIAC-01
Brno
PIAC-11
Passau
Uzgorod
PIAC-10
PIAC-05
Kishinev
Budapest
PIAC-12
PIAC-06
Ljubljana
Izmail
PIAC-07
Zagreb
PIAC-08
Bucharest
0
state boundary
catchment boundary
250 km
PIAC-09
Bucharest
Rys. 4: System ostrzegania o nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eniach dla Dunaju (DAEWS)
Silne strony narzêdzia do zwalczania katastrof, jakim jest
DEDICS
zmniejszenia do minimum potencjalnych skutków
po¿arów lasu na obszarach przyrodniczych, zw³aszcza
tych, które granicz¹ z podmiejskimi osiedlami lub
s¹siaduj¹ z dzia³alnoœci¹ przemys³ow¹. Szczególnie
korzystne by³oby ono dla miejsc w regionach bardziej
suchych, podobnych do œródziemnomorskich. Podobnie
jak TELEFLEUR, aplikacja ta usprawnia komunikacjê i
koordynacjê
pomiêdzy
wszystkimi
g³ównymi
podmiotami reprezentuj¹cymi s³u¿by publiczne,
w³¹czaj¹c w to pojazdy patroli przeciwpo¿arowych
(poprzez wykorzystywanie systemów radiokomunikacji i
GPS-u - narzêdzi Globalnego Systemu Lokalizacji,
centrum dowodzenia oraz sieci wie¿y stra¿niczych.
G³ówne wyniki to lepsza koordynacja dzia³añ
antykryzysowych i usprawniona komunikacja, których
skutkiem jest lepsze wykorzystanie zasobów ludzkich i
finansowych oraz zmniejszenie do minimum szkód
wyrz¹dzonych w œrodowisku. Si³a systemu le¿y w tym,
¿e przetwarza ró¿ne dane z monitoringu œrodowiska i
prezentuje je w formacie, który jest u¿yteczny zarówno
dla administracji publicznej, jak i s³u¿b ratowniczych.
Technologie wspomagaj¹ce dostêp spo³eczeñstwa
do informacji
wymagane jest przez przepisy krajowe, europejskie i
miêdzynarodowe. Danie spo³eczeñstwu dostêpu do
informacji o œrodowisku pomaga w podwy¿szaniu jego
œwiadomoœci i zrozumienia zagadnieñ ekologicznych, co
72
z kolei mo¿e przyczyniaæ siê do wiêkszej akceptacji
surowszej polityki ochrony œrodowiska i celów
zrównowa¿onego rozwoju. Gdy spo³eczeñstwo anga¿uje
siê w proces podejmowania decyzji, mo¿e to tak¿e
sprawiæ, ¿e proces ten stanie siê w wiêkszym stopniu
oparty na rzetelnych informacjach, wspó³pracy i
uczestnictwie.
HEIS-MUC i IOZIP
których, z uwagi na podobieñstwa miêdzy nimi, mo¿na
przetwarzaj¹ i rozpowszechniaj¹ cenne informacje o
odpowiednio miasta Monachium i Praga. Silne strony
obu narzêdzi le¿¹ w ich zdolnoœci do zarz¹dzania,
przechowywania i przetwarzania danych, zebranych za
poœrednictwem ró¿nych niezale¿nych Ÿróde³ - i za
poœrednictwem ró¿nych urz¹dzeñ technicznych. Chodzi o
dane dotycz¹ce jakoœci powietrza, zagro¿enia ha³asem,
zasobów wodnych (patrz Rys. 5 poni¿ej) oraz natê¿eniu
ruchu, przechowywane na przyk³ad w Systemach
Informacji Geograficznej (GIS), bazach danych i w
Internecie.
IN
wody, iloœci odpadów itd. Znajomoœæ tych zagadnieñ jest
bardzo wa¿na przy opracowywaniu kierunków dzia³ania i
informacji oraz procesy przechowywania, niezbêdne dla
ró¿nych zestawów surowych danych. Cenne informacje,
które s¹ ostatecznym wynikiem wszystkich tych procesów,
przyczyniaj¹ siê do podejmowania bardziej uzasadnionych
decyzji.
Rys. 5: WskaŸniki jakoœci powietrza
(•ród³o: IOZIP)
Do produktów koñcowych tych aplikacji nale¿¹ u¿yteczne
i efektownie przedstawione informacje o œrodowisku,
zarówno dla opinii publicznej, jak i decydentów z w³adz
miasta. Na przyk³ad w Monachium publiczny dostêp do
danych zapewniony jest za poœrednictwem Internetu,
ogólnodostêpnych terminali, kolumn miejskich w
gazetach i specjalnych punktów informacyjnych
(InfoKiosków), a w Pradze za poœrednictwem Internetu,
CD-ROM-u, Roczników i atlasów. A zatem u¿ytkownik
koñcowy czerpie korzyœci poprzez lepszy dostêp do
danych w kilku przyjaznych dla niego formatach, a
jednoczeœnie, poprzez umo¿liwienie szerokiego dostêpu
spo³eczeñstwa,
stosunkowo
niskim
kosztem
spe³nionych zostaje wiele wymagañ prawodawstwa
krajowego i miêdzynarodowego. W zwi¹zku z tym, ¿e
dane staj¹ siê szybciej dostêpne, narzêdzia oszczêdzaj¹
ponadto przy udzielaniu spo³eczeñstwu ¿¹danych
informacji tego typu czas i pieni¹dze.
Nastêpnie odnotowaæ mo¿na korzyœæ, jak¹ odnosi
decydent. Osoby odpowiedzialne w administracji
publicznej za wyznaczanie kierunków dzia³ania coraz
czêœciej staj¹ w obliczu "przeci¹¿enia" informacjami,
mimo to jednak oczekuje siê od nich przyswajania i
rozumienia wielu krytycznych zagadnieñ ochrony
œrodowiska, pocz¹wszy od jakoœci powietrza do danych o
ruchu, emisji ha³asu i kszta³towaniu siê pogody, jakoœci
Sieæ Czarnomorska (Black Sea Web) oferuje podobne
korzyœci, ale s¹ one zorientowane na konkretny region
(obejmuj¹cy Morze Czarne, Ukrainê, Rumuniê i Rosjê).
Aplikacja ta to regionalny System Wspomagania
Zarz¹dzania Œrodowiskiem, z którego korzyœci czerpi¹
decydenci lokalni i szczebla krajowego, obywatele,
organizacje pozarz¹dowe i inne zainteresowane strony,
takie jak œrodki masowego przekazu, eksperci i uczeni.
Dziêki temu, ¿e dzia³a w oparciu o Internet, jest ona bez
ograniczeñ dostêpna dla wszystkich, zapewniaj¹c ³atwy
dostêp do danych morskich, dotycz¹cych œrodowiska
Morza Czarnego. Wiele spoœród nich przechowywanych
jest faktycznie w oddzielnych dla ka¿dego kraju i
posiadaj¹cych ró¿ny format morskich bazach danych
(zlokalizowanych w oddzielnych miejscach). Zalet¹
wymiany informacji pomiêdzy osobami podejmuj¹cymi
decyzje w sprawach ochrony œrodowiska w rejonie Morza
Czarnego. Problemy ekologiczne czêsto nie ograniczaj¹ siê
do jednego kraju, a w przypadku obszarów morskich - s¹
czêsto transgraniczne. Sieæ Czarnomorska oraz Morski
ochrony œrodowiska pracowaæ razem na rzecz zachowania
œrodowiska naturalnego Morza Czarnego jako ca³oœci.
Badania ankietowe przeprowadzone przez CAPE pokaza³y, ¿e 40 procent decydentów ma obecnie dostêp do poczty
elektronicznej, a 43 procent - do Internetu. Ostatnie trzy spoœród omówionych wy¿ej aplikacji wykorzystuj¹ Internet do
Internet posiada szereg zalet: ³atwo siê nim pos³ugiwaæ, jest akceptowany w skali miêdzynarodowej jako narzêdzie
docierania do informacji oraz ich rozpowszechniania, s³u¿y jako cenny œrodek do przezwyciê¿ania barier geograficznych i
spo³ecznych, a dostêp do niego jest coraz tañszy. Korzystanie z Internetu staje siê coraz powszechniejsze: szko³y i
wy¿sze uczelnie, œrodowiska pracy, domy, biblioteki, kawiarenki internetowe itd. umo¿liwiaj¹ obecnie dostêp do
Internetu z wielu ró¿norodnych i ró¿nych miejsc. Rozwój "spo³eczeñstwa informacyjnego" w bardzo du¿ym stopniu
napêdzany jest przez narzêdzia takie jak Internet. S¹ te¿ inne czynniki pobudzaj¹ce ten rozwój. Przedstawione wy¿ej
73
IN
opisy konkretnych przypadków pokazuj¹, ¿e do rozwoju spo³eczeñstwa informacyjnego przyczyniaj¹ siê narzêdzia
monitoringu, urz¹dzenia do przechowywania i przetwarzania danych oraz systemy wspomagania decyzji. Sektor
prywatny w coraz wiêkszym stopniu zdominowany jest przez przedsiêbiorstwa "bazuj¹ce na wiedzy", które
przechowuj¹ informacje, wymieniaj¹ je, opracowuj¹, sprzedaj¹ i rozpowszechniaj¹ - zazwyczaj w formie elektronicznej.
Powy¿sze czynniki rozwoju, w po³¹czeniu z prawodawstwem, decydowaæ bêd¹ o potrzebie dalszego doskonalenia
mo¿liwoœci rozpowszechniania informacji na szczeblu administracji lokalnej oraz korzystania w tym celu z technologii
informacyjnej i telematyki. Wiele samorz¹dów lokalnych w Unii Europejskiej ju¿ to robi, z w³asnej inicjatywy oraz
poprzez mechanizmy takie jak "Governments on-line" ("W³adze w Internecie"). Wydaje siê jasne, ¿e na naszych oczach
odbywa siê rewolucja informacyjna czy informatyczna, przy czym, jak zauwa¿a Markus Spring, mened¿er projektu w
HEIS-MUC, “narzêdzia telematyki dadz¹ nam w przysz³oœci najpowszechniejszy, najwygodniejszy i najtañszy œrodek
74
IN
Rozdzia³ 2.5 - Techniczne ramy realizacyjne - ma na celu zilustrowanie g³ównych wymogów technicznych, zwi¹zanych z
wdra¿aniem którychkolwiek z bêd¹cych przedmiotem badania zastosowañ telematyki. Tam, gdzie dysponowano
odnoœnymi informacjami, przedstawiono tak¿e wymagania dotycz¹ce u¿ytkowników koñcowych, kosztów
uruchomienia oraz kwestie zarz¹dzania zwi¹zane z utrzymaniem. Rozdzia³ eksponuje niektóre "wnioski", wyci¹gniête
przez mened¿erów projektów odpowiednich aplikacji, szczególnie przy przechodzeniu ze œrodowiska badawczego do
2.5 TECHNICZNE RAMY REALIZACYJNE
syntetycznie w poni¿szej Tabeli 2. Zwracaj¹ one np.
uwagê na wymagania co do oprogramowania i sprzêtu,
Zamieszczono tak¿e informacje o zasiêgu geograficznym
Nazwa
projektu
Gie da
materia ów
budowlanych
i z rozbiórki,
nadaj cych
si do
ponownego
wykorzystania
SINDRA
Realizacja
geograficzna
Krajowa
Charakterystyka aplikacji
i mo liwo
przenoszenia jej na inny
grunt
Sprawdzony system oparty
o Internet, wymagaj cy
pewnego przeprogramowania
oraz poniesienia kosztów
licencji na oprogramowanie.
Wymagania
sprz towe
Niezb dne
oprogramowanie
Grupy docelowe
Komputer osobisty
oraz serwer sieci
Internet
Baza danych Oracle,
dost p do Internetu
Regionalna
Koncepcja modelu danych
jest gotowa, jednak
harmonizacja i standaryzacja
definicji odpadów, metod
obliczania oraz prezentacji
informacji w celu osi gni cia
zgodno ci z metodami
lokalnymi wymaga b dzie
sporo czasu.
Serwer internetowy i
sprz t zdolny do
bycia komputerem
g ównym ("hostem")
du ej bazy danych, z
której regularnie
korzysta mo e
jednocze nie a 1520 u ytkowników
lokalnych
Oprogramowanie do
zarz dzania baz
danych dla
dostawcy
komputera
g ównego, dost p
do Internetu i
przegl darka dla
u ytkownika
Firmy
budowlane i
dokonuj ce
rozbiórek,
w adze
komunalne,
stowarzyszenia
zajmuj ce si
odpadami
Decydenci z
regionalnych i
lokalnych
organów
w adzy,
odpowiedzialni
za gospodark
odpadami
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IN
COSIMA
Tereny
zurbanizowane
System
zarz dzania
jako ci
powietrza
miejskiego w
Wilnie na
Litwie
Tereny
zurbanizowane
JAMS
Transgraniczna
SNIRH
Krajowa
76
Architektura i struktura
(szkielet) opiera si na
koncepcji tzw. Jednorodnego
Modelu Danych (Uniform
Data Model). Konieczne jest
dostosowanie do warunków
lokalnych, np. ró nych
struktur danych i ró nych
procedur administracji
publicznej.
Na systemie AIRVIRO
opiera si sprawdzony
pakiet. Niezb dna lokalna
kalibracja danych
Koncepcja i metodologia
mo e zosta zastosowana
wsz dzie, przy czym
wymogi techniczne mo na w
pewnym stopniu
przykrawa do warunków
lokalnych. Niezb dna jest
kalibracja wprowadzanych
danych lokalnych
Struktura, w tym analiza
funkcjonalna i koncepcje
teoretyczne, zosta a z
sukcesem przeniesiona na
Azory, na Mader i w inne
miejsca. Musi jednak zosta
dostosowana do warunków
lokalnych, wymaganym
warunkiem wst pnym jest
dost p do lokalnych sieci
zbierania danych.
Technologia GIS,
platforma UNIX i/lub
serwer NT. Lokalna
sie komputerowa
(LAN)
Baza danych Oracle,
ARC/Info,
ARC/View do
prezentacji danych
oraz MapInfo
System AIRVIRO,
monitory i czujniki
jako ci powietrza,
stacja robocza UNIX,
serwer komputerowy
wraz ze stacjami
roboczymi, dost p
do Internetu,
niezawodna
infrastruktura
telekomunikacyjna
Niezawodna
infrastruktura
telekomunikacyjna,
rozleg a sie
komputerowa,
nadajniki i odbiorniki
satelitarne, stacje
monitoringu/ czujniki
oraz analizatory
Lokalna Sie
Komputerowa (LAN)
Spatial Database
Engine (SDE),
umo liwiaj cy
serwerowi bazy
danych
uwzgl dnianie
danych
geograficznych.
Serwery sieciowe
(Web Server
Workstations)
ALPHA 4000 UNIX,
ALPHA 600 z
komputerami
osobistymi
Win95/Win98/
Win NT
AirWeb,
oprogramowanie do
zarz dzania
jako ci powietrza
, w tym baza
danych o emisjach,
narz dzia do
modelowania
rozpraszania,
dost p do Internetu
Osoby
zajmuj ce si w
ramach
administracji
publicznej
zarz dzaniem
terenami
ska onymi i
planowaniem
przestrzennym
Mened erowie
jako ci
powietrza na
terenach
zurbanizowanych oraz osoby
odpowiedzialne
za wyznaczanie
kierunków
dzia ania
Oprogramowanie
ENVISAT CAS
Mened erowie
jako ci
powietrza oraz
osoby
odpowiedzialne
za wyznaczanie
kierunków
dzia ania
Oprogramowanie
bazy danych Oracle,
program Binary
Large Object firmy
Oracle do
zapami tywania
obrazów, serwer
sieci WWW Apache,
ARC/Info i
ARC/View do
prezentacji danych.
Oprogramowanie
GIS oraz oryginalny
program
komputerowy
opracowany przez
Chiron
Zarz dzaj cy
zasobami
wodnymi i
jako ci wody
na poziomie
krajowym,
regionalnym i
lokalnym, jak
równie organy
ochrony
rodowiska
TELE-FLEUR
Tereny
zurbanizowane
Danube
AEWS
Transgraniczna
DEDICS
Tereny
zurbanizowane
System Wspomagania
Decyzji mo e zosta
zmodyfikowany poprzez
dostosowanie jego regu i
procedur do tych, które
obowi zuj w zarz dach
miast. Protoko y
komunikacyjne oraz
oprogramowanie
sprz gaj ce (interfacing
software) musz by
precyzyjnie dopasowane do
wymogów poszczególnych
zada .
Le
ca u podstaw Systemu
zasada dzia ania opiera si
na Mi dzynarodowych
Systemach Alarmowych i
Ostrzegawczych dla Renu i
aby. Metodologia ta mo e
zosta przystosowana do
dowolnego dorzecza
transgranicznego, o ile
istniej mechanizmy
zaopatrzenia w dane
DEDICS wykorzystuje
pi
oddzielnych aplikacji i
czy je razem w
zale no ci od warunków
lokalnych. Przenoszenie
systemu na inny grunt musi
by dokonywane ze
starann rozwag i po
indywidualnym rozpatrzeniu
z uwagi na jego liczne i
zró nicowane sk adniki
je li chodzi o dane.
IN
Stacja robocza UNIX,
komputer osobisty,
Centrum Dowodzenia
przyjmuj ce i
przechowuj ce dane,
czujniki (np.
powierzchniowe
stacje
meteorologiczne,
wodowskazy),
odbiorniki satelitarne
System
Wspomagania
Decyzji i System
Doradczy
(Ekspertowy)
W adze
publiczne
zajmuj ce si
przypadkami
zagro enia
powodziowego
Sie "g ównych
o rodków
ostrzegania
mi dzynarodowego",
sieci monitoringu
jako ci wody i
czujniki. System
telekomunikacyjny,
nadajniki i odbiorniki
satelitarne
System informacji o
substancjach
niebezpiecznych,
model alarmowy dla
dorzecza Dunaju
(“Danube Basin
Alarm Model”),
System
Przetwarzania
Informacji
Zarz dzaj cy
zasobami wód
powierzchniowych, w adze
publiczne
Przestrzenny System
Wspomagania
Decyzji; sie
automatycznych
terminali monitoringu
"Przeciwpo arowe
Centrum
Dowodzenia".
Nadajniki i odbiorniki
satelitarne. Dost p
do sieci monitoringu
meteorologicznego,
System Zarz dzania
Baz Danych,
urz dzenia GIS,
GPS (Globalny
System Lokalizacji).
Warstwa
oprogramowania
(“software layer”)
DEDICS lub inny
podobny pakiet
Zarz dzaj cy
sytuacjami
kryzysowymi w
ramach
administracji
publicznej,
patrole
przeciwpo arowe i inne
s u by
zajmuj ce si
walk z
nadzwyczajnymi
zagro eniami
rodowiska
77
IN
HEIS-MUC
Tereny
zurbanizowane
Aplikacja oferuje struktur
robocz (working
framework) oraz system,
który wykorzystuje gdy to
mo liwe oprogramowanie i
narz dzia do publicznego
rozpowszechniania (nie
obj te prawami autorskimi).
Musi jednak zosta
dostosowana do specjalnych
potrzeb ochrony rodowiska
i zestawów danych
jakiejkolwiek administracji.
IOZIP
Tereny
zurbanizowane
Zasady i metodologie IOZIP
Transgraniczna
Oferowana jest niezb dna
architektura do
czenia w
ca o
odleg ych i
zasadniczo odmiennych baz
danych. Dane musz jedynie
zapewnia opis metadanych,
niezb dna te jest
znajomo
Internetu przez
u ytkownika.
Black Sea
Web (Sie
Czarnomorska)
Serwer UNIX-owy,
platforma Windows
NT, GIS, stacje
robocze PC, sieci
LAN, serwer Map,
Info-kioski oraz
terminale publiczne
Intranet i Internet,
narz dzia do edycji
i programowania
PERL i SGML,
ArcInfo,
MapObjects,
ArcView
serwer Internetu oraz
serwer internetowy
MapObjects
Baza danych Oracle
i FoxPro, MapInfo,
ArcView,
przegl darka
internetowa i edytor
GIS, serwer
internetowy
Centralny
metakatalog,
Electronic Sounding
Board, System
Wspierania
Zarz dzania,
modu zdalnego
dost pu do danych,
modu warstwy
aplikacyjnej
Mened erowie
ochrony
rodowiska oraz
osoby
odpowiedzialne
za wyznaczanie
kierunków
dzia ania w tej
dziedzinie,
administracja na
poziomie
miejskim,
regionalnym,
mi dzynarodowym
Mened erowie
jako ci
powietrza oraz
osoby
odpowiedzialne
za wyznaczanie
kierunków
dzia ania w tej
dziedzinie na
poziomie miasta
Mened erowie i
twórcy polityk
dotycz cych
wód
z rozbiórki, nadaj¹cych siê do ponownego
wykorzystania oraz SINDRA w ogromnym stopniu
wykorzystuj¹ internetowe techniki komunikacji i
komputerowe bazy danych.
“Recycling-Platform for Construction”, jest zrzeszenie
szeœciu regionów federalnych oraz kilka zrzeszeñ bran¿y
budowlanej. Do nadzorowania utrzymania bazy danych,
aktualizacji
witryny
internetowej,
zarz¹dzania
informacjami o cz³onkach oraz utrzymywania stosunków
ze spo³eczeñstwem organizacja wykorzystuje jeden
komputer osobisty.
W przypadku aplikacji "Gie³da materia³ów nadaj¹cych siê
do ponownego wykorzystania", baza danych
wykorzystywana do przechowywania informacji o
zapasach
odpadów
budowlanych.
Jest
ona
umiejscowiona w witrynie internetowej przy u¿yciu
serwera sieci WWW. Aktualizacja systemu jest w
zasadzie pozostawiona u¿ytkownikom - firmom
budowlanym i spó³kom prowadz¹cym prace
rozbiórkowe. Gospodarzem systemu, w tym przypadku
U¿ytkownicy Gie³dy musz¹ mieæ dostêp do Internetu i
has³o cz³onkowskie, istnieje jednak us³uga fax na
¿yczenie, uwzglêdniaj¹ca potrzeby tych, którzy dostêpu do
Internetu nie maj¹. System mo¿e byæ stosowany na
dowolnym poziomie (opis przypadku dotyczy
zastosowania na poziomie krajowym). Im wiêcej jednak
system ma u¿ytkowników i im wiêksza rozpiêtoœæ
geograficzna systemu, tym wiêksze jest jego
oddzia³ywanie. Realizacja systemu kosztowa³a w
78
100.000 EUR. Koszty jednak mo¿na
czêœciowo zrekompensowaæ, rozpoczynaj¹c tworzenie
systemu w ramach zlecenia badañ naukowych.
Utrzymanie
Gie³dy
wspiera
niewielka
op³ata
cz³onkowska oraz sprzeda¿ powierzchni reklamowej.
Organizacje pragn¹ce utworzyæ taki system mog³yby
tak¿e zastanowiæ siê nad zagwarantowaniem jego
wykorzystania poprzez przeprowadzenie lobbingu
w³adz miejskich na rzecz uwzglêdnienia korzystania z
niego we wszystkich miejskich przetargach i kontraktach,
dotycz¹cych budowy i/lub rozbiórki. Aby u³atwiæ
przeniesienie systemu na inny grunt, Operator Gie³dy
chêtnie udostêpni dalsze informacje techniczne.
SINDRA to aplikacja, która do przechowywania danych
dotycz¹cych odpadów i zarz¹dzania nimi wykorzystuje
wy³¹cznie system zarz¹dzania baz¹ danych. Baza danych
udostêpniania jest przez Internet, a zatem host provider
musi byæ w stanie zaoferowaæ witrynê internetow¹ i mieæ
do tego celu odpowiedni¹ pojemnoœæ (wydajnoœæ)
serwera. Dostêp u¿ytkowników tak¿e odbywa siê za
poœrednictwem Internetu - musz¹ oni u¿ywaæ tego
samego oprogramowania jak to, w którym znajduje siê
baza danych, jak równie¿ mieæ dostêp do Internetu.
Stworzenie systemu informacji dotycz¹cego gospodarki
odpadami wymaga wprowadzenia odpowiednich
informacji, uzyskanych od w³adz lokalnych, które
nastêpnie
musz¹
zostaæ
zharmonizowane.
Standaryzowane powinny byæ na przyk³ad okreœlenia
dotycz¹ce odpadów, metody obliczania oraz prezentacja
informacji zgodnie z niezale¿nymi lokalnymi zwyczajami.
Niektóre mechanizmy wykorzystywane przez aplikacjê
SINDRA do przezwyciê¿enia tych problemów
naœwietlone zosta³y poni¿ej ("Zarz¹dzanie projektami).
Aplikacja COSIMA
danymi wykorzystuje g³ównie technologiê GIS. Baza
danych Oracle u¿ywana jest do przechowywania danych z
terenu, zaœ ARC/Info to program, wykorzystywany do
prezentacji danych, oferuj¹cy przyjazny, graficzny interfejs
u¿ytkownika. Baza danych mo¿e rezydowaæ w sieci LAN
i mo¿e byæ równie¿ dostepna ze stacji roboczych
Windows NT i UNIX. COSIMA stworzy³a ju¿
architekturê bazow¹ i szkielet [framework], który ³¹czy
ró¿ne modele danych w jeden Ujednolicony Model
Danych. COSIMA znalaz³a ju¿ zastosowanie w kilku
miastach europejskich, a jej si³¹ jest zdolnoœæ do
informacyjnej, dostêpnoœci ró¿nych danych oraz
warunków prawnych. COSIMA wymaga znacznej wiedzy
fachowej w dziedzinie terenów ska¿onych i GIS oraz
przewiduje, ¿e do jej skutecznego wdro¿enia
niezbêdnych jest kilku ekspertów, posiadaj¹cych
umiejêtnoœci w owych dziedzinach.
IN
Koszt realizacji COSIMY zale¿eæ bêdzie od warunków
lokalnych. Aby wdro¿yæ tê aplikacjê w Kolonii, potrzeba
by³o oko³o 500.000 EUR. Nale¿y tak¿e przeznaczyæ
pewne œrodki na analizê istniej¹cych infrastruktur danych,
omawian¹ aplikacjê przy wsparciu finansowym Komisji
demonstracje systemu jako œrodek wspomagaj¹cy jego
Technologie wspomagaj¹ce monitoring œrodowiska
Narzêdzia monitoringu jakoœci powietrza, takie jak te,
które wykorzystywane s¹ przez miasto Wilno i region
"Czarnego Trójk¹ta" (JAMS), wymagaj¹ spe³nienia
szeregu warunków. Wspólny System Monitoringu
Powietrza (Joint Air Monitoring System) rejonu
"Czarnego Trójk¹ta" wymaga stacji roboczych PC,
modemu, analizatorów danych i niezawodnej
infrastruktury telekomunikacyjnej, aby w oparciu o nie
mo¿na by³o utworzyæ sieæ rozleg³¹ WAN i obs³ugê
Internetu. Wykorzystuj¹ je do wymiany danych nadajniki i
odbiorniki satelitarne Meteosat. (Jedn¹ z przeszkód,
przed jak¹ stan¹³ zespó³ projektu by³a niewystarczaj¹ca
przepustowoœæ i niezawodnoœæ sieci telekomunikacyjnej
w regionie na pocz¹tku wdra¿ania Systemu). Dla pe³nego
wdro¿enia system AIRVIRO wymaga profesjonalnego
komputera
(stacji
roboczej)
UNIX,
serwera
komputerowego, indywidualnych stacji roboczych oraz
dostêpu do Internetu.
Zarówno system AIRVIRO z miasta Wilna, jak i system
JAMS wykorzystuje szereg automatycznych stacji
monitoringu
jakoœci
powietrza
i
czujników
meteorologicznych. W (transgranicznym) rejonie
"Czarnego Trójk¹ta" musz¹ one byæ eksploatowane
wed³ug wspólnie uzgodnionych standardów kalibracji
danych. Koszt zainstalowania AIRVIRO wyniós³ w
przybli¿eniu 750.000 EUR. Koszty te zosta³y poniesione
przez Ÿród³a zarówno krajowe, jak i miêdzynarodowe,
w³¹czaj¹c w to Szwedzk¹ Agencjê Rozwoju
Miêdzynarodowego i rz¹d litewski. W rejonie "Czarnego
Trójk¹ta" koszty urz¹dzeñ w wysokoœci 2,2 mln EUR
zosta³y zrekompensowane przez program PHARE, zaœ
wszystkie pozosta³e pokryte zosta³y przez zainteresowane
kraje. Gospodarze obu systemów podkreœlali znaczenie
uzyskania odpowiedniej pomocy technicznej i potrzebê
starannego przemyœlenia wyboru dostawców sprzêtu
technicznego. Trzeba zatem zawsze starannie sprawdzaæ
ich referencje.
J¹drem systemu zarz¹dzania informacjami o zasobach
wodnych SNIRH jest serwer bazy danych, który
nieustannie przyjmuje dane z wielu ró¿nych Ÿróde³, a
jednoczeœnie odpowiada na zapytania kierowane przez
79
IN
jest baza danych Oracle, zaœ do prezentacji danych Arc/Info. Aplikacja Binary Large Object (BLOb) firmy
ORACLE wykorzystywana jest do wspomagania
przechowywania obrazów, zaœ programy interfejsu
klienta umo¿liwiaj¹ korzystanie z mechanizmów zapytañ
u¿ytkownika. Sieæ lokalna (LAN) obs³uguje dostêp do
danych, a
tzw. Spatial Database Engine (SDE)
umo¿liwia uwzglêdnianie przez serwer bazy danych
geograficznych. Struktura SNIRH (pokazana na Rys. 6
poni¿ej), w³¹cznie z jej analiz¹ funkcjonaln¹ i
za³o¿eniami teoretycznymi, mo¿e zostaæ przeniesiona
praktycznie do dowolnego regionu, po stosunkowo
prostym dopasowaniu do lokalnych warunków i
lokalnych zestawów danych.
Do docelowych u¿ytkowników zaliczyæ nale¿y organy
odpowiedzialne za zasoby wodne i/lub ochronê
œrodowiska, zajmuj¹ce siê gospodarowaniem zasobami
wody pitnej. Gospodarz aplikacji - portugalski Instytut
Gospodarki Wodnej (INAG) - przygotowa³ pokaŸn¹
dokumentacjê na temat systemu SNIRH i jego procedur
z myœl¹ o u³atwieniu jego zrozumienia i przeniesienia na
inny grunt. Zorganizowa³ tak¿e specjalne sesje
wyjaœniaj¹ce i prezentacje w ca³ym kraju. W proces ten by³
tak¿e zaanga¿owany partner zajmuj¹cy siê sprawami
technicznymi, Chiron, który pomaga³ przy przenoszeniu
systemu na Maderê, Azory i do Mozambiku.
UNIX server
with ORACLE DBMS
Local network
Data
Servidor NT
Windows
client
applications
Internet
Web server
CGI, Java,
ActiveX
80
Systemy ostrzegania o nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eniach
œrodowiska wykorzystuj¹ lokalne sieci i mechanizmy
zbierania danych. Obejmuj¹ one narzêdzia monitoringu i
czujniki. Nastêpnie dane przechowywane s¹ w bazach
danych w ramach systemu wspomagania decyzji.
Wymiana danych w regionach oraz obszarach
zurbanizowanych (wystêpuj¹ca zarówno w systemie
ostrzegania o nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eniach œrodowiska
dla Dunaju, jak i w systemie DEDICS) w coraz wiêkszym
stopniu odbywa siê za poœrednictwem satelity.
Odbiorniki i nadajniki satelitarne s¹ coraz czêœciej
niezbêdnym warunkiem wstêpnym, zaœ do modelowania
oceny skutków powszechnie wymagane s¹ specjalne
programy.
Zarówno TELEFLEUR, jak i DEDICS wymagaj¹ sieci
zdalnych czujników, które dostarczaj¹ dynamicznych
danych do odpowiednich systemów wspomagania
decyzji. System ostrzegania o powodziach TELEFLEUR
czujników - naziemnych (ground-based), umieszczonych
w wodach powierzchniowych, meteorologicznych oraz
hydrologicznych, jak równie¿ satelitarnych i radarowych
odbiorników do wymiany danych oraz nadajników do
ci¹g³ego zbierania danych z pomiarów. W centralnym
oœrodku obliczeniowym, który analizuje te dane i
przewiduje
scenariusze
gwa³townej
powodzi,
wykorzystuje siê narzêdzia do modelowania (dla
warunków meteorologicznych i hydrologicznych).
Utworzyæ trzeba tzw. Centrum Dowodzenia, w którym
znajdowaæ siê bêdzie System Wspomagania Decyzji
(DSS), pe³ni¹cy funkcjê przechowalni zdobytych danych.
System doradczy w ramach DSS dostarcza ocen danych i
wyœwietla dane oraz potencjalne sposoby postêpowania.
W oparciu o te decyzje, DSS koordynuje i informuje
odpowiednie s³u¿by publiczne, których rol¹ jest dzia³anie
w sytuacjach zagro¿enia.
IN
Rys. 7: Schemat systemu Telefleur (•ród³o: TELEFLEUR)
System TELEFLEUR, choæ z³o¿ony, mo¿e zostaæ
dostosowany do potrzeb dowolnego obszaru
zurbanizowanego, pod warunkiem, ¿e istniej¹ niezbêdne
£aby, a zatem mo¿liwe jest jego dostosowanie do
warunków i potrzeb dowolnego podobnego regionu.
Finansowanie Systemu pochodzi³o z kilku Ÿróde³
miêdzynarodowych i krajowych. .
geomorfologicznych i danych lokalnych, a dla
pomyœlnego wdro¿enia procedur systemu wspomagania
decyzji musz¹ one zostaæ dopasowane do procedur
w³adz miejskich. Protoko³y komunikacyjne musz¹ byæ
dostosowane do odpowiednich platform sprzêtowych
(zazwyczaj UNIX i PC).
System wspomagaj¹cy zwalczanie po¿arów lasów
DEDICS
aplikacjami z zakresu telematyki, stanowi¹cymi czêœæ
systemu wspomagania decyzji przestrzennych “Spatial
Decision Support System” (SDSS). Niezbêdna jest sieæ
zautomatyzowanych terminali, zapewniaj¹ca wykrywanie
zagro¿eñ na zasadzie wczesnego ostrzegania, i musi ona
byæ po³¹czona przez satelitarne ³¹cze komunikacyjne z
Przeciwpo¿arowym Centrum Dowodzenia. Potrzebny
jest tak¿e system monitoringu meteorologicznego, aby
dostarcza³ do SDSS w czasie rzeczywistym danych o
pogodzie. System Zarz¹dzania Baz¹ Danych monitoruje
i przechowuje dane, otrzymane z tych Ÿróde³, zaœ
czwarty system, oparty na systemie informacji
geograficznej GIS, zapewnia oparte na modelu oceny
klimatu i ryzyka u¿ytkowania gruntów. Te ostatnie
narzêdzia ulokowane s¹ w Przeciwpo¿arowym Centrum
Dowodzenia. Pi¹ta aplikacja, o nazwie “FLORINUS,”
obs³uguje komunikacjê i wymianê informacji o
incydentach (z uwzglêdnieniem map i lokalizacji) dla
potrzeb ró¿nych patroli stra¿aków, korzystaj¹cych z
Globalnego Systemu Lokalizacji GPS. Informacje z tych
Ÿróde³ s¹ ze sob¹ ³¹czone za poœrednictwem tzw.
"warstwy programowej" (“software layer”) aplikacji
DEDICS, która upraszcza wymianê informacji i
System ostrzegania o nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eniach
dla Dunaju
ostrzegania miêdzynarodowego" (PIAC), które ostrzegaæ
bêd¹ pañstwa o przypadkach nag³ych zagro¿eñ. Oœrodki
dostarczania i wymiany danych, obejmuj¹cego znajduj¹ce
siê w poszczególnych krajach sieci monitoringu jakoœci
wody i czujniki. Niezbêdny jest niezawodny system
przyjmowania komunikatów o nadzwyczajnych
zagro¿eniach i reagowania na nie 24 godziny na dobê.
Proces ten mog¹ obs³ugiwaæ nadajniki i odbiorniki
satelitarne. Wymagania odnoœnie oprogramowania
obejmuj¹
system
informacji
o
substancjach
niebezpiecznych oraz model, zgodnie z którym mo¿na
bêdzie przeprowadzaæ symulacje rozprzestrzeniania siê
zanieczyszczeñ. Znany jest on pod nazw¹ “Danube
Basin Alarm Model” ("model alarmowy dla dorzecza
Dunaju").
Zasada dzia³ania, na której opiera siê System jest
podobna jak w przypadku Miêdzynarodowych
Systemów Alarmowych i Ostrzegawczych dla Renu i
Przenoszenie aplikacji DEDICS na inny grunt musi byæ
rozpatrywane indywidualnie z uwagi na to, ¿e
wykorzystuje ona ró¿ne narzêdzia zarz¹dzania danymi.
81
IN
Wymaga ona ponadto dostosowania do miejscowych
potrzeb zwi¹zanych z nadzwyczajnymi zagro¿eniami, a
to bêdzie wymagaæ dalszej pracy nad oprogramowaniem.
Technologie wspomagaj¹ce dostêp
spo³eczeñstwa do informacji
Jedn¹ z g³ównych przeszkód, utrudniaj¹cych w Europie
Œrodkowej
i
Wschodniej
tworzenie
bardziej
wyrafinowanych systemów, opartych na technologiach
teleinformatycznych jest koszt nowego oprogramowania
i sprzêtu. Problemem mo¿e te¿ byæ pos³ugiwanie siê
przy wdra¿aniu wyrafinowanych narzêdzi, integruj¹cych
ró¿ne zestawy danych, sprzêtem nieodpowiednim i
map itd.). Podobnie jak miasto Monachium, miasto
Praga obiecuje swe wsparcie w zakresie know-how dla
jakiejkolwiek osoby, zainteresowanej realizacj¹ u siebie
takich aplikacji. IOZIP i HEIS-MUC to narzêdzia
przeznaczone dla zarz¹dów wiêkszych i mniejszych
miast (ale mog¹ byæ stosowane na poziomie
regionalnym i miêdzynarodowym); s³u¿¹ one do tego,
by
wspomagaæ
zbieranie,
przetwarzanie
i
rozpowszechnianie informacji dotycz¹cych œrodowiska.
Aby funkcjonowaæ, aplikacja Sieæ Czarnomorska(Black
Sea Web)
jest znajomoœæ Katalogu •róde³ Danych Europejskiej
Monachijska aplikacja HEIS-MUC wykorzystuje
wszelako
w
mo¿liwie
najwiêkszym
stopniu
oprogramowanie ogólnie dostêpne (nie objête prawami
autorskimi) i bezp³atny sprzêt - po to, aby ograniczyæ
koszty realizacji i by u³atwiæ przenoszenie na inny grunt.
eksploatacji aplikacji HEIS-MUC, niezbêdny jest program
Arc/Info do prezentacji danych, zaœ do przechowywania
informacji potrzebna jest baza danych Oracle. Do
rozpowszechniania informacji potrzebny jest Internet i
odpowiednie
oprogramowanie
sieciowe.
Do
niezbêdnego sprzêtu zalicza siê. sprzêt GIS, sieæ LAN,
serwery Internetu i Intranetu oraz narzêdzia serwera map
[map-server tools]. Ponadto, do celów przesy³ania
informacji, konieczne s¹ niezawodne po³¹czenia
telekomunikacyjne ze stacjami monitoringu (preferowane
ISDN).
wykorzystuje go do obs³ugi Centralnego Metakatalogu
Sieci Czarnomorskiej (opisuje on dostêpne informacje i
podaje, gdzie siê znajduj¹). Potrzebny jest Modu³
Dostêpu do Danych, aby umo¿liwiæ przeszukiwanie
przez u¿ytkownika koñcowego ró¿nych baz danych,
które mo¿na znaleŸæ w Sieci Czarnomorskiej (patrz Rys.
8 poni¿ej). Pomaga to w formu³owaniu zapytañ przy
u¿yciu menu i formularzy. Wreszcie Modu³ Warstwy
Aplikacyjnej (oparty o GIS) przetwarza i prezentuje dane
i informacje dla u¿ytkownika, który mo¿e do nich
dotrzeæ za poœrednictwem Internetu i strony g³ównej
Sieci Czarnomorskiej. Jednak¿e narzêdzia te s¹ integraln¹
czêœci¹ systemu i nie trzeba ich nabywaæ oddzielnie.
Aplikacje takie jak HEIS-MUC nie s¹ klasycznymi
pakietami typu "zainstaluj i uruchom" i bêd¹ wymaga³y
du¿ej fachowoœci i wiedzy przy ich implementacji. Koszty
pracy niezbêdne dla wdro¿enia mo¿na szacowaæ na
oko³o 150.000 EUR. Niezbêdna jest tak¿e fachowa
wiedza techniczna w zakresie ró¿nych jêzyków
programowania komputerów (w tym SGML i PERL-a).
Koszty implementacji sprzêtu wynios³y w przybli¿eniu
10.000 EUR.
IOZIP
oraz narzêdzia programowe takie jak MapInfo i ArcView.
Centralna baza danych, sk³adaj¹ca siê z 11 plików danych,
wykorzystuje program Oracle. Inny niezbêdny sprzêt to
serwery PC, sieæ LAN, sprzêt umo¿liwiaj¹cy korzystanie z
Internetu oraz serwery UNIX-owe.
Jeœli chodzi o koszty eksploatacji, aplikacja HEIS-MUC
wymaga oko³o 25.000 EUR rocznie, zaœ IOZIP w
przybli¿eniu 150-200.000 EUR (na to drugie sk³ada siê w równych proporcjach - zdobywanie danych,
zarz¹dzanie danymi oraz przygotowywanie publikacji,
82
Rys. 8: Widok ekranu zapytania o zestaw danych
(•ród³o: Black Sea Web)
Koncepcja Sieci Czarnomorskiej adresowana jest do
organów rz¹dowych, odpowiedzialnych za œrodowisko
morskie. Mog³aby ona na przyk³ad zostaæ zastosowana
w innych regionach, takich jak Wo³ga, delta Wis³y, Dunaj
lub jezioro Balaton. Stworzenie systemu kosztowa³o
365.000 EUR; suma ta obejmuje czas niezbêdny
na jego wdro¿enie i eksploatacjê przez okres dwóch lat.
Wnoszone dane musz¹ tylko zawieraæ opis metadanych
(przez co upraszcza siê proces przechowywania dalszych
danych wewn¹trz systemu).
2.6 WYCI¥GNIÊTE WNIOSKI
Niniejszy rozdzia³ podsumowuje kilka kluczowych
zagadnieñ zarz¹dzania projektami, czêsto podnoszonych
w odniesieniu do wielu spoœród badanych projektów i
aplikacji. A zatem ró¿ni siê on od poprzednich
rozdzia³ów - w tym sensie, ¿e uporz¹dkowany jest
bardziej wed³ug "zagadnieñ" ni¿ wed³ug priorytetów z
zakresu zastosowañ telematyki oraz konkretnych
aplikacji.
Zarz¹dzanie projektami
Przygotowywanie Projektów
Projekty takie jak TELEFLEUR, Gie³da materia³ów
budowlanych i z rozbiórki, nadaj¹cych siê do ponownego
wykorzystania, SINDRA oraz IOZIP wskaza³y na
znaczenie
dokonania
przegl¹du
potrzeb
i
przeprowadzenia przed wdro¿eniem aplikacji ocen
u¿ytkowników. DEDICS, SNIRH i Sieæ Czarnomorska
podkreœla³y potrzebê jasnegozdefiniowania bli¿szych i
dalszych celów oraz proponowa³y utworzenie zespo³u
doradczego, sk³adaj¹cego siê z ró¿nych zaanga¿owanych
instytucji. Zapewni to odpowiednie wsparcie dla
rozmieszczenia systemu i jego przyjêcia, które kiedyœ
nast¹pi. Projekty typu COSIMA, IOZIP i JAMS
wskazywa³y na potrzebê przegl¹du potencja³u
technicznego, w³¹czaj¹c w to infrastruktury i formaty
danych, oraz uwa¿nego rozwa¿enia, jak najlepiej je
Tworzenie Projektu
Niektóre projekty (Danube AEWS, SINDRA oraz
wileñski) wskaza³y na znaczenie zapewnienia udzia³u
wszystkich cz³onków zespo³u projektu, albo te¿
zapewnienia zaanga¿owania odpowiednich cz³onków
zespo³u projektu (SNIRH) w ramach gwarantowania
odpowiedniego poziomu zaanga¿owania. Za wa¿ne dla
wykorzystania pe³nego potencja³u aplikacji uznaje siê
okreœlenie ról i obowi¹zków (Sieæ Czarnomorska).
Jeœli na przyk³ad jeden partner w systemie ostrzegania o
nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eniach œrodowiska (Danube
AEWS) nie bierze udzia³u ani nie przekazuje
niezbêdnych informacji w ³añcuchu dostaw danych,
trudniejsze mo¿e byæ ograniczenie transgranicznych
skutków jakiegokolwiek przypadku zanieczyszczenia
œrodowiska oraz zwalczanie ich, czy to przez tego
IN
partnera, czy kogokolwiek innego, kogo to
bezpoœrednio dotknê³o. To skutecznie os³abia ca³y
system. Wytwarzanie atmosfery wspó³pracy ma
zasadnicze znaczenie dla mo¿liwoœci pragmatycznego
radzenia sobie z nieprzewidzianymi problemami (Black
Sea Web).
Case studies dotycz¹ce IOZIP i Wilna zwróci³y uwagê na
komunikacji
pomiêdzy
instytucjami
zbieraj¹cymi dane dotycz¹ce œrodowiska a zarz¹dami
miast. Skuteczne negocjacje mog¹ prowadziæ do
wzajemnie korzystnej wspó³pracy. Zale¿eæ to bêdzie od
jasnego wskazania na korzyœci.
zapewniæ udzia³ najwa¿niejszych zainteresowanych
podmiotów, a w rezultacie ich zaanga¿owanie (w
niektórych przypadkach finansowe) oraz przyczyni siê do
zwiêkszenia ogólnej wartoœci systemu. Korzyœci, p³yn¹ce
z ka¿dego potencjalnego systemu musz¹ od wczesnych
etapów
jego
tworzenia
byæ
przedstawiane
u¿ytkownikom i starszemu rang¹ kierownictwu (to
opinia SNIRH), zaœ SINDRA wskazywa³a na wartoœæ
modelu bezpoœredniej prezentacji.
Akceptacja u¿ ytkowników
Z myœl¹ o u³atwieniu zrozumienia narzêdzi
telematycznych, wskazywano równie¿ na wartoœæ
szkolenia dotycz¹cego aplikacji i korzystania z niej
(najlepiej zajmuj¹ siê tym wyspecjalizowani fachowcy,
tworz¹cy aplikacjê), jak równie¿ niezawodnej
dokumentacji, a tak¿e jasnego okreœlenia obowi¹zków
(DEDICS, IOZIP, COSIMA, SNIRH). Trzeba te¿
przeznaczyæ na ten cel zasoby i fundusze projektu, a
pomoce szkoleniowe musz¹ byæ proste i zrozumia³e.
Projekty takie jak SINDRA wskazywa³y na potrzebê
dania przysz³ym u¿ytkownikom odpowiedniej iloœci
czasu na przyzwyczajenie siê do narzêdzi, które bêd¹
stanowiæ czêœæ ich codziennej pracy. Jest to niezwykle
wa¿ne zwa¿ywszy na realizowany projekt - mnóstwo
czynników ryzyka wi¹za³o siê z implementacj¹
z³o¿onych narzêdzi "z dnia na dzieñ".
Projekty typu HEIS-MUC i SNIRH wskazywa³y, ¿e
zanim weŸmie siê udzia³ w jakichkolwiek wspólnych
dzia³aniach badawczo-rozwojowych, konieczne jest
wzmocnienie potencja³u technicznego, poszerzenie
wiedzy firmy i zdobycie wykwalifikowanej si³y roboczej,
odpowiadaj¹cej
poziomowi
podejmowanych
specjalistycznych
zadañ.
•le
wyszkoleni
lub
niedoinformowani eksperci mog¹ zahamowaæ postêpy
projektu, co z kolei mo¿e wp³yn¹æ na zyskownoœæ
prowadzonej dzia³alnoœci. Ponadto, jeœli polega siê na
ma³ym gronie oddanych propagatorów cyfrowych
systemów informatycznych, mo¿liwe jest przekonanie
administracji wewnêtrznej o korzyœciach p³yn¹cych z
83
IN
finansowego.
Informacje zwrotne od u¿ ytkowników
Wreszcie kilka projektów (IOZIP, COSIMA, SNIRH)
podkreœla³o potrzebê zwracania siê do u¿ytkowników
o informacje zwrotne,
potrzeb i dokonywanie tam, gdzie s¹ one potrzebne
modyfikacji. Wed³ug COSIMY, tak zwany "spiralny"
model zarz¹dzania mo¿e zapewniæ, by tworzenie
aplikacji postêpowa³o równolegle z informacjami
Ramy legislacyjne
Zagadnienie wymogów prawnych by³o podnoszone
przez kilka projektów, gdy¿ mog¹ one zainspirowaæ
tworzenie aplikacji lub decydowaæ o wdro¿eniu lub
faktycznym wykorzystaniu dowolnej aplikacji. IOZIP
zwróci³ uwagê na potrzebê rozwa¿enia t³a w postaci
krajowego prawodawstwa, na rzecz którego system
bêdzie dzia³aæ (na przyk³ad monitoruj¹c stan œrodowiska
wed³ug standardów prawnych czy te¿ rozwa¿aj¹c, jak
spo³eczeñstwo bêdzie docieraæ do informacji o
Mo¿e byæ wrêcz tak, ¿e wzmacnianie (i lobbowanie na ich
rzecz) regu³ prawnych, rz¹dz¹cych dostarczaniem danych
surowych i przetworzonych, bêdzie s³u¿yæ jako si³a
napêdowa, decyduj¹ca o tworzeniu i wdra¿aniu takich
aplikacji. Na podstawie doœwiadczeñ z aplikacj¹ HEISMUC podkreœlono potrzebê aktów prawnych, które
wezm¹ pod uwagê mo¿liwe do odzyskania koszty
umo¿liwienia dostêpu do danych o œrodowisku, jak
równie¿ prawa w³asnoœci w odniesieniu do
przetworzonych danych o œrodowisku, oraz przepisów
dotycz¹cych uwalniania substancji zanieczyszczaj¹cych i
rejestrów przesy³ania [transfer registers] - w odniesieniu
do szerokiej publikacji szczegó³owych informacji o
emisjach przemys³owych przez przedsiêbiorstwa.
W istocie rzeczy, coraz czêœciej przyjmuje siê akty prawne
dotycz¹ce dostêpu spo³eczeñstwa do informacji, podczas
gdy zasady dotycz¹ce norm jakoœci powietrza i wody oraz
ich monitorowania wewn¹trz UE ju¿ istniej¹. Dyrektywa
UE o dostêpie do informacji dotycz¹cych œrodowiska
(90/313/EEC) upowa¿nia w³adze publiczne do
odzyskiwania rozs¹dnych kosztów dostarczenia danych o
œrodowisku spo³eczeñstwu. W skali miêdzynarodowej,
niedawno przyjêta "Konwencja z Aarhus o dostêpie do
informacji, udziale spo³eczeñstwa w podejmowaniu
decyzji oraz dostêpie do sprawiedliwoœci w sprawach
dotycz¹cych œrodowiska" (Dania, czerwiec 1998) domaga
siê dostêpnoœci dla spo³eczeñstwa raportów o stanie
œrodowiska, a od w³adz publicznych - podjêcia kroków
na rzecz utworzenia spójnego, ogólnokrajowego
84
systemu ewidencji zanieczyszczeñ, coraz czêœciej w
formie elektronicznej. Ratyfikacja Konwencja przez wiele
krajów europejskich rozpocznie siê pod koniec roku
2000, co spowoduje przeniesienie jej tekstu do
ustawodawstwa krajowego.
Telematyka s³u¿¹ca wspomaganiu decyzji czy te¿
s³u¿¹ca do ich podejmowania?
Z przedstawionych studiów przypadków jasno wynika,
¿e
aplikacje
wykorzystuj¹ce
technologie
teleinformatyczne mog¹ znacz¹co wspomagaæ procesy
podejmowania decyzji. Przy zwalczaniu nadzwyczajnych
zagro¿eñ œrodowiska mog¹ one doradziæ strategie
ograniczenia ich skutków, przy monitoringu - mog¹
pomóc w okreœleniu polityki odnoœnie zarz¹dzania
jakoœci¹ powietrza oraz tras przemieszczania siê, a przy
przywracaniu terenów do w³aœciwego stanu - mog¹
podpowiedzieæ, co zrobiæ w celu usuniêcia ska¿eñ.
Nie nale¿y jednak zapominaæ, ¿e narzêdzia te stanowi¹
jedynie dla decydenta pomoc i nie maj¹ na celu zast¹piæ
go w jego roli, ani te¿ zapewniæ wszystkich niezbêdnych
rozwi¹zañ w dziedzinie zarz¹dzania œrodowiskiem. To
mened¿er ochrony œrodowiska w ostatecznym
rozrachunku jest prawdziwym ekspertem w danej
dziedzinie i musi decydowaæ o podjêciu okreœlonych
dzia³añ. Zasada ta mo¿e byæ zastosowana do wszystkich
narzêdzi telematyki, które zosta³y przedstawione w
niniejszym przewodniku jako œrodek wspomagaj¹cy
zarz¹dzanie œrodowiskiem, a nie s³u¿¹cy do
bezpoœredniego zarz¹dzania nim.
Po drugie, mimo ¿e wiele spoœród poddanych
przegl¹dowi aplikacji mo¿e byæ uwa¿anych za
sprawdzone rozwi¹zania wspomagaj¹ce podejmowanie
decyzji, to jednak zazwyczaj oferuj¹ one jedynie ramy dla
pomocy w zarz¹dzaniu œrodowiskiem. Mimo wszystko
konieczne jest ich dostosowanie do warunków
lokalnych, w tym mechanizmów zbierania danych,
formatów, standardów, oprogramowania i sprzêtu. Aby
zapewniæ uzyskanie maksymalnych korzyœci, jakikolwiek
zamiar wdro¿enia takiej aplikacji bêdzie wymaga³
rozumienia zagadnieñ technicznych, pozytywnego
zaanga¿owania, koordynacji, czasu i œrodków
finansowych. Mamy nadziejê, ¿e niniejszy przewodnik
pomóg³ pog³êbiæ zrozumienie i wyjaœniæ pytania, jakie
mog¹ sobie zadawaæ decydenci podejmuj¹c decyzjê, czy
przeznaczyæ na narzêdzia wykorzystuj¹ce technologie
teleinformatyczne o charakterze tu opisanym œrodki i
zasoby
finansowe.
IN
85
3. GOOD PRACTICES
IN ENVIRONMENT TELEMATICS
3.1 TECHNOLOGIES SUPPORTING WASTE MANAGEMENT AND
CONTAMINATED SITES
Name of the Demonstration Project (Case
Study):
Österreichische Recycling-Börse Bau
(Austrian Construction & Demolition Recyclables Exchange)
Demonstration Site(s):
Austria
Duration of the Project:
Start: 1997
Status: Ongoing
ABSTRACT
The Construction and Demolition
Recyclables Exchange is a web-based
information system for cataloguing
reusable material resulting from
demolition activities. The Exchange
provides information about where,
when and what type of mineral
construction
material
(recyclable
material) is in supply or in demand for
the whole of Austria and neighbouring
locations. The objective of the Exchange
is to stimulate the re-use of waste
material from demolition activities, in
order to prevent unnecessary land-filling
and serves as a mechanism for meeting
sustainable development targets.
Burza pro výmìnu recyklovatelných
stavebních materiálù a demolièních
Burza pro výmìnu recyklovatelných
stavebních a demolièních odpadù je
internetový
informaèní systém o
znovupoužitelných
materiálech
ze
stavební a demolièní èinnosti. Burza
(provozovaná na databázi Oracle a na
personálních poèítaèích) poskytuje
informace poptávce a nabídce, kdy a
kde se nacházejí a jaká je jejich skladba.
Zámìrem burzy je podpora využití
odpadu
z demolic a
omezení
nežádoucího skládkování. Slouží také
jako prostøedek na dosažení cílù trvale
udržitelného rozvoje
The cost of establishing the system,
which is hosted on an Oracle database
and a personal computer, was
approximately EUR 100,000. Although
many companies within Austria's
construction industry do not have access
to the Internet, a fax-on-demand service
has helped to ensure that even remotely
located
companies
can
retrieve
information. The use of such system
could be incorporated into municipal
calls for tender in order to facilitate
implementation and uptake.
Náklady na zavedení systému dosáhly
pøibližnì 100 000.- EUR. Pro mnoho
spoleènosti v rakouském stavebním
prùmyslu, které nemají pøístup k
Internetu, je na požádání k dispozici
faxová služba, pomocí které mohou
informace vyhledávat. Tento systém se
stal souèástí výbìrových øízení v rámci
zadávání veøejných zakázek, èímž se
podpoøilo jeho zavádìní.
SHRNUTÍ
STRESZCZENIE
wykorzystania, to internetowy system
informacyjny, który gromadzi dane o
mog¹cych
siê
jeszcze
przydaæ
materia³ach, powstaj¹cych w wyniku
prac
rozbiórkowych.
Gie³da
(umiejscowiona w bazie danych Oracle i
na komputerze osobistym) dost-arcza
informacji o tym, gdzie, kiedy i jakiego
typu mineralne materia³y budowlane
(nadaj¹ce siê do ponownego u¿ycia) s¹
do dyspozycji lub te¿ zg³oszono na nie
zapotrzebo-wanie;
informacje
te
obejmuj¹ ca³¹ Austriê i s¹siaduj¹ce z ni¹
miejscowoœci. Celem Gie³dy jest
stymulowanie
ponownego
wykorzystywania
materia³ów
odpadowych, pochodz¹cych z prac
rozbiórkowych, po to by zapobiec ich
niepotrzebnemu
sk³adowaniu
na
wysypiskach, s³u¿y te¿ ona jako
mechanizm
realizacji
celów
zrównowa¿onego rozwoju.
Koszt stworzenia systemu wyniós³
oko³o 100.000 EUR. Mimo ¿e wiele
firm dzia³aj¹cych w Austrii w bran¿y
budowlanej nie ma dostêpu do
Internetu, dziêki us³udze polegaj¹cej na
wysy³aniu na ¿yczenie informacji faxem,
nawet firmy dzia³aj¹ce w odleg³ych
miejscowoœciach
maj¹
mo¿liwoœæ
wyszuki-wania informacji. Korzystanie
z takiego systemu mo¿na by w³¹czyæ do
miejskich przetargów, co u³atwi³oby
jego faktyczne wdro¿enie i akceptacjê.
SITE PROFILE
The application serves the whole of Austria and its close vicinity. Austria has a population of appx. 8m inhabitants and
covers an area of 83,850 km 2. Tourism is one of its main economic sectors and this supports the construction industry
through the building of new hotels and tourist accommodation, contributing to rising levels of building waste.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
In 1997, the Technical University of Vienna set up a working group concerned with the installation of a Construction
and Demolition Recyclables Exchange. The system was to be set up as part of a cooperative venture with the City of
Vienna; the Austrian Association for Recycling and Construction Industry; the Construction Industry Association; the
Federal Ministries for Economic Affairs and for the Environment, and other related institutions.
The need for such a tool was identified because of the increasing dumping of building material in landfills and the
depletion of natural resources. Furthermore, a strict legislative framework for landfilling and waste management in
Austria favours the recycling of materials before dumping. The objective of the system was therefore to stimulate the reuse of waste material from demolition activities. The cost of establishing the system was approximately EUR 100,000.
PRESENT STAGE OF IMPLEMENTATION
The Construction and Demolition Recyclables Exchange is now in daily operation and has 1,400 user sessions per
month. That tendency is increasing (as of spring 1999).
The City of Vienna provided the funding as part of a research assignment of the Technical University of Vienna and the
Austrian Association of the Recycling and Construction Industry. After set-up and a few months of testing, the
Recyclables Exchange was taken over by the “Recycling-Platform for Construction,” an association of six federal regions
and several associations of the construction industry.
The system is now financially supported by most of the federal governments of Austria and through the selling of
advertising space within the Excahnge’s homepage. Membership is currently free of charge, however, a small
subscription charged is foreseen from January 2000. Figure 1 shows a screenshot of the Construction & Demolition
Recyclables Exchange website.
Figure 1: The Construction & Demolition Recyclables Exchange: Supplies in Lower Austria
TECHNICAL PROFILE OF PROJECT
The data collection [including inputs and materials offer] is performed by an authorised user via the Internet. One of the
goals of the system was to keep the data format and the input of the data as simple as possible. This user-friendly access
to the database enables the authorised construction and demolition companies to enter their offers or demand of
material by themselves. The processing of data, its selection and data filtering is performed using an Oracle database. The
dissemination of the information [i.e. the request for supplies] is also submitted via Internet, therefore no user
identification is necessary. The system is open to the public. Server space for the homepage and for the database are
rented from a local provider. Database maintenance, (technical) support, membership information and public relations
are managed through the use of one desktop computer.
RESULTS AND IMPACTS
By relying on the Internet, the Exchange is practically accessible to all interested parties both within Austria and outside.
A wide range of construction companies (including some of the largest in Austria) are now relying on the Exchange to
post their offers and retrieve information from the system. Recent statistics showed approximately 1,500 user sessions
per month, with an upward trend in use clearly noticeable. Periodical questionnaire surveys regarding the Exchange and
its value have been undertaken and indicate user-acceptance.
Among the major impacts of the system are the cost-savings in landfilling through the avoidance of charges for waste
dumping), in transporting measures, and in the saving of natural resources. While economic profitability is therefore
seen to be a result of waste prevention and reduction of pollutants, the Exchange’s one year of operation does not give a
detailed indication of the full impact.
BARRIERS AND CONFLICTS
While meeting the initial objectives of the system, it transpired that conflicts can arise with local disposal companies,
whose local competitive advantages were eroded by the system.
Furthermore, financing the system caused certain obstacles, in part obviated by launching the development of the system
as part of a research assignment, the likely charging of a membership fee, and the sale of advertising space.
Most companies within Austria's construction industry do not have access to the Internet. Especially from construction
sites. However, while Internet access is a critical factor for success, its increasing use is decreasing the impact of this
obstacle. Nevertheless, in order to overcome this problem, a fax-on-demand service was inititated. This helps to ensure
that even companies without Internet access can retrieve information, thereby enabling data access from remote
construction localities.
TRANSFERABILITY
As the system has already been established for a wide region on a national level, and relies on the Internet as the main
communication and data exchange tool, it can be easily extended and/or transferred to other regions/countries.
Technical information can be given by the operator of the system to support its transfer.
The main costs involved in transferring the application would include the individual reprogramming and costs of
software licenses. These are approximately EUR 5-10,000.
LESSONS LEARNED
A further means to facilitate uptake and use of the system is to embody its use in all – municipal – invitations to tender
when these concern construction and/or demolition/disposal.
FURTHER INFORMATION:
Österreichische Recycling-Plattform Bau
Karlsgasse 5
A-1040 Vienna,
Austria
Tel.: (43-1) 504-7289
Fax: (43-1) 504-1555
E-mail: [email protected]
Internet: http://recycling.or.at/
Study):
SINDRA; Telematics for Waste Management in the Rhône-Alpes Region
Rhône-Alpes Region, FR
Start: 1999
Status: Ongoing
ABSTRACT
SINDRA is a regional information
system that supports local domestic
waste managers by providing details
of communal waste collection
mechanisms,
waste
treatment
facilities, and waste flows. It has been
implemented in the Rhône-Alpes
Region and offers local government
decision-makers a tool that supports:
i) better informed decision-making
and preparation and assessment of
waste
policies;
ii)
improved
monitoring
of
ongoing
waste
management processes; and iii)
improved communication between
waste managers. Users access the
SINDRA
database
management
system via an “extranet” networking
system, that relies on Internet
communication technologies.
The application is financed by the
Agency for the Environment and
Energy Control (ADEME) and the
Rhône-Alpes Region. Among the
technical hurdles experienced were
the standardisation of definitions and
calculation
methods,
and
the
presentation of information within
the SINDRA system. The time
required for users to become familiar
with the system and its use must be
adequate. However, the global
universality of the Internet makes the
system readily transferable to other
areas.
STRESZCZENIE
SHRNUTÍ
SINDRA je regionální informaèní
systém, který poskytuje místním
manažerùm podrobné údaje o objemu
komunálního odpadu, o mechanizmech
jeho sbìru a o zaøízeních na nakládaní s
odpady. Byl zaveden v regionu RhôneAlpes a nabízí øídícím pracovníkùm
rozhodování na základì informací, lepší
nakládání
s
odpady,
ii)
lepší
monitorování stávajícího nakládání s
odpady, iii) lepší komunikaci mezi
manažary, odpovìdnými za odpady.
Uživatelé mají pøístup k databázovému
systému SINDRA
pomocí
sítì
”extranet”, která používá komunikaèní
technologie Internetu.
Aplikaci financovala agentura ADEME
(the Agency for the Environment and
Energy Control - agentura pro životní
prostøedí a energie) a regione RhoneAlpes. Technické obtíže se vyskytly pøi
standardizaci definic a výpoèetních
metod a pøi prezentaci informací uvnitø
systému SINDRA. Na seznámení se
systémem a jeho používáním uživatelé
potøebují pøimìøený èas. Nicménì,
systém lze pohotovì pøevést na jiná
místa vzhledem ke globálnímu rozšíøení
Internetu.
SINDRA
to
regionalny
system
informacyjny, który wspomaga osoby
zajmuj¹ce siê na szczeblu lokalnym
gospodark¹ odpadami komunalnymi,
dostarczaj¹c informacji o wystêpuj¹cych
w gminie mechanizmach zbiórki
odpadów, oczyszczalniach œcieków oraz
przep³ywach odpadów. System ten,
wdro¿ony
w
alpejskim
regionie
po³o¿onym nad Rodanem (RhôneAlpes),
oferuje
samorz¹dowym
decydentom instrument, umo¿liwiaj¹cy
i)
podejmowanie
decyzji
i
przygotowywanie oraz ocenê zasad
postêpowania z odpadami w oparciu o
pog³êbione informacje, ii) lepsze
kontrolowanie istniej¹cych procesów
zarz¹dzania odpadami, oraz iii) lepsz¹
komunikacjê
pomiêdzy
osobami
odpowiedzialnymi za gospodarkê odpadami. U¿ytkownicy maj¹ dostêp do
systemu zarz¹dzania baz¹ danych
SINDRA za poœrednictwem sieci typu
“extranet”, wykorzystuj¹cej technologie
internetowe.
Aplikacja finansowana jest przez
ADEME (agencja ds. œrodowiska i
regulacji energetyki) oraz region RhôneAlpes. Wœród napotkanych przeszkód
technicz-nych znalaz³y siê: standaryzacja
definicji i metod obliczania oraz
prezentacja informacji w systemie
SINDRA. Niezbêdne jest zapewnienie
odpowiedniej iloœci czasu na zapoznanie
siê u¿ytkowników z systemem i jego
u¿ytkowaniem. Jednak¿e fakt, ¿e
Internet
wykorzyst-ywany
jest
powszechnie na ca³ym œwiecie sprawia,
¿e system ³atwo jest przenieœæ na inny
grunt.
SITE PROFILE
As one of the main economic regions of France, the Rhône-Alpes Region covers an area of 44,000 km 2. The total
population of this region which includes 8 départements and 2870 municipalities is 5.6 million.
The region is one of great geographic diversity. Its landscapes are divided by important valleys and mountains which are
not very favourable to the spontaneous creation of inter-communal agreements and do not favour optimal waste
management.
Surveys carried out as early as 1994 showed a considerable amount of information concerning locally produced domestic
solid waste was available to local authorities in the Rhone-Alpes Region. The problem was coordinating this
information and ensuring that all local authorities, départements, ADEME (the Agency for the Environment and
Energy Control) and the Alpes-Rhone Regional Council could access and share this data efficiently, as a means to
support their waste management and decision-making processes.
A telematics tool that could store and enable monitoring of all information related to the levels of waste collected and
stored locally, its wherabouts and impacts, waste collection and treatment mechanisms, responsibilities and so on was
considered an ideal solution.
It was anticipated such a tool could improve the overall management of domestic solid waste in the Rhône-Alpes
Region and support future policy-making. It was also expected this could bring geogrpahically divided local authorities
closer together through the organised real-time exchange of information and contribute to the sharing of experiences.
In order to realise this, it was necessary to rely on new information and communication technologies, such as the
Internet. For these reasons, the Rhône-Alpes Region and ADEME set about developing such a tool in cooperation
with the Départements and local authorities.
The project was officially launched in 1997, following a full audit of local authority information needs with respect to
waste. This was followed by the creation of a presentation model of the SINDRA tool. This included the basic features
During 1998 and 1999, SINDRA was further programmed and developed based on the above model. Most of the
available waste information at that time was integrated into the database.
The SINDRA application will become operational during 2000 and will run for an experimental period of three years.
Permanent concertations between the project partners on issues such as content and form of information and system
ergonomics continuously take place, and are aimed at better answering the information needs of waste managers. These
concertation meetings are actually organised within SINDRA’s own online “forum area” and through working groups
that have been established online by the system’s administrators.
Financing and Resources Used:
SINDRA is financed by the Rhône-Alpes Region and the ADEME (Agency for the Environment and Energy Control,
which represents government level authorities at the regional level). The project was planned in close co-ordination with
the départements and a number of local authorities.
The SINDRA database is based on a uniquely developed platform and displays different types of waste-related
information that are considered pertinent to the local user and the decision-making process. For instance,
•
•
•
•
Responsibilities of local authorities with regard to domestic waste management;
Waste collection mechanisms (selective, non-selective, waste disposal plants);
Treatment facilities, including sorting centres, composting plants, incineration plants, landfill sites;
Comprehensive information concerning all waste flows at individual collection and treatment facility level, as well
as waste flows linked to recycling or re-valorisation of raw materials.
Local data is entered into the database system, and compiled at district (département) and regional level by SINDRA.
Furthermore, national and European background information and general information on waste including a glossary,
copies of regulations, taxation regimes, technologies and regional waste management policies is also made available
through SINDRA, as this is considered relevant to decision-making processes.
The information system is open to members of the SINDRA partnership who represent a restricted group of users that
require a password to login. The system works as an “extranet” networking system relying on Internet communucation
technologies for its framework. All users maintain an interactive relationship with the regional database, and its
application programmes.
Different user groups have pre-defined rights and profiles within the system. For instance, consultants have “read-only”
access, while local authorities have data entry, provision and validation rights.
The database and system administrator plays an important strategic role in developing the SINDRA partnership
network. The administrator is also responsible for supporting the interface between partners and the system (and serves
also therefore as a “webmaster”). The administrator belongs to a private company which is subcontracted to host the
SINDRA website and database.
RESULTS AND IMPACTS
SINDRA is expected to contribute to the overall improvement of waste management in the Rhône-Alpes Region, and
will help to better define waste management policy. This will be achieved through the better availability and monitoring
of current and past waste collection and treatment data at both the local and regional level.
The system will also sponsor greater territorial and structural solidarity amongst its users, and will improve cooperation
amongst those responsible for waste management. It will also strengthen the capacity of local authorities to use new
communications technologies.
To achieve these results, Sindra will need to convince future users that their time investment (between a half and whole
day per month) and the adoption of new habits necessary for the operation of the system will be compensated for by
sufficient advantages in terms of more efficient management, increased relevance and timeliness of decision-making.
Different levels of technical knowledge concerning communication technologies between partners and sometimes the
failures of decision-makers to recognise the concrete and immediate benefit of such a system can be noted as cultural
hurdles. However, it was observed that immediate implementation of the tool,which itself is complex, could pose a risk
to waste management practice, rather than a support.
The lengthy preparation of the conceptual data model (one year), while designed to ensure all users’ needs were met,
caused several difficulties. This was largely because of the major challenge that was undertaken to develop a system that
computerised all processes related to waste management. Another technical hurdle was the harmonisation and
standardisation of definitions, calculation methods, and presentation of information in order to achieve compatibility
with local approaches. Where problems weren’t sufficiently solved, these caused delays when routing alphanumerical or
geographical data via the Internet.
TRANSFERABILITY
The global universality of the Internet makes the system transferable to other areas such as regions or countries and also
adaptable to other environmental issues. These reasons make the system suitable for a global approach of sustainable
development.
LESSONS LEARNED
Regarding new communication technologies, it is recommended to allow an adequate period for the would-be users to
become accustomed to tools like SINDRA. High importance should be given to prior consultations and to the creation
of a presentation model. It is also necessary to base the network of partners on a well-identified community of comitted
users.
Pierre Flori
Conseil régional de Rhône-Alpes
Direction de l'Environnement et de l'Energie
78, route de Paris - BP 19
F- 69 751 Charbonières-les-Bains Cedex
Tel.: (33-472) 595-131
Fax.: (33-472) 594-723
Study):
COSIMA,
A GIS Integrated Contaminated Sites
City of Cologne, DE; Amsterdam, NL; Bologna, IT; Cork, IRE
Start: January 1996
Duration: 30 months
ABSTRACT
COSIMA offers a decision support
system
for
contaminated
sites
management. It assists environmental
experts in identifying, registering,
assessing and remediating suspected
contaminated sites and provides a
standard approach to risk assessment. It
does this by relying on a GIS-based
integrated tool and specially-developed
Uniform Data Model that incorporates
ARC/INFO, ArcView and MapInfo.
While two-dimensional analysis is
standard in GIS, COSIMA gives
attention to the analysis of additional
dimensions including time and depth.
This assists in the structuring,
integration, aggregation and processing
of data about contaminated sites.
The project was co-financed by the
EC’s
Telematics
Applications
Programme and undertaken in
cooperation
with
partners
in
Amsterdam, Bologna, Cork and
Cologne at a cost of approximately
EUR 500,000 to Cologne. The main
challenge encountered was in ensuring
the successful implementation in all
European partner-sites, whereupon it
was necessary to develop a universal
approach, but also to take into
consideration the different ITinfrastructures, the differing availability
of data and domestic legal conditions.
The application’s strength lies in its
ability to overcome these constraints.
COSIMA
requires
considerable
expertise in the field of contaminated
sites and GIS, and several experts
(possibly a department) with skills in
these fields are required to implement
successfully.
SHRNUTÍ
COSIMA (zkratka pro COntaminated
SItes MAnagement) nabízí systém pro
podporu rozhodování managementu
kontaminovaných území. Pomáhá
environmentálním
odborníkùm
identifikovat, registrovat, vyhodnotit a
vyèistit podezøelá kontaminovaná
území a poskytuje standardní pøístup k
managementu
rizik.
Používá
integrované nástroje na bázi GIS a
specifický model
Uniform Data
Model, který propojuje ARC/INFO,
ArcView a MapInfo. Zatímco v GIS je
standardní analýza 2-D, COSIMA
udává analýzu dodateèných dimenzí èasu a hloubky. Pomáhá tím pøi
strukturování, integraci, sdružování a
zpracování údajù o kontaminovaných
územích
Projekt
byl
spolufinancován
Programem pro telematické aplikace
EC v spolupráci s partnery v
Amsterdamu, Bologni, Corku a Kolínì.
Náklady pro mìsto Kolín dosáhly
pøibližnì 500 000.- EUR. Hlavním
problémem bylo zajištìní spolupráce
všech Evropských partnerských mìst.
Požadavkem byl spoleèný pøístup,
který ovšem pøedpokládal odlišné IT
struktury, dostupnost odlišných dat a
jinou legislativu. Velkým pøínosem
COSIMA vyžaduje dobré
znalosti v oboru kontaminovaných
území a GIS a pøedpokládá, že na
úspìšné implementaci bude pracovat
nìkolik odborníkù (možná oddìleni) z
STRESZCZENIE
COntaminated SItes MAnagement)
oferuje system wspomagania decyzji dla
celów zarz¹dzania terenami ska¿onymi.
Pomaga on ekspertom z zakresu
ochrony œrodowiska w rozpoznawaniu,
rejestrowaniu, ocenie i przywracaniu
do w³aœciwego stanu terenów, wobec
których istnieje podejrzenie ska¿enia,
oraz dostarcza standardowej metody
oceny ryzyka. Czyni to przy
wykorzystaniu
zintegrowanego
narzêdzia, dzia³aj¹cego w oparciu o
GIS, oraz specjalnie stworzonego
Jednolitego Modelu Danych, który
obejmuje ARC/INFO, ArcView i
MapInfo. O ile w GIS standardem jest
analiza
dwuwymiarowa
(2-D),
COSIMA zwraca uwagê na analizê
dodatkowych wymiarów, w³¹cznie z
czasem i g³êbokoœci¹. Pomaga to w
porz¹dkowaniu,
integracji,
agregowaniu i przetwarzaniu danych
dotycz¹cych terenów ska¿onych.
Omawiane
przedsiêwziêcie
wspó³finansowane
by³o
przez
Telematics Applications Programme
(Program Zastosowañ Telematyki)
Komisji Europejskiej; podjête zosta³o
we wspó³pracy z partnerami w
Amsterdamie, Bolonii, Cork i Kolonii,
przy czym koszty poniesione przez
Koloniê wynios³y 0,5 mln EUR.
Najwiêksz¹
trudnoœæ
sprawi³o
zapewnienie pomyœlnej realizacji u
wszystkich europejskich partnerów.
Niezbêdne by³o podejœcie wspólne, ale
równoczeœnie uwzglêdniaj¹ce ró¿ne
infrastruktury w zakresie technologii
informacyjnej, dostêpnoœæ ró¿nych
danych i panuj¹ce w danym kraju
warunki prawne. Wielk¹ zalet¹
aplikacji jest to, ¿e jest ona w stanie
przezwyciê¿yæ
owe
ograniczenia.
COSIMA wymaga znacznej wiedzy
fachowej na temat terenów ska¿onych i
GIS; przewiduje siê, ¿e do jej
pomyœlnego wdro¿enia niezbêdnych
jest kilkoro ekspertów (byæ mo¿e ca³y
dzia³), posiadaj¹cych umiejêtnoœci w
powy¿szych dziedzinach.
SITE PROFILE
Four demonstration sites were relied upon to test COSIMA, however, for the sake of space, only the Cologne site in
Germany will be detailed here. Cologne, has a population of about 1m inhabitants and a land area of about 400 km 2.
Cologne’s main economic and industrial sectors are its automobile industry, petrol-chemicals, chemicals, media, and
trade fairs. Against this background, traffic and environmental issues are key features of local and regional policy.
Therefore, the City of Cologne has been committed over the past few years to investigating new vehicle technologies,
alternative fuels, efficient transport management and a traffic-optimizing urban plan in order to achieve energy savings
that will lead to improved environmental quality. Since 1993, the environmental department and the department of
statistics have cooperated closely with industrial partners to support each others activities, particularly with regard to
environmental simulation and use of GIS-based applications. For this reason, it earmarked COSIMA as relevant to its
policy priorities.
Given the industrial background to many activities carried out in Cologne, the need for a tool that would enable the
identification, assessment and remediation of contaminated sites compliant with legislative requirements was clear.
Once a site has been cleaned-up, it can be offered as an attractive site for investment and housing purposes, thereby
contributing to economic and environmentally sound urban development.
The COSIMA project was initiated in order to develop an integrated GIS-based Contaminated Sites Management
Support System (CSMSS) to assist experts in identifying, registering, assessing and remediating sites. Among the
System’s goals were to be able to define a common site examination strategy and the definition of a uniform data
model. To provide access to all the relevant geographic data and analytical tools that support decision making, a
Geographic Information System (GIS) was utilised. Whereas 2-D-analysis is standard in GIS, COSIMA gives attention
to the analysis of additional dimensions including time and depth. With such a tool in use, COSIMA is able to offer a
more comprehensive and reliable analysis of sites and consequent remediation. development.
The COSIMA software has been developed and is now in daily operation. Almost all (800) abandoned landfill sites
within Cologne are registered, with a small proportion (50 out of 4000) of industrial sites also included. Measurement
data already exists for 400 sites and must be entered into the system, as well as historical map information.
Site and planning experts will rely on the system as a decision support tool. Other public administration staff will use
the data for querying and mapping based on desk-top GIS systems such as ArcView and ArcExplorer. The forthcoming
development of tools further tailored to specific roles is envisaged.
The GIS-application is interfaced to another application, known as UMsys. This is used by the whole of the City of
Cologne’s administration and enables the full exchange of related data. UMsys handles environmental administrative
processes and related alphanumerical data and documents.
The total costs including all relevant categories such as labour, investment in infrastructure, operation within Cologne
amounted to EUR 0,51million. The project was co-financed through a contribution of the European Union under the
4th Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development, Telematics Applications Programme.
Uniform Data Model (UDM)
COSIMA relies on a so-called Uniform Data Model (UDM) to support the site evaluation process. This is a logical data
model which describes realworld objects for contaminated sites management and their relationships. These objects were
identified as part of a detailed user-needs analysis and harmonized amongst the COSIMA project partners in order to
build a uniform data model. The objects and their relationships are described in a set of four interlinked EntityRelationship-Model (ERM) diagrams:
1. The Main Data sub-model contains the site description, which is required for the initial phase of the
investigation. It includes location, size, type, kinds of damage, usage, general water information, geological
information, ownership, and history of activities.
2. The Site Information sub-model contains that data required for an initial evaluation. It includes data about the
landfill and mining, types of industry, fixed equipment and storage installed within the site, substances, and
incidents.
3. The Measurement sub-model contains all data from on-site measurements and analysis carried out by
laboratories. It includes measurement points, groundwater data, soil sample data, geological data, water sample
data, and soil air sample data.
4. The Knowledge sub-model contains data on substances, remediation techniques, and laws and provisions. It
includes regulations, substances, remediation, and limits.
Main System Components
The Geographical Information System (GIS) of COSIMA manages all geographical data and hosts the user-interface. All
geographical data, which is made accessible online is stored in one of the following formats: ARC/INFO-coverages,
ARC/INFO-grids or as TIFF-images.
External data in other formats such as the parcel- and building inventory require conversion tools, which are made
accessible through the GIS user-interface.
An ORACLE database stores all site-attribute data and supports the implementation of the Uniform Data Model. The
database can be accessed through the City of Cologne’ UMsys. Environmental regulations concerning limit values are
also incorporated within the two systems.
CSMSS Graphical User Interface / ARC/INFO GIS
Theme properties
(User access)
Uniform Data Model
Model Mapping Table
Relate Environment
(hidden)
External
Metadata
(Administrator
access)
Online Geodata
Update routines
Offline Data
ORACLE / UMsys
Figure 1: COSIMA (CSMSS) architecture and role of meta-data
User Interface
All site-data can be entered and updated manually within the COSIMA System. A standard sequence of editing steps,
for instance, is relied upon to create a “site-object.” Various online forms are used to enter site attribute data.
The user interface lets the user define and edit the graphical presentation of the data. The thematic mapping is
consistently stored in categories such as themes, views and layouts. The CSMSS (shown above in Fig. 1) makes use of a
large amount of mapping tools, which are provided by the underlying GIS.
The main focus of the CSMSS lies on analysis functionalities such as: viewing groundwater, viewing geological strata,
indicating locations where limits are exceeded, and overlaying sites with other data. The user interface provides rich
analysis functionality, which also covers the dimensions of time and depth. Final results are published as maps within
the GIS application and as reports by UMsys.
The GIS application manages all the available data types (see below) and contains numerous conversion tools to make
digital data of all kinds directly available.
Regional and urban authorities can submit data to the COSIMA System. These authorities and the data they can
submit are included in Table 1 below.
Authority Bodies
Data Types
Mapping agencies
Topographic maps, cadastral maps (Automated Real
Estate Register, ALK)
Local councils (statistical department, planning
department)
City development plans, census blocks, spatial
reference system, streets
Geolocical agencies
Geological maps, soil maps
Environmental departments
Water protection zones
Local water, gas and electricity suppliers
Wells, sewers, facilities
Site investigator/planning applicants
Site information
Developers/contractors
Measurement data
Administrative actions
UMsys database
Standards
Knowledge database
Table 1: Data types accepted by COSIMA
These elements are also represented in Figure 2 below:
Knowledge
Database
Topographic
Maps
Cadastral
Maps
City
Plans
Geological
Maps
Site
Information
Planning
Applications
Site
Status
CSMSS
Site
Warnings
Measurement
Data
Database
Figure 2: Overview of the inputs and outputs of the CSMSS
RESULTS AND IMPACTS
Among the benefits of COSIMA are the availability of enhanced environmental information for city planners (including
the necessary remediation techniques), and more reliable environmental information (namely, the nature, extent and
effects of any contamination) for expert users. This secure recording/analysis system for urban and regional planning
supports the decision-making process.
Through effectively remediating contaminated sites, local and regional authorities are able to offer attractive sites for
investment and housing purposes. This facilitates both economic and sustainable development.
The benefits of the system are hard to quantitatively summarise, however, it is clear that it accelerates the standard
analysis of contaminated sites. This implies cost savings although this cannot be measured exactly.
The results showed clear qualitative improvements. For instance, improved documentation justifying the decisions
taken to remediate land offer important legal backing. Thus, the system aids compliance with legislation.
The system has also helped to priorize or rule out certain future activities (for instance risk prevention, and remediation)
which would have had an impact on any given site.
The main challenge posed by the project was in the definition of a common approach, which had to be implemented at
different sites within different IT-infrastructures, and according to the different availability of data and different legal
conditions.
The resulting systems are of highly integrated nature, because COSIMA succeeded in creating a general architecture
enabling the adaptability of different data structures.
TRANSFERABILITY
The system cannot easily be transferred without modification from one existing data infrastructure to another. However,
there has been a strong emphasis on minimizing the amount of work, which is required to adapt the system to different
data structures.
COSIMA has now been implemented by using different GIS platforms within different locations (Cork, Irelan and
Bologna, Italy). The ORACLE database which must be relied upon can be hosted by a LAN or Local Area Network,
which must ensure geographical data can be accessible across the file system. In Cologne, the system operates on HPUNIX-workstations. The system is also available for NT workstations and most UNIX workstations.
The costs involved in transferring the application will depend on the circumstances. Funds should be earmarked for the
analysis of the existing data infrastructures, staff training, and for the purchase of software components. The City of
Cologne can provide consultancy and demonstration of the system used in Cologne.
Finally, in order to manage a tool like COSIMA, expertise in the field of contaminated sites and GIS is not required of
any one individual, but are skills which must be carried at least by a department.
LESSONS LEARNED
The issue of contaminated site management is very complex. While COSIMA provides tools that assist with analysis,
management and documentation, specific decisions for individual sites must still be taken by an expert.
A major cost factor relates to data collection and quality assurance. The work of mere data entry must be carefully
planned or delegated since the visual control which is provided by GIS is of vital importance. Wherever possible, data
should be loaded into the system directly in digital form from the data producer.
Specific roles must be assigned to the users of the system and each user trained according to his role and specific
interaction with the system.
Finally, COSIMA learned that within the application’s development process, users cannot be excluded for too long from
practically experiencing the system. A so-called “spiral model” of development would be preferable where development
goes hand-in-hand with user-feedback. In other words, the users can gather experience with preliminary versions of the
systems, and thus provide better input to user requirements based on practical experiences.
Stadt Köln
Amt für Umweltschutz und Lebensmittelüberwachung
Michael Kremer
Stadthaus, Willy-Brandt-Platz 2
50605 Köln
Tel: (49-221) 2212-3538
3.2 TECHNOLOGIES SUPPORTING ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
Study):
Air Quality Management in Vilnius, Lithuania
Vilnius, Lithuania
Start: May 1994
Duration: 30 months
ABSTRACT
SHRNUTÍ
Air quality management within
Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania, took
a huge leap forward in 1994, when a
Swedish computer-based air pollution
management
system
called
“AIRVIRO” was implemented. The
emergency warning and decision
support system, and the “know how”
of Swedish experts who can run such
a system, was transferred to
Lithuanian air quality managers over
the course of two years. The
application now supports air quality
monitoring, data analysis, emission
simulation and dispersion calculation.
This information assists policy-makers
in defining appropriate air quality
management strategies.
Management kvality ovzduší
ve
Vilniuse, v hlavním mìstì Litvy hodnì
pokroèilo v roce 1994, když byl
implementován švédský poèítaèový
systém pro management zneèištìní
ovzduší s názvem "AIRVIRO". Za dva
roky, když švédští odborníci pøevedli
aplikaci a know-how pro litevské
manažery pro kvalitu ovzduší, slouží
varovný
systém pro podporu
rozhodování pro monitorování kvality
ovzduší, analýzu dat, simulaci emisí a
výpoèet
disperze.
Pracovníkùm,
odpovìdným za politiku to pomáhá pøi
definici vhodných strategií pro
management kvality ovzduší.
The project’s implementation was
financed by the Swedish International
Development Agency (SIDA) and the
Lithuanian Ministry of Environment.
While the System can provide
valuable support in highlighting
pollution hot-spots, and thus help
define future air quality policy, these
benefits can be quickly eroded
without
political
support
or
enforcement
of
new
tighter
regulations and policy. However, in
spite of its advantages regarding
automation,
simple
monitoring
networks are still a necessary prerequisite for air quality managers to
make reliable decisions regarding
policy.
Zavádìní projektu bylo financováno
Švédskou agenturou pro mezinárodní
rozvoj (SIDA) a Ministerstvem
životního prostøedí Litvy. Systém sice
poskytuje významnou podporu pøi
urèování
zneèištìných bodù, tzv.
hotspots, a tím pomáhá definovat
budoucí politiku pro kvalitu ovzduší,
ovšem jeho pøínos mùže oslabit
nedostatek podpory vynutitelnosti
nových pøísnìjších regulací a politik.
Systém byl ve Vilniusu úspìšnì
implementován, i když je jeho cena
vysoká. Manažeøi kvality ovzduší
ovšem pokládají za nezbytné spoléhat
se pøi rozhodování o politice na
manuální monitorovací sí•, i když
systém nabízí výhody automatizace
STRESZCZENIE
zarz¹dzania jakoœci¹ powietrza na
terenie stolicy Litwy, Wilna, nast¹pi³ w
roku 1994, kiedy to wdro¿ony zosta³
szwedzki
komputerowy
system
zarz¹dzania
zanieczyszczeniem
powietrza o nazwie "AIRVIRO". Dziêki
przekazaniu w ci¹gu dwóch lat samej
aplikacji oraz know-how szwedzkich
specjalistów litewskim mened¿erom
jakoœci powietrza, system ostrzegania o
zagro¿eniach i wspomagania decyzji
obs³uguje obecnie monitoring jakoœci
powietrza, analizê danych, symulacjê
emisji i obliczanie ich rozpraszania
(rozprzestrzeniania siê). Pomaga to
osobom odpowiedzialnym za wytyczanie
kierunków dzia³ania w okreœlaniu
odpowiednich strategii zarz¹dzania
jakoœci¹ powietrza.
Realizacja projektu sfinansowana zosta³a
przez Szwedzk¹ Agencjê Rozwoju
Miêdzynarodowego
(SIDA)
oraz
litewskie Ministerstwo Œrodowiska.
Choæ omawiany system mo¿e oddawaæ
cenne us³ugi poprzez zwracanie uwagi
na miejsca koncentracji zanieczyszczeñ, a
przez to pomagaæ w okreœlaniu przysz³ej
polityki ochrony powietrza, to bez
wsparcia
politycznego
czy
egzekwowania nowych, ostrzejszych
przepisów i zasad postêpowania korzyœci
te mog¹ zostaæ szybko zniwelowane.
Pomimo wysokiego kosztu systemu
AIRVIRO, zosta³ on pomyœlnie
przeniesiony do Wilna. Dodaæ trzeba
jednak, ¿e, pomimo zalet systemu w
zakresie automatyzacji, obs³ugiwane
jakoœci powietrza rzetelnych decyzji
SITE PROFILE
Vilnius is the capital of Lithuania. It has 600,000 inhabitants and a land ares of 400 km 2. It is located 300 km east of the
Baltic coast, and is surrounded by forest covered hills at the confluence of the Neris and Vilnele rivers. The climate of
Lithuania is transitional between maritime and continental. It’s green areas account for some 154 km 2, and therefore
Vilnius is one of Lithuania’s greenest urban areas. Since 1992, air pollution levels in Vilnius have declined, according to
the decrease in the amount of industrial pollutants emitted. An increase in pollution emitted by road transportation has
ocurred, however, due to the rapid increase in the number of cars. As a result, air pollution levels differ considerably in
different areas of the city depending upon traffic intensity.
In Lithuania, and especially in Vilnius, the need to address air pollution problems has grown in importance. As a result,
a specific unit and corresponding strategy dedicated to managing air quality problems was established. Among its tasks
was the responsibility to map and understand 90 percent of all emissions of air pollution in Vilnius. Doing this would
assist policymakers in defining appropriate policy measures, for instance with regard to structuring traffic flow in Vilnius
(thereby helping to reach targets to decrease the level of air pollution from traffic by 15-20 percent). The process can also
help in identifying new locations for small power plants for heating and in defining acceptable emission limits. The unit
was also charged with implementing new regulations and guidelines concerning air pollution, harmonised with those
used in Western Europe.
As a result of these tasks, the Lithuanian government agreed in 1994 to co-finance the implementation of an air
pollution management system as part of the above Air Quality Management Project. The Swedish International
Development Agency (SIDA) became a co-sponsor, with a view to implementing the so-called AIRVIRO system, a
computer-based air pollution management system.
The AIRVIRO System was implemented in 1994 and is now in daily operation. Real-time data reports on air quality are
issued through the System for the City authorities, while summarised reports are produced for the general public. The
real-time warning system and recommendation of decisive approaches in reaction to emergency situations or to cases
where permissible pollution limits are exceeded, function well.
During 1999, the System will be extended to include Lithuania’s next largest city, Kaunas, located some 75 km away.
The total project costs were around 3,000,000 Lithuanian Litas (appx. EUR 750,000). The Lithuanian Ministry of
Environment and SIDA co-financed 50 percent of the costs.
AIRVIRO is designed to collate useful information for decision-makers. It integrates the most vital functions of air
quality management, namely: air quality monitoring, data analysis, emission simulation and dispersion calculation.
The simulation process gives an overall air quality description, while monitored data should confirm the validity of the
model results. The system can also rapidly and effectively present a factual foundation verifying the environmental
consequences of different proposed actions. It collects, processes and presents data as well as other information
regarding sources of air pollution.
The monitoring part of the Vilnius air quality management system (see Figure 1 below) consists of three automatic air
pollution monitoring stations that perform continuous measurements of basic air pollutant concentrations including:
CO, NO2, NO, NOX, SO2, PM-10 and O3. A special meteomast (see Figure 2 below) was also built to monitor
meteorological conditions.
Figure 1: A structural diagram of Vilnius’ air pollution automated monitoring system
and data presentation infrastucture
Figure 2: Location of air pollution monitoring stations in Vilnius
Relying on telecommunication links, measurement data (see Figure 3 below) is submitted hourly to a central computer
with real-time monitoring data made available to the public via the Internet at <http://vilnair.gamta.lt>.
Altitude
Starting
Component
Wind
Absolute
Temperature Precipitatio
n
Station name
asl, m
Time
NOx
CO SO2 O 3
direction,
temp-
difference,
global
2-8m and 8-
radiation
erature
speed
22m
Zverynas
108
951204
X
X
X
Zirmunai
119
960922
X
X
X
Senamiestis
105
971017
X
X
X
Meteomast
190
950311
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Figure 3: Vilnius automated monitoring sites and measured parameters
The following technical equipment is required for the operation of AIRVIRO:
Monitoring equipment and sensors:
DESCRIPTION
QUANTITY
1. Sulfur dioxide monitor (standard hardware), 230V 50Hz, UV Fluorescence SO2, Filter
kit, particulate, sample inlet, 5 micron, 50-Pin connector and shell kit, valve manifold kit,
internal zero/span w/permeation tube, external pump 230V 50 Hz , Charcoal
scrubbers, manual, one year consumable spare parts.
3
2. Ozone monitor (standard hardware), 230V 50Hz, UV Ozone W/Internal
Zero&Span, Filter kit, particulate, sample inlet, 5 micron, 50-Pin connector and shell kit,
external pump 230V 50 Hz, Charcoal scrubbers, manual, one year consumable spare
parts.
1
3. Nitrogen oxides monitor (standard hardware), Chemilumin. NO/NOX/NO2
w/IZS, 230V 50Hz, External Pump 230V 50 Hz, internal zero/span w/permeation
tube Calibration, Filter kit, particulate, sample inlet, 5 micron, 50-Pin connector and shell
kit, manual, one year consumable spare parts.
3
4. CO analyzer (standard hardware), 230V 50Hz, gas filter Corr. For Co, w/external
pump 230V 50 Hz, EZS valve manifold kit, Zero/Span Valves for external Calibration,
Span valve for external pressurized span source or gas cylinder Filter kit, particulate,
sample inlet, 5 micron, 50-Pin connector and shell kit, manual, one year consumable
spare parts.
3
5. Ambient Particulate monitor system (standard hardware), 230V, 50Hz, PM-10 and
PM-2,5 sampling inlets, Automatic cartridge collection unit, including sensor and control
units with RS-232 Connector and 3 analog outputs, 7 analog inputs, Inlet, Sample
pump, Main and Auxiliary Flow Controllers, Flow Audit Adapter Kit, 2 sample Tube
extensions, Flow splitter and common parts: RS-232 Interface Cables, Operating
Manual, Quick Start Guide, Box of 60 Filters, 20 Large Bypass In-line Filters, Two Flow
Controller Filters, support tripod for Flow Splitter, mass Calibration Verification Kit, 2Flow Streamline FTS w/10” H2O Man, Flow Splitter Adapter (1 l/min), Flow Splitter
Adapter (2 l/min), Wind Vane/Anem, 15 m Cable, 230 V, Vacuum Pump, Ave Annual
Consumables Pack.
1
6. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) analyzer (standard hardware), 230V 50Hz,
pump, manual, one year consumable spare parts.
1
7. Meteorological sensors: temperature, wind speed and direction, 6 m cable, solar shield,
manual.
2
8. Portable calibration system, 220 V, (generates span gas from permeation tubes,
internal mass flow control); Reference gas mixtures, CO 58 ppb, NO2 110 ppb;
Modems, 5 units, 2400 B/sec, Interface; Zero air generator, 220 V, interferent free,
scrubs O3, NO, SO2, CO; Data Logger, 16 I/O, software.
set
Hardware for data processing and simulation:
1. Computer for station: CPU Pentium II, 266 MMX, RAM 32 Mb, HDD 4.3 Gb,
24x CD-ROM drive/FDD 1.44 in one, Active matrix TFT 13,3 “ , 2 Mb video RAM,
800x600x16.7M colors minimum, SB16 3D sound, Li-Ion 2-3,5 h , Net Card PCMCIA,
Fax/modem PCMCIA, Win98, Manual.
3
2.
Office computer, Server: CPU Pentium II, 300 MHZ, 128 MB RAM, 6 GB
Disc, English Keyboard, Monitor 17”, Microsoft Mouse, UPS unit, Network and other
needed cables, T-connectors, Terminators, Software: MS-DOS, Windows 98, Microsoft
Office, NCD PC-Xware.
1
3.
Main computer, UNIX Workstation: CPU 128 MB RAM, 6 GB Disc, 300
MHz, Keyboard, Mouse, ThinLan Ethernet Transceiver, DAT tape enhet, 8 GB,
Monitor 17”, SCSI cable, 3 power cables, Printer Color, cables, Modem, Power adapter,
telephone cable, CPU-Modem cable, UPS unit, Software: UNIX ver. 10.20.
1
Air quality management software: Basic Administration + data collection for maximum
8 stations, Basic preparation + statistical functions + real-time graph, Air Emission
Database, Dispersion Model interface (Gaussian and Street Models) + Scenario and time
Series, Heavy Gas Model, Airweb and Netscape (or equivalent) server for publication of
information on the Internet – requires fixed physical link to Internet.
1
Basic software installation, preparation of maps and meteorological data, model
configuration, data collection one meteorological and three air pollution monitoring
stations, Airweb and browser configuration.
RESULTS AND IMPACTS
The system has considerably supported the work of the air quality management unit (see Figure 4 below). During the
last two years many instances of air pollution impacts have been evaluated in Vilnius. For instance, the impact of the use
of oil and gas within Vilnius Electric Power stations on air quality; evaluation of possible impacts of new oil stations
planned to be built in the near future within the city; the impact of heating systems with different fuels as part of the
reorganisation of living areas within the old city; impact of district heating power plants; the location of new houses and
so on, besides directly supporting the general planning of Vilnius City.
The system also supports the implementation of policy (rerouting of traffic in order to meet emission targets), and
monitoring of compliance with legislation (monitoring of emission levels). However, since the system is not intended
to mitigate air pollution, a measurable impact on the environment has not yet been detected. Rather the real impacts of
these effects can only be seen after five years or more.
Figure 4: Air quality management processes and system in Vilnius
While the System can help ensure better air quality management strategies, tougher regulations that ensure air quality are
needed in order to guarantee the success of the work of the air quality management unit. However, these can be quickly
eroded without political support or enforcement, or if the capacity of local industry to comply and city dwellers
preferences to use their own vehicles reduce the likelihood of policy implementation and effectiveness from the outset.
TRANSFERABILITY
The implementation of AIRVIRO in Vilnius serves itself as a case-study of technology transfer. Furthermore, it will be
implemented in Kaunas also. This is not to say, however, that transfer of applications such as these are without
problems. One of the greatest of these being the high cost of the equipment required.
LESSONS LEARNED
Monitoring is only one part of the complex processes involved in air quality assessment and management, while
measurements and modelling techniques must be used jointly in order to assess ambient air quality at minimum cost.
Furthermore, in spite of AIRVIRO’s advantages, two types of monitoring network should be used, complementary to
one other: automated urban monitoring air pollution networks and manual monitoring networks.
Finally, the municipalities monitoring program must form part of the state monitoring programme, and the state
monitoring program must form part of that of the Baltic Sea region and the EU’s. Good co-operation amongst the
necessary organisations involved can help to ensure this.
Dr. Kestutis Kvietkus
Vilnius Air Quality Management, Joint Research Center,
Environmental Protection Ministry,
A. Juozapaviciaus 9
2600 - Vilnius, LT
Tel.: (370-2) 721-567
Fax.: (370-2) 728-020
Internet: http://vilnair.gamta.lt
Study):
JAMS - Joint Air Monitoring System of the Black Triangle Region
Southern Saxony, Germany;
Northern Bohemia, Czech Republic;
and Lower Silesia, Poland
Start: 1991
Status: Ongoing
ABSTRACT
The Joint Air Monitoring System
(JAMS) of the Black Triangle Region
was initiated in 1991 as a tool for
facilitating improved air quality
management within an especially
polluted region of Poland, Czech
Republic and Germany. The JAMS
System became fully operational in
1998. By improving trilateral
cooperation, the application is now
contributing
to
significant
improvement of air quality within this
Central European region, which has a
great deal of lignite-mining and a
badly damaged environment. The
system enables air quality managers to
collect different environmental data
sets according to given standards.
JAMS also offers an early warning
system for dealing with smog
situations and a decision support
system for efficient environmental
management. Furthermore, the system
enables modelling of the movement
and quantities of transboundary
pollution.
Initial funding for the system, which
is now maintained independently, was
provided by the EC’s Phare
Programme. Among the obstacles to
be overcome during implementation
were the lack of a sound technical
infrastructure within the beneficiary
countries, which made it difficult to
establish a reliable area-wide network.
Before such a system is transferred, it
is important to plan carefully with the
likely users of the system.
SHRNUTÍ
ovzduší - The Joint Air Monitoring
System (JAMS) v regionu Èerného
trojúhelníku byl zahájen v roce 1991
jako
prostøedek
pro
zlepšení
managementu kvality ovzduší v
hranièních oblastech Polska, Èeské
republiky a Nìmecka. Aplikace pøispìla
k lepší
tøístranné spolupráci a k
významnému
zlepšení
životního
prostøedí v silnì poškozené oblasti
t ì žby lignitu ve støední Evropì.
Systém poskytuje manažerùm
pro
kvalitu
ovzduší
shromažï ování
rùzných datových souborù o životním
prostøedí, vèasný varovný systém pro
smogové situace a systém pro podporu
rozhodování
pøi
managementu
životního
prostøedí.
Umožòuje
modelování pøenosu a množství
zneèištìní pøes hranice.
Pùvodnì
bylo
financování
zabezpeèeno ze zdrojù EC PHARE (v
souèasnosti je financováno nezávisle).
Problémem pøi implementaci byl
nedostatek kvalitní infrastruktury pro
spolehlivé propojení sítì. Pøi úvahách o
možné implementaci je nutné peèlivé
naplánovat zámìr v spolupráci s
potenciálními uživateli.
STRESZCZENIE
Wspólny system monitoringu powietrza
JAMS (ang. Joint Air Monitoring
System) rejonu "Czarnego Trójk¹ta"
zainicjowany zosta³ w roku 1991 jako
narzêdzie, maj¹ce przyczyniæ siê do
poprawy
zarz¹dzania
jakoœci¹
powietrza w obrêbie przygranicznych
terenów Polski, Czech i Niemiec.
System JAMS zacz¹³ w pe³ni
funkcjonowaæ w roku 1998. Poprzez
usprawnienie wspó³pracy trójstronnej,
aplikacja ta przyczynia siê obecnie do
znacznej poprawy stanu œrodowiska w
granicach tego silnie zdewastowanego
obszaru wydobycia wêgla brunatnego,
po³o¿onego w Europie Œrodkowej.
Omawiana
aplikacja
umo¿liwia
mened¿erom
jakoœci
powietrza
zbieranie ró¿nych zestawów danych
dotycz¹cych œrodowiska zgodnie z
podanymi standardami, oferuje te¿
system wczesnego ostrzegania dla
radzenia sobie z wystêpowaniem smogu
oraz system wspomagania decyzji,
s³u¿¹cy efektywnemu zarz¹dzaniu
œrodowiskiem. Umo¿liwia ponadto
modelowanie przemieszczania siê i
iloœci zanieczyszczeñ transgranicznych.
Pierwsze œrodki finansowe na System
(obecnie utrzymywany niezale¿nie)
dostarczone zosta³y przez program
Phare Komisji Europejskiej. Wœród
przeszkód, które trzeba by³o pokonaæ
podczas jego wdra¿ania, wymieniæ
nale¿y brak w krajach-beneficjentach
solidnej infrastruktury technicznej,
pozwalaj¹cej
na
stworzenie
niezawodnego
po³¹czenia
z
wykorzystaniem
rozleg³ej
sieci
komputerowej. Jeœli rozwa¿a siê
przeniesienie systemu na inny grunt,
niezbêdne jest przeprowadzenie - we
wspó³pracy
z
potencjalnymi
u¿ytkownikami systemu - dok³adnego
planowania.
SITE PROFILE
The Polish, Czech and German border areas (see Figure 1 below) have been recognized as the most degraded region of
Europe. The region covers an area of 32,400km 2, and has a population of 6.4 million.
The intensive mining of lignite began in Central Europe in southern Saxony in Germany, northern Bohemia in the
Czech Republic, and Lower Silesia in Poland during the 19th century. Having continued more intensively since the
second world war, the accumulation of industrial activity within a small area and without sufficient measures for the
protection of the environment, have caused not only local pollution but also that of distant regions.
Leipzig
Jeleniów
Görlitz
Dzia³oszyn
Pirna
Wleñ
Mittelndo
Zittau-Ost
Zinnwald
Flaje
Aue
Plauen
Annaber
Auerbach
Fichtelberg
Carlsfeld
Klingent
P øebuz
Krupka
Wroc³aw
Valdek
Frydlant
Czerniawa
Albrechtice Libverda
Hrádek
nad Nisou
Sou š
S n ì žn í k
D ì èí n
C h a b aøo v i c e
Rozdro¿e Izerskie
Œnie¿ne Kot³y
Witków
Ústí nad Labem
Sokolec
Rudolice
M ì dì n e c
Most
S t r á ž n a d O h øí T uš i m i c e
Spalona
Czarna Góra
Karlovy V a r y
Sokolov
Cheb
Praha
Figure 1: The Black Triangle including station names and locations
With the advent of political change in 1990, Czechoslovakia, Germany and Poland found themselves facing a difficult
legacy – the results of a long period of relentless environmental destruction. These countries also found that only
common, trilateral cooperation could lead to the significant improvement of the environment within this Central
European area.
In June 1991 therefore, the Environment ministers of Czechoslovakia, Germany and Poland issued a joint declaration at
a meeting in Dobris creating a trilateral Working Group for neighbourly cooperation. The primary task of the Working
Group was to prepare an action plan of joint priority tasks. The programme created by the Ministers became the
international “Regional Environmental Black Triangle Project.” The European Commission joined the Working Group
as a fourth partner, providing financial support through the PHARE Regional Environment Programme. One of the
first common achievements of the Black Triangle Programme was the prioritisation of a Joint Air Monitoring System.
The Joint Air Monitoring Systems (JAMS) would share the following objectives:
•
To support international cooperation in the field of air protection concerning the transboundary pollution caused by
large power plants fired by lignite;
•
Create a mechanism for continuous air quality control on an international scale;
•
Collect complementary information concerning the quality of different environmental components;
•
Assure good quality measurement according to standards, recognisable by all cooperating countries and international
institutions;
•
Create an early warning system for dealing with smog situations;
•
Enable the creation of a decision support system for efficient environmental management;
•
Enable research into the movement and quantities of transboundary pollution;
•
Collect data for dispersion model evaluation and validation.
The Joint Air Monitoring System is now in daily use. It will likely be tailored in the future to ensure compliance with air
monitoring rules under the appropriate EU Directives.
The cost of equipment in Poland and the Czech Republic was financed by the PHARE Programme, and amounted to
2.2m Euro Additional costs incurred related to the technical infrastructure for monitoring stations which was covered
by the beneficiary countries. The current operational costs are covered by the countries involved, however, it is relatively
small.
The backbone of the Joint Air Monitoring System (JAMS) is a set of automated air quality stations (see Figure 1 above).
Poland received a complete automated monitoring system which included ten stations and one mobile station. The
Czech Republic received a set of monitors and meteorological sensors to update the existing network within Northern
Bohemia, while a member of the European Union, Germany linked up to the Black Triangle JAMS with it’s own
monitoring network without financial support from the PHARE Programme.
For the purpose of sharing automated monitoring data between the three countries, a data exchange system was
developed, relying on the Meteosat satellite (see Figure 2 below). Satellite communication via the Meteosat offers the
technical means for data acquisition from stations located across Europe. The Central Acquisition System based in
Jelenia Gora, Radebeul near Dresden, and Usti nad Labem in the Czech Republic were all therefore equipped with
satellite receivers.
METEOSAT
160 MHz
radiomodem
PACSNET
satellite
receiver
PC with Envisat
CAS under
QNX
radiomodem
PACSNET
CAS
IBM RS/6000
DAS
local PC
analysers
Czech Rep.
Usti
Germany
Dresden
satellite
transmitter
Envisat
monitoring
station
monitoring centre
Ethernet
network router
X.25 WAN
Internet
Polpak
Figure 2: Schematic diagram of the Polish communication system
others
Apart from a standard communication system, the stations in Poland and Germany are also equipped with satellite
transmitters. German stations already use the Meteosat system to transmit data, while monitoring data is directly
received from Poland and the Czech Republic.
Some basic data analysis takes place at the monitoring stations, before ambient air data concentrations are transmitted
and received (through modem and/or satellite receiver) by PC workstations within the Central Acquisition System’s
based in the three countries. The PC’s are equipped with ENVISAT software which further processes and presents
monitoring data in a simple format for the user. Validated data is then exchanged between country centres via the wide
area networks: DatexP, Eurotel and Polpak as well as the Internet.
The technical implementation of the System’s decision-support mechanisms are underway with the development of a a
model to cover the Region by the Technical University of Zittau, Germany. A simplified emission model is currently
available (based on 4x4km grid), while an imission model is due to be ready in March or April, 2000 (again 4x4km grid).
RESULTS AND IMPACTS
Given that the main goal of the Black Triangle Programme was to support international co-operation in the field of air
pollution monitoring and management, the project has achieved the desired result through the establishment of the
Joint Air Monitoring System. The System brings three countries together to track the transboundary dispersion of
pollution caused by power plants burning coal, and enables them to identify common solutions for reducing emission
levels.
A tangible impact on the environment is difficult to gauge, however, it can be said policymakers have now at their
disposal a tool which with the application of immission modelling software, and the publication of a comprehensive
annual JAMS report (with many graphs and tables) on the air quality situation in the Region can substantially
contribute to more informed decisionmaking.
One of the main challenges faced when implementing the system was the lack of a reliable telecommunications
infrastructure within the beneficiary countries to establish wide area network connections. Digital data networks were
only just being introduced in Poland when JAMS was due to be initiated. This means even today the fully automated
international data exchange processes are only just being implemented.
Furthermore, delays in realising reliable decision support models (particularly that for immission) inhibits the proper
application of the JAMS as a decision support tool.
Implementing an international monitoring system must also assure data flow between different sites and adhere to
technical standards. Initially, problems with free data exchange were experienced. This problem was solved in 1996
with signing of a Protocol on Data Exchange by the Czech, Polish and German Ministers of Environment (in
Wroclaw). There has also been problems with different calibration standards in the three countries. Another Phare Black
Triangle project currently underway is developing a joint calibration standard for the three JAMS partners. This is due to
be completed in March 2000. Finally, internationally funded projects can have their disadvantages despite bringing in
much needed funds. For instance, contractual issues caused some difficulties and delays in implementation with all
problems needing to be clarified first with the EC before being approved by the contractor.
TRANSFERABILITY
In spite of its technical complexities, the Black Triangle’s Joint Air Monitoring System is a typical air quality information
system, which comprises measurement, data transmission and interpretation.
Minimally, for local implementation a local area network is required, with PC workstations, modem and Internet
connections, data analysers and ENVISAT software. A reliable telecommunications infrastructure upon which to
establish a wide area network and Internet services must also be available. This is consequently relied upon by Meteosat
satellite transmitters and receivers to exchange data (although the need for these can be avoided through straightforward
modem transfer of data). A series of automated air quality monitoring stations and meteorological sensors are also
needed to collect and supply monitoring data into the System.
In a transboundary environment, such a system must operate according to jointly agreed data calibration standards.
Any potential users are welcome to benefit from the experiences gained by Black Triangle experts and users in
implementation, and in particular, their experience in integrating different air quality information systems.
LESSONS LEARNED
It was only through successful transboundary cooperation and the involvement of all key players, that JAMS
successfully:
•
•
•
•
•
Planned the monitoring system (which parameters to measure and where, which methodology to use, how to
organise data transfer and its processing, how to communicate with monitoring stations etc.);
Organised the operation of the system;
Assured the collection of high quality of data;
Established different reporting mechanisms for for different users; and,
Integrated the system with other information systems and tools.
Cooperating openly in such an environment helps thus to ensure the maximum benefits are gained from the venture,
both in-house and with regard to the environment.
From a technical aspect, particular care must be taken in supplier selection. The successful implementation of any system
relies a great deal on the ability and reliability of the supplier. Therefore, the consortium recommends references be
checked carefully.
Mr. Darius KOBUS
Project Manager
PCU – Phare Multi-country Environmental Project: Black Triangle
Cajkovskeho 94
CZ-400 01 Usti nad Labem,
Czech Republic
Tel.(420-47) 520-7574,
Fax (420-47) 521-1750
E-mail: phare.black [email protected]
Mr. Jiri NOVAK
Member of WG of BT Project
Na Sabatce 17
143 06 Praha 4 – Czech Republic
Tel/Fax (420-2) 472- 7935,
Name of the Demonstration Project
(Case Study):
SNIRH
(Sistema Nacional de Informação de Recursos Hidricos)
- Portuguese Water Resources Information System
Portuguese Water Resources Institute, INAG, Lisbon, Portugal
Start: 1995
Duration: 48 months
ABSTRACT
SHRNUTÍ
SNIRH is an information system that
provides environmental managers
based within Portugal’s National
Water
Resources
Institute
information
concerning
the
availability and quality of water
resources. The system stores data on
hydrology, geography, hydrography,
climate, water-use, groundwater
reserves and reservoir. The data is
available via simple, query-based
access. The system is designed around
a database server that continuously
receives data from many different
sources and simultaneously replies to
requests from different clients. It is
also accessible to external entities,
such as consultants, other government
agencies and research institutions,
through the SNIRH Internet website,
which
is
located
at:
<http://www.inag.pt/snirh>.
SNIRH je informaèní systém, který
poskytuje
manažerùm Národního
Institutu pro vodní zdroje informace o
výskytu a kvalitì vodních zdrojù.
Uchovává a poskytuje jednoduchý
pøístup dotazy na
hydrologická,
geografická hydrology, hydrografická,
klimatická data a data o užívání vody,
podzemních zásobách a nádržích.
Systém je sestaven na databázovém
serveru, která kontinuálnì pøijímá data
z mnoha rùzných zdrojù a dotazy
mnoha rùzných
zákazníkù.
Má
otevøený pøístup pro externí zájemce
(konzultanty, jiné vládní agentury, a
výzkumné ústavy) prostøednictvím
webové stránky SNIRH na adrese:
SNIRH is a general water resources
information system, which can be
transferred to any region. The
underlying functional analysis and
theoretical
concepts
can
be
transferred to any environmental
project.
The
main
challenges
experienced in its implementation has
been ensuring the support of senior
management and the availability of
competent support staff.
SNIRH je obecný informaèní systém
pro vodní zdroje, který mùže být
pøeveden do jiného regionu. Základní
funkèní analýza a teoretické koncepty
mohou
pøevzaty
do
jiných
environmentálních projektù Hlavním
problémem
implementace tohoto
systému byla podpora vyššího vedení a
zabezpeèení
kompetentního
podporného pracovního týmu.
STRESZCZENIE
SNIRH to system informacyjny, który
dostarcza
mened¿erom
ochrony
œrodowiska, pracuj¹cym w krajowym
instytucie zasobów wodnych (National
Water Resources Institute) informacji
dotycz¹cych dostêpnoœci i jakoœci
zasobów wodnych. Przechowuje on dane
(i zapewnia do nich prosty, oparty na
zapytaniach dostêp) dotycz¹ce hydrologii,
geografii, hydrografii, klimatu, zu¿ycia
wody, zasobów wód podziemnych oraz
zbiorników. J¹drem, wokó³ którego
system zosta³ zaprojektowany, jest serwer
bazy danych, który bezustannie przyjmuje
dane z wielu ró¿nych Ÿróde³, a
jednoczeœnie odpowiada na pytania
kierowane przez ró¿nych klientów.
Otwarty dostêp maj¹ te¿ do niego
podmioty zewnêtrzne (a mianowicie
instytucje badawcze) - a to poprzez
witrynê internetow¹ SNIRH, któr¹
mo¿na
znaleŸæ
pod
adresem:
SNIRH jest ogólnym systemem informacji
o zasobach wodnych, który daje siê
przenieœæ do dowolnego regionu. Le¿¹ca u
jego podstaw analiza funkcjonalna i
koncepcje teoretyczne mog¹ zostaæ
przeniesione do dowolnego projektu
zwi¹zanego z ochron¹ œrodowiska.
G³ówne trudnoœci, napotkane przy jego
realizacji dotyczy³y zapewnienia poparcia
kierownictwa wy¿szego szczebla oraz
dostêpnoœci kompetentnego personelu
pomocniczego.
SITE PROFILE
Situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Portugal is the most western country in the European Union. The country has an area
of 92,000 km 2, and is occupied by a population of about 10 million. The average yearly rainfall is 910 mm, but is heavily
concentrated in time and space. Portugal is greatly dependent on Spain for its water resources since most of its major
rivers drain from Spain. Two thirds of its area is within international watersheds and about 50 percent of the run-off
originates in Spain.
Water resources planning and management has a long tradition in Portugal, where the first water law was published in
1919. The legislative framework has been regularly updated and currently, a major effort is being put forward aiming at
developing a National Water Resources Plan and several Watershed Master Plans for each of the river basins in Portugal.
The National Water Resources Institute (INAG) is currently the institution responsible for water resources planning and
co-ordination in Portugal, together with five regional environmental offices. In 1997, following the guidelines of the
EU’s new Water Resources Framework Directive, INAG initiated work towards the development of a National Water
Plan and promoted public tenders for the elaboration of 14 Watershed Master Plans. All major Portuguese water
resources consultants are now responsible for one or two watershed plans and the main universities are involved in
technical committees sponsored by INAG to review all the documents and proposals that are put forward.
Collecting hydrological data and publishing this has been the responsibility of INAG's ancestors since the beginning of
the century. In fact, aware that hydrological data, including both surface and groundwater hydrology, and quality as well
as quantity aspects, are the cornerstone of all water resources management activities, the legislators decreed one of
INAG’s responsibilities to be the creation and maintenance of a Water Resources Information System, capable of
providing the necessary data and information required for water resources management. SNIRH (Sistema Nacional de
Informação de Recursos Hídricos), the Portuguese National Water Resources Information System is such a system.
The ultimate goal of SNIRH is to improve the technical performance of INAG, in compliance with legislation and the
EU’s Directives related to water resource management. To fulfill this goal, SNIRH offers the capacity to:
•
•
•
•
store, process and display water resources information, both internally within INAG, based on the SNIRH
INTRANET, and to external entities (namely consultants, other government agencies and research institutions,
and EU institutions) through SNIRH’s Internet site: http://www.inag.pt/snirh;
make available the required planning tools, including models and data processing and analysing tools;
integrate geographical dimensions of hydrological data;
transparently merge these tools with the data.
Today SNIRH collects and stores data on climate, hydrology (quantity and quality), groundwater and reservoir operation
from over 2000 measurement stations, from within ten different networks in the country. Besides this data, SNIRH
also stores data required for water resources planning, namely geographic data, for instance elevation (DTM, slopes,
aspect), hydrographic data (rivers, drainage basins, aquifers), water use data (wells, dams, pipelines) and administrative
data which is used as a framework for analysis.
SNIRH has constantly been tailored to satisfy INAG’s requirements and changes are introduced as these requirements
evolve in time. As long as SNIRH is relied upon by water resource managers, it will be under continuous development
with new procedures added on a regular basis, to cope with the various areas of responsibility of INAG.
INAG has a team of 12-18 people involved in the System’s development, updating and data input. Software
development is out-sourced to a Portuguese information systems company, Chiron <http://www.chiron.pt>.
SNIRH was designed around a database server, continuously receiving data from many different sources, and
simultaneously replying to requests from many different clients. INAG selected ORACLE as the database server. Figure
1 shows how the system is installed within a network that includes workstations and PC's at the Institute’s
headquarters. The database server concept was taken as far as possible, with the central database storing not only
standard data, such as time-series and alphanumeric, but also complex geographic data and images. The Environmental
Systems Research Institute's (ESRI) Spatial Database Engine (SDE) is being used to extend the capacity of the database
server to include geographic data and ORACLE's Binary Large Object, BLOb, is used to support image storage.
UNIX server
with ORACLE DBMS
Local network
Data
Servidor NT
Windows
client
applications
Internet
Web server
CGI, Java,
ActiveX
Figure 1: SNIRH structure
Appropriate client (user) programmes have been developed to support the multiple tasks being handled by SNIRH.
The following client interface programmes are currently used:
1.
SQL command line interface, for low-level system administration tasks;
2.
TSF-Manager – the SNIRH System management client interface, used for internal system management;
3.
TSF-NetManager – a general purpose client interface, used for the measurement network management, database
updates, and regular reporting;
4.
TSF-Loader – a generic data input client interface, for time-series data input;
5.
SNIRH-Ser - a generic time series visualization and analysis tool with export and print capabilities, used to
support most studies;
6.
SNIRH-Reservoir – a visualization and analysis tool, with reporting capabilities, specific for data pertaining to
reservoir operation;
7.
SNIRH-Qual – a water quality data analysis tool, used to verify compliance with water quality legislation (see
Figure 2 below) and to classify river stretches based on water quality;
Figure 2: RH-QUAL, water quality legislation compliance verification
8.
SNIRH-Hydro – an hydrometry analysis tool (see Fig. 3 below), used to compute discharge rating curves;
Figure 3: SNIRH-Hydro, the hydrometry client application
9.
H2D – an ArcView extension that combines time-series with GIS;
10. SDE-Manager – an ArcView extension used to load and extract geographic data from the database server;
11. SDE-Browser – an independent client application with basic geographic data visualization capabilities (see Figure 4
below);
12. WWW Interface, for both INTRANET and INTERNET access, SNIRH-WWW.
Figure 4: Retrieving geographical data from SNIRH using a geographic
query in SDE-Browser
The Database Server is an ALPHA 4000 UNIX, while the Web Server is an ALPHA 600. The network includes
workstations and Win95/Win98/WinNT PC’s. The basic software includes an Oracle Database Server, Apache Web
Server, Arc/Info and ArcView GIS software and original software developed by Chiron.
RESULTS AND IMPACTS
Given that INAG relies on SNIRH as part of its daily operations to support internal studies and water resource
management, as well as to make data available to the public, it can be said the System meets its goals and objectives.
Furthermore, given these strengths, SNIRH is being relied upon as a support tool for the development of the National
Water Resources Plan and River Basin Plans for each of the basins in Portugal, following the guidelines of the EU’s new
Water Resources Framework Directive. The System therefore supports prepatory studies, both in terms of data storage,
data delivery and model integration in preparation for harmonisation with EU legislation.
Beyond its value in supporting INAG, no explicit measurements have been taken or socio-economic analyses been
made as to the wider benefits. However, the System has had a major impact on the Information Society in Portugal - at
present, every citizen may have directly access, free of charge, water resources data collected by INAG. This approach is in
line with INAG’s policy to disseminate water data, on a free of charge and comprehensive basis. Finally, the System has
also optimised communication with other government institutions and helps to ensure internal resources at INAG are
better allocated.
The implementation of a major information system does introduce considerable institutional changes, power-shifts, etc.
Senior management support and clear objectives are crucial for project success. The main challenge experienced within
SNIRH has been ensuring the availability of support staff with enough database management competence to manage a
large and complex database system on a day-to-day basis. Considerable effort has therefore been concentrated on stafftraining.
TRANSFERABILITY
SNIRH is a general water resources information system, which can be transferred to any region. Among the potential
user groups of such a system are Water Resource and Environment Agencies. Besides the software and hardware
requirements, the underlying functional analysis and theoretical concepts can be transferred to any environmental project.
This means the system can be easily implemented in other regions, according to different water resources data, reporting
requirements, compliance standards, etc.
INAG is keen to help other regions and countries implement SNIRH-like systems and thus far efforts are underway to
implement SNIRH in Madeira, the Azores and Mozambique. To support this process, INAG has produced
considerable documentation on the System and its procedures, and has organized special sessions in Congresses and
given country-wide presentations.
LESSONS LEARNED
Given the above obstacles that were encountered within SNIRH’s implementation, practical recommendations for other
agencies looking to implement similar systems might include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
clearly defining your goals and objectives;
finding the right project director;
being realistic within the budget;
finding the correct partnership for system development, implementation and maintenance;
giving attention to maintenance;
providing enough attention to training and provide supporting documentation.
INAG:
Dr. Rui Rodrigues
Av Gago Coutinho, Lisboa, Portugal
Email.: [email protected]
http:// www.inag.pt/snirh
CHIRON:
Dr João Ribeiro da Costa
Ed UNINOVA, Quinta da Torre, Monte de Caparica,
Portugal
Tel.:+351 21 2948095,
3.3 TECHNOLOGIES SUPPORTING EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
Name of the Demonstration Project (case
study):
TELEmatics Assisted Handling of FLood Emergencies in URban Areas
(TELEFLEUR)
Athens, Greece
Start: February 1998
Duration: 30 months
ABSTRACT
The TELEFLEUR application is a
Decision Support System (DSS) that
helps public authorities deal with
emergency flooding incidents. Several
southern European urban centres, such
as Athens, Greece, are situated in
basins
characterised
by
steep
topography and short hydraulic
response time, which means they can
experience catastrophic floods when
exposed to severe storms. It is possible,
however, to reduce the impact of
flooding by preparing emergency
response plans. The TELEFLEUR
project is based on the establishment of
a Command Centre that will gather
real-time data, produce meteorological
and hydrologic/hydraulic forecasts of
evolving phenomena and, based on the
drainage system, provide user-friendly
integrated information through the
DSS on the potential flood impacts.
Using this system, public authorities are
able to allocate the necessary resources
and mobilise the appropriate services
for optimal emergency control.
The DSS can be customised to serve
any public authority administration by
tailoring its rules and procedures.
Communication
protocols
and
interfacing software must be fine-tuned
to the hardware requirements of the
individual tasks.
TELEFLEUR je systém pro podporu
rozhodování (Decision Support System
- DSS), který pomáha pøedstavitelùm
veøejné správy pøi nebezpeèí záplav.
Nìkolik evropských mìst, jako napø.
Atény, se nachází v údolích, kde jsou
strmá úboèí a které mají krátký
hydraulický èas odezvy a tím jsou v
pøípadì silných bouøkových zrážek
vystaveny katastrofickým povodním.
Pro snížení dopadu povodní
lze
pøipravit havarijní plány.
Projekt
TELEFLEUR je založen na funkci
øídícího støediska, do kterého se zasílají
údaje v reálném èase a který vydává
meteorologické, hydrologické nebo
hydraulické pøedpovìdi o vývoji
sledovaných jevù. Prostøednictvím DSS
obdrží vedoucí pracovníky veøejné
správy zrozumitelné a pøehledné
informace o potenciálním výskytu a
eventuálních dopadech povodní. Tak
mùže veøejná správa
mobilizovat
potøebné zdroje a pomocné složky pro
optimální øízení povodnì.
Systém pro podporu rozhodování se
mùže pøizpùsobit pro každou veøejnou
správu pomocí pravidel a regulací. Pro
jednotlivé úkoly
se musí doladit
požadavky
na
hardware
podle
komunikaèních protokolù a softwaru
pro interface
Support System - DSS), pomagaj¹cy
w³adzom
publicznym
w
postêpowaniu
w
przypadkach
zagro¿enia
powodzi¹.
Kilka
oœrodków
miejskich
Europy
Po³udniowej, na przyk³ad Ateny w
Grecji, po³o¿onych jest w kotlinach,
charakteryzuj¹cych
siê
stromym
ukszta³towaniem
powierzchni
i
krótkim czasem reakcji hydraulicznej;
w przypadku nara¿enia na gwa³towne
burze, miasta te doœwiadczaj¹
katastrofalnych
powodzi.
Aby
ograniczyæ skutki powodzi, mo¿na
przygotowaæ plany dzia³añ na
wypadek nag³ego zagro¿enia. Projekt
TELEFLEUR
opiera
siê
na
utworzeniu "Centrum Dowodzenia",
meteorologiczne i hydrologiczne/
hydrauliczne, dotycz¹ce rozwijaj¹cych
siê zjawisk oraz, w oparciu o sieæ
rzeczn¹,
dostarczaæ
w³adzom
publicznym za poœrednictwem DSS
przyjaznej
dla
u¿ytkownika,
zintegrowanej informacji na temat
potencjalnych skutków i wyst¹pienia
powodzi. Dziêki temu w³adze
publiczne s¹ w stanie przydzielaæ
niezbêdne zasoby i mobilizowaæ
odpowiednie s³u¿by do optymalnej
walki z zagro¿eniem.
System Wspomagania Decyzji mo¿e
zostaæ dostosowany do potrzeb
dowolnej administracji publicznej
przez dopasowanie zasad i procedur
do nowych celów. Protoko³y
komunikacyjne
oraz
program
sprzêgaj¹cy (interfacing software)
musz¹ byæ dok³adnie dostrojone do
wymagañ sprzêtowych, zwi¹zanych z
poszczególnymi zadaniami.
STRESZCZENIE
SHRNUTÍ
Aplikacja TELEFLEUR to system
wspomagania decyzji (ang. Decision
SITE PROFILE
TELEFLEUR has been applied in two regions with similar topographic complexity and hydrological response time of
the respective basins. Athens, for instance, is a heavily populated urban area with approximately 3.5 million inhabitants,
most of them located in the Kifissos basin of about 500 km 2. The main economic sectors of the city are industrial and
commercial. The urban area is surrounded on all sides by mountains of appx. 1000m height (peaking at 1400m), except
for the coastal southwestern side. Flooding has intensified in the last 20 years, mainly the result of intense urban
development which has reduced the amount of free land available, and the destruction of the surrounding forests. In
addition, the storm drainage network is limited to 25 percent of the urban area and is old and experiences many
problems. A construction programme to expand and upgrade the storm drainage network is underway.
The severity and frequency of flooding has increased markedly in Southern Europe in recent years, possibly due to the
Greenhouse effect, but mainly due to the unplanned urbanisation that has taken place in parts of the Mediterranean
basin. For example the Greater Athens population has increased from ca. 1.6 million in the mid-1960's to about 3.5
million today. Urbanisation has been at the expense of “open” soil surfaces, resulting in higher run-off rates and shorter
periods for reaching saturation. The impacts of urban flooding can be reduced if city authorities implement, at the local
scale, carefully devised emergency handling plans. Strong evidence shows that flow forecasting, coupled with suitable
reactive measures, is the most effective method for reducing damage from river floods.
In view of the above, the objective of TELEFLEUR has been the development and application of a comprehensive
operational system for handling urban flood emergencies that synthesises cutting edge telematics technology with
advanced forecasting of meteorology and hydrology encapsulated in a Decision Support System (DSS).
The TELEFLEUR application is currently being developed. In preparation for its implementation in Athens, an
assessment of user-needs for an urban flood forecasting tool and review of up-to-date meteorological models was
conducted. The hydrologic/hydraulic analyses of the relevant catchments and associated drainage systems and the
validation of these models are currently in progress. A Command Centre (see Figure 1 below), receiving and storing data
and providing decision support, has been designed and the communications protocol between the various sources of
relevant information (measuring stations, databases, etc.) defined. The user front-end of the Decision Support System is
ready, and along with other components of the system will be installed and operated at the National Observatory of
Athens (NOA).
Co-financing for the application and its implementation was provided by DG XIII of the EU’s Telematics Applications
Programme "Environment Sector."
A schematic representation of the TELEFLEUR system is given in Fig. 1. In brief, the system demonstrator has the
capability to:
•
•
•
•
manage dynamic information collected by various sensors (e.g. satellite imagery every 3 hours, surface meteo
stations every 1hour, and from water level-meters every 0.5 hour).
feed the dynamic data along with the relevant static data (topography, land-use/ground cover, etc.) into models;
forecast flooding conditions and flood risk estimates;
assist authorities in decisions regarding emergency measures (through the Decision Support System), and propose
actions for avoiding flood episodes or for minimising their consequences, and in proposing restorative actions.
T
E
METEO
HYDRO a) ANN/SH
L
b) deterministic E
M
@ a CENTRAL
A
COMPUTING FACILITY
T
Condition of
I
Drainage Network &
C
forecasts
Available Resources refine
S
MODELLING
MEASUREMENTS
st
1 Level Data
(“SENSORS”)
Satellite/Radar/Surface
Meteo, Hydro, Other
TRANSMISSION, PREPROCESSING &
INTERFACING with
MODELS @ a CENTRAL
COMPUTING FACILITY
pre-processed
data
C
O
M
M
A
N
D
C
E
N
T
R
E
Advice by
Expert
System
DSS
Police
Dept.
Assessment
Display
Decision and
Co-ordination of Actions
Fire Public Works
Dept.
Dept.
Hospitals
Other
TELEMATICS
Figure 1: Schematic representation of the proposed integrated system
RESULTS AND IMPACTS
During the last three years, insurers have paid out significantly for flood damages in the Athens Metropolitan Area. Such
damages can be reduced by improving storm drainage (a capital intensive, long-term proposition) and by implementing
a forecasting system to warn of flood danger enabling the timely and coordinated mobilisation of public resources.
The TELEFLEUR system can be employed directly by public and city authorities in order to manage flood events
successfully and minimise the above costs. Essentially, TELEFLEUR will enable the better organisation of preventive
actions against floods, the optimal distribution of the available manpower and equipment of civil defence services, and
the efficient organisation of restorative actions. The system is currently being tested but if judged successful (late 2000)
then would be available for other authorities both locally (such as the Water Company of Athens, the General Secretariat
of Civil Protection)and in the pan-European field where such problems are experienced.
TRANSFERABILITY
The TELEFLEUR system can be customised to any urban area by entering new geomorphological and urban details of
the area, and by tailoring the rules and procedures of the Decision Support System (DSS) to the idiosyncrasies of the
particular urban administrations and authorities. The communication protocols and interfacing software are to be finetuned to the hardware requirements of the individual tasks. Meteorological forecasting is performed at the Command
Center within a UNIX environment, while the remaining features are PC oriented. Through these components,
TELEFLEUR’s interoperability across systems and countries can be guaranteed.
Antonis D. Koussis,
Institute for environment research and sustainable development,
national observatory of athens
Lofos nymfon,
Thession,
11810 athens,
Greece
Tel: (30-1) 34 90 161
email: [email protected]
INTERNET: http://www.noa.gr/~telefleur
Name of the Demonstration Project (Case Danube Accident Emergency Warning System
Study):
(Danube AEWS)
Danube River Basin
Duration of the project:
Start: November 1992
Status: Ongoing
ABSTRACT
The Danube Accident Emergency
Warning System (AEWS) has been in
use since April 1997. The System relies
on an “information processing system”
to provide rapid information on
accidental
transboundary
river
pollution incidents. In case of an
incident, an “Alarm Model” assesses
sudden changes in water quality and
informs a network of Principal
International Alert Centers. This
enables the responsible authorities and
water-users in downstream countries to
take timely preventive measures to
minimise impacts and environmental
threats. The System forms an important
part of the Environmental Programme
for the Danube Basin and involves 11
riparian countries, including Austria,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic,
Germany, Hungary, Moldova, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Romania and Ukraine.
The System has proven to be successful
in its two-year lifetime, reporting on
eight accidental water pollution
incidents within the river basin.
However, its full effectiveness cannot
be realised because part of the Danube
runs through Yugoslavia, where
sanctions
impede
international
cooperation. The AEWS offers an
excellent methodological basis upon
which to implement any similar system,
provided the necessary monitoring
networks and sensors are already in
place.
SHRNUTÍ
Varovný havarijní systém pro Dunaj Danube Accident Emergency Warning
System (AEWS) se používá od roku
1997. Systém se opírá o “systém pro
zpracování
informací”
pro
poskytování urychlených informací o
náhodných haváriích zneèištìní na
hranièních tocích. “Model výstrahy”
se spustí v pøípadì náhlých zmìn
kvality vody a v pøípadì havárie
poskytne informace síti základních
mezinárodních výstražných center.
Odpovìdné orgány a uživatelé vody
tak mohou popøedu pøijat nápravná
opatøení a tak minimalizovat dopady a
environmentální hrozby. Systém tvoøí
dùležitou èást Evnironmentálního
programu pro povodí Dunaje, na
kterém se podílí 11 zemí (Nìmecko,
Rakousko,
Èeská
republika,
Slovensko, maï arsko, Slovinsko,
Chorvatsko, Rumunsko, Bulharsko,
Ukrajina a Moldavsko
Systém se za dva roky své existence
osvìdèil a poskytl informace o 8
náhodných havarijních zneèištìní
vody v povodí.
Systém nemùže
pracovat
s plnou
efektivitou
vzhledem k probíhajícím konfliktùm
v Jugoslávii.
AEWS pøedstavuje
vynikající metodologickou základnu,
na které lze implementovat podobný
systém,
když jsou
k dispozici
monitorovací sítì a senzory v terénu.
STRESZCZENIE
System ostrzegania o nadzwyczajnych
zagro¿eniach dla Dunaju - Danube
Accident Emergency Warning System
(AEWS) - u¿ytkowany jest od kwietnia
1997 r. System ten wykorzystuje “system
przetwarzania informacji” do szybkiego
dostarczania
informacji
o
nieoczekiwanych
przypadkach
transgranicznego zanieczyszczenia rzeki.
Do oceniania nag³ych zmian jakoœci wody
u¿ywany jest “Model alarmowy” (“Alarm
Model”), który w przypadku wyst¹pienia
incydentu informuje sieæ “g³ównych
oœrodków
ostrzegania
miêdzynarodowego”
(Principal
International Alert Centers). Umo¿liwia
to
odpowiedzialnym
organom
i
u¿ytkownikom
wód
w
krajach
po³o¿onych w dolnym biegu rzeki
podjêcie
w
porê
œrodków
zapobiegawczych w celu minimalizacji
skutków i zagro¿eñ dla œrodowiska.
System stanowi wa¿ny element Programu
Ochrony Œrodowiska dla Dorzecza
Dunaju
i
obejmuje
11
krajów
nadrzecznych (w tym Niemcy, Austriê,
Czechy, S³owacjê, Wêgry, Chorwacjê,
Rumuniê, Bu³gariê, Ukrainê i Mo³dowê).
Jak dot¹d, w ci¹gu dwóch lat swego
istnienia, System okaza³ siê skuteczny,
informuj¹c o oœmiu nieoczekiwanych
przypadkach zanieczyszczenia wody na
obszarze dorzecza. Jednak na skutek
konfliktu w Jugos³awii, przez któr¹
przep³ywa Dunaj, jego mo¿liwoœci nie
mog¹ byæ w pe³ni wykorzystane. System
AEWS stanowi znakomit¹ podstawê
metodologiczn¹, w oparciu o któr¹ mo¿na
wdro¿yæ dowolny zbli¿ony do niego
system, o ile tylko istniej¹ ju¿ niezbêdne
sieci monitoringu i czujniki.
SITE PROFILE
The application has been implemented within the Danube Basin. The territory of the River Basin is essentially shared by
13 riparian countries. The Danube flows for 2,780 km toward its delta at the Black Sea and includes several large
tributaries, such as the rivers Inn, Drava, Sava Tisza and Prut, which are also international rivers. The catchment of the
Danube Basin has a total area of 817,000 km 2 and is a significant constituent of the European continent, being the
second largest river basin in Europe. Approximately 80 million inhabitants live in its catchment area.. The „Upper” part
of the River Basin is well-developed from an economic point of view (industry, agricultural technology, and sanitation)
more than the „Middle”, and moreso than the „Lower” part of the Basin. As one heads downstream through the River
Basin, land-use increasingly features agricultural production.
In the 1980s and 1990s many accidental water pollution events occurred within the Danube River Basin. A significant
number of these were international, while others went unreported. In some countries, these accidents required the shut
down of drinking water in-takes, or other precautionary measures. A clear need existed for the prompt availability of
information concerning such events, especially in those cases where trans-boundary impacts could be expected. Countries
lieing in the middle and lower part of the basin are particularly at risk.
The Rhine International Alert and Warning System and the recently developed system for the Elbe River clearly
demonstrated the advantages and benefits of accidental pollution warning systems in river basins where important water
uses are in operation. The establishment of the Danube AEWS was identified as a high priority action of the
Environmental Programme for the Danube River Basin (EPDRB). Its main objective was to increase the safety of
population and protect the environment in case of water pollution accidents, which have adverse transboundary impacts
on the River Danube or its tributaries. The system relies on an “Alarm Model” that correlates water quality data to a
given alarm standard. Now operational, it serves to facilitate international co-operation in the Danube River Basin and
provides early information on transboundary river pollution incidents. The responsible authorities of the countries
affected can use this information to assist in the effective control and damage prevention activities on a national level.
The Danube AEWS has been in use sine April 1997 and is operated by a network national centres, called PIAC or
Principal International Alert Centres. These are located within each of the Danube countries. As of January 1998 there
were nine fully equipped and operational PIAC (located in Germany: Passau, Austria: Tulln, Czech Republic: Brno,
Slovakia: Bratislava, Hungary: Budapest, Slovenia: Ljubljana, Croatia: Zagreb, Romania: Bucharest, Bulgaria: Sofia).
Three other PIAC are under establishment in the lower Danube Basin,which will serve the countries of Ukraine and
Moldova (see Fig. 1 below).
GERMANY
CZECH
REPUBLIC
PIAC-03
PIAC-01
Brno
PIAC-11
Passau
Uzgorod
PIAC-10
PIAC-05
Kishinev
Budapest
PIAC-12
PIAC-06
Ljubljana
Izmail
PIAC-07
Zagreb
PIAC-08
Bucharest
state boundary
catchment boundary
0
250 km
PIAC-09
Bucharest
Practical experiences from the design and operation of the Rhine system were taken into consideration and utilised for
the design of the Danube System, and coordinated by a so-called working Sub-Group consisting of professionals from
each of the Danube countries. At present these activities are coordinated by the Accidental Emergency Prevention and
Warningf System Expert Group. International contributions during the period of implementation were coordinated by
the Danube Programme Coordination Unit which is based in Vienna, Austria. These were made by the Governments
of the Danube countries and financially through the Phare Programme of the European Union.
The geographical scope of the Danube AEWS is inconsistent owing to a territorial „gap.” The recent political situation
in Yugoslavia means the country’s territory has not become part of the System. The design, however, is such that the
system can easily be extended in the future, allowing the integration of the remaining areas.
Further development of the system is underway as part of different ongoing or planned projects. These aim to increase
the operational capabilities by improving the information flow, the exchange of experiences between PIACs and the
geographical extension of the system. Calibration and validation of the Danube Basin Alarm Model is also under
preparation and activities are ongoing concerning awareness raising with respect to accidental pollution and
establishment of automatic water quality alarm stations.
PIACs (Principal International Alert Centres) have been established in each of the cooperating countries and are in close
contact with the national pollution control authorities. These authorities feed water quality monitoring data (collected
through automated sensors) directly into the System. A hazardous substances database provides an information system
against which to correlate monitoring data. In the event of a pollution incident, the Danube Basin Alarm Model
(DBAM)recognises the significant quantities of hazardous substances in the water, and performs a simulation of the
pollution impacts. If significant, PIACs in these and downstream countries likely to be affected by the incident are
warned in advance. An Information Processing System automatically translates and displays coded messages into local
languages at each PIAC. Satellite communications relay data to and from local computer networks that transfer, collect
and store monitoring data.
In the event of an incident, a PIAC will perform the following tasks:
•
•
•
Communication on a reported sudden pollution of the Danube river basin waters;
Expert involvement to assess the effects or impact of the reported accidental pollution;
Decision-making on further actions (local or international warnings) to be taken.
To ensure the proper management of the above tasks, an international operations manual ensures the standardised
operation of the system.
RESULTS AND IMPACTS
During its two year lifetime, eight accidental water pollution incidents were recorded in the river basin by the System.
Five of these incidents were caused by oil pollution of the River Danube, in other cases the pollutants were salt,
detergents and pesticide (Pinter 1999). The System reacted properly during these emergency periods, sending the
necessary warnings and other messages to downstream countries. The first of these incidents occurred in October 1997
in Hungary. It was an accidental oil spill. Due to the applied efficient pollution control measures, no transboundary
impacts were experienced.
Although the economic benefits of the Danube AEWS can not quantitatively assessed, because of the accidental character
of the cases to deal with, the early information on emergencies provided by the system for authorities and water users
can significantly reduce the emergency response time as well as the possible damage. These qualitative benefits are
outstandingly important for parties co-operating in the establishment and operation of the system.
The Danube AEWS also offers other benefits. Namely, it assists the riparian countries meet their obligations toward
multilateral conventions and declarations concerning the Danube and transboundary rivers. The Convention on Cooperation for Protection and Sustainable Use of the Danube River (the provisions on the establishment of
communication, warning and alarm systems are stated in Article 16) as well as other conventions agreed under the
UN/ECE framework and those bilateral agreements in existence between various Danube countries.
The participation of all parties involved in supporting the delpoyment of the System is central to its success. The political
uncertainties and conflicts in Yugoslavia during the establishment and planning of the System excluded the
incorporation of its territory into the operational area of the System. Without Yugoslavia serving as a co-operating
partner in the warning system, an important central part of the River Basin is not yet served or serviced by the system.
Delays in access to funding has slowed the development of some parts of the system. Funding through separate
programmes for Ukraine and Moldova means the related activities are under preparation at present.
A lack of guidelines concerning pollution alert thresholds means each of the cooperating countries’ local authorities relies
on their own given water quality standards. The future development of such guidelines could increase the consistency of
warning levels within the system.
TRANSFERABILITY
The Danube AEWS offers an excellent methodological basis upon which to implement any similar system. The
Danube Basin Alarm Model is readily available for transfer, while the Information Processing System serves as an
outstanding example on how to handle the flow of information in a multi-lingual environment such as a river basin.
The methodology behind the basin-wide satellite communication system could also be transferred to other locations,
however it is necessary to note that access to the AEWS satellite communication system is only made available to PIACs
of the system. Other means can, however, be found to transfer data quickly and effectively, for instance ground based
wide area network connections.
The main foundation of the system, however, is a well-established information supply chain between PIACs and the
local water Authorities. An adequate network of monitoring sensors are required and suitable data transfer and
processing mechanisms must be relied upon to pass this information on via satellite or ground-based networks. This
will help to ensure the availability of data on observed pollution incidents.
Among the potential user groups of such a system are those water authorities dealing with water management and
pollution control and water users, operate according to specific water quality requirements, for instance waterworks, fishfarms, etc.
Dr. György PINTÉR,
Vice-Chairman
AEPWS Expert-Group
Institute for Water Pollution Control of VITUKI
H-1095 BUDAPEST, Kvassay Jenõ u. 1.
Tel: (36-1) 215-7782,
Fax: (36-1) 216-1514,
Study):
DEDICS Forest Fire Management Support System
Island of Crete; the French Rivera; and Andalucia:
Start:
January 1996
Duration: 33 months
ABSTRACT
DEDICS is a telematics application
providing emergency managers with
improved support for decision-making
in prevention and mitigation of natural
disasters such as forest fires. DEDICS
provides a “software layer” that
integrates five autonomous decisionsupport components to facilitate data
collection,
communication,
and
decision-making. DEDICS relies on
existing
applications
like
GIS,
networks of sensors, simulators and
communication
devices.
The
application has been implemented in
three Mediterannean sites and is now
being regularly used to improve the
efficiency and effectiveness of forestfire management.
DEDICS was co-funded by the
European Commission’s Telematics
Applications Programme for a total
cost of approximately EUR 4 million.
One of the challenges in developing
DEDICS was the need to link together
several
existing
decision-support
systems that had been operating within
different contexts. Potential users of a
tool like DEDICS must consider which
applications they wish to link, and
allocate financial resources for software
development. Funds for training to
facilitate uptake should not be
underestimated.
SHRNUTÍ
STRESZCZENIE
DEDICS je telematická aplikace, která
poskytuje managerùm podporu pøi
pøedcházení rizikových situací a
zmíròování
dùsledkù pøírodních
katastrof, jako jsou lesní požáry.
DEDICS poskyztuje
”softwarovou
vrstvu” která spájí pìt autonomních
komponentù na podporu rozhodování
pro zbìr dat, komunikaci a pro
pøijímání rozhodnutí. DEDICS sse
spoléhá na existující aplikace, jako GIS
(Geographic Information System), sí•
senzorù, simulátorù a komunikaèních
zaøízení. Aplikace byly zavedena ve
tøech místech
Støedozemí a v
souèasnosti se používá na vylepšení
úèinnosti a efektívnosti managementu
DEDICS to aplikacja telematyczna,
zapewniaj¹ca
osobom
odpowiedzialnym
za
zwalczanie
nadzwyczajnych zagro¿eñ œrodowiska
lepsze wspomaganie decyzji dla celów
zapobiegania i ³agodzenia skutków
klêsk ¿ywio³owych, takich jak po¿ary
lasów. DEDICS dostarcza “warstwê
programow¹” ("software layer"), która
³¹czy piêæ autonomicznych sk³adników
wspomagania decyzji w celu u³atwienia
zbierania danych, komunikacji i
procesów
decyzyjnych.
DEDICS
wykorzystuje w du¿ym stopniu
istniej¹ce aplikacje, takie jak GIS
(Systemy Informacji Geograficznej),
sieci
czujników,
symulatory
i
urz¹dzenia
telekomuni-kacyjne.
Aplikacja zosta³a wdro¿ona w trzech
miejscach
w
rejonie
Morza
Œródziemnego i jest obecnie regularnie
wykorzystywana w celu poprawy
efektywnoœci i skutecznoœci radzenia
sobie z po¿arami lasów.
DEDICS
byl
spolufinancován
Programem telematických aplikací
Evropské komise v celkové výši
nákladù pøibližnì 4 milióny EUR.
Jednou z hlavních pøekážek pøi jeho
vývoji bylo propojení nìkolika systémù
pro podporu rozhodování, které v tom
èase operovaly s rùznými kontexty.
Potenciální uživatelé nástroje jako
DEDICS musí zvážit, které aplikace
chtìjí propojit a vyhradit dostateèné
finanèní zdroje na vývoj softwaru. Pøed
úspìšným nastartováním projektu se
nesmí se podcenit náklady potøebné na
školení a výcvik.
System DEDICS wspó³finansowany
by³
przez
program
Komisji
Europejskiej
"Telematics
Applications", zaœjego koszt wyniós³ w
przybli¿eniu 4 mln EUR. G³ówne
trudnoœci
napotkane
przy
jego
tworzeniu wi¹za³y siê z po³¹czeniem w
jedn¹
ca³oœæ kilku istniej¹cych
systemów wspomagania decyzji, które
w owym czasie funkcjonowa³y w
ró¿nych
kontekstach.
Potencjalni
u¿ytkownicy narzêdzia takiego jak
DEDICS musz¹ zastanowiæ siê, które
aplikacje pragn¹ po³¹czyæ, oraz
przydzieliæ œrodki finansowe na
stworzenie
oprogramowania.
Nie
nale¿y te¿ lekcewa¿yæ œrodków na
szkolenie, zmierzaj¹ce do u³atwienia
rozpoczêcia pos³ugiwania siê systemem.
SITE PROFILE
The French Riviera in Southern Europe serves as the location of one demonstration site between Nice and Cannes.
Sophia Antipolis, a technological and research park, covers a green space equivalent to a quarter of the surface area of
Paris, some 5,750 acres. These features represent a typical case of interface between natural and urban areas in
Mediterranean region. The presence in the same place of important companies and large forest areas increases the
vulnerability and thus the risk of forest fire.
There are many Spatial Decision Support Systems (SDSS) available for natural hazard prevention and fighting.
Hundreds of software products are already available which supply decisionmakers with varied information support and
services (including databases, early detection, monitoring, forecasting, crisis prevention etc).
Considered separately, these products are invaluable to their users. However, natural hazards management requires the
continuous exchange of information and services between SDSS and Information Systems. DEDICS therefore
identified the need for a link between the different tools available, in order to realise more efficient and effective
management. In particular, it looked to develop an innovative method or “software layer” based on the use of a
telematics tool.
The main objectives of the application are therefore to improve co-operation amongst the key actors. This is achieved
through improved capacity to share information (via sensors, GIS, databases) and the integration of heterogeneous
information systems relying on telematics applications.
The DEDICS application is now ready for use. Three prototypes were demonstrated at the three mediterranean sites
used to test DEDICS. Based on these prototypes, contracts have been made with the respective regions for their
prolonged use and implementation. A proposal has now been launched to the 5th Framework Programme for
Research and Technological Development of the European Commission to partially fund this implementation phase.
A total of about 4m EUR was invested for the realisation of the application and its demonstration. 1.8m EUR was
contributed by the European Commission within the European Union’s Fourth Framework Programme, under the
Telematics Application for the Environment Programme. The co-funding was provided by the members of the
consortium and the application users.
The main actors benefiting from the use of DEDICS (shown in Figure 1 below) include:
• The Firefighters Command Center (a Command Center located in the heart of Sophia-Antipolis) which
accomodates several specialized Spatial Decision Support Systems (SDSS).
• Firefighter Patrols, equipped with Global Positioning Systems (GPS)and radio communication systems.
• A network of watch towers which serve as an autonomous early detection system, and relays data to the
Firefighters Command Center through satellite link.
Patrollers
Firefighter Command
Center
Watch Tower
Figure 1. DEDICS support to the key actors responsible for disaster management
Five different applications offering decision support to forest fire management are incorporated within the DEDICS
application. The communication between decision support systems is maintained through satellite, telephone, radio and
internet/ethernet networks.
Briefly, these systems include:
•
AFFIRM: AFFIRM is a prototype for early and reliable wildfire detection. The system consists of a network of
autonomous terminals disseminated in the forest area and linked to the Firefighter Command Center through a
satellite communication link.
•
•
•
•
METEOROLOGICAL MONITORING SYSTEM: This module is based on a real-time data acquisition
system. The system is connected (via modems and a telephone line) to a network of 21 weather sensors
throughout in the Alpes-Maritimes region.
LogBook SYSTEM (LB/MCI): This system allows the user to store all messages received (at the Firefighter
Command Center) and forwarded (to firefighters in the field) during a forest fire. These messages are stored and
filed within a Database Management System based on a data-concept model. The system also provides a synthesis
of each event, and is automatically updated with each new message, and proposes some functions to contribute to
the backtracking process.
FLORINUS: FLORINUS is a system specialized in the communication and exchange of information between
different fire fighting groups (Patrollers). It is used by different actors to give them an exact image of events,
locations (thanks to a global positioning system or GPS) and to provide information when and where it is needed.
WILFRIED: The Wilfried system contains four dedicated modules relying on existing data available within
firefighters’ geographic information systems (GIS), including: Map Viewer, Climatic Risk Assessment, Land Use
Risk Assessment and Preferential Spread Area Modules.
RESULTS AND IMPACTS
DEDICS value can be seen from the fact that the application is now being implemented fully in the three
demonstration sites it was tested at. Among its main benefits are the improved coordination of emergency
management. Furthermore, the reseach has shown the role telematics can play in improving information exchange
processes and cooperation. It has also validated the distributed architecture it relies upon based on intelligent software
agents. An assessment of the real socio-economic impact will be performed once the system has been fully integrated
within operational conditions.
From a technical point of view, the major hurdle was to bring together the existing decision support systems operating
within different contexts. In particular, the nature and the content of different products (data formats, operating
systems, programming languages) and the consistency, communication and compatibility between the heterogeneous
systems proved challenging to the project and its development of the DEDICS software layer.
A second barrier in fact was motivating the users to participate in the development of support tools and furthermore
training them for product use once finalised. Clearly more time could have been dedicated to these issues, which should
not be underestimated. The committment of all partners therefore is central to the success of the development of the
application and its implementation.
Finally, donor reporting and administrative requests within the project led to a large and unplanned impact on resources.
TRANSFERABILITY
For the implementation of DEDICS to other sites, potential users must identify specific needs, available resources and
most importantly the existing applications in use. DEDICS will then serve to bring these applications together.
The main costs to be incurred from transfer and implementation of such a system will be the needs analysis, software
development (because some of the applications used in the project have been tailored to the needs of local users and can
less easily be transferred to other sites), licence fees for applications and the training of users.
The last phase in the transfer of any application is the training that must be administered to users as well as the
integration of the application within the operational scheme. The senior managers must play a central role in supporting
this process, as well as the users themselves through their own committment toward acceptance.
LESSONS LEARNED
The success of the application’s implementation depends critically on the involvement of all users and their cohesion
within the project. More resources need to be earmarked for the training of users and on the definition of
functions/responsibilities.
A basic recommendation for the implementation of a similar project to another site would be the establishment of an
advisory panel, composed of the different institutions involved in emergency management. The panel should clarify the
missions of the activity and define common objectives and needs.
Dr Jean Luc WYBO,
Ecole des Mines de Paris – ARMINES,
PO Box 207,
F-06904 Sophia Antipolis Cedex
France
Tel: (33-4) 9395-7429
Fax: (33-4) 9395-7581
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE:
Wybo J.L. & al., “ DEDICS : a general framework for supporting management of forest fires“, in proceedings of 3rd
International Conference on Forest Fire Research, Coimbra, Portugal, 1998
Jaber A., F. Guarnieri, J.L. Wybo. “Un système d’agents logiciels intelligents pour favoriser la coopération entre des
systèmes d’aide à la décision dédiés à la gestion de crise“, JFIADSMA’98, actes des 6émes journées francophones,
éditions HERMES, Paris, 1998
Wybo J.L., Madland Kowalski K., “Command Centers and Emergency Management Support“, Safety Science 30
(1998), pp. 131-138, Pergamon.
3.4 TECHNOLOGIES SUPPORTING PUBLIC ACCESS TO
INFORMATION
study):
HEIS-MUC:
Health and Environmental Information System Munich
City of Munich, Bavaria, Germany
Start: 1995
Status: Ongoing
ABSTRACT
HEIS-MUC is a Health and
Environment Information System
encompassing urban and rural areas of
the City of Munich. It relies on
telematics tools – including the
Internet, Info-Kiosks, Media-boards
and public access computer terminals –
as well as printed publications, to
deliver environmental information to
the public. HEIS-MUC supports
administration in the gathering,
compilation and dissemination of
information, to ensure effective
delivery to different user groups.
Databases and GIS tools are used for
data management. The System also
includes tools that aggregate the
available information and integrate
different levels of heterogeneous data
into a “synthetic” picture, for the
creation of a searchable database
accessible at distributed sites.
Some EUR 10,000 was required for
hardware investments, and a further
EUR 150,000 for labour. One of the
key challenges in implementing the
system is ensuring that the right staff
are in place to manage and implement
such a system and tailor it to the special
needs of every city. Co-funding was
received from the EC, and the System
continues to be managed by the City of
Munich. A key obstacle has been
convincing senior administration of the
benefits of digital information systems.
SHRNUTÍ
HEIS-MUC je informaèní systém o
životním
prostøedí
a
zdraví
vybudovaný pro mìstské a pøímìstské
oblasti Mnichova. Spoléhá se na rùzné
telematické nástroje, vèetnì internetu,
poèítaèových terminálù pro veøejnost.
urèeny tištìné publikace jako roèenky
efektivní nástroj pro administrativu
pøi shromažï ování ,spracování
a
rozšiøování informací pro
rùzné
skupiny uživatelù. Pro zpracování dat
se používají databáze a GIS. Systém
zahrnuje také nástroje na agregaci
dostupných informací a na intergraci
rùzných hladin heterogenních dat a
informací do tzv. “syntetického
obrazu” pro vytvoøení vyhledávatelné
databáze ve vzdálených místech.
Investice do hardwaru si vyžádaly cca
10 000.- EUR a osobní náklady
dalších 150 000.- EUR (klíèovým
problémem je zajištìní vhodného
týmu na implementaci
a na
pøizpùsobení systému na specifické
požadavky jednotlivých mìst). Systém
získal prostøedky na spolufinancování
z Evropské
komise a provozní
náklady jsou hrazeny mìstem
Mnichov. Hlavním problémem bylo
pøesvìdèit vyšší vedení administrativy
o výhodách digitálního informaèního
systému.
STRESZCZENIE
HEIS-MUC to system informacji o
zdrowiu i œrodowisku (Health and
Environment Information System),
obejmuj¹cy miejskie i wiejskie obszary
miasta Monachium. Aby dostarczaæ
informacje
o
œrodowisku
spo³eczeñstwu, wykorzystuje on ró¿ne
narzêdzia z zakresu telematyki, takie
jak Internet, Info-Kioski, tablice
elektroniczne (Media-boards) i ogólnie
dostêpne terminale komputerowe, jak
równie¿ publikacje drukowane, takie
jak roczniki oraz atlasy. HEIS-MUC
wspomaga
administracjê
w
gromadzeniu
informacji,
ich
opracowywaniu i rozpo-wszechnianiu,
zapewniaj¹c skuteczne dostarczanie do
ró¿nych grup u¿ytkowników. Do
zarz¹dzania danymi wykorzystywane s¹
bazy danych i narzêdzia systemu
informacji geograficznej (GIS). System
zawiera ponadto narzêdzia, które
agreguj¹ dostêpne informacje, oraz
integruje
ró¿ne
poziomy
niejednorodnych danych i informacji
(w “syntetyczny” obraz), aby stworzyæ
mo¿liw¹ do przeszuki-wania bazê
danych, dostêpn¹ w rozproszonych
Na inwestycje sprzêtowe niezbêdne
by³o oko³o 10.000 EUR, a kolejne
150.000 EUR - na op³acenie pracy
ludzi (jest to jedna z najwiêkszych
trudnoœci napotykanych przy tego typu
projektach
zapewnienie
odpowiednich
pracowników
do
prowadzenia i wdro¿enia takiego
systemu oraz dostosowania go do
specyficznych potrzeb ka¿dego miasta).
Wspó³finansowanie pochodzi³o od
Komisji Europejskiej; Systemem nadal
zarz¹dza
miasto
Monachium.
przekonanie
wy¿szych
rang¹
urzêdników o korzyœciach, p³yn¹cych z
cyfrowych systemów informacyjnych.
SITE PROFILE
2
The City of Munich covers about 313 km and is populated by 1.3 million inhabitants. As there is almost no heavy
industry, the main threat to environmental problems originate from traffic. Some 1.8 million cars cross the city borders
daily. Aged and sometimes illegal waste disposal sites cause serious, but not numerous threats to the groundwater.
As the area of the city is quite densely populated, the conservation of natural resources is very important, not only for
nature itself but for the recreational purposes of inhabitants.
The Environmental Protection Department of Munich collects a great deal of data in a wide range of environmental
sectors within different levels of databases. The Health and Environmental Information System offers the opportunity
to disseminate this environmental information by means of new telematic applications in a homogeneous and
ergonomically structured form to different user groups with different levels of telematics education.
In accordance with national and EU-regulations, it is also the task of public authorities to provide environmental
information to the public. We assume that there is no doubt that telematics in the future will be the most common,
comfortable and cheapest way to achieve this.
The availability of data, their relevance regarding the impacts and effects on the City of Munich and the public interest
for information were the leading factors to the selection of the measures and application detailed below.
The system includes a mapserver which forms part of an Intranet hosted by the Department of Health and
Environment of Munich. It can also be found on the Internet under: http://www.muenchen.de/referat/rgu and
within so-called “Infokiosks“ - public accessible computer terminals offering community information. The technical
system is supported by the Department’s own computer resources (including GIS capacities), while additionally a PC is
used for collecting and re-distributing air pollution data, a PC for a mapserver, and the municipal WWW-server.
Content is provided by other units within the Department.
A CD-based version of the information system will be compiled in the future, and depending on the budget available,
might be updated annually.
The investment required for the realisation of the application totalled about EUR 10,000 for hardware, and EUR
150,000 for labour. Operating costs are estimated to be EUR 25,000 per year. The research and development projects of
the 4th Framework Programme in which Munich participated - “Envirocity“ and “The CITY“ (launched 1999) contributed approximately 30 percent of the financial resources required for labour costs. The remainder is financed by
the City of Munich.
A broad spectrum of digital media is relied upon to supply varied and diverse information to different users. These
media are tailored to different user groups, whereas the structure and character of information are only partially defined
by the electronic medium (and of course by the requirements of data protection). Among the tools relied upon are:
•
In-house workstations and Local Area Networks (LANs) offering an entire spectrum of information including:
- Basic data from special information systems (water, soils, air, etc.);
- A digital Environment Atlas;
- A digital environment meta data catalogue;
- Brochures/publications;
- Values on air pollution measured on-line.
•
Public-access-terminals offering generally the entire spectrum of information including:
•
City Info Columns/InfoKiosks offering a simplified spectrum of information including.
•
World Wide Web/Internet offering:
However, after further developing GIS technology capacity, the entire spectrum of information will be accessible.
All text material being added or revised within the Environmental Information System can simply be edited within
SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) according to ISO 8879:1986 standard. The advantage being it
simplifies the task of the data authors by separating them from the task of formatting and linking. The use of a single
modifiable template (Data Type Definition) can provide a uniform structure of text material. Possible alterations can be
permanently integrated into the original text. The continuation of the data catalogue will be done in XML: work in the
process of standardisation. Any changes to text processing programmes, operating systems or processing units do not
alter the informational contents of SGML/XML text material, i.e. the possibility still exists to read and modify such
files in the future.
In order to ease further development of our programmes, the programming language PERL (a scripting language
widely used in the fields of Internet servers and compatible with all operating systems e.g. UNIX, Win32) has been
used along with modules from the public domain.
The ArcInfo programme has been used for the composition and layout of maps. Certain procedures are used to create
maps for the environment atlas and for the Internet. Printed Maps are created in “Postscript“ file format from ArcInfo.
The MapObjects programme is used for mapservers which run on Intra- and Internet. ArcView serves as a rapid
development tool for designing the maps to be electronically served.
The maps can be viewed with standard HTML-browsers without any “plug-ins.“ (Plug-ins are Internet browserenhancement software tools provided by companies other than by the browser itself. This forces the user to download
the software and by installing it, forces them to tamper with their operating system installation and can cause the risk of
hidden disfunctionalties. It also slows down the process of the first view of a map and restricts the user to certain
browsers and operating systems, as the “Plug-ins” are not available for every browser, especially on UNIX platforms).
Munich’s Department of Environment performs the main cartographic and textual work in-house relying on PC’s and
a UNIX server. For security reasons, there is no direct access to the Internet. This will, however, be possible through
the use of a “firewall“by the end of 1999.
Running the webserver is the task of the central IT department in Munich. A central server undertakes a polling and
distributing function to obtain and re-distribute online data. This currently operates from a Windows NT platform,
but a switch to Linux is being considered in order to gain more stability. The same situation applies for the mapserver.
RESULTS AND IMPACTS
The concrete impacts and benefits of providing health and environment information to the public are not easy to
assess. In general, however, clear and exact information about the state of the environment can help to influence and
change public awareness of environmental issues which in turn can strengthen decisionmaking processes and the
involvement of the public in that process. The provision of this data also helps ensure compliance with legal
provisions, including the duty to inform the public about environmental issues.
The system also contributes to numerous cost-savings, for instance:
•
data collection with reduced labour charges;
•
data management and handling with reduced labour charges;
•
wider dissemination information at relatively low cost;
•
more easily available data which saves time and money;
•
rapid availability of data which saves time and money;
•
improved understanding and awareness of health and environmental issues.
Beside these benefits, more widely available environmental information can help contribute to greater acceptance
among the public of environmental policy, thereby reducing the costs of environmental protection and that of
pollution control. Information and „soft policy“ measures are therefore one of the most important instruments for
changing public behaviour and improving the state of the environment
Public administration is not the easiest environment in which to implement a new electronic information system.
Administration sometimes tends to be slow, less innovative and forward- thinking, and tends to consider itself the
sole legal owner of collected data.
Implementing an electronic information system provides a means to go beyond many of the traditional mechanisms
for producing environmental data and to even provide access to raw data. Regular discussions regarding how best to
publish (air) pollution data, has resulted in the Department of Health and Environment publishing raw data
accompanied by explanatory text which helps clarify this data. Withholding data might otherwise give cause for concern.
A European “freedom of information act“ would further assist in convincing public administration that data collected
relying on citizens’ taxation contributions must be made available to the public.
A further obstacle to improving public access to information is the fact that emission data is considered the property of
the declaring company. Until legislation decrees otherwise, this data can be withheld.
TRANSFERABILITY
The basic instruments of the Munich Health and Environmental Information System could be used in any city or
town administration in both western and eastern Europe for collection, processing and dissemination of health and
environmental information. The System could also serve as a cooperative information system between cities and towns
within a country, and between cities on a pan-European level. National and international administrations could also be
potential users.
The use of free SGML-software and related tools mean such an application is low-cost in the sense of hardware needs
and software acquisitions, and makes it relatively easy to transfer its main components to other sites. The main
investment therefore and heaviest financial burden are in terms of labour duties, because such a project has to be
tailored to the special needs of every city and training would also be required.
Further documentation and a user-guide is currently available. The City of Munich is able and willing to support the
transfer of the system and to share know-how in order to help others build a deeply woven environment information
system.
At the moment there is no fee for purchasing the HEIS-MUC application, but it has to be noted that the system is not
a classical application in the sense of ‘install and run but a system which needs a highly motivated crew to implement it
locally with small external costs.
LESSONS LEARNED
The public domain provides valuable software and platform independent tools which compete in lifespan with the
textual data they are designed to serve. Using high level and wherever possible, standardised interfaces for text and
database instead of vendor specific tools means the Digital Health and Environment Information System of Munich is
easy to maintain and develop.
Relying on a small nucleus of devoted promoters of digital information systems, it is possible (while a long and
tedious process) to convince internal administration as to the benefits of a digital information system.
Finally, before participating in research and development co-operative activities, it is absolutely necessary to build up inhouse knowledge and highly qualified manpower equivalent to the level of technical work being undertaken. Poorly
trained or ill-informed experts can hinder project progress, which in turn can influence the profitability of any activity.
Landeshauptstadt München
City of Munich,
Department of Health and Environment
Bayerstraße 28a,
D-80335 München,
Germany
For general information:
Georg Ritter
Tel:
(49-89) 233-23625
Fax:
(49-89) 233-28344
Rolf Annecke
Tel:
(49-89) 233-27472
Fax:
(49-89) 233-28344
Markus Spring
Tel:
(49-89) 233-23597
Fax:
(49-89) 233-28344
Internet: http://www.muenchen.de/referat/rgu
study):
IOZIP - Environmental
Information System of Prague
Prague, Czech Republic
Start: 1994
Status: Ongoing
ABSTRACT
SHRNUTÍ
STRESZCZENIE
The
Environmental
Information
System of Prague (IOZIP) collects and
processes environmental data for the
Prague area. The System is managed by
the Institute of Municipal Informatics
of the City of Prague (IMIP). The
system
encompasses
traditional
environmental themes such as air,
water, landscape, waste and noise. It
also handles data such as transport,
population etc., which correspond to
the main environmental policy issues
addressed by municipal authorities. The
system relies on database and GIS tools
for data management. The target usergroups of the system are: city
management officials, experts and the
general public.
prostøedí
Environmental
Information System of Prague anebo
IOZIP sbírá a zpracovává data o
životním prostøedí v oblasti Prahy.
Systém provozuje Institut mìstské
informatiky hl. mìsta Prahy (IMIP).
Hlavními složkami - tématickými
okruhy - jsou ovzduší, voda, krajina,
odpady, hluk. Systém také poskytuje
dodateèné údaje o dopravì, populaci
atd. související s otázkami životního
prostøedí, na které se pøedstavitelé
mìsta
zamìøují.
Systém pro
zpracování dat je vybudován na
databázích a GIS – geografických
informaèních systémech. Cílovými
uživateli jsou
vedení mìsta,
odborníci, a veøejnost.
(IOZIP) zbiera i przetwarza dane
dotycz¹ce œrodowiska dla obszaru
czeskiej Pragi. Systemem zarz¹dza
Instytut Informatyki Komunalnej
miasta Pragi (IMIP). Objête nim dane
dotycz¹
nastêpuj¹cych
g³ównych
tematów: powietrze, woda, krajobraz,
odpady, ha³as oraz, dodatkowo,
transport, ludnoœæ itd., odpowiednio
do g³ównych zagadnieñ polityki ekologicznej, którymi zajmuj¹ siê w³adze
miejskie. Do zarz¹dzania danymi
System wykorz-ystuje narzêdzia w
postaci baz danych i Systemu
Informacji
Geograficznej
(GIS).
Docelowe
grupy
u¿ytkowników
systemu to: w³adze miasta, eksperci i
opinia publiczna.
The IOZIP System costs approximately
EUR 150,000-200,000 to operate
annually, and requires some durable
equipment investments, including
servers, local area networks, Internet
capacity, Unix servers, etc. The limited
technical expertise of many users and
experts has slightly diminished some of
the benefits of IOZIP. It is critical to
achieve
communication
between
institutions that collect environmental
data and city administrators, who
compile and rely on this data to ensure
the full operation and benefit of such a
system.
Provozní náklady na systém IOZIP
jsou pøibližnì 150-200 000.- EUR
roènì a systém pøedpokládá investice
do zaøízení, napø. serveru, místní sítì
LAN, internetu, serveru UNIX atd.
Malé technické zkušenosti mnoha
uživatelù a odborníkù brzdily pøínos,
který se od používání IOZIP
oèekával.
Dùležitým prvkem je
komunikace mezi institucemi, které
jsou
odpovìdny
za
sbìr
environmentálních
dat
a
administrativou mìsta, která je
kompiluje a zajiš•uje plnou funkènost
a pøínos systému.
Roczna eksploatacja systemu IOZIP
kosztuje w przybli¿en-iu 150-200.000
EUR, wymaga on te¿ pewnych
inwestycji w sprzêt trwa³ego u¿ytku,
na przyk³ad serwery, lokalne sieci
komputerowe
LAN,
urz¹dzenia
umo¿liwiaj¹ce kor-zystanie z Internetu,
serwery UNIX-owe itd. Ograniczone
kompetencje
techniczne
wielu
u¿ytkowników i ekspertów utrudni³y
pe³ne wykorzystanie mo¿liwoœci, jakie
stwarza
u¿ytkowanie
IOZIP.
Zasadnicze znaczenie dla powodzenia
przedsiêwziêcia i zapewnienia pe³nego
funkcjonowania
i
wykorzystania
takiego systemu ma komunik-acja
pomiêdzy instytucjami zbieraj¹cymi
dane o œrodowisku a w³adzami
miejskimi, które opracowuj¹ je i
opieraj¹ siê na nich.
SITE PROFILE
Figure 1: Protected Areas within Prague and their protective zones
Prague has a population of 1.2 million and a total land area of 496 km 2. Activities in the area of transport and
environmental policy tend to be undertaken by the municipal (independent) and district authorities. Transport and
environment departments within these bodies oversee environmental activities in conjunction with the city’s master plan
which is defined based on economic, environmental and cultural priorities. Among the main environmental issues dealt
with are poor air quality, noise load, waste management, water management, natural areas protection, municipal greenery
maintenance etc. Within the last few years the effect of stationary air pollution sources (arising from solid fuel
combustion) has decreased while the role of traffic as an air pollution source is increasingly dominant. The number of
cars owned by citizens has steeply increased since 1992 (see Figure 2 below) as well as transport volumes (which is near to
full capacity in the city centre) while the use of public transport (three metro lines, buses, trams) is steadily decreasing.
Figure 2: Increases in car ownership
IOZIP (including precursor activities undertaken during the mid-1980s) was established owing to an increasing
awareness of environmental problems and the need to effectively manage these through reliable and consistent
environmental data and information. Following the political changes in 1989, the demand for freely accessible
information increased, particularly among experts and public users. Furthermore, the passage of legislation like Act No.
244/1992 on Environmental Impact Assessment and Act No.123/1998 on Environmental Right to Know provided
the necessary legal grounds for developing such a system like IOZIP.
Among the main objectives of the IOZIP system are to:
•
collect and process data on environmental quality in key sectors;
•
acquire and store environmental data from different sources (specialized systems)
(see Figure 4 below);
•
provide information for which no other source is available;
•
act as a meta-source, providing reference information to other projects and data sources;
•
provide aggregate data based on that collected from different sources (GIS analyses, models);
•
generate output data at different levels for different users (management, experts, education, public);
•
enable easy access to environmental information for the public; and,
•
to undertake these tasks relying on the use of information technologies, including databases and GIS to store and
collect data, and telematics and standard printed form to disseminate information.
Figure 3: Noise data compiled from PUDIS
The System has been operating since 1994. Source data is acquired from other information systems (for instance, those
used at the state level), is ordered (purchased) for instance measurements, modelling data etc., and collected from other
specialised municipal environmental projects. These connections have become well established (through regular contacts,
agreements, and contracts). For instance, close relations to other municipal environmental projects are maintained, in
relation to air under ATEM - air quality modelling (see Figure 4 below), PREMIS - presentation of real-time air quality
monitoring data, and REZZO - for the management of emissions and air pollution sources registers.
Figure 4: Based on air quality data received from ATEM,
IOZIP offers the following processed maps
The technical tools for data transfer from these sources is well-developed (relying on FoxPro applications). The
digitization and conversion of graphical data into requested format s takes place through tools such as GIS MapInfo
and ArcView. A central database of 11 data files has been converted into Oracle format. For the end-user, database and
GIS applications have been developed for data visualization while newer state of the art versions are currently being
prepared.
The off-line distribution of data for selected users (including the city authorities) is also handled by IOZIP and is
regularly updated. For instance, annual reports on Prague’s Environment (see Figure 5 below), maps, atlas and other
specific publications are regularly issued and distributed (in Czech and in English). Selected publications are also made
available via the Internet at <http://www.praha-mesto.cz>.
The System will continue to collect and process data, and to standardize the data disseminated. Further datafiles will be
transfereed into Oracle database format, including that data collected from ATEM and REZZO. On-line access to
information from database registers using the world wide web (WWW)-Intranet/Internet is also planned as well as the
presentation of GIS data, including for example the City’s digital environmental atlas.
The IOZIP System costs approximately EUR 150-200,000 to operate annually. This includes the total cost, however,
some durable equipment investments, for instance, servers, local area networks, Internet capacity, Unix servers etc. Some
of these items have also been funded through other projects. A specific breakdown reveals: a) measurements, studies,
data acquisition (app. 30 percent of the above budget) b) data entry management, digitization, databases and GIS data
management, software programming, user interfaces (including Internet WWW), hardware innovation (app. 35 percent)
c) preparation and release of user outputs as publications, i.e. yearbooks, maps, CD-ROM, leaflets etc. (app. 35 percent).
Ninety-five percent of the costs have been covered by the City of Prague’s municipal budget as a part of its City
information project undertaken annually since 1993. The Czech Ministry of Environment further contributed five
percent under a grant award in 1995.
and CD-ROM
The IOZIP system is centralised within IMIP and
cooperation with the City of Prague administration,
companies (e.g. Hydrosoft Veleslavin, EnviTypo etc.).
managed by IMIP in
data providers and private
FoxPro and Oracle are the main tools relied upon to
collected
and
store
environmental data, as well as GIS equipment including
MapInfo and ArcView (as
shapefiles). A local area network (LAN) within IMIP
facilitates data transfer.
Database and GIS applications enable data presentation
including
offline
distribution (supported also by CD-ROM for experts within the City administration). An Internet server enables
dissemination of data via the WWW, with a MapObjects Internet server also used. Oracle is the platform being
increasingly relied upon to serve as the database management system.
RESULTS AND IMPACTS
The results and data produced through IOZIP have met the initial objectives of the System. Although the economic
impacts of the System have not been measured, the informational support and easy access to environmental data is
appreciated by City experts, decisonmakers and citizens. The resulting data also plays a significant role in city
development and territorial planning, for environmental studies, and environmental impact assessement, and also other
areas of expertise.
Among those issues proving to be most problematic in terms of planning the project were the determination of
priorities and which environmental information to process. The consequent data acquisition and conversion from
different sources also posed an obstacle. Furthermore, financial constraints limited which technologies could be used, as
well as the operation of the system. Finally, the limited technical expertise of many of those involved, ranging from
users to experts, hindered some of the benefits to be obtained from the use of such a System.
TRANSFERABILITY
The principle and methodologies adopted for IOZIP (including the scope of data sets, the technological tools,
compilation of output information) can be transferred to practically any city location. Some SW tools used within
IOZIP can also be provided to potential users.
However, in addressing the issue of transferability, one must bear in mind the background of national legislation which
the system helps support, the organisational structure of Prague’s City administration and also the contents of the data
stored and processed which might not be appropriate to other authorities.
LESSONS LEARNED
IOZIP learned communication between institutions collecting environmental data, and the city administration is of
critical importance in order to ensure the full operation and benefit of such a system. Negotiation and mutual
cooperation of the institutions involved will offer dividends, and a clear indication of the benefits to be had will help
ensure participation of the key players, and resulting comittments (financial also).
In order to ensure the technical capacity of the users and experts supporting such computerised applications, training
procedures must be clear and simple, and must be tailored according to the technical level of the audience. This is
essential in order to ensure acceptance and adoption of the tools being made available. Improving the promotion of the
product and/or system, its “advertising” will also help, and soliciting feedback from users will help to ensure their needs
are constantly met.
Jaroslav Solc, Information System Manager
Institute of Municipal Informatics of the City of Prague
Zatecka 2, 110 01 Prague 1,
Czech Republic
Tel: (420-2) 2448-5314,
Fax: (420-2) 2481-1902,
Internet: http://www.praha-mesto.cz
Ivan Blazek, Technical Support (Oracle, GIS)
Hydrosoft Veleslavin,
U Sadu 13, 162 00 Prague 6
Tel/Fax: (420-2) 2061-1045-6,
E-mail: [email protected],
Internet: http://www.hv.cz
OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION:
·
City Environmental Reports / Yearbooks: (in English) Prague Environment 1993/94, 95, 96, 97, 98 and under
preparation: 99 (available online under: http://www.praha-mesto.cz/zivpro/english.htm)
·
Statistical publication: Prague Environment – trends and statistics
·
Environmental Atlas of Prague part I (1997), part II (1998)
·
CD-ROM Prague Environment 1 (1997), 2 (1998), 3 in preparation - with hypertext versions of publications
·
Thematic maps (GIS-output)
(Note: Publications, CD-ROM, atlas, maps are distributed free of charge to (municipal administration, cooperating
institutions, and advertisers) and sold to the public (at a subsidised price)
study):
BLACK SEA WEB:
Black Sea Marine Environmental Management Support System based on
Telematics
Black Sea Region,
Including Ukraine, Russia and Romania
Start: September 1998
End: September 2000
ABSTRACT
SHRNUTÍ
The Black Sea Web offers a Marine
Environmental Management Support
System that ensures informed decisionmaking can be practised by water
managers and policy-makers. It’s focus is
the Black Sea region, including Ukraine,
Russia and Romania and it provides
relevant
information
supporting
environmental management. The Black
Sea Web System functions with data
embedded into dynamic technologies
such as the Internet and GIS. The system
helps simplify past and present technical
datasets by compiling and storing this
information. Because it improves
information exchange and access, as well
as ability to forecast, the System offers
local,
regional
and
national
administrations with a powerful tool to
assist in decision-making, thereby
contributing to more coordinated and
better managed environmental actions.
The application was co-funded by the
EC and can be implemented in any
marine environment, local, regional or
transboundary.
prostøedí
Environmental
Information System of Prague anebo
IOZIP sbírá a zpracovává data o
životním prostøedí v oblasti Prahy.
Systém provozuje Institut mìstské
informatiky hl. mìsta Prahy (IMIP).
Hlavními složkami - tématickými
okruhy - jsou ovzduší, voda, krajina,
odpady, hluk. Systém také poskytuje
dodateèné údaje o dopravì, populaci
atd. související s otázkami životního
prostøedí, na které se pøedstavitelé
mìsta
zamìøují.
Systém pro
zpracování dat je vybudován na
databázích a GIS – geografických
informaèních systémech. Cílovými
uživateli jsou
vedení mìsta,
odborníci, a veøejnost.
Provozní náklady na systém IOZIP
jsou pøibližnì 150-200 000.- EUR
roènì a systém pøedpokládá investice
do zaøízení, napø. serveru, místní sítì
LAN, internetu, serveru UNIX atd.
Malé technické zkušenosti mnoha
uživatelù a odborníkù brzdily pøínos,
který se od používání IOZIP
oèekával.
Dùležitým prvkem je
komunikace mezi institucemi, které
jsou
odpovìdny
za
sbìr
environmentálních
dat
a
administrativou mìsta, která je
kompiluje a zajiš•uje plnou funkènost
a pøínos systému.
STRESZCZENIE
oferuje
System
Wspom-agania
Zarz¹dzania Œrodo-wiskiem Morskim
(Marine Environmental Management
Support System), który zapewnia
zarz¹dzaj¹cym wod-ami i osobom
odpowiedzialnym za wytyczanie
kierunków
dzia³ania
mo¿liwoœæ
podejmowania decyzji w oparciu o
rzetelne informacje. Sieæ skupia siê na
rejonie Morza Czarnego, w³¹czaj¹c w
to Ukrainê, Rosjê i Rumuniê, i
dostarcza odpowiednich informacji,
wspomagaj¹cych
zarz¹dzanie
œrodowiskiem, przy wykorzystaniu
osadzania danych w dynamicznych
technologiach, takich jak Internet i
GIS. System ten pomaga uproœciæ
wczeœniejsze i obecne specjalistyczne
zestawy
danych
przez
ich
opracowywanie (kompilowanie) i
przechowywanie.
Poprzez
doskonalenie potencja³u w zakresie
wymiany, dostêpu i prognozowania,
System oferuje w³adzom lokalnym,
regionalnym i krajowym potê¿ne
narzêdzie
do
pomocy
w
podejmowaniu decyzji, przyczyniaj¹c
siê do wiêkszej koordynacji i lepszego
kierowania
dzia³a-niami
proekologicznymi. Aplikacja ta by³a
wspó³finansowana przez Komisjê
Europejsk¹ i mo¿e zostaæ wdro¿ona
w dowolnym œrodowisku mors-kim lokalnym, regionalnym czy te¿
transgranicznym.
SITE PROFILE
The Black Sea Region has a total land area of about 1,500,000 km 2 and a population of 245 million people. Economic
activities are based in heavy industry, textiles, mining, agriculture and fishing. The Black Sea itself is an almost closed sea,
being bordered by countries with intensive agriculture and several harbours with or without very limited water treatment
capacity. This anthropic pressure has a very important impact on the Black Sea’s environmental state. Administrations
are concentrated on ensuring the ecological function (biological, chemical and physical) of the Black Sea and its marine
ecosystem. Any environmental problem may encompass a part of the region including several countries.
Figure 1: The Black Sea Region and the Currents of the Black Sea
© Copyright blackseaweb.net - All rights Reserved.
The Black Sea Action Plan calls for active measures to be undertaken in order to maintain and improve the undamaged
State of the Black Sea ecosystem. This can not be effectively realized without the availability of real-time information on
the ecological aspects of the region. The Black Sea Web application is intended to provide such information and assist
decision-makers in implementing adequate integrated marine environmental management of the Region.
Often the required data exists, however, it is not always in possession of the organisation which needs this data and in
the required format. Direct and uniform access to external regional data (bases), based on Telematics, can assist water
managers, for instance, who have to deal with different kinds of data (sets). These datasets can be combined with other
data types and information sources. The information can then be embedded in a dynamic GIS-based Management
Support System with a user-friendly interface. Such a Management Support System could provide the user with an
interactive working model, integrated at various scales, with viewing output in time and space and comparison of input
and output data. To build and validate such an application, access to meta-information is required.
The Objectives of the Black Sea Web application are therefore the development of a Marine Environmental Management
Decision Support System based on a Central Meta Directory as the central element and GIS applications. The System
includes automated procedures and telematic solutions based upon Internet technologies for accessing actual distributed
databases. The use of the system will be encouraged throughout the Black Sea Region.
In January 1999, the Black Sea Web Website was launched online under: <HTTP://WWW.BLACKSEAWEB.NET>. From
January 2000 the system was made fully operable, and freely accessible through the Black Sea Web website. Users only
require an Internet connection to use the system, which they must organize themselves.
To support the further development of the system, the site offers an Electronic Sounding Board (ESB) which is used
for End-User Consultation. The Board consists of representatives of environmental and governmental organisations
from the Black Sea Countries, including UNEP, UNDP, GEG, IOC, EU, NATO and others. The members of the
Board are potential end-users, and through the Board are informed about the Black Sew Web project and requested to
state their end-user requirements regarding the system.
The development of the System has cost around EUR 365,485 to implement, with co-funding of up to 250,000 received
from the European Commission (EC). East European partners were fully financed by the EC’s 4th Framework
Programme and INCO-COPERNICUS, and will continue to finance themselves beyond project close.
After Project end, the maintenance and up-dating of the system will probably be financed by the East European
partners, governments and partner organisations. The System will be installed at the Moscow State University server and
MHI server.
The Black Sea Marine Environmental Management Support System (Black Sea Web) enables access to each the data of
those organisations dealing with marine environmental data of the Black Sea. Data is generally collected on an
independent basis and stored locally. The Black Sea Web connects several databases, which are physically separated, but
appear as one. For instance, the Black Sea database of the Marine Hydro Physical Institute in Ukraine, containing physical
and geo-chemical data on the marine Black Sea environment, and the database of the Romanian Marine Geology and
Geo-ecology Centre containing geological and geo-ecological data are stored in partners’ offices. By means of the System,
remote access will be possible to the databases in partners offices.
In a further step (meta-) data from other CEE/NIS organisations may be involved, as well as from past and on-going
UNEP projects. For instance, new databases will be remotely connected to the system using remote data access software
which will be freely trasferred to the new database partner. They simply have to sign a normal agreement with the
partners’ consortium. Connection to the system is free.
There are no requirements toward the nature of the database, however:
•
the new partner must have an Internet connection and their own (database) server;
•
each data item must have a meta-data description, with the following mandatory meta-data fields: coordinate pairs,
date of collection and data ID of data sourceholder or measuring location.
Fig. 2: Screenshot of a Dataset query
The Black Sea Web consists of the following main elements:
•
A remote Data Access Module (see Fig.2 above), providing the user with a tool to search a number of
heterogeneous databases from the World Wide Web, using a standard WWW browser. The user can query a
Central Meta Directory to identify a number of distributed catalogues. The user can formulate queries to the
different catalogues using menus, forms and possibly cartographic information.
•
A Central Meta Directory (CMD) serves as the central element of the system. It follows the guidelines of the
Catalogue of Data Sources of the European Environment Agency. The CMD describes the information available
and at what location, and is installed as a World Wide Web Server (WWW).
•
An Application Layer Module, to process and present data and information, largely based upon a Geographical
Information System used for geographical interfacing.
In general, the datasets can be sub-divided into administrative units, such as borders of countries, restricted economic
zones, topographic data, such as watersheds, rivers, seas, cities, geo-thematic source material, such as optical or
microwave remote sensing data, processed geo-thematic data, such as sea surface temperature, geological, geochemical
and geo-ecological monitoring data, and bathymetry data
RESULTS AND IMPACTS
The Black Sea Web enables different organizations and governments to access each other’s data on an independent basis,
while maintaining control of their own data. This also provides national and regional governments with an adequate
management tool and helps policy and decision-makers in their tasks to implement an adequate integrated marine
environmental policy and successful management of the Black Sea Region. Moreover, the System can also be expected to
improve environmental awareness among the Black Sea governments and society both within the region and beyond.
In general the benefits can be summarized as follows:
•
Improved availability and accessibility to (environmental) meta-data sets through the user-friendly World Wide
Web;
•
Improved (trans) national meta-data exchange and cooperation;
•
Stimulation of public environmental and social awareness;
•
Improved input for (environmental) policy development and policy making with respect to the Black Sea Region;
•
Improved input for environmental research on behalf of governmental policy development and fundamental
scientific research.
TRANSFERABILITY
In general, the Black Sea Web concept is applicable for other (environmentally threatened) trans-boundary and regional
seas in Eastern Europe, including the Aral Sea, Caspian Sea, Gdansk Bay, Vistula Lagoon, Baltic Sea) as well as within
the EC, including the North Sea, Mediterranean, the Adriatic. Moreover, the concept is also applicable for (trans)national
lakes, such as Lake Balaton, rivers, such as the Volga, Rhine, Meuse, Danube, estuaries and river deltas, such as the
Rhone Delta and Vistula Delta, as well as environmentally threatened mainland regions, such as the Camarque and
environmental valuable regions in the CEE/NIS countries.
Among the main requirements for marine managers within different organisations looking to develop such a system
are: Internet access and Internet server capacity, a fixed telecommunication line, geographic information system capacity
wherein data can be processed and presented through an application layer module, and an understanding of the
european environment agency’s catalogue of data sources.
To further support exploitation of the concept, an exploitation plan will be developed within the framework of the
project.
LESSONS LEARNED
Any project or the development of any application must begin with the appropriate definition of tasks, responsibilities,
and (planning and action point) appointments. This is central to the success of the project and encourages cooperation
and a non-competitive environment. The acceptance of the project within the partnership and their “home”
organisation(s) will help to deliver quality results, as does the building up of personal relationships between the
partner’s involved. A pragmatic management approach is required in order to efficiently problem share and solve.
Peter Davis
MARIS
Dillenburgsingel 69
2263 HW Leidschendam
Netherlands
Tel: (31-70) 317-0960
Tax: (31-70) 390-3546
IN
ANNEX I: GOOD PRACTICE TEMPLATE
1 Title of Case Study
2 Location of Project
3 Duration of Project
4 Site Profile (urban/regional/national/transnational)
5 Abstract
6 Background and objectives
7 Present stage of implementation
8 Technical profile of project
9 Results and Impacts
10 Barriers and Conflicts
11 Transferability
155
IN
12 Lessons learned
13 Additional Information
156

Good Practices in Environment Telematics Implementation

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