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disertacia _1_ _1
avtoris stili daculia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti qarTuli literaturis instituti Jana kotoraSvili vaJa-fSavelas TxzulebaTa Tematika da mxatvruli struqtura 1900-1910-iani wlebis mixedviT filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili d i s e r t a c i a samecniero xelmZRvaneli: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori iuza evgeniZe Tbilisi 2013 sarCevi 1. Sesavali .................................................................................................................... 3-19 2. I. Tavi- vaJa-fSavelas 1900-1910-iani wlebis lirikis Tematika da mxatvruli struqtura; ....................................................................... 20-98 3. II. Tavi- vaJa-fSavelas 1900-1910-iani wlebis eposis Tematika da mxatvruli struqtura; ...................................................................... 99-186 4. III. Tavi-dramatuli Janri vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi (1910iani wlebis mixedviT); .................................................................................. 187-205 5. IV. Tavi-Targmani , rogorc vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi interesebis erT-erTi aspeqti (1900-1910-iani wlebis mixedviT); ................................................................................................................... 206-224 6. V. Tavi-1900-1910-iani wlebis vaJa-fSavelas publicistika; ....................................................................................................... 225-242 7. daskvna ......................................................................................................................... 243 8. gamoyenebuli literatura ...................................................................... 244-251 2 SesavaliKKKK naSromis kvlevis mizans warmoadgens TxzulebaTa Tematikisa da mxatvruli struqturis 1900-1910-iani wlebis kompleqsuri analizis safuZvelze vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiT interesTa eTikuri da esTetikuri samyaros analizi. Ddakvirvebis obieqtia mxatvrul saxeTa sistemis funqciebi, teqstebsa da Janrebs Soris urTierTmimarTeba. Ggarkveuli adgili eTmoba vaJas nawarmoebebTan sxva qarTvel mweralTa Txzulebebis konkretuli pasaJebisa da motivTa Sejerebas. am fonze, Tvisobrivad gasarkvevia, Tu ra gziT ganviTarda da ra xasiaTisa genialuri mgosnis SemoqmedebiTi interesebi, ra novaciebi warmoCnda mis poeziaSi, prozaSi, dramaturgiaSi publicistikaSi Tu mTargmnelobiT saqmianobaSi, msoflmxedvelobrivi cvlilebebis mxriv, ideur–Tematuri Ziebis, mxatvrul–gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebisa da saSualebebis gamoyenebis aspeqtiT. vaJa-fSavelas muxtis mier matarebelia, warmosaxul romelic personaJTa ganapirobebs zneobrivi mxatvruli samyaro im Semoqmedebis urTules saidumloebebSi mkiTxvelis gacnobierebas. adamianis fiqri, azrovneba, emociebi, misi Sinasamyaro ayalibebs da monoliTad warmoaCens mis pirovnul ,,me“–s. amis warmosaxva–gamosaxva xelovnebaSi, kerZod mxatvrul literaturaSi, mocemulia specifikur WrilSi da naTels xdis Semoqmedis msoflSegrZnebas, adamianurobis niWsa da unars. es ki Semoqmeds aZlevs garkveul garantias,– gaaSuqos RvTisgan qmnili samyaros saidumloebani. mudam unda axsovdes da iTvaliswinebdes RmerTTan mosaubre hainrix haines sityvebs, codvila–upatronos saflavis warmouTqvams: ,,ama qvis qveSe garindula mTeli samyaro“. qvis win rom Tumca, amave dros mwerals hmarTebs didi sifrTxilec, gaTvaliwineba imisa, rom mas, rogorc adamians, ver SeeZleba yvelafrisa da yvelas mxatvruli gardasaxva, Tuki amas moiwadinebs igi aRmoCndeba iseT ukiduresobaSi, romelsac faqtologia SeiZleba ewodos, amitom mas unda SeeZlos SerCeva, danaxva umTavresi da ganumeorebeli sagnebisa da movlenebisa. kultura sityvisa, kultura grZnobisa, kultura adamianur gancdaTa gaxsnisa mTeli elvarebiT gansakuTrebiT maSin unda gamosWviodes, rodesac 3 mwerals uxdeba individTa zneobrivi mRelvarebis, maTi cxovrebiseuli kataklizmebis gadmocema. yovelive amas ki xorcs unda asxamdes TxzulebaTa mxatvrul saxeTa sistema, TiToeul frazaSi, sityvaSi Cadebuli ideur– emocionaluri gamovlinebani. mxatvrulma sityvam ideur–emocionaluri gamomxatveloba srulyofilad rom SeZlos, ramdenime faqtors unda akmayofilebdes: a)TxzulebaSi aRZrul gancdaTa, msoflSegrZnebaTa gamoxatva Sesabamisi mxatvruli stiliT. b)lirikuli gmirisa Tu epikur–dramatul personaJebis mimarTeba sazogadoebis garkveul interesebTan; g)rogoraa warmoCenili maTSi bunebis gancda ; d)ra diapazonisaa adamianis Semecnebis farglebi mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi; e)rogor mJRavndeba sxvadasxva literaturuli mimarTulebis esTetikuri principebi konkretuli avtoris konkretul TxzulebebSi. amaSi xedavda prof. gr. kiknaZe vaJa–fSavelas Zalas: ,,vaJa–fSavelas es siZliere marto mis poetur alRosa da niWze ar aris dafuZnebuli. vaJas Semoqmedeba misi, rogorc moazrovne–moqalaqis, poeturi warmonaqmnia. igi Tavisi drois socialuri viTarebis Svili da mowinave moazrovneTa sulieri memkvidrea. amitomacaa, rom vaJa–fSavelas Semoqmedebis ideuri Sinaarsi gamocalkevebuli saxiT ki ar warmogvidgeba, aramed Tavisi mizandasaxulobiT es Semoqmedeba erTvis Cveni imdroindeli mwerlobis mZlavrsa da mowinave nakads, Tumca, arasodes ar kargavs Tavis mkveTr poetur individualobas“(49,3–5). umdidresi mxatvruli samyaroTi, intonaciuri mravalferovnebiT, mizanswrafviT, SemoqmedebiTi interesebiT vaJa–fSavela, Tu guram asaTians davesesxebiT–,,dakavSirebulia sakuTari xalxis sulier cxovrebasTan, romelic didebulad gamoxatavs ,,xalxis erovnuli fsiqikis iersac“ .(6,312) xalxis sulier cxovrebasTan organuli kavSiri, romelic ,,erovnuli fsiqikis iersac“ atarebs, naTlad aisaxa vaJas lirikaSi. kanonzomierebadaa qceuli is realoba, rom erTi saukunis dasasruli da axali saukunis dasawyisi TiTqmis revoluciur gardaqmnaTa periodia xolme cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, zogadad, xelovnebis istoriaSi, yvelaze mkveTrad ki 4 mxatvruli literaturis samyaroSi. aq demarkaciuli xazis gavleba gamoricxulia, miTumetes gamoricxulia iseTi didi masStabisa da genialuri poetis SemoqmedebaSi, rogoric vaJa–fSavelaa. XIX da XX saukuneebis uReltexilze dgomam Tavisi keTili kvali daaCnia mis poezias, mis sazogadoebriv pozicias, mis SemoqmedebiT interesTa farTo speqtrs. vaJa–fSavelas pirovneba, misi Semoqmedeba samarTlianad aris gaazrebuli msoflios masStabiT: ,,...iwureboda mecxramete da iwyeboda meoce saukune. msoflio literaturis literaturaSic titanebidan yvelaze iwyeboda meoce saukune. mZlavrad momavlisaken msoflio es ltolva tolstoim, dostoevskim, Tagorma da uitmenma gamoxates. vaJam ki kidev erTi nabiji gadadga am mimarTulebiT. da saqarTvelos tragikul pirobebSi, e.i. msoflio rezonansis yovelgvar saSualebas moklebulma, man daiwyo damkvidreba am axali filosofiuri, eTikuri da esTetikuri principebisa, man Seqmna axali epikuri msoflSegrZnebiT gamsWvaluli axali epikuri forma, man Seasxa axali frTebi romantizms ara realizmis sawinaaRmdegod, aramed misganve gamomdinarem, man Seitana axali eTikuri principebi esTetikurSi da qmediTi humanisturi suli STabera mxatvris filosofias“(13,274). bunebrivia, gamomricxavi, marTalia an mamuka am geniosi erTimeoris Wanturaia, Semoqmedis Sesaxeb Seiqmneboda Semavsebel–ganmaviTarebeli rodesac aRniSnavs: erTimeoris Sexedulebebi. ,,...winaaRmdeg zogierTi mkvlevaris mosazrebisa, swored 900–iani wlebidan iwyeba vaJas azrovnebaSi inteleqtualuri simwifis axali xana, mZafrdeba misi mxatvruli azrovnebis unari, Rrmavdeba filosofiur–esTetikuri are“(114,4;). XXsaukunis 90–iani wlebis dasasruls misi poeturi gumani gafacicebiT daeZebda ,,samSoblos mkvlelT”; guls stkenda ,,sikvdili gmirisa“(1899); SaSvs ki emduris imitom, rom ,,mSvidi, bavSuri guneba“ ar amRvrevia mterzeda, rom ,,movaleobis uReli“ ara sdgomia qedzeda (,,SaSvo, masve hmRer“.1899) da dasafiqreblad afrTxilebs usazRvrod Zalmomreobas: ,,vinc avs uSvreba moyvassa, sxvac misTvis avis mqnelia; TviTac muxTalad mokvdeba 5 muxTalad kacis mkvlelia“ (,,mxolod Zala gvaqvs dRes xelTa“) mkiTxvelebis, sazogadoebis Segoneba–gafrTxilebis intonacia sagrZnoblad icvleba saaxalwlo survilebSi. 1899 wlis bolo akordad unda miviCnioT leqsi ,,saaxalwlod“, romelic gamoqveynda ,,iveriis“ 1900 wlis pirvel nomerSi. sazogadoebis zneobrivi cxovrebis Sefasebisas vaJa xSirad sentencia– aforizmebiT gamoxatavs xolme sakuTar midgomas da am mxriv gamonakliss arc es leqsi warmoadgens: magaliTad, aq poeti qarTvel dedebs mouwodebs, rom ,,SvilTa aRzrdaze iubnon,ro Seiyarnen erTada “ da iqve brwyinvale sentenciiT amagrebs sakuTar Sexedulebebs qarTvel dedaTa mimarT: ,,lamazad Svilis aRmzdeli deda micvnia RmerTada...“(,,saaxalwlod”,1899). qronologiurad am leqss mosdevs leqsebi: ,,viToma vTibdi bejiTad (simRera)“–,,iveria“, 1900w. 4 aprili,N74 da ,,zamTari da gazafxuli“– ,,jejili“,1900,N2, 1900 wliTvea daTariRebuli poemac –,,nangrevTa Soris“– gaz.,,iveria“,1900w; N141; ,,brZeni viri(ZvelisZveli ambavi) “, ,,iveria“, 1900w. N190. Tu leqsiT ,,saaxalwlod “ vaJa–fSavelam ganvlil, 1899, welSi gaweuli saqmianoba Seafasa, leqsSi ,,viToma vTibdi bejiTad“ ki, Cveni fiqriT, avtoriseuli TviTSefaseba, ganvlil gzaze Tvalis Sevleba ufro farTo masStabisaa, ganzogadebulia. ,,lirikuli gmiri ukmayofilo Cans gaweuli Sromis SedegiT, arc gaoceba da arc imedgacrueba ar tovebs mTibels. Sroma, mcdeloba, sibejiTe ar dauSurebia mas,–,,Tavs karg mTibelad vsaxavdio”, magram verc ki warmoedgina, ,,Tu mTas uTibsve vnaxavdio“. xeli moscarvia mTibvels, radgan ,,...Tiva arsad Cans, – qars mtverad gautania da saTibebSi niaRvars lodebi moutania“(123,173). erTi SexedviT, aq sayofacxovrebo, socialur momentzea aqcenti aRebuli, magram Tu vaJas sxva leqsTa Tu moTxrobaTa qveteqstebs gaviTvaliswinebT, miviCnevT, rom am leqsSic striqonebSorisi wakiTxva bevr alegoriul midgomas 6 gviCvenebs, SeiZleba imis daSvebac, rom poeti TibvaSi SemoqmedebiT process gulisxmobdes, xolo naTibSi– SemoqmedebiT produqcias“.(123,175) udaod didi pirovnebis Tavmdabloba gamosWvivis striqonebs Soris, rac esoden damaxasiaTebelia maTTvis, didi ana kalandaZis Tqmisa ar iyos–,,Tu... es maRalTa Tavmdablobaa odiT da odiT?“ (ana kalandaZe, ,,fexi damadgiT“). absoluturad gansxvavebuli intonaciisaa Jurnal ,,jejilis“ 1900wlis meoTxe nomerSi gamoqveynebuli mozrdili leqsi–,,zamTari da gazafxuli“. rogorc xSirad uTqvamT, didi ,, vaJa bunebas sicocxlis sinonimad Tvlida da mas ucnauri ZaliT ganicdida... bunebis wiaRSi dabadebulsa da gazrdil kacs buneba marTlac sulCadgmuli da metyveli egona. es arc animizmi iyo da arc panTeizmi. es iyo dausrulebeli SegrZneba bunebisa, rodesac iSleboda sazRvari adamiansa da samyaros Soris“(117, 672). am leqsSi, Cveni rwmeniT, gamoixata vaJas SemoqmedebiTi interesis erTi aspeqtic . kerZod: wlis droebi, flora da fauna, ciuri manaToblebi, stiqiuri movlenebi, feris esTetikuri funqcia lirikaSi. 900–910–ian wlebSi poetisaTvis erTgvar Tezad aris qceuli odnav adre Camoyalibebuli Segoneba, aforizmi–,,avsa da kargsa kacisas rodi iviwyebs sofeli! guls nu mogviklavT, vinca xarT Cveni keTilis–myofeli“(saaxalwlod“, 1894w). marTlac, Tu gulisgulSi CavxedavT vaJa–fSavelas Semoqmedebas, erT– erT mTavar aspeqtad unda miviCnioT gmiris, pirovnebis, znekeTilis Zieba, anu is, ,,visac dRe–da–Ram hnatrulobs Cumi natvriTa qarTveli“(ilia). mraval leqsSi xazgasmulia is fsiqologiuri WeSmariteba, rom avtoris mier lirikul personaJad gamoyvanili pirovnebis ,,Sigani sinamdvile iqmneba obieqturi samyaros pirovnul moTxovnilebaTa da RirebulebaTa Sesatyvisad gadamuSavebis Sedegad. adamianis Sinagan samyaroSi sinamdvile pirovnuli TvalsazrisiT aris interpretirebuli“(62,364). marTlac 900–910–wlebSi daweril lirikul nawarmoebebSi gacocxlebulia is socio–zneobrivi garemo, romelSic uxdeboda cxovreba did poets. rogorc prof.iuza evgeniZe aRniSnavs:,,vaJa–fSavela gansakuTrebul SemoqmedebiT interess iCens ,,eTikurad Rirebuli problemebisadmi . am 7 SemTxvevaSi vaJas poeturi idealebi saTaves iRebs Cveni xalxis gancdaSi tradiciulad damkvidrebuli zneobrivad gamZle warmodgenebidan.“(69,216). vaJasTvis organuli Tvisebaa ,,didi madlisa“ da ,,didi borotebis“ maradkacobriul problemebze msjeloba. bunebrivia, es mudmivi Widili mraval siZnelesTan iyo dakavSirebuli, misi TiTqmis yvela moqmedeba da mTeli misi Semoqmedeba, amaRlebuli moralis TvalsazrisiT, simarTle–samarTlianobis, humanurobis gansaxierebas warmoadgenda. vaJa-fSavelas farTodaa SemoqmedebiTi warmodgenili SemecnebiTi eposi, funqciebi, SesaZleblobani, interesebis epikuri sakmaod ganapirobebs: siuJetianoba, moqmed mxare, metyvelebis gvari, sinamdvilis resursebi stili, didia. mravalferovan speqtrSi romlis mxatvruli Aamas ki mxatvrulgardasaxvis mravali faqtori pirTa xasiaTebis gaxsna, mxatvruli fabulis Sinaarsoblivi siRrme, teqstis moculoba, emociuri muxtis vrceli amplituda da a.S. miCneulia, rom JanrTa klasifikacia Tavis TavSi moicavs mxatvrul nawarmoebTa saTanado Janrisadmi adgilis gansazRvris problemebs. Aamas garkveuli sirTuleebi axlavs, rac gamowveulia mxatvruli azrovnebis istoriuli ganviTarebis intensiurobiT, TiToeuli Janris SigniT mimdinare evoluciis procesiT. Mmixeil baxtinis moxdenili TqmiT-,,Janri”-es xom warmomadgenelia literaturis ganviTarebis procesSi SemoqmedebiTi mexsierebisao” prof. gr. kiknaZis rwmeniT, 1900-ian wlebSi, vaJas ,,..poeturi simwifis Jams... yovelgvari usafuZvlo siTamamis gareSe hqonda Sinagani ufleba TviTdaxasiaTebiT warmdgariyo sazogadoebis winaSe: is ukve iyo avtori saxelganTqmuli pativcemul poemebisa, mkvlevars mravali miaCnia, rom leqsisa yvela da moTxrobisa...”(2,28). werilSi, yvela leqsSi, moTxrobasa Tu poemaSi ,,daufaravi da SeuniRbavi saxiTaa misi mxatvruli Semoqmedebis leitmotivi”. amdenad, asevea misaRebi yvela saTauris qveS poetis gakeTebuli klasifikaciaSi, gadatanili. amis minaweri Cveni gvaris, fiqriT, Taobaze saxis, Janris raobaze. Tumca, mainc fabulis warmoSobazea detaluri analizia mocemuli q-n am aqcenti laura grigolaSvilis statiaSi ,,vaJas poemaTa fabulis sakiTxi”.(24,98–123). vaJas mier epikur TxzulebaTa mikuTvneba ama Tu im Janrisadmi CaTvlilia aratradiciul midgomad litmcodneobis TvalsazrisiT, Tumca 8 imavdroulad atarebs novaciis xasiaTs da mis mier gansazRvruli yvela ,,Janri” warmoadgens TxzulebaTa kompoziciuri modelirebis aucilebel ,,ornaments”. naSromSi warmodgenilia maTi klasifikacia Janruli kuTvnilebis mixedviT, romelic aseT suraTs gvaZlevs: 1. ,,naTqvami”-,,naambobi”-,,Tqmuleba” (8 poema, 6 prozauli Txzuleba); 2. ,,Zveli ambavi”-,,Zvelis-Zveli ambavi”,,ambavi” (11 ,,moTxroba” poema, (2 3 poema, prozauli 18 nawarmoebi); prozauli 3. Txzuleba); ,,cxovrebidan”-,,suraTi”4. ,,araki” (1 poema, 1 prozauli nawarmoebi); 5. ,,balada” (1 poema); ,,zRapari”-,,legenda”(2 poema, 4 prozad Tqmuli); 7. epikuri nawarmoebebi, romelTa saTaurebSi avtoris mier ar aris miTiTebuli maTi Janruli kuTvnileba (13 poema, 54 prozad Tqmuli); 8. Txzulebis saTaurSi miTiTebulia adresati (1 poema); 9. prozad Tqmuli ori Txzuleba gansxvavebuli miTiTebiT; 10. prozad Tqmuli Txzulebebi Tematuri ciklizaciis mixedviT: a) ,,sizmari”(4 nawarmoebi), b) ,,moCveneba” (2 Txzuleba). Aamgvari ganviTarebis procesi poliJanruli xels Semoqmedeba, uwyobs eposis kompoziciuri intensiuri modelirebis, tipologiisa Tu sxva amocanebis amoxsnas. vaJasmcodneobaSi miRweuli Sedegebis kvaldakval kvlevis Tanamedrove meTodebidan gaTvaliswinebulia hermenevtika da naratologia. Uuaxles principTa gamoyenebiT ganisazRvra vaJas eposis kompleqsuri analizis niuansebi; iqneba es teqstSi ritorikul, poetur gamoTqmaTa mxatvrul-esTetikuri da semantikuri funqciebi, TxzulebebSi Cadebuli ideur-Tematuri motivacia, simboluri Tu alegoriuli saxismetyveleba, urTierToba folklorTan, eTnografiasTan; ganxilulia sxva avtorebTan JanrTa tipologiuri, genetikuri kavSirebi, TviTganmeorebis, avtologiis faqtebi. Ggarkveuli dro aSorebs erTmaneTisagan ilias ,,kacia-adamiansa” da vaJas ,,mucelas”, vaJas poemis ,,coli, anu Cemi Tavgadasavlis” fabulas Sio aragvispirelis novelebis fabulebTan, agreTve mixeil javaxiSvilis ,,TeTri sayelos” garkveul pasaJebTan. naSromSi ,,miTologiuri kritikis” principis gaTvaliswinebiT dasabuTebulia vaJas poemebSi Tu prozaul TxzulebebSi miTiurobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis originaluri, brwyinvale interpretaciebi vaJas mier. 9 1900-1910-ian wlebSi vaJa-fSavelas mier Seqmnil poemebis analizis fonze (k. abaSiZe, v. kotetiSvili, t. tabiZe, gr. robaqiZe, gr. kiknaZe... ,,vaJafSavelas xuTi poema da sxva) yuradRebas iqcevs Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa safuZvliani, zogjer Tamami analitika vaJas poemebisa (a. baqraZe, T, Cxenkeli, g. asaTaani, i. evgeniZe...). miCneulia, rom vaJa-fSavelam, rogorc farTo masStaburi xedvis Semoqmedma, adamianis xedvis Sina samyaro gaxsna virtoozuli saxismetyvelebiT. Gglobaluri problemebis gadaWris idealuri nimuSi ki vaJam mogvca ,,gvelis mWamelis” saxiT. vaJa-fSavelas poeturi eposiT xazgasmiT mtkicdeba misi, rogorc msoflio rangis moazrovnisa da udidesi mxatvris imiji. Ddadgenilia, rom vaJam naxevar saukuneze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi Seqmna 112 mxatvruli prozauli Txzuleba, aqedan 1900-1915 wlebSi daiwera 50 dasaxelebis prozauli qmnileba. vaJas prozis poetika brwyinvaledaa ganxiluli prof. gr. kiknaZis mier. vaJa-fSvelas literaturuli zRapari mravalferovania Tematuradac, Janrul elementTa sinTeziTac, es naTlad Cans rogorc XIX, ise XX saukuneSi Seqmnil TxzulebebSi, romlebSic brwyinvaled aris daculi folkloruli tradiciebic da literaturuli zRapris specifikac. siuJeturad TiTqmis Tanabradaa warmodgenili ambis gazRaprebac da faunis warmomadgenlebis Cveulebrivi literaturul-mxatvruli gasaxierebac. cxovelTa eposi brwyinvaledaa warmodgenili vaJas lirikaSic, poemebSic, prozaSic, piesaSic. saTaurSi maTi ,,kurdRlis Ees naTlad dasaxelebiT simRera”), ise Cans rogorc (,,daTvi”, ,,Sinaarsis uSualod ,,mgeli”, gamJRavnebul nawarmoebis ,,daWrili saTaurebSic vefxvi”, (38,92): ,,saTaguri”, ,,bunebis mgosnebi”, ,,tyis komedia” da sxv. yofiTi problemaa mocemuli vaJas nawarmoebSi ,,daTvi”. zRapari. Ees mozrdili prozauli Txzuleba daibeWda JurnalSi ,,Cveni eri” (1904w. #1, #2). Txzulebis fabula, misi Sinaarsi, mTlianad siuJeti garkveulwilad amarTlebs literaturismcodneobaSi arsebul debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom mxatvruli qmnilebis Janris gansazRvra avtorTa mier xSirad ar emTxveva mis namdvil gvarsa Tu saxeobas, Janris raobas. magaliTad, vaJam 1909 wels daweril nawarmoebs-,,daTvi” uwoda-zRapari. 10 Ees nawarmoebi, Cveni fiqriT, aris klasikuri nimuSi moTxrobisa; nawarmoebisa, romelic faqtiurad alegoriaa sazogadoebrivi yofierebis Sesaxeb. zRaprobas mas aniWebs garkveul cxovelTa ametyveleba adamianurad. daTvSi, meliaSi, mgelSi, maCvSi, virSi, lom-vefxvSi avtorma ganasaxiera Tavisi drois sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi. maTi xasiaTebi. maTi urTierToba erTmaneTTan, garemo tipiuria da ganazogadebs socialur Tu fsiqologiur viTarebas. rodesac yuradRebas personificinirebaze, vamaxvilebT bunebrivia, vaJa gapirovnebaze ,,uenpiro maT bunebis ,,gaadamianurebaze” akeTebs aqcents anu misi poeturi TvalTaxedvis areSi mudam adamiania moqceuli Tavisi rTuli cxovrebiT. Cans, did poets yovelTvis awuxebda da afiqrebda bedi, cxovreba oblisa. amasTan dakavSirebiT yvela nawarmoebi aRsavsea maTadmi avtoris TanagrZnobiT; ara aqvs mniSvneloba, adamiani iqneba is (,,suli oblisa”, ,,eTeri”), Tu frinveli (,,rogor gaCndnen buebi qveyanazed”), an cxoveli (,,Svlis nukris naambobi”, tipologiurobisa, SemoqmedebaSi, ,,melia-serefenia”...). fabulam rogoricaa gamoiwvia erTi TviTganmeoreba. garda Temis, stilisturi gavixsenoT ideis xerxic ,,Svlis mis nukris naambobis sawyisi sityvebi: ,,pawawa var, oboli. Bbedma damibriyva: cud dros davobldi da aseve sawyisi frazebis detalebi Txzulebidan ,,melia- serefenia”: ,,patara daoblda. Mmagram arc ise patara iyo, sazrdos mopoveba ar SesZleboda” (32,511).Aam nawarmoebTa Soris ki idga meoTxed saukuneze meti. vaJas eposze saubrisas win wamoiwevs agreTve sxva uamravi sakiTxic tipologiurobisa. miTologiuri, Eesenia: metafizikuri, sayofacxovrebo, zRaprul religiur-mistikuri, legenduri, cxovelTa eposi, liro-epikurobis struqturebi da a.S. Tu eTeris (,,eTeri”), sofios ,,suli oblisa”), Svlis nukris, meliaserefenias yofa gausaZlisia maTi patara asakidanve, Tu daTvi (zRapari ,,daTvi”), goCi an mucela mZime codvebis msxverplni xdebian, Tu aRazam, aludam, joyolam, mravalsaukunovani TavianTi Cakiruli feriscvalobiT mkacri adaT-wesebi, Searyies zneobrivad tradiciebi, Tu beri luxumi, lela, kviria, ivane kotoraSvili, giglia, gogoTuri an ZaRlika 11 ximikauri Rirsebisa da gmirobis, mamuliSvilobis SaravandediT sxivmosilni arian, Tu axundsa da beslans, uzneobisa da moRalatis lafiT saxeSercxvenilebs vxedavT, Tu sanaTas, mamida xoSias, qiCirs SurisZiebis survili da qmedeba igavmiuwvdomelia gamarTlebulia vaJa-fSavela, aranakleb da maTi gamaognebelia gansaxovnebiT am bumberazi Semoqmedis siTbo da sinaze ,,jejilisa” da ,,nakadulis” mimarT aRvlenil vedrebaSi: ,,RmerTo, nu mohklav pataras!”, an ra didi TanagrZnoba gamosWvivis bavSvebisadmi moTxrobidan ,,rogor gaCndnen buebi qveyanazed”, poemidan ,,anna-bulbuli”, lirikuli leqsidan ,,oblebis simRera”... Aaqve gvsurs daveyrdnoT isev vaJas sxva Teoriul statias ,,fiqrebi”, romelSic igi aRniSnavs: ,,Tu ginda originaluri mwerali dagiZaxon,- uTqvams bernes-swere ise, rasac hfiqrob, ise, rogorc hfiqrobde, rogorc Sen sulsa da guls undodes, moswondeso”(33,22). Tu kritikuli TvaliT gadavxedavT misi poetur epos Seqmnils XX saukunis dasawyisidan, naTlad davrwmundebiT, rom did poets yvela Tema, suJeti, fabula Taviseburad brwyinvaled gadaumuSavebia da Seuqmnia iseTi nawarmoebebi, romlebic mis sulsa da guls undoda da moswonda. Ees naTlad nawarmoebebSi, gamovlinda aramed 1900 ara wliT marto XIX daTariRebul saukuneSi Seqmnil pirvelsave poemaSi ,,nangrevTa Soris” (monadiris naambobi)-daibeWda ,,iveriaSi”. 1900 wlis #141. naSromSi dakvirvebis obieqtia poema ,,sisxlis Zieba”, romelsac ar mohklebia mkvlevarTa yuradReba. Cveni amocanidan gamomdinare, mivyeviT ra Txrobis temps, yuradReba SevaCereT naratologiis iseT tipur SemTxvevaze, rogoricaa ,,deskriptiuli pauza”, anu rodesac ,,Txroba Cerdeba, viTarebis, peizaJis, interieris an sagnis aRwera iwyeba”(121,90) Ppauza droTi unda izomebodes da poemaSic misi ganzomilebis metnakleboba ganvsazRvreT TxzulebaSi arsebuli siuJetidan gadaxvevis an retradiciis Sinaarsoblivi mxolod oTx Tu aTeulze funqciuri stilistikuri meti SemTxveviT. klasifikacia, figurebi, xolo movaxdineT samsjavrod maTi ricxvidan ra maTi gamovitaneT SevCerdiT ritorikul SeZaxilze. sxvagan ki saubari iqneba, aforizmul gamoTqmebze, andazebze, wyevlis formulaze, Segonebaze, riTac ase uxvia poema ,,sisxlis Zieba”. 12 poemaSi ,,mamidis danabarebi” poema sisxlis ZiebasTan” tipologiurobis niuansebi SeiniSneba mxolod SurisZiebis, sisxlisZiebis, rogorc aqtis, aspeqtiT. Tumca, motivaciurad qiCirbeisa (,,sisxlisZieba”) da aludas (,,mamidis mizanswrafviT danabarebi”) absoluturad mier Catarebuli gansxvavebulni arian. aqtebi Tavisi es poemebi erTimeorisagan sxvaoben agreTve monoTematurobisa (,,mamidis danabarebi”) da poliTematurobis (,,sisxlis Zieba”) mixedviTac. Surismgeblobis tipologiurobam gvibiZga ,,mamidis danabarebSic” mogveca teqstSi arsebuli ritorikul-figuralur gamoTqmaTa, sityvis masalis, aforizmebis, Segonebis, andazis, retradiciis klasifikacia. rogorc cnobilia, prof. gr. kiknaZem calke gamoyo e.w. ,,colis motivi”. (gavixsenoT mis mier mocemuli SedarebiTi analizi ,,gogoTur da afSinasi” da ,,gvelis mWamelisa” am aspeqtiT). vaJas mier 1908 wels dawerili poema –,,coli anu Cemi Tavgadasavali. Tqmuleba Tandila–aragvelisa“ gamoqveynda 1916 wels gazeT ,,saxalxo furcelSi“.vaJasmcodneobaSi samarTlianad uyeneben pretenzias am Txzulebis mxatvrul dones, magram TematikiTa da ideiT iq bevri sagangaSo movlenaa gansaxovnebuli–aqac colis motivi, ojaxis problemaa win wamoweuli, magram gogoTur da afSinasagan“ ,,gvelis da mWamelisagan“absoluturad gansxvavebuli. vaJas am Txzulebaze imitom SevaCereT yuradReba, rom iq aRwerili ambavi im periodis zneobrivi katastrofis tipiuri movlena iyo. gavixsenoT Sio aragvispirelis novelebi, mixeil javaxiSvilis ,,TeTri sayelo”. vaJa-fSavelas eposis arsi naSromSi warmodgenilia tician tabiZis werilze dayrdnobiT: ,,mxolod vaJa-fSavelam SesZlo mieca qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis namdvili eposi... qarTuli eposis saukeTeso nawarmoebad CaiTvlebian vaJa-fSavelas poemebi... vaJas fantazia aq met gasaqans naxulobs“. sruliad gancalkevebuli adgili uWiravs vaJas SemoqmedebaSi prozas. vaJa weris maneriT realistia, misi stili daxvewilia, ara aqvs arc erTi provinciuli gamoTqma da misi wminda qarTuli kidev didxans darCeba qarTul mwerlobaSi”. vaJa-fSavelas, rogorc dramaturgis, originalurobas misi piesebis struqturaSi vxedavT. kerZod, misi patar-patara ,,scenebis” da ,,tyis 13 komediis” remarkebis ganxilviT win aris wamoweuli avtoris funqciebi nawarmoebSi, radgan dramaturgis wamyvani roli gadasulia uSualod remarkebSi.Kklasikuri ganmartebiT, remarkas ZiriTadad evaleba miTiTeba moqmedebis, drois, adgil-garemos, gmirTa garegnobis, Cacmulobis Sesaxeb. rogorc vxedavT, faqtiurad saqme gvaqvs mTxrobelis, avtoris saxesTan. aman ki win wamoswia piesebis personaJebTan misi damokidebulebis forma, anu dramaturgi ZiriTadad ar CaerTveba informaciis ganmavlobaSi remarkas personaJTa Semcvelia SeuZenia Tavisi metyvelebaSi. funqciiT. remarka Tumca, xom saukuneTa axal-axali Sinaarsi, rac gamowveulia piesis JanriTa da stiliT. cnobilia, e.w. beletrizirebuli remarkebi (l.meterlinki, b. Sou, l. andreevi), XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnaze Cndeba gaSlili, aRweriTi, sagnobrivi remarkebi (hauptmani, ibseni, Cexovi, ostrovski). zogi avtoris piesebSi remarkebs ukaviaT piesis TiTqmis mesamedi (b. Sou) da asrulebs ara mokle miTiTebebis funqciebs, aramed faqtiurad warmoadgens piesis avtoriseul komentars. vaJas piesaTa remarkebidan remarka ZiriTadad beletrizirebuli saxisaa. magaliTad, piesas ,,scena mTaSi” saTauris qveS minawers ,,xevsurebis cxovrebidan” mosdevs miniatura, eskizi, romliTac sxartadaa daxatuli interierica da eqsterieric. erTmoqmedebian da erTsuraTian piesas kompoziciur mTlianobas cxovrebidam) kompozicia. aniWebs safinalo remarka Tavisi SinaarsiT. Taviseburia piesis ,,scenebi”(fSavlebis Ppiesa dayofilia oTx moqmedebad, oTx scenad. specifikuria TiToeuli scenisadmi wamZRvarebuli remarka-saTaurebi Tavisi Sinaarsoblivi funqciiT. xolo piesaSi ,,scenebi” (scena xevsureTSi) remarkebi informaciis funqciebs atarebs, TiTon piesa faqtiurad ornawiliani moTxrobaa. remarkis beletrizireba TiTqmis gamoricxulia ,,tyis komediaSi”, Tumca avtori arsad tovebs piesas mokle komentarebis, miTiTebebis gareSe, riTac garkveul gzamkvleobas uwevs siuJetis ganviTarebaSi maTi CarTvis TvalsazrisiT. sayuradReboa piesis saTauri-,,tyis komedia”. Ppiesas komedia pirobiTad SeiZleba ewodos, rameTu iq ar aris groteski, hiperbola, satira, karikatura, rogorc klasikuri komediebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli 14 niSnebi. Ppiesis saTauri orcnebiani frazaa: ,,tye” azustebs moqmedebis adgils, xolo ,,komedia” gansazRvravs Txzulebis Janrobriv saxesxvaobas. naSromSi saTanado analiziT garkveulia, Tu ramdenadaa es piesa komedia, ra doziTaa mocemuli iq komikuri, satiruli Tu ,,iumoristikuli (am bolo termins am formiT xmarobs prof. gr. kiknaZe) Aanalizis procesSi amovdivarT ra prof. gr. kiknaZis ganmartebebidan, dadgenilia, rom Semofarglulia mkiTxvelis asakobrivi zRvari, rom zRvardaudebelia avtoris humanizmi, vinaidan piesaSi araa mocemuli e.w. ,,zogadsakacobrio”, ,,didi” idea, ,,tyis komedia” Tamamad unda miekuTvnos ,,iumoristuli” (gr. kiknaZe) nawarmoebTa jgufs. ,,tyis komedia” sazogadoebaSi enobrivi (1911 arsebuli w.) axalTaobis mankierebis TvalsazrisiTac. Ppiesis zneobrivi mxilebasTan ena erTad ZarRviani aRzrdisa da samagaliToa qarTulis nimuSia, stilisturad gamarTulia, mdidaria misi leqsika. personaJTa metyvelebaSi CarTuli frazeologizmebi piesas saxalisos xdis. Mmoxmobili aforizmebi, sentenciebi ki warmomavlobis daafiqrebs wyaroebs. mozards naSromSi da gonebiT mocemulia moaZebninebs TiToeuli maTi maTganis lingvisturi Tu poetikuri analizi. naSromSi komediis” gverdia analiziT avlili vadasturebT, ,,mokveTilis” rom analizisaTvis. dramaturgia ,,tyis angariSgasawev faqtorad rCeba vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiT interesebSi, rom iliasTan da akakisTan erTad vaJam myari safuZveli Cauyara XX saukunis qarTul dramatul xelovnebas. vaJa-fSavelas mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweobis analizi gverdauvlel amocanad rCeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom mTargmneloba vaJasTvis ar qceula did mowodebad, Tumca Targmani mas qarTuli mwerlobis ganuyofel sferod miaCnda. vaJas Targmanebi vaJasmcodneobaSi sakmaod maRalprofesionalurad aris gaSuqebuli (ix. saTanado literatura). Ddgas ra iliasa da akakis mxatvrul-esTetikur da ideur poziciebze. Ppirveli Txzulebis ,,feodalis aRzrda” emil erkmanisa da aleqsandre Satrianis erToblivi moTxrobisa (ix. q-n salome yubaneiSvilis mier mocemuli kompleqsuri analizi) da pirveli leqsis ,,bulbulsac moewyineba” Targmani adasturebs vaJas 15 interesTa farTo speqtrs, romelic Tanabrad aris warmodgenili rogorc XIX, ise XX saukuneSi. naSromSi sagangebodaa gaanalizebuli vaJa-fSavelas mier edgar pos ,,yoranis” Targmani. Eedgar pos ,,yoranis” motivacia, vaJasTvis misaRebi aRmoCnda im aspeqtiT, rom uTanasworo brZolaSi daRupulni aRarasodes aRdgebian. naSromSi gaTvaliswinebulia e.pos Txzulebis filologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi (n.wereTeli, z. abzianiZe...). Cveni mxriv mocemulia yornis, rogorc erT-erTi saxe-xatis, evolucia rogorc qarTul-xalxur poeziaSi, ise vaJas prozisa da poeziis mixedviT. Eedgar pos ,,yornis” motivacia vaJasaTvis misaRebi aRmoCnda ara marto literaturuli mimarTulebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed nawarmoebSi Caqsovili zogadadamianuri movlenebis gamo. Cvens mier gaziarebulia b-n Tamaz Cxenkelis safuZvliani Sefaseba vaJas mTargmnelobiTi sistemisa: ,,vaJas keTilsindisierad gadmoaqvs dednis siuJeturi qarga da Sinaarsi. Mmagram iq, sadac saqme exeba poeturi nawarmoebis mTliani struqturisaTvis aucilebel aspeqtebs (intonacia, bgerwera, ganwyobileba da sxva) igi ar iTvaliswinebs an ufro swored, ver grZnobs ucxo nawarmoebis Taviseburebebis mTel sisavses da am aspeqtebis srul asimilirebas... ase iqceoda TiTqmis yvela didi Semoqmedi, romelic Targmnisadmi TavisTavad gansakuTrebul maTi temperamentis midrekilebas Tavisebureba ar amJRavnebda ganapirobebda), (rasac Tundac im cxadi mizezis gamo, rom maTi gulisyuri da titanuri energia dReniadag sakuTari poeturi samyaros Seqmniasaken iyo mimarTuli”. vaJa–fSavelas warmoudgenelia misi SemoqmedebiTi publicisturi interesebis moRvaweobis gaTvaliswineba gareSe. misi drois problemebma mTeli arsebiT iCines Tavi vaJas publicistur , eTnografiul, dokumentur werilebSi. publicistikis, rogorc misi SemoqmedebiTi interesebis erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqtis, gaTvaliswineba aqtualuria imiTac, rom didma mweralma Tavisi kalami pirvelad publicistikaSi scada; gavixsenoT 1915 wels dawerili misi ,,avtobiografiuli cnoba“. igi aRniSnavs: ,,daviwye wera pirvelad ,,droebaSi“ 1877–78 wlebSi, kargad ar maxsovs. jer isev Segirdi viyavi, rom fSavidan korespondenciaseb maqvs iqaur maswavleblis uzneo yofa– qcevaze. 1878–1879 maqvs dabeWdili imave ,,droebaSi“ soflis suraTi, iq 16 awerilia duxWiri cxovreba fSaveli ,,korespondencia dastambuli buCukurisa... imave wlebSi maqvs xevsureTidan–sof.xaxmati...“(34,433). vaJa– fSavelas, rogorc publicists, Tavisi xalxis, qveynis Wir–varamisaTvis, erTi wuTiTac ar mouxuWavs Tvali. simptomaturad migvaCnia Semdegi niuansi vaJa–fSavelas publicistur SemoqmedebaSi. kerZod, 1900 wliT daTariRebuli statiis (,,moxvediT mSvidobiTa”) Sinaarsis damTxveva misi pirveli publicisturi werilebis SinaarsTan; es aris avtoris daintereseba eTnografiiT. werilebSi xSiria amaze avtoriseuli miTiTebac: ,,mcire eTnografiuli SeniSvna“. garda amisa, ra Rrmaistoriul, tradiciul sarwmunoebriv Tu eTnografiul sakiTxebsac ar unda aSuqebdes igi, yvela werilSi, statiaSi (agreTve mxatvrul problematikaSi damokidebuleba SemoqmedebaSic) qristianuli aSkaraa moqalaqeobriv–patriotul suliskveTebis ,,vaJas gaZliereba: qristianuli cxovrebis wesTan Sesabamisad aisaxa mis msoflmxedvelobaSic, rac dasturdeba poetis mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT da misi publicistikiT“(101,9). marTlac, pirovnebis Tavisufleba, misi sulieri xsna–gadarCena vaJa– fSavelas qristianuli sarwmunoebis gareSe warmoudgenlad miaCnia. qveynis, samSoblos problemebis mogvarebis erT–erT da mTavar saSualebad xalxSi religiuri cnobierebis aRorZineba–gaZlierebasac Tvlida. mis maxvil mzeras ar gamohparvia arc erTi nabiji oficiozisa, gadadgmuli Cveni zneobis, Cveni sarwmunoebis sazianod. am TvalsazrisiT uaRresad sainteresoa misi statia ,,episkoposis antonis azri fSav–xevsurTa sarwmunoebaze“(t.V,gv311–13). publicist vaJa–fSavelas episkopos antonis Sexedulebebi wminda sarwmunoebrivi aspeqtiT gauanalizebia. Cven ki winaswar aRvniSnavT, rom episkoposis qmedebani emsaxureboda Cveni ZirZveli tradiciebis, erovnuli TviTSegnebis farul aneqsias, ruseTis imperiuli zraxvebis aRsrulebas iseT koloritul da TviTmyofad garemoSic ki, rogoric iyo fSav–xevsureTi. am sakiTxs exeba agreTve is statiebi, romlebSic maRalprofesionalur donezea gaSuqebuli sarwmunoebrivi sakiTxebi: ,,moxvediT mSvidobiTa!“(1900, iveria“,N176); ,,laSaris jvris dReoba anu laSaroba“(1903, ,,cnobis 17 furceli“,N2165); ,,did marxva“(1906, ,,cnobis furceli“, N3034); ,,fSavlebi“(1914, ,,saxalxo gazeTi“, N1082); ,,fSavlebi“(1914, ,,saxalxo gazeTi“, N1090, 1091)... samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom ,,arc imis danamdvilebiT Tqma SegviZlia, rom vaJa ,,eklesiuri“ adamiani iyo; magram Tu Rrmad SeviswavliT da gavaanalizebT mis Semoqmedebas, davinaxavT, rom didi poetis azrovneba zedmiwevniT mihyveba qristianul msoflgagebasa da morals...“(101,10). amis dasturad movixmobT vaJa–fSavelas publicistur werils ,,did–marxva“(gaz. ,,cnobis furceli“, 1906,N3021). werilis daskvniT nawilSi poeti wers: ,,dido–marxvao! didad moxarulni varT. Cveni gana marto Tvalebi? gulic da gonebac cremlis morevSi dascuravs, vloculobT da vevedrebiT RmerTs, gveqmnas mwed da mfarvelad, mogvces Cvenc, Cvenis qveynis SvilT, Zali da Rone, movuaroT, vupatronoT Tavis Tavs, Tavis qveyanas, raTa vZlioT eSmaks da movipovoT cxovreba saukuno, moveswroT aRdgomasa mkvdreTiT da cxovrebasa mermisa mis saukunisasa, amin!“(34,220). vaJa–fSavelas warmoadgens naTlad SemoqmedebiT gamokveTili interess patriotuli werilebi, rac gansakuTrebiT kargad aisaxa publicistikaSic grZnobis gamomxatveli im ,,werilebSi, romlebsac vaJa uZRvnis fSavs, xevsureTs, Cveni qveynis av–kargs, mis warsulsa da awmyos, iqneba es ,,ori ambavi mefe erekleze mTaSi darCenili“(1902), Tu ,,kosmopolitizmi da patriotizmi“(1905)“(7,218). Cveni mxriv CamovTvlidiT amave sakiTxTan dakavSirebul ramdenime werilis saTaurs: ,,Tamaris cxvari fSavSi“(1902), ,,maxlas“(1905), ,,vin aris marTali?“(1905), ,,Savbneli ambebi“(1905), ,,xevsuric SeinZra“(1907), ,,ver mohkles!“(1907), ,,sityva ilia WavWavaZis cxedarze“(1907), ,,Sinauri ambebi“(1908), ,,yvav–yornebi ilias aCrdilis garSemo“(1908–1909) da a.S. vaJa–fSavelas publicistikaSi SemoqmedebiTi interesebis arealSia moqceuli is werilebi, statiebi, romlebSic safuZvlianadaa daxasiaTebuli socialur–ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, rogorc mTeli qveynisa zogadad, ise fSav–xevsureTisa konkretulad. vaJa–fSavelasaTvis damaxasiaTebeli obieqturobiTaa mocemuli qarTveli glexkacis, gansakuTrebiT mTis mkvidrTa, duxWiri yofa, romelic gansakuTrebiT mZime Seiqmna 900–iani wlebidan. Cveni 18 ganxilvis obieqtad iqca Semdegi publicisturi werilebi: ,,fiqrebi“, (1902); ,,Tianuri feletoni“(1902); ,,,Sinauri ambebi“(1907); ,,Sinauri ambebi“(1908); korespondenciebi: ,,fSavis–xevi“(1906); ,,qarTvelTa axalSeni SiraqSi“(1913). rogorc aRniSnaven, zemoxsenebul sakiTxebTan erTad vaJas esTetikas axasiaTebs Tavisi, specifikuri da ganumeorebeli niSnebi. maT exeba vaJa werilebSi ,,niWieri mwerali“, ,,sad aris poezia“, ,,ena“ da sxva. ( ,399). damajereblad Seafasa vaJas SemoqmedebiT interesTa es mniSvnelovani aspeqti prof. i.evgeniZemac odnav mogvianebiT: ,,vaJas SemoqmedebiT interesTa Soris ukanaskneli adgili ar ukavia xelovanis problemas, mis rols da adgils cxovrebaSi, anu upiratesad sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi ,,me“–sdaxasiaTebas. es sakiTxi qarTul saliteraturo kritikaSi umetesad gaSuqebulia vaJas cnobili literaturuli werilebis mixedviT“(27,229). es problema monografiuladaa damuSavebuli mier prof. d. wowkolauris sadoqtoro disertaciaSi–,,vaJa–fSavelas Teoriul–literaturuli naazrevi“(2004w.). ,,eleqtronuli katalogebi(28,4). publicistika, rogorc vaJa–fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi samyaro, ar amowuravs poetis interesTa wres, rameTu ,,kidev mravali sakiTxisa da motivis daZebna SeiZleba vaJasTan, romelic Cvens literaturaSi ufro warmoaCens miseul Temebs“(27,231). amrigad, sapaeqrod warmodgenil naSromSi kvlevis sagnadaa qceuli vaJa– fSavelas lirika, eposi, dramaturgia, Targmani, publicistika. aqcenti gadatanilia ZiriTadad im TxzulebaTa kompleqsur analizze, romlebic naklebadaa ganxiluli vaJasmcodneobaSi, an saerTod ar dasTmobiaT mkvlevarTa saTanado yuradReba. maRali done da masStaburoba sakiTxis Seswavlisa garkveuli sirTuleebis winaSe gvayenebda, magram imavdroulad naTelyofda Cveni midgomis strategias. 19 I. Tavi-vaJa-fSavelas lirikis tematika da mxatvruli struqtura 1900-1910-iani wlebis mixedviT) A vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi interesebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes sferos misi lirika warmoadgens. zedmetad migvaCnia detaluri saubari lirikis sagnisa, misi formisa da Sinaarsis Sesaxeb, radgan antikuri epoqidanaa igi kvlevis obieqtad qceuli. miaCniaT, rom lirikaSi mTavaria gansaxovnebaTa da gansjaTa emocionalurad warmoCena avtorebis mier. swored es ganapirobebs e.w. ,,avtofsiqologiuri” leqsebis arss, romlebSic lirikuli subieqti uSualod avtoria. gamoaqvT daskvna, rom lirikuli Semoqmedeba ZiriTadad avtofsiqologiuri movlenaao(69,157). Mmoxdeniladaa iqve Tqmuli, rom lirika araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar ariso avtorTa mier realur cxovrebaSi gancdilis stenograma (iqve). Dda vinaidan es asecaa, saSualeba gveZleva, Tvali mivadevnoT poetis lirikul miiCneven, meditaciebs, rom individualuri rameTu literaturuli avtoris Tanamedrove nawarmoebebi pirovnulobis literaturaTmcodneobaSi warmoadgenso struqturis ,,...upiratesad gonismieri xedvis mxatvruli formiT gamoxatulebas (3,210). rac ufro didia niWiereba lirikosisa, miT ufro mravalferovania misi Semoqmedeba, miT ufro maRldeba igi sazogadoebis TvalSi. Ees ki udides pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs poets; igi xdeba aucdeneli samizne TavdamsxmelebisTvisac da misi talantis Rirseulad damfaseblebisaTvisac. Cans, aseTi yofila odiTganve rCeulTa xvedri. magaliTad, jer kidev sinanuliTa ramdenime da simwriT qarTveli iglovda mwerlis qarTveloba akakis, gardacvalebas, vaJasi rodesac da sxva galaqtionma evropiskenac migvaxeda da didni Semoqmedni man Seadara maRal kipariss, Cinars, romlisTvisac simaRle sawamebeli yofila: rogorc Cinari-ise poeti, misTvis simaRle aris wameba, ara RimiliT da aloeTi dahfaravs mterTa ciliswameba. is-maRalia, didia mainc! 20 misTvis moismis zarebis zari: qari ara sCans, qari ara sCans, mainc mwvervalebs edeba qari. (galaqtioni, isev efemera,1961w.) rogorc vxedavT, RvTivrCeuleba xelovanTa tragikuli sve-bedis, ciliswamebaTa vualiTaa dafaruli da mis maRal tans missave sicocxleSi susxiani qari arxevs da misi gardacvalebis Semdegac qarborbalasaviT rom dastrialebs miss saxels. Aamgvarad maRalia da diadi vaJa-fSavelac, romlis simaRlesac uxilavi frTebis qroliT edeba qari xan sastik qartexilad, xanac unazes siod. Ddasturad amisa gavixsenoT mecxramete saukunis qarTuli literaturuli kritikis mier araerTgvarovani Sefaseba da gageba misi Semoqmedebisa, misi poeturi enisa da avadsaxsenebeli periodic meoce saukuneSi, rodesac ,,Cvens Tvalwin, dRisiT, mzisiT scades vaJa-fSavelas Rvawlis damcireba yalbi, antimecnieruli motivirebiT”(3,108). sabednierod, imave mecxramete saukuneSic da meoce saukuneSic samudamod dasamarda nihilisturi toni vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebisa da cxovrebis mimarT, ris Semdgomac Rirseuli adgili daikava vaJa-fSavelam msoflio kulturis saganZurSi. susxiani qaris qrolvas yvelaze mZafrad uSualod Semoqmedi SeigrZnobs. amgvarma alRom ar uRalata jer kidev Wabuk vaJas, rodesac damajereblad ganacxada: mkvdaria ugrZnobi kaci, usazarlesi mkvdarzeda, miT rome sicocxle udgas salis yinulis taxtzeda. ar ebraleba moyvasi, mis win rom acvan jvarzeda... (,,mkvdaria ugrZnobi kaci”.1886w.) am patara leqsSi, romliTac axalgazrda kacis mier aris SemCneuli da Sefasebuli sagulisxmoa sagulisxmoa sazogadoebaSi bolo ori taepi, arsebuli ugrZnobeloba, romelic, faqtiurad, sentenciurobiTac-,,sazarelia dadgoma gulcioba. Segonebaa da ugrZnobelobis gzazeda”. 21 Aam mZime gancdis ganqarveba amovikiTxeT leqsSi ,,papiCemis anderZi”. Ggenetikuri kavSiri gamosWvivis mis imedis momcem tonalobaSi. Ppoeti (aq papamisi-J.k.) STaagonebs axalgazrdebs: WirSi yofnis dros gaZleba Mmudam vaJkacis wesia! vaJkacs ar Svenis cremlis Rvra, qviTini diacurada... ... nu daisveneb, ebrZole Mmters, minam gidga sulio. Svilo, mec egre viyavi, Eeg aris Cveni rjulio. (,,papiCemis anderZi”, 1886w.) Aamitomac gankicxul kidev ufro gulgrilobas, damajereblad ugrZnoblobas, aRviqvamT avtoris sulerTiaobas da mier sadRac kacTmoZuleobasac, gaxmianebuls wina leqsSi. aseTi ganwyobileba Wabuki poetisa garkveuli kamertonia mTeli misi Semdgomi poeturi moRvaweobisaTvis; Tamamad unda iTqvas, rom vaJa- fSavelas, rogorc poetsa da moqalaqes, ar gadauxvevia papis anderZisaTvis. Aamitomac ityvis maSinve: veras damakleb, varamo, ra gind guls mWido bjRalebi, Tu Sen me damaZabuno, numc mitireben Tvalebi... RrublebSi elvad mnaTobni, xan ki mibJutviT mqralebi. (veras damakleb, varamo, 1886w.) ,,ebrZole mterso”-uanderZebda papa, mteri ki axalgazrda vaJasaTvis mxolod momxduri dampyrobeli ara yofila. Mmas mtrad, arakacad miaCnia iseTi TavkerZa Tanamemamulec, romelic qveynis sikeTisaTvis brZolis siZneleebs Tavs aridebs da vaJac dabrZenebuli, asakovani kacis toniT SeukiJinebs amgvarT: tyuilad ityvis –kaci var, Tavzeda qudi mxuria,is, visac kargis saqmisad varamic ara swyuria!(iqve). 22 Ggaivlis aTiode WaRaragamoreuli weli didostati am leqsebis qarTuli daweridan leqsisa gulRiad da ukve Seexmianeba axalgazrda mgosnebs leqsiT ,,simRera (vuZRvni axalgazrda mgosnebs).” Aavtori itovebs moralur uflebas, rom Tavisi poeturi ,,me” magaliTad dauZaxos maT da is, rac mas Tavad gauxdia sakuTar samoqmedo kredod, igive moiTxovos maTganac. Aamas ki orjer ityvis dabejiTebiT: ,,RmerTo, samSoblo micocxle!” mZinarec imas vduduneb! (,,simRera”, 1896w.) Mmaradiuli moZraoba, saqmis keTeba, Sezavnuli sityvasTan, misi rwmeniT, garantiaa qveynis gadarCenisa, winsvlisa. Aamave wlis saaxalwlo milocvaSi aki ambobda kidec: ZvelTa Tqves Zveli qarTuli Tavis Zvelebur weszeda: ,,xelebs nu ikrebT gulzeda, saqmes nu agdebT RmerTzeda”. Semdegi sityvebiT ki ra brwyinvaled exmianeba poeti Cvens DdRevandel yofas,,TviT upatroneT Tavis-Tavs, Nnu imedovnebT sxvebzeda.” (,,saxalwlo”. 1896) sxvaTa moimede adamianebi, bunebrivia, miuRebeli iyvnen vaJasTvis da, albaT, arc maT exatebodaT gulze omaxiani, pirdapiri da marTali xmis poeti. Cans, didi brZolebis gadatana uxdeboda vaJas amgvar sazogadoebaSi brunvisas. Aavznian qarad edebodnen mis sulier simaRleebs isini. vaJas ki wuTiTac ar ufiqria maTTan zavis dadeba: damsetyve, cao damsetyve, aqa var Cemis TaviTa, guliTa gautexeli, mouRalavi mklaviTa. rac unda Wiri momkerZo, bilwT ar Savekvri zaviTa; mcnebas ver Semacvlevineb mozRvavebulis aviTa! (,,damsetyve, cao.” 1903w.) 23 im realobaSi yofnisas igi Tavs ,,sawyal amirans” adarebda, autaneli iyo misi arseboba-gulSi wylulebi gazrdia, suls uxuTavs: ,,sikvdili ara mwadian, Tumc tanjva sikvdils magonebso”(memRereba da vimReri,”, 1903w). es arc iyo gasakvirveli , rogorc TviT ityvis lirikuli gmiri-sicocxlem Sxami asmia, eklis loginic daugo da mainc vaJkacurad uZlebs simwares: maRlidan Savi Rrubeli Tavs damwolia mWexari. raca swadian, isa qmnas, mesrolos mexi-medgari. Mme var da ar Sevudrkebi gakaJebuli mxedari. jer ase yofna varCie, nuki ggonivar cxedari. (,,sicocxlem Sxami masmia”. 1903). daaxloebiT erTi wlis Semdeg ufro damajereblad ityvis Tavis gamZleobaze, gautexlobaze. marTalia, ,,cxovrebam ar Seibrala”: gulze isari daaso da Tan amas CasCiCinebda: ,,unda dagamxo, dagavso! xalxic mas CasCurCulebda: ,,borots fiqrebsa hmalavso... Ddahkari, nu Seiwyaleb Qqveynis sikeTis mparavso!” (,,cxovrebam ar Samibrala”1904w.) borotebam sasikvdilod uqnia maxvili, mis mokvlas ecada, magram ramdenic damkra, imdeni me aviwie zecada. adamianad visaxvi, mgmoblebi darCnen mxecada da davdeg ca-qveynis Sua qed –moudrekel svetada.(iqve) daundobeli yofila wuTi–sofeli–Sxam-naRveliT utarebia lirikuli gmiri, magram RmerTs ar gauwiravs igi: imedi akiafebula amis gzaze; xedavs, rom suls Rafavs veSapi, ,,qveynisTvis sisxlis msutavi”: mirCeba gulis wylulebi, rCeba sneuli ocneba: 24 tydeba monobis borkili, dResaswaulobs goneba. RmerTma uSvelos imaTa, vinc mieqima, miwamla! (,,maTria wuTisofelma”.1905w.) gasaTvaliswinebelia dawerisa da gamoqveynebis dro. Ees iyo revoluciuri aRmavlobis periodi, romlisganac qarTveloba da mis bedSi myofi sxva erebi, upirveles yovlisa, erovnuli Tavisuflebis molodinSi imyofebodnen, Tumca, monobis borkilebis msxvreva imeds iZleoda maSin, magram yvelaferi amao gamodga. cxovrebam lirikuli gmiri mwared Caagdo sagonebelsa. Aar surs gauziaros mokeTes gulis varami, radgan ,,amis Tqma sevdas Semimsubuqebso”: saidumloa, veravis getyviT, amis Tqma sevdas Semimsubuqebs, vici da mitom ver maTqmevinebT, dae, iseve Cems gulSi sduRdes, es saWiroa kaeSnisaTvis, rom gaizardos da ufro hquxdes. (,,mwares Cavvardi sagonebelsa”.1912w.) ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis TanamebrZolis guls obi arasodes ar moedeboda da usasooba, uimedoba verasodes ver moikidebda fexs mis arsebaSi. Nnumca msmenia sikvdili Dda numc minaxav lomisa! Nnumc minaxia arwivi, Sno aRar hqondes omisa!... ra lamazia diliTa, mze rom sxivs mohfens gorisa!... turfaa axalgazrdoba, zaTqi vnebaTa TrTolvisa. (,,numca msmenia sikvdili”.1914w.) WeSmariti marTmadidebeli qristiania Cvens win leqsSi ,,me Senis trfobiT ver gavZeR”. Lleqsi mis gardacvalebamde gamoqveynebula JurnalSi ,,klde”, 1915w. 25 am leqsSi lirikuli gmiri gulwrfelia lirikul aRsarebaSi; adresati misi mimarTvisa mTeli sazogadoebaa, mTeli qveyanaa: me Senis trfobiT ver gavZeR, Sen-Cemis siZulviliTa. ver giRalateb mainca, Tund xorcs viglejde kbiliTa, Gguldakodili Sengana miTc RmerTs gaxveweb sityviTa. (,,me Senis trfobiT ver gavZeR”. 1915w.) Aaqac ormagi standarti gamosWvivis sazogadoebis damokidebulebaSi Semoqmedis mimarT. qveteqstiT igrZnoba, rom siZulvilis garda siyvaruliT damokidebulebac warmoudgeneli arsebobda, iqneboda. radgan trfoba Aanalitikuri mxolod midgomac ormagi moZuleebisa standartiTaa sagulisxmo. kerZod, karl gustav iungi 1922wels naSromSi ,,poeziisadmi analitikuri fsiqologiis mimarTebis Sesaxeb” SeniSnavda, ,,rom xelovnebis qmnilebaze marTebuli msjelobisaTvis unda gaviTvaliswinoT ori saxis SemoqmedebiTi procesis arseboba: erTi maTganis Sedegad vRebulobT nawarmoebs, romelic zustad emTxveva avtoris Canafiqrs, aRwevs im efeqts, risi miRwevac poets surda”(16,67). warmodgenili leqsebis mixedviT rom vimsjeloT, yvela maTganSi dasaxuli mizani zedmiwevniT gadmogvcems avtoris Canafiqrs; poeti naTlad, gamWvirvaled ayalibebs saTqmels da udaod ,,aRwevs im efeqts, risi miRwevac poets surda”. TiToeul maTganSi ,,masala poetis gacnobierebul zraxvaTa Sesatyvisad aris organizebuli”(iqve, 68). Gganxiluli esTetikuri sazogadoebis nawarmoebebis mixedviT mrwamsi-TergdaleulTa naTelia poziciaze urTierTdamokidebulebis garkvevis poetis dgoma eTikuri poetisa da da TvalsazrisiT, Tumca, gacxadebuli da gamyarebuli Taviseburi midgomiT, myari, monoliTuri moralitetiT, gansxvavebuli mravalferovnebiT, riTac mxatvruli vaJa-fSavelas samyaroTi, Semoqmedeba intonaciuri ,,...dakavSirebulia sakuTari xalxis sulier cxovrebasTan, romelic didebulad gamoxatavs ,,xalxis erovnuli fsiqikis iersac (6,312). Gibadeba kiTxva, rogor axdenda yovelive amis realizebas didi poeti? Aam kiTxvaze amomwurav pasuxs vRebulobT vaJas werilSi ,,fiqrebi”. Aam statiaSi avtors mkafiod aqvs Camoyalibebuli eTikuri normebi, 26 romlebsac mtkiced Tanamokalmeebisadmi icavda igi mowodebad mTeli Tavisi gaismis misi cxovrebis sityvebi : manZilze. ,,..moqmedebac TviToeuli Cvenganisa unda iyos azrSewonili. dRevandels TviToeulis Cvenganis moqmedebas unda iq mivyavdeT, saca saWiroa Cveni misvla. TviToeulis Cvenganis moqmedeba, maSasadame, is gza unda iyos, romelmac romSi unda migviyvanos. Ees romi Cveni momavalia da Tu romSi misasvleli gziT ar wavediT... roms avcdebiT. swori gza awmyoa. vinc awmyos keTilsindisierad emsaxureba, igi didebul momavals qmnis... momavalic imisia, vinc awmyos mizanSewonilad emsaxureba”. ,,xalxis ,,erovnuli sulier fsiqikis cxovrebasTan” iersac” atarebs, organuli naTlad kavSiri, aisaxa vaJas romelic lirikuli leqsebis im ciklSi, romelic pirdapirac da qveteqstiTac miniSnebulia sazogadoebrivi problematikis gadaWrisaken. Mmravali mtkivneuli sakiTxi gamosWvivis wminda eTikuri xasiaTis leqsebSi. Ees gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia ori saukunis mijnaze Seqmnil TxzulebebSi. Kkanonzomierebadaa qceuli is realoba, rom erTi saukunis dasasruli da axali saukunis dasawyisi TiTqmis revoluciur gardaqmnaTa periodia xolme, zogadad xelovnebis istoriaSi, yvelaze mkveTrad kimxatvruli literaturis samyaroSi. Ggardaqmna ki imas gulisxmobs, rom wina saukuneebSi dagrovili problemebi viTardeba da organulad gadadis axal saukuneebSi. Aaq demarkaciuli xazi gamoricxulia, miTumetes vaJas rangis Semoqmedis SemTxvevaSi. XIX da XX saukuneebis uReltexilze dgomam Tavisi kvali daaCnia mis poezias, mis sazogadoebriv pozicias; amitom miznad davisaxeT dakvleva im gzisa, romelmac ,,romSi unda migviyvanos. Ees romi Cveni momavalia”(vaJafSavela). swored es amoZravebs did Semoqmeds, rodesac mTeli Tavisi arsebiT ebrZvis da icavs Tavis ers ,,zneobrivi dabeCavebisagan”, daberebisagan. Mmas absolutur WeSmaritebad miaCnia, rom ,,energia erisa ar unda iyos Seborkil-SejaWvuli, unda mas qondes sarbieli”(vaJa-fSavela). vaJa-fSavelas pirovneba, misi Semoqmedeba samarTlianadaa gaazrebuli globaluri masStabiT: ,,..iwureboda mecxramete da iwyeboda meoce saukune. Mmsoflio literaturaSic iwyeboda meoce saukune. Mmsoflio literaturis titanebidan yvelaze mZlavrad momavlisaken es ltolva tolstoim, dostoevskim, Tagorma da uitmenma gamoxates. vaJam ki kidev erTi nabiji gadadga am mimarTulebiT da saqarTvelos pirobebSi, e.i. msoflio 27 rezonasis yovelgvar saSualebas moklebulma, man daiwyo damkvidreba am axali filosofiuri, eTikuri da esTetikuri principebisa, man Seqmna axali epikuri msoflSegrZnebiT gamsWvaluli axali epikuri forma, man Seasxa axali frTebi romantizms, ara realizmis sawinaaRmdegod, aramed misganve gamomdinarem, man Seitana axali eTikuri principebi esTetikurSi da qmediTi humanisturi suli STabera mxatvris filosofias”(5,274). rogorc Seiqmneboda win erTimeoris ganmaviTarebeli Wanturaia: aRiniSna, am inteleqtualuri Semoqmedis gamomricxavi Sexedulebebi. ,,...swored geniosi marTebulad 900-iani simwifis an xana, bunebrivad erTimeoris SeniSnavs wlebidan axali Sesaxeb Semavsebel- mkvlevari iwyeba vaJas mZafrdeba mamuka pirovnebaSi misi mxatvruli azrovnebis unari, Rrmavdeba filosofiur-esTetikuri are”(114,4). jer gafacicebiT kidev 900-iani daeZebda wlebis dasasruls ,,samSoblos mcvelT”; vaJas guls poeturi stkenda gumani ,,sikvdili gmirisa”; SaSvs emduris imitom, rom ,,mSvidi, bavSuri guneba ar amRvrevia mterzeda, rom ,,movaleobis uReli” ara sdgmia qedzeda; dasafiqreblad afrTxilebs usazRvro Zalmomreobas: gsurs anebivro svavebi tial-oxeris leSzeda; nu Svrebi magas, dafiqrdi, xels nu aiReb RmerTzeda. Nnu, Torem marto ara var Aama simarTlis mTqmelia: vinc avs uSvreba moyvassa, sxvac misTvis avis mqnelia; TviTac muxTalad mokvdeba muxTalad kacis mkvlelia (,,mxolod Zala gvaqvs dRes xelTa”, 1899w.). gafrTxilebis amaRlebuli saaxalwlo garda, frazebi. zneobriv sifrTxilis survilebSi. Segonebasac intonacia magaliTad, 1899wlis atarebs sentenciamde sagrZnoblad bolo icvleba akordad unda miviCnioT leqsi ,,saaxalwlod”, romelic gamoqveynda ,,iveriis” 1900wlis pirvel nomerSi. tradiciulad, erTgvarad ajamebda saaxalwlod wina wlis gamiznul movlenebs, leqsebSi vaJa-fSavela sazogadoebis zneobriv 28 cxovrebas; xSirad sentencia-aforizmebiTac gamoxatavda xolme sakuTar midgomas, Sefasebas. Ggamonakliss arc xsenebuli leqsi warmoadgens. Uupirveles salams avtori uZRvnis,,iveris are-maresa mis sisxlsa da xorcs-qarTl-kaxeTs da imereTis mxaresa. Bbedi da bedniereba, dReTamc nu hnaxven mwaresa... vusurveb dRegrZelobasa samSoblos mzes da mTvares...” (,,saaxalwlod”, 1899) Ppoeturad amkobs sxvadasxva fenis warmomadgenlebs da vrcel qebas uZRvnis qarTvel dedas. Ppoeti maT mouwodebs: ,,SvilTa aRzrdaze iubnon, ro Seiyarnen erTada” da iqve didebuli sentenciiT amagrebs Tavis dasturdeba prof. Sexedulebas: ,,lamazad Svilis aRmzdeli Ddeda micvnia RmerTada...”(30,172). vkiTxulobT leqss da vrwmundebiT, rogor grigol kiknaZis debuleba vaJas Semoqmedebis ,,poliTematurobis” Sesaxeb. kerZod, am leqSi poeti marTlac Rrmad Caufiqrebia eTikuri xasiaTis problemebs. iwyebs patriotizmis TemiT-man gulwrfelad miuloca erTian saqarTvelos weli axali. A milocvis Semdeg pirvelad miesalmeba miwis mxvnel-mTesvelebs culis da Toxis mqnevelTa, mwyemsTa da Ramis mexreTa, mindorSi Ramis mTevelTa, Tavis marjvenis madliTa mTelis xmeleTis mrCenelTa (iqve) Aamgvari mwyemsebisaTvis pativi ar unda pirvelmilocvisa iyos mkiTxvelebisaTvis mxvnel-mTesvelebisadmi, moulodneli, rameTu Tavadac xom ,,imaT gobisa” iyo, visi Sromis wyalobiTac eZleoda ojaxs, qveyanas, xalxs ,,puri arsobisa”. Aamitomac SesTxovda igi ufals, Zala mieca misTvis imad, rom 29 nugeSad vyvande yvelasa, rom ar vzarobde ara dros gaWirvebulis Svelasa, Tofs vesvri daumcdarada cbiersa, TeTrsa melasa. (,,ar vtiri”(simRera),1900w.) Pprof. Ggrigol kiknaZe miuTiTebda: ,,vaJa-fSavela sulis poetiao”(35,10). marTalia, am gancxadebis dros mecnieris aqcenti vaJas poemebze iyo gadatanili, magram, ganzogadebis kanonis ZaliT, es debuleba vaJas mTel Semoqmedebaze vrceldeba. Ggamonakliss arc es gansaxilveli leqsi warmoadgens. Ppoetma arsobis puris momyvanTa Semdeg axali weli miuloca sulis puris SemoqmedT, anu mwignobarT: mwignobarT-eris winamZRvarT, qveynisTvis kargis mrCevelTa; ra gvargebs, ra gvazaralebs,dRe-mudam imis mkvlevelTa (,,saaxalwlod”)1899w. poeti aq mrCenelTa”, Tavisi ,,eris ,,mes”, Tavis winamZRvarTa” Tavs da uSualod ,,mTelis ,,qveynisTvis kargis xmeleTis mrCevelTa” samyaroSi moiazrebs... maTTan erTad efereba Tavis qveyanas Semdegi saaxalwlo milocva ,,mSobeli qveynis dedaTa” eZRvneba. Ees arcaa moulodneli, rameTu vaJac xom iliasi da akakis saqmeTa Tanamesagre iyo da yvela qarTvelis gulSi zariviT rekda didi ilias mowodeba dedebisadmi: ,,dedav, ismine qarTvlis vedreba; ise aRzarde Sen Svilis suli, rom win gauZRves WeSmariteba, ukan hrCes kvali ganaTlebuli! rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, vaJaseuli Sefaseba dedis funqciisa amagrebs iliaseul pozicias da mis sityvebSi moCans raindis mier uaRresi Tayvaniscemis gamoxatvac, sagalobelic dedebisadmi. Ddid vaJas uyuradRebod ar dautovebia bavSvebic, yrmanic. Mmouwodebs, rom30 erTgulni hyvandnen dedasa da ar Seudrknen bolo Jams basris maxvilis kveTasa, roca ki mteri maT mSoblis Seuracxyofas hbedavsa. Lleqsi ,,saaxalwlod” Tavidan aqtualobas imiTac inarCunebs, rom ,,iveriaSia” dabeWdili da erTgvar savizito baraTadac miviCnevT vaJafSavelas 1900-1910-iani wlebis SemoqmedebiT samyaroSi Sesasvlelad. saaxalwlo Temaa gaSlili vrcel leqsSi ,,Cemi axali mekvle”(1910w. ,,iveria”,N1 ianvari). Tematikis garda, leqsi imiTac iwvevs Cvens interess, rom mxatvruli struqturis mxriv ganixileba e.w. mkrTali siuJetis mqone lirikul TxzulebaTa ciklSi(,,bakuri”, ,,mogoneba” (nu miwyenT, momagondeba)”, ,,tyis suraTebi”, ,,aqa ambavi diswul-dediZmaTa” da sxva. 1902wliT aris daTariRebuli leqsi ,,mikvleva”(1902w. ,,iveria”, 1 ianvari). Mmentoruli, damrigeblobiTi kiloa am nawarmoebis wamyvani intonacia. leqsSi adresatad ar Cans konkretuli pirovneba. zneobriv kodeqss mogvagonebs nawarmoebis Sinaarsi; mkafiod igrZnoba publicisturi SemarTeba avtorisa da leqsi mainc lirikuli Janris Txzulebaa imitom, rom iq uSualod poetis sakuTari gancdebi, misi guliswadili da ideuri Canafiqria erTimeoreze akinZuli. Mmkvlevarni mowodebiT apolon xSirad maswavlebeli, maxaraZe da aRniSnaven, pedagogi sxva). Ees iyo momenti rom vaJa-fSavela (prof. grigol winamdebare profesiiT, kiknaZe, leqsSi prof. ramdenime adgilas mkafiodaa gamoxatuli. Nnawarmoebis funqciidan gamomdinare, avtors mimarTvis forma gamouyenebia mkiTxvelebisadmi: Kkidevac mekvled movdivar, Tuki keTilad dascadeT, Cemi mokvleva... molocviT Tuki keTili ram hnaxeT, Aan ra vqna sawyalobelma, aTasi xerxi gacadeT?! Mmainc Tqven yeinebi xarT, Mme maCanCalad gamxadeT 31 (,,mikvleva”, 1902w.) lirikuli gmiri, rogorc WeSmariti qristiani, maT mimarT mimtevebelia: arc emduris da arca swyins, maTTvis mainc keTili swyuria. rac mTavaria,samSoblos majis cemiske fxizlad miWiravs yuria...(iqve). amis Semdeg icvleba leqsSi intonacia da avtoris Txovna ufro mkacri xdeba: egeb dagCemdesT Tqvenc es zne,//sxvasac rom gauziaroT”(iqve,gv.189). Cans, XXsaukunis dasawyisSic saxifaTo senad iyo qceuli uZraobis, indiferentulobis sindromi; Cans, jer kidev ver gamofxizlebuliyo eri ,,saRaTas Zilidan”, Torem ase dabejiTebiT ar gaafrTxilebda Tavis Tanamedroveebs poeti: Zili gaSorosT xangrZlivi, sifxizle mogcesT mravali.(30,190). Ooptimizmi, imedi ar kargavs lirikul gmirs leqsis safinalo striqonebis mixedviT: isemc gaswurTniT Tavis Tavs, saamo iyvneT RvTisada; rom imis locva-kurTxeviT saSiSni gavxdeT mtrisada.(iqve) da mamuliSviluri gafrTxileba, mowodeba, Segoneba agSordeT Suri erT-urTSi,eg Cveni damamxobeli. (,,mikvleva”,1902w.gv.190) naTelia, rom arc im ideas, leqsSi gatarebul Sinaarss daukargavs didaqtikur-aRmzrdelobiTi da patriotuli suliskveTeba sadReisodac ki. sayuradRebo ,,simRera”: da ,,saSobao sagulisxmoa simRera” da 1907wlis dekemberSi ,,saaxalwlo Seqmnili simRera”. Orive ori leqsi gamoqveynebulia gazeTSi ,,isari”. ,,saSobao simRera”,-1907wlis 25 dekembris nomerSi, xolo ,,saaxalwlo simRera”-imave gazeTSi 1908wlis pirveli ianvris nomerSi. Ees swored gasrolili is Tofebis droa, eqo, rodesac jer rodesac kidev ismoda wiwamurTan ganadgurebulia erovnuli damoukideblobis mopovebis Sansi, gabatonebulia Savi reaqcia, gadafaseba 32 iwyo esTetikurma Rirebulebebma. kerZod, miTiTebulia, rom ,,900-iani wlebis literaturuli cxovreba saqarTveloSi Tavisi SinaarsiT metad mdidari da, amave dros, rTuli iyo... Aam periodSi, esTetikur-ideuri erTi mxriv, koncefcia moRvaweoben da is mxatvruli mwerlebi, stili romelTa XIXsaukuneSi Camoyalibda, xolo meore mxriv, qarTvel mweralTa rigebi ivseba axali mZlavri SemoqmedebiTi ZalebiT, romlebic axali sayuradRebo nawarmoebebiT amdidreben mSobliur literaturas... Aam ZiriTadi realisturi nakadis paralelurad sakmaod Zlieria dekadenturi tendenciebic, romelTac saTanado safuZveli misca revoluciis damarcxebis Semdeg inteligenciis garkveul wreebSi Seqmnilma ideurma dabneulobam”(15,248). Oda mainc... qarTveli kaci qarTvelad rCeba, anu Wirsac da lxinsac odiTganve simReriT umklavdeboda. Ddidma vaJamac am ori simReriT gaacila 1907weli. Oorive avtoris wyobisaa: leqsi gancdaTa wminda gancxadebaa ,,saSobao demonstrirebaa, lirikuli xolo simRera” Cvenwin, bunebisaa, orive nawarmoebi STabeWdilebis, ,,saaxalwlo simRera” orTaveSi monologuri nafiqris SeTxzulia uSualod poeturi Congurisadmi, naRarisadmi avtoris mimarTvis formiT. leqsSi ,,saSobao simRera” mocemulia mkacri, piruTvneli Sefaseba rwmenaSeryeuli qarTvelobisa. Ppoets zaravs is viTareba, rom vinc_ qveynis gulisTvis iRvawa, suli tanjvaSi dalia! Dda dRes ki imis swavlisa aRarsada sCans kvalia... garegnulad vscemT pativsa, formisTvis ukravs zaria. dResc ver SevigneT mis mcneba, gvesmis ramdeni xania! (,,saSobao simRera”, 1907w.) Bbunebrivia, saSobao dResaswaulTan dakavSirebiT leqsis mTavari gmiria macxovari Cveni, anu is, vinc mogviwodebda, rom aRgvesrulebina moZRvreba- ,,moyvasi Seibralia!” magram poets guls stkens farisevloba umravlesobisa, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom mis mowodebas ,,garegnulad 33 vscemT pativsa, formisTvis ukravs zaria...” rom ,,sawyali sawyladve rCeba, isev sdis cremlis Rvaaria”. rogorc vxedavT, avtorma socialur sakiTxs daukavSira rwmenis problema da aqac umTavres mizezad xalxis zneobrivi degradacia miiCnia. Mman gapirovnebis mxatvruli xerxiT dagvixata isini, vinc tkivils ayenebs TanamoZmeebs: mglebi, afTrebi mravldeba, xarobs imaTi gvaria, azri ki azri maRali, hgodebs bed-ganamwaria! (,,saSobao simRera”) Aaqve miniSnebulia moqalaqeTa inteleqtualur-sarwmunoebrivi kraxi: ,,azri ki, azri maRali, hgodebs bed-ganamwaria”. ,,saSobao simReras” moculobiT bevrad aRemateba leqsi ,,saaxalwlo simRera”(1907w.). am leqsSi avtorma esTetikuri sakiTxis win wamoweviT logikurad, argumentirebulad gaSala eTikuri problematika: zneobis, patriotizmis Tematika. amiT kidev erTxel vrwmundebiT, Tu ra saimedo TanamebrZolia vaJa-fSavela ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlisa... imedis, sikeTis, rwmena-optimizmis aura modis vaJa-fSavelas mier gancdili saaxalwlo ganwyobilebidan. interess gviZlierebs nawarmoebis siuJetur-kompoziciuri modelireba, anu is, rom poetisaTvis mimarTvis mTavari obieqtia misive Conguri da naRara. Mmekvle-mgosani pirvelive striqonidanve mimarTavs maT: Seni Wirime, Conguro, Sen genacvale, naRara! rad meubnebiT: ,,gaCumdi, aRar imRero, aRara?! xom hxedavT, ndomam mRerisa Cems gulSi daisaxlkara, Mmofina ia-vardiTa, Mmas Sestrfis Cemi WaRara? (,,saaxalwlo simRera”,1907.30 gv.254). qarTuli ganwyobilebiT: poeturi Tavis samyaro CoganTan, mdidaria kalamTan, qnarTan, SemoqmedTa CangTan, amgvari CongurTan, fandurTan migulgulebiT. Aakakis Canguri imisTvis unda, rom ,,ganamtkicos 34 azri wminda”, rom ,,simarTles msaxurebdes”; moSaire xelmarjved unda scemdes Cogansa, ,,ixmaros didi gmiroba”; rom uSiSari poetis kalams taSi ara sWirdeba; vaJas ,,saaxalwlo simReris” Seqmnidan gaivlis oTxi aTeuli weli da Tavisi qnarisken migvaxedebs didi galaqtioni: ,,maqvs mkerds midebuli// qnari, rogorc minda,// CemTvis didebuli// sxivi gamobrwyinda...” da ese yoveli anTebulia im wminda cecxliT, romelic maTze gardamovida taZrionebis sanTlebidan Tu qarTvel xalxur maleqsebelTa gaWvartluli fanduris danakvnesidan, didi rusTavelis geniidan... vaJa-fSavelas es leqsi, romelic avtobiografiul muxts aSkarad atarebs, misi ,,gulis, gonebisa da sulis” amonakvnesia... da es kvnesaa ara usasoobisa, mZraxvelisa, davrdomilisa, RmerTTan aramed moyvrisaTvis pirSi mosaubre mociqulisa, poeziis sakurTxevelTan mlocvelisa... vaJas es mTqmelisa, RvTiur ,,saaxalwlo simRera” erTgvari saaxalwlo epistolecaa poeziis qurumisa Tavisi mkiTxvelebisadmi... rogorc aRvniSneT, am leqsSi aqcenti zneobriobazea aRebuli da poeti daundoblad amxels maT,-,,vinc sicocxle umadlod gaaCanCala”; amxels ugunurTa mier mis mimarT mkvaxe SeZaxilebs, arad miiCnevs amas, rameTu tirilisa Tu mReris masala TviTon cxovrebas miucia misTvis; mas mtkiced gadauwyvetia, rom sicocxles emsaxuros erTgulad, miuxedavad imisa, rom am cxovrebam bevri samsala daalevina. Yyvelas gasagonadaa Tqmuli: ,,ver momkla ugunorT Zraxvam// verc grZnobisagan damcala.” maTgan aseTi mopyroba arc ukvirs, radgan ,,uwmindurs wminda grZnobebi// sad gagonila sdebodes”-o da am sentenciur gamonaTqvams TiTqmis aforizmad agvirgvinebs: ,,sad Tqmula, visac vina sZuls, imis gulisTvis kvdebodes?!” mTavari ki is aris mainc, rom ar Semdrkala misi guli, rodesac mklav-muxlma ususta, misma gulma ki ,,Sesuta” maTi danaklisi Zal-Rone, magram ,,aras dagidevs Zraxvasa, moqmedebs Tavis nebiTa.” Aam codvad leqsSi miiCnevs mkafiod Camoyalibda av-sityvaobas, qveynis codva-madlis Wir-varamis sakiTxi. miCqmalvas, Ppoeti dumils. erTgan, sxva leqsSi, vaJa gulistkiviliT daiCivlebs: ,,gadairia qveyana erTurTze avis TqmaSia”(,,guTnisdedis Civili”, 1889w.), aq ki misi guli ,,ganmtkicda, gaizafxula, Seimko yvavilebiTa”. Ppoeti saqveyno madlad imas miiCnevs, rom misi guli mec mijavrdeba: ,,ar dascxre,// vidre hmetyvelob eniTa,// Tavis samSoblos varami// alaparake mReriTa,//unda samaris karzeda 35 mivdgeT Conguris JReriTa// vaJkacni laRad, Tamamad// Cven vaJkacuris feriTa!” da mouwodebs: Kkargebo, modiT, xels-xeli, Bbilwno, Sors gaiWreniTa!” Gguli lirikuli gmirisa ara hnebdeba borotebas da magrobs imiT, rom,,madli maqvs, madli!-dudunebs Tavis mxlebelTa krebiTa: ,,qveynis Wir-varams vatareb, veravin SemedrebiTa!” (,,saaxalwlo simRera”, 1907w) rogorc aRniSnaven: ,,vaJas Semoqmedebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi motivia codva-madlis sakiTxi. suliwmindis vaJas gadmosvla azriT, adamianze; madli erTaderTi RmerTTan realuri miaxlebaa, boroteba ki codvaa-RmerTisgan dacileba. codva-madli vaJas SemoqmedebaSi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba, jojoxeTi... rogorc yvela masStabiTki sinaTle saqmis qveynis da sibnele, mSvidobianad bedniereba, rogorc dasruleba, adamianze samoTxe ufro madlis da farTo gadmosvlas ukavSirdeba”(101, 259-260). Aam gadasaxedidan leqsi ,,saaxalwlo simRera” udaod Seuwyobs xels mkiTxvelze optimizmis, mamuliSvilobis gancdaTa gardamosvlas. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, vaJas ,,saSobao simReraca” da ,,saaxalwlo simRerac” dabeWdilia gazeT ,,isarSi”. Aavtors maRalprofesionalurad miusadagebia orive nawarmoebi gazeTis profilisaTvis. Oorive TxzulebaSi avtori naklebi narTaulobiT ambobs saSobao-saaxalwlo milocva- survilebs da tvirTavs maT publicisturi intonaciiT. ,,marTlis Tqmis principiT” kidevac amxels eris zneobriv mankierebebs da imavdroulad kidec unergavs mkiTxvelebs imeds, optimizms, patriotisms, sikeTis Cadenasamsaxuris survils. Bbunebismetyvelebis saocari gakveTili Cautares qarTvel bavSvebs vaJam da Jurnal ,,nakadulis” redaqciam 1909wlis pirvel nomerSi ,,saaxalwlo simRerisa” da amave wlis bolo nomerSi ,,saSobao zRapris” gamoqveynebiT. Ees leqsi ,,nakadulis” redaqtors Jurnalis mozrdil mkiTxvelTaTvis gankuTvnil nomrebSi gaumiznavs. Aazrobrivi datvirTviT, ideuri amocaniT, mxatvruli aqsesuarebiT da mizandasaxulobiT es 36 marTlac Seesabameba pubertetis asakidan gamosuli mkiTxvelebis sakiTxav repertuars. qarTul saymawvilo literaturis kritikaSi sagangebod, maRalmecnierulad aris ganxiluli vaJa-fSavelas sabavSvo nawarmoebebi (a.wereTeli, i.gogebaSvili, a.papava, l.bocvaZe, gr. kiknaZe, a.CaCibaia, a.RviniaSvili, T.jiblaZe, i.evgeniZe, z.bocvaZe, l.sulxaniSvili da sxva.) yvela erTsulovnad aRniSnavs vaJas did Rvawls am sferoSi. erTnairi suliskveTebisaa orive ,,simRera”-saaxalwloca da saSobaoc. ,,simRerisa” da ,,zRapris” sazeimo ganwyobilebiT SeuRo poetma Tavis mkiTxvelebs bunebis kari, Tbili kerebidan daTovlili vel-mindvrebisaken, tyisaken gaaxedebs maT da gayinul-Secivnuli usulo sagnebis saubars moasmeninebs maT, maT saSobao da saaxalwlo ganwyobilebasac gaacnobierebinebs patarebs. xolo im dros, rodesac uenpiro bunebasTan Suamavlad maTi enis mTargmnelad didi poeti da bunebis didi mesaidumle daudgebaT, gancdebs udaoa, ar sicocxlis daiviwyeben bolomde isini da tkbil da Tbil vaJa-fSavelas mogonebebs, xedviT Sexedaven saqarTvelos bunebas; yovel axlad Semosul Soba-axalwels gaaxsenebT Tavs didi poetis saaxalwlo Segonebani, zogjer msubuqi iumori... es nawarmoebebi Taviseburi miniSnebacaa vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi interesebis gasaazreblad, anu sabavSvo Tematika erT-erTi mniSvnelovani ubania misi SemoqmedebiTi samyarosi. leqsSi ,,saSobao zRapari”(30,295-297) ukve saTauridanvea Camoyalibebuli misi funqcia, ganwyobileba. zRaproba es aris mSvenieri svla mozardis interesTa sferosaken, maTi yuradRebis mipyrobisaken. rogorc es did vaJas poetur xelweras Seesabameba, aq umartivesi fabulis mSvenier poetur zRaparSi” fabulis ZiriTadad gamoyenebuli qmnilebad zRaprad qcevas amaRlebas vgulisxmob, ganapirobebs ambis gapirovneba-metaforizaciis ,,saSobao ganviTarebaSi mxatvruli xerxi- bavSvTaTvis gasagebi eniT asaubreba tyis binadari xeebisa. Aavtorma sadad, magram naTeli StrixebiT daxatul tyes Seadara Tavisi samSoblo. romantizmis Aarsebuli ZiriTadi niSniT viTareba, warmoudgina realuri cxovreba mkiTxvels. Ees poetma ZiriTadad warsulis idealizaciaSi da awmyoTi ukmayofilebaSi mdgomareobs: ,,tye rogor daberebula, Zirs Tavi daukidia! 37 Seubralebels zamTarsa zurgs tvirTi aukidia sawylisTvis. tyes zvavi awevs mZime, TeTri da didia... (,,saSobao zRapari” 1909w) Aaq moxmobili citati imiTacaa saintereso, rom saxezea ori anJanbemeni: 1. grZeli anJanbemani: ,,Seubralebels zamTarsa zurgs tvirTi aukidia sawylisaTvis” da 2. mokle anJanbemeni: ,,tyes zvavi awevs mZime, TeTri da didia...”. Lleqsis Semdegi pasaJi ukve tyis sxva binadarTa-xeTa gancdebis poetur metyvelebas eTmoba. vidre sityvas miscemda avtori, anu mTxrobeli, xeebs didebulad, yovelgvari siyalbis, aJitirebis gareSe Semoitans optimistur, saimedoobis Semcvel notebs da aqac alegoriulad migvaniSnebs qristianuli rwmenis Taobaze, imedad mxolod am yiamaT Sobis brwyinvale zamTarSi. dResaswaulis cxraTvala mzis moaxloeba (iesos qceula mxatvruli saxe) gamobrwyinebaa is uZleveli Zala, siTbo da RvTaebrivi naTeba, romelic gaalRobs yinulis artaxebs, daamxobs zamTris sabrZanebel taxts. tyes Causaxavs gadarCenis imeds, gauTeTrebs naTel dRes: ,,magram xandaxan zamTrisa dRe gamoCndeba naTeli, da cxraTvala mze kaSkaSebs, rogorc wyvdiadSi sanTeli, swored aseTi dRe iyo Sobis samis dRis winaTa, xeebic, saban-axdilni, mzes Sehxarodnen mwkrivada. Yyinuli, namad qceuli, Ddabla Camodis xSirada” (,,saSobao zRapari”, 1909w.) rogorc vxedavT, avtorma, mTxrobelma samoqmedo drois lokalizeba moaxdina: sami dRe darCenila Sobamde. Mmzadebis periodSi sazeimo ganwyobilebas xeli albaT araferma ar unda SeuSalos, magram xeebs 38 naTeli dRe, saSobao gancdebi uceb adamianebis gamoCenam Caumwara, radgan ,,tyeSi modian kacebi, mxarze gaedoT culebi”. Mmosalodnelma ubedurebam, cudma winaTgrZnobam kunelic, sxva aalaparaka xeebic-Tavisebur xeebi, yvelani-muxac, Sefasebas aZleven wifelic, tyeSi aryic, adamianTa stumrobas. Bbunebrivia, pirvelad muxas unda gamoexata Tavisi SeSfoTeba: ,,oh, rogor moiswrafian, rom dagvaCnion wylulebi! Ddagvesevian wyeulni, rogorc qaravans Tulebi” udabnoSi mZlevel moZalade mekobreebad, Tulebad, warmoudgeniaT xeebs adamianebi, maTi saxiT av Zalad, tkivilis momgvrel moZaladeebad aRviqvamT adamianebs, rameTu Tavis gadasarCenad Tamamad SeuZliaT sxvebs miayenon tkivili, sxvebs daaCnion wylulebi. Sobis wina dReebia da wiflis xec ufro akonkretebs tyeSi culmomarjvebul kacTa gamoCenis miznebs: ,,Cven ra? xels rodi gvaxleben,Mmuxas, wifels an rcxilasa,Marc verxvs, arc arysa, arc Txilsa, vai, naZvebis binasa.” Tu ratom iTqva: ,,vai, naZvebis binasa”, kuneli ganumartavs moZmeebsac da patara mkiTxvelebsac: ,,saSobaoda zrunaven balRebis gasaxarada, da imaT saqeifosa hqmnian Cvens gasamwarada (,,saSobao zRpari”. 1909w.) mTxrobeli SeumCnevlad cvlis saubris Sinaarss da aq win wamoiwevs zneobriobis sakiTxi kunelTan dakavSirebiT. Kkunlis saxiT iseTi adamianebi arian warmodgenilni, romelnic ar baqibuqoben Tavisi Zal-RoniT. Kkunels Tavisi wvetiani eklebi moZmeebis ki ara, mtris winaaRmdeg aqvs mimarTuli. Ees ki tyis mefes muxas Zalze moewoneba: ,,yoCaR, kunelo, Senaca Ggqonia grZnobis nasaxi, 39 Seubralebi megone viT ekliani balaxi, sCans, rom ekali ar giklavs Sen sibralulis grZnobasa. Eeg grZnoba Zvirfasi ari, gTxov, ar daixSo, Zmobasa”(iqve) Aam leqsSi SemecnebiTi xasiaTis erT patara detalze SevCerdebiT; kerZod, avtorma erTi sityviT, sxarti cnobiT gaacno patarebs, rom kuneli ekliani xea. swored am xes erTxmad aubamen mxars sxva xeebi. isinic saerTo tkivils gamoTqvamen: ,,oRondac, roca erTs Cvengans scemen, Cven gvtkiva yvelasa tani im drosa, magrama daCagruls vSveliT verasa”(iqve). Aadamianebis moqmedeba gamowveuli iyo maTi socialuri, materialuri siduxWiriT. zneobrivad savalaloa is, rom adamianebi sxvaTa ubedurebiT, aq naZvebis gaCexviT, cdiloben TavianTi gaWirvebis mogvarebas. Ees xom zneobrivad gaumarTlebelia. Nnovelisturi zRapris kompoziciurma struqturam ganapiroba, rom fabulaSi uecriv icvleba ambavi, kerZod, Sobis brwyinvale dResaswaulTan dakavSirebiT, mTeli Tavisi arsebiT gabrwyindeba macxovari Cveni. ixateba mistikuri movlena-rodesac ramdenime naZvis xe waiqca, xelculiani kacebi saocrebis mxilvelni gaxdnen: ,,hxedaven: monaWridana naZvebs gadmosdiT melani”(30,297). maT iqve dayares culebi da gaocebulebma erTmaneTs gadasZaxes: ,,xels bavSvi miWers viRaca, Aangelozisa msgavsia, Mmklavebs midunebs, Tvalebs mWris, TiTqos mze madgas asia”(iqve). Lleqsis meoTxe nawilSi grZeldeba zRapruli movlenebi: ,,Tovli qaRaldad qceula; Mmazed Cvilis yrmis xeliTa zed iwereba ambavi 40 almasis kalmis wveriTa...”(iqve). mSvenier angelozad saxe-detalebs yrmis sTavazobs gamocxadeba, misi mezRapre brwyinva mkiTxvelebs. dadarebuli Eesenia: aris mzis naTelTan, moWrili naZvebis sisxlad melnis gamosvla. Ees ukanaskneli imisTvis dasWirda mTxrobels , rom Tovli qaRaldad gardaesaxa, romelzedac almasis kalmis wveriT Cvili yrma wers ambavs. Yyrma iesos xeliT dawerilSi xdeba zneobrivi Segonebis RvTaebrivi da poeturi ganacxadis brwyinvale zneobriv-aRmzrdelobiTi sakuTari bednierebis, Sezaveba, tendencia-nu Tundac gaerTianeba, vecdebiT umniSvnelo sxvaTa gatarebulia ubedurebaze komfortis, minimaluri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas; Mmacxovris sityvebi mimarTulia tyeSi myofi muSakebisadmi. mezRaprem mimarTvis formis SemotaniT monologis mxatvruli funqcia mianiWa uflis ganacxads. mkiTxvelis asakobrivi monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mTxrobelma maTTvis gasagebi sityvebiT moaxdina saxarebis mxatvruli transformireba. emociurad, miznobrivad gamarTlebuli da efeqturia is, rom kacTa modgmas Seagonebs yrma ieso: ,,...mitom ar moved qveynada, Mmitom ar davibadia, rom yvelam is Caidinos, rac moswon, raca swadia; mitom ar vecvi jvarzeda, saqme vikisre Znelia, erTis tanjviTa meorem rom moiReros yelia, umweoT, tanjulT cremlebiT Cemi kalTebi svelia da, ukacravad, avzeda ar mogimarToT xelia!”(iqve) Dda aqve yrma ieso Txovnis formiT mimarTavs xelculian muSakebs, romlebic imJamad avis mqnelebi iyvnen: ,,gTxovT, erT dRes, erT dRes mainca ar iyoT avis mqnelia”. TxovnasTan erTad es sityvebi mkacri gafrTxilebac iyo mxilvelisaTvis. mZlavr mxatvrul-didaqtikur da fsiqologiur svlad miviCnevT zRapris finalur sityvebs: 41 ,,vin iyo amis damweri, vin iyo amis mTqmelia?” upirvelesyovlisa, amiT avtorma kompoziciuri mTlianoba mianiWa zRapars, fsiqologiur efeqturobas aRwevs am ori ritorikuli SekiTxvis tolfasi mimarTviT norCi mkiTxvelebisadmi. Aavtorma da Jurnalma ,,nakadulma” borotebis, siavis daTrgunvis qadagebiT, adamianebSi TanagrZnobis, Tanaalmobis danergviT mkiTxvelebSi, mozardebSi, marTmadidebluri qristianobis Aaqve unda gavixsenoT locvis sityvebi ganmtkicebas ,,avisa da Seuwyes mrisxanebis xeli. gamo”’: ,,ufalo, madliTa SeniTa hqmen keTil monai ese Seni”(58. ,,locvani. saRvTo wirva”, gv.207). Ggvwams, moemsaxureba rom vaJa-fSavelas adamianTa, ,,saSobao gansakuTrebiT zRapari” mozardTa, dResac efeqturad zneobrivi wrTobis, aRzrdis keTilSobilur saqmes, qristianuli sarwmunoebis ganmtkiceba – danergvis saqmes. ,,nakadulis” mozrdil mkiTxvelTaTvis aris gamiznuli saaxalwlo milocvebi qviTinebs leqsSi ,,saaxalwlo mwareda),-1910w. simRera” J.,,nakaduli”, (axaliwelia unda aRiniSnos, da mainc rom es qari leqsi redaqciam gamoaqveyna ,,saSobao zRapris” Semdegve. ,,saaxalwlo simRera” antiTezisis, dapirispirebis mxatvrul- stilistikuri xerxis gamoyenebiTaa Seqmnili. TezaSi mocemulia imdroindeli saqarTvelos mZime socialuri da zneobrivi foni. Sefaseba droisa, cxovrebisa mkiTxvelis asakis gaTvaliswinebiT aris warmodgenili. Txzuleba Lleqsis daclilia yalbi pasaJi logikuri yvela erTidaigive sazeimo, saaxalwlo TanmimdevrobiT, sityvebiT-,,axaliwelia”-dawyebiT aJiotaJisagan. mikroTematikis warmoCenilia lirikosi avtoris, cxovrebisagan daCagruli kacis lega, mZime ganwyobileba. Aavtors ar axarebs am axali wlis dadgoma imitom, rom imedgacruebulia wina axalwlis danapirebTa Seusruleblobis gamo, ar axarebs araferi, sixarulisa qviTinebs da miuxedavad imedebis mwareda...”, imisa, momtani, ,,axalwelia rom magram: da axali welia, ,,axalwelia gvadnobs tradiciulad da mainc suldgmulT qari sicive Zvalebsa...”, ,,axalwelia, keraze cecxli miqreba, neldeba...”, ,,axalwelia, avad var, muxlebi aRar momyveba...”, ,,dalocvil axalwlisagan verodis vnaxe 42 mogeba...”, ,,axalwelia, magrama vard-iaT rodi ayvavebs...”, ,,axalwelia, axali, ras movelodeT misgana? cremlsa da vai-vaglaxsa, rogorc warsulis wlisgana!”(30,298-299) marTali kacis simarTliT Sefasebuli, realisti mxatvris mier daxatuli realuri cxovreba mis bevr Tanamoziares, mis bedSi myofT, uTuod gulze moxvdeba da Tu gamosarCleblad ar eyofa, Caafiqrebs mainc. Tumca aqve nu reglaments, daviviwyebT maT Jurnalis reaqcias profils, asakobrivi mkiTxvelTa fsiqikis asakobriv TvalsazrisiT da antiTezaSi, leqs-simReris meore nawilSi aseve mimzidvelad, sadad, dinji kiloTi, imedis mimcemi ganwyobilebiT aqarwylebs avtori gausaZlisi socialuri Tu zneobrivi problemebis gamo gaxmianebul Civilebs; avtors rom ar aerios sasimRero taqti, rom ar gaCndes leqswyobaSi disharmonia, miumarTavs TezaSi gamoyenebuli stilisturi aqseqsuarisaTvis (vgulisxmobT, rogorc odnav win aRvniSneT, yvela Tematuri rkalis erTidaigive sityvebiT dawyebas). Ggansaxilveli leqsisTvis garkveul preambulas warmoadgens pirveli rva striqoni-antiTezisisa: ,,simwaris daSinebulni vcdilobT, gavitkboT yelia winaswar, rom avitanoT asataneli Znelia” (,,saaxalwlo simRera” 1910w) amiT poeti SiSs ki ar Tesavs mkiTxvelSi, aramed afrTxilebs mas, amzadebs momavali simZimeebis asatanad da preambulis meore naxevarSi maSinve ubrundeba saaxalwlo ganwyobilebas, unergavs norCebs optimizms, momavali rom kargi iqneba, saboloo jamSi: ,,RmerTs vsTxovoT, ar davardnodes droTa trialsa cxenia, erTxel mogvitans kargsaca, amis Tqma ara mrcxvenia”(iqve). Dda amas mosdevs logikuri gagrZeleba optimisturi notisa: ,,axalwelia da mitom imedi gulsa mfenia: iqneb gangebam gvakmaos rac Wiri dagviTmenia. 43 Aaxalwelia. Tendeba Yyivis da yivis mamali, caze ciskari kaSkaSebs, CabrZanebula mravali”(30,299) Aam monakveTSi ,,yivis mamali” da ,,caze ciskari kaSkaSebs”-erTi da igive drois, gaTenebis, gamomxatveli sinonimebia. xolo uSualod ,,caze ciskris kaSkaSi” amaRlebuli bibliuradac ganwyobilebis xom ZiriTadad mauwyebelia: ,,mwuxri sixarulis, tirili da imedis, ciskris sixaruli”(oqr.gurit. 227,21); da ,,ciskris iyos sixaruli”, aRdg. 157,10); (4,517). Aamitomac gamouxatavs Tavisi imedianoba iqve: ,,Tavs damfrens tkbili ocneba, tanjuli kacis wamali...”. mSvenieri fsiqologiuri detalis matarebelia Semdegi oTxi taepi: ,,wamoiSalnen balRebi, Ggadigdebines sabani, tkbileulobas daecnen, vis agondeba anbani?” damajerebelia balRebis saqcielic da poetis mier siTboTi, alersiT, msubuqi iumoriT Tqmulic: ,,vis agondeba anbani?”. didsulovnad ,,hpatiobs” igi patarebs am bavSur cTunebas da gulwrfel locvasac Seawevs maT: ,,gmirebic daizrdebian, xarobdes qarTvelT mTa-bari! camde azidul grZnobiTa guli CaedvasT magari!” da aqvea nacadi siuJeturi xerxi-leqsis daboloeba SekiTxviT: ,,mekvles moveliT xma-tkbilsa, rad igvianebs, sad ari?” rogorc vxedavT, saSobao Tu saaxalwlo Tematika vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiT interesTa samyaroSi gamorCeul adgils ikavebs ara marto ideuri, Sinaarsoblivi muxtiT, aramed mxatvrul-struqturuli TvalsazrisiTac. 1900-1910-iani wlebis saaxalwlo ciklis bolo nawarmoebebia: ,,saSobao sizmari”, gamoqveynebuli 1913wlis 25 dekembris nomerSi da ,,Zaan axalwelia”_dabeWdili ,,saxalxo gazeTis“ 1913 wlis #1081-Si. vaJa-fSavelas ,,saSobao sizmari” Tavisi struqturiT, kompoziciuri modelirebiT imeorebs wina wlebSi Seqmnil saSobao-saaxalwlo formebs, 44 anu aqac lirikosi avtoris mier gamoyenebulia antiTezisis stiluri xerxi, emociuri muxti, damaimedebeli, optimisturi finali. Aam samnawiliani leqsis pirveli Tavi faqtiurad mTeli Txzulebis Tezaa, romelic antiTezisiT meore TavSi gaqarwyleba nawilobriv koSmaruli grZeldeba ganwyobilebisa, da aqve mesame iwyeba nawili ki optimizmiT, amaRlebuli gancdiT gamoirCeva; Aam leqsSi mniSvneloba da mniSvnelovani misi detalia kompoziciuri sizmris roli faqtori. ganxilulia ,,sizmris prof. mix. zandukelis naSromSi ,,sizmari vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi”. Pprof. Mmix. zandukels safuZvlianad aqvs dasabuTebuli uSualod ,,sizmris miTologiur-fsiqologiuri buneba”(37, 319). Aam aspeqtiTaa ganxiluli vaJas moTxrobebi: ,,sizmari oblisa”, ,,saaxalwlo sizmari”, leqsi ,,erekles sizmari”, poemebi: ,,gvelis mWameli”, ,,aluda qeTelauri”, ,,baxtrioni” da ,,giglia”. Pprof. i. evgeniZis mier sizmriseuli masala gaanalizebulia Semdegi nawarmoebebis mixedviT: ,,devebis qorwili”, ,,STabeWdilebani”, ,,mTielis ubedureba”, ,,monadire”, ,,moCveneba” da sxva. Seajamebs ra nawarmoebebSi mocemul sizmriseul, miTiur Cvenebebs, igi wers: ,,vaJas lirikasa, epossa da prozaSi warmodgenili xilvebi epikosi poetis xilvebia da maTi urTierTmsgavseba vaJas SemoqmedebiTs mTlianobas mowmobs”(27,253). ,,saSobao sizmarSi” (wuxela vnaxe sizmari) sizmriseuli xilvebi iwyeba koSmaruli ambebiT: mamapapeuli saxli WerCamongreulia, saxlSi myofT Tovl-Wyapi dasdiT Tavze, keraze cecxlia Camqrali da mis garSemo Semomsxdar Svilebs ,,aZevT sikvdilis feria”, amis mxilveli mamis TvalTagan wamskdar cremlebs ,,naxevrad sisxli eria”. Aam realur xilvebs umal Caenacvleba miTiuri xilvebi: rodesac mamam gadawyvita saxlis Weris gadaxurva, mas devma utaca xeli, moesma misi muqara-,,exlav gagaqrob,... Tu xeli gaginZreviao”(I,350). xedavs mama sizmarSi, rom saxl-kari ,,borot suls dauWeria”. rogorc aRiniSna, koSmaruli xilva II nawilis dasawyisSic grZeldeba_dangreul interiers daemateba gaveranebuli eqsterieri: mglebi da daTvebi fleTdnen da glejdnen mis cxvar-Zroxas. eRupeboda sarCosabadebeli am adamians, Svela ki arsaidana Canda: ,,sxvad veras vSveldi, vtirodi, mduRare daminTxevia”(30,350). 45 Tu mamis sizmris axsnas daviwyebT, saintereso gzamkvlevad gamoCndeba germaneli fsiqologis karl gustav iungis ganmarteba sizmrisa. igi Tvlis, rom sizmarSi xiluli ,,...Cveni gonebis mieraa agebuli da Tu Cveni sizmrebi garkveul ideebs warmogvidgens, isini, upirveles yovlisa, Cveni ideebia, romelTa struqturaSi mTeli Cveni arseboba aris CarTuli... sizmris mTeli muSaoba, arsebiTad, subieqturia da warmoadgens Teatrs, romelSic TviTon sizmris mnaxveli aris scena, moTamaSe, sufliori, produseri, avtori, mayurebeli da kritika.”(42,266). leqsSi naTlad ixateba is obieqturi garemo, romelSic ganefineba sizmriseuli xilva. mZime socialurma, cxovrebiseulma yofam sizmarSic gaavrcela Tavisi diqtati; sizmarSi xom droisa, moqmedebis adgilisa da TviT moqmedebis ,,SemoqmedebiTi” Tavisuflebaa dasaSvebi. Aamitom arcaa gasakvirvi, rom realuri, miTosur fantastikuri an enacvlebian erTmaneTs, an erTad amoqmedeben sizmris mnaxvels. sizmriseuli ganwyobilebani, situaciebi myisierad cvalebadni arian da am leqsis lirikulma gmirmac koSmaruli Cvenebebis Semdeg optimisturi, Tumca, cxovrebiseuli xilva ixila: ,,gavxede: vnaxe asuli, Yyornebis, mglebis mcemeli, is Cemi Zviri stumari, Cemi nugeSismcemeli, grZnobebis amtyinebeli, gulis simebis mrxeveli”. Mmisi saxiT radikalurad poeti iseT gansxvavdeba ideals qalis warmoaCens idealis qalisas, mindiaseuli riTac (,,gvelis mWamelidan”) da gogoTuriseuli (,,gogoTur da afSina”) gagebisagan. xalxi auRelvebia ,,qalis mamacur qcevasa”, ,,Sig da Sig ,,vaSas” uZRvnidnen qalis mamacur qcevasa, brZolas ki vera hbedavdnen, iyvnen krZalvas da ryevasa”. Aam mamac qals verc sizmris mxilveli exmareba da cremlebmoreuli aRiarebs kidec: ,,guli mikvdeba Zalzeda, rom im Cems meSvels mxevalsa me gavdgomivar ganzeda, sawyals ver mivSvelebivar xel-dadebuli xmalzeda”(I,350). 46 Ggansaxilveli Txzulebebis mesame nawilSic sizmris moyolasTan dakavSirebul formulad qceuli TqmiT iwyeba: I nawili ase iwyeba: ,,wuxela vnaxe sizmari”, II nawili_,,gavxede, vnaxe asuli” da mesame nawili: ,,Sevxede, movrCi sneulio,” ,,da vnaxe devi iqidan gadaTxeula wyeuli!” Ees stiluri detalebi adastureben sizmris Sesaxeb im Teorias, rom ,,sizmari, rac unda fantastikuri da ucnauri iyos, mainc pirovnebiseulia. Ees garemoebac sizmris ganwyobis Teorias amtkicebs”(37,332). sizmris saaxalwlo ganwyobileba optimisturi unda yofiliyo. marTlac, sizmris mnaxvels Sobis wina Rames daesizmra is, rasac, sCans, mTeli arsebiT natrobda, rom gadakarguliyo misive optimisturi tendenciebi isea siuJetSi saxl-karidan. sizmris gaSlili, rom patriotul suliskveTebas. Aamis sulis Camdgmeli ki leqsi iZens qarTveli dedaa, dedakacia. rac ver SeZles kacebma, is ganaxorciela dedurma sawyisma, misma Seupovrobam, misma Tavdauzogavma brZolam iaraRiT xelSi: ,,gavxede: vnaxe asuli, Yyornebis, mglebis mcemeli. is Cemi Zviri stumari, Cemi nugeSismcemeli”(I,350). Turme arc am mZime viTarebaSi daukargavs asuls Tavisi sinaze, mimzidveloba, amaRlebuli grZnoba siyvarulisa. Aaki ambobs kidec mis Sesaxeb sizmris mnaxveli, igi CemTvis ariso ,,grZnobaTa amtyinebeli, gulis simebis mrxeveli”. Tavisi, poetis, dReTa gamoZaxilad unda aRviqvaT sizmrad nanaxi pasiuroba, momCvareba, meryeoba, sadRac simxdalec sazogadoebisa. Aam saerTo mdgomareobas Turme arc sizmris mxilveli CamorCenia: ,,verc ras me vSveldi, mxoloda vtiri, movTqvamdi mwareda”. Aasulis Sesaxeb ki gulwrfelad simarTles ambobs: ,,is ibrZvis erTi, martoka, Zvelis mandiliT Tavzeda, abrTxobs da erCis mtaceblebs; guli mikvdeba Zalzeda, rom im Cems meSvels mxevalsa me gavdgomivar ganzeda, sawyals ver mivSvelebivar xel-dadebuli xmalzeda”(30,350). 47 moxmobil citataSi ramdenime saxe-detalia saintereso. TiToeuli maTgani axali ganwyobilebis Seqmnis impulsebs iZleva. kerZod, mebrZol asuls amSvenebs ,,Zveli mandili Tavzeda” da sizmris mTxrobelsac xeli aqvs dadebuli xmalzeda. amiT qvecnobierad igrZnoba, rom ukvalod ar Caivlis am Tavganwiruli asulis suliskveTeba. marTlac, sasikeTod Seicvala umal cxovreba sizmris mnaxvelisa. Mman NSexeda cas, Sexeda asuls da ganikurna sneuli; rogorc ityvian, poets aq gamoyenebuli aqvs azris gacxadebis ,,mistikur-alegoriuli xerxi”(101,67). Aavtoris sisxlnarevi cremlebi aq misi ganwmendis maCvenebeli ki ara, aramed misi usasoobis, uRonobis, sasowarkveTis damadasturebelia, radgan mis garemos devi, mglebi da daTvi, boroti suli dahpatronebia da Tavad mas vera gauwyvia ra maT asalagmavad; vfiqrobT, arc mebrZoli asulis xilva-gamocxadeba ar mianiSnebs mis arc religiur wmindanTa hipostazobaze, arc qveynis simbolurobaze. igi erTi sanatreli patrioti qarTveli asulia, Wirnaxuli romlis saqarTvelo. msgavsebmac yuradsaRebia dRevandelobas prof. T. gadmouloca SarabiZis azri: ,,gansakuTrebuli sifrTxile gvmarTebs vaJas Semoqmedebis kvlevisas, rom patriotuli lirikis nimuSi ganvasxvaoT poetis SemoqmedebaSi Warbad arsebuli qristianuli nakadisa”(101,67). Aam sizmris asuli qarTvlis dedis tipiur saxed migvaCnia, visTvisac RmerTs miucia siyvarulis madlic, mebrZolis SemarTebac, patriotizmis grZnobac. Cemi rwmeniT, aman ganapiroba leqsis poliTematikuroba. sxva qveTemebisgan sakmaod gansxvavebulia sizmris qristianul- mistikuri Tema: ,,Savi zRviT kaspiis zRvamde Mmdgomelni uflis karzeda, Ggawkrivebula laSqari, xmlebi upyriaT lamprada, dascqeren saqarTvelosa, miRebuli hyavT gamdlada, siyvaruls Tavis qveynisas sTvlian uaRres madlada, tablidan axalgazrdebi TiTebs unTeben sanTlada”(I,350). 48 Bbunebrivad migvaCnia sizmris mTxrobelis reaqcia saiqiodan mosulTa xilvisas: ,,sul damaviwyda saxl-kari, roca vixile yvelani”. wamieri aRmoCnda misTvis es aRtaceba, radgan isini grZneuli fardis iqiT aRmoCndnen”. Ggaqra mistika. Ddaubrunda realoba sizmars da Cndeba axali nakadi sizmris siuJetSi_naxa, rom misi saxlidan, im are-maredan devi sadRac gadakargula. RvTis wyalobiT, winaparTa sulis gamoRviZebiT qarTvelma mandilosanma gaaZeva misi saxl-karidan, mTeli qveynis simbolurobaze rom migvaniSnebs, boroti Zala, satanuri suli, devi. sizmris finaluri ganwyobileba, zogierTi rekviziti Cems warmodgenaSi acocxlebs sanaTasa da lelas ,,baxtrionidan”. Aasulis gamoCenisas mogvesmis sanaTas sityvebi_,,ukacurT kacoba gvmarTebs”, misi asaki da mebrZoli suli lelas maxsenebs, xolo sanaTas natvra_,,Tu amas gavigonebdi... Wrels Cavicomdi kabasa”_asrulebulia sizmrad gamocxadebuli asulis garegnobaSic, ganwyobilebaSic. ,,is Cemi mcveli asuli ,,mraval-Jamiers” galobda, tanT Wreli kaba Caecva, Cemze metada xarobda”(,,saSobao sizmari”) vaJas Semoqmedebis yvela Tematuri Tematika cikli mdidaria, axasiaTebs poliTematikuroba. aqtualuria ideurad ara mxolod Tavisi droisaTvis, aramed sadReisodac. rogorc vxedavT, saSobao-saaxalwlo Tematika vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiT interesTa sferoSi Tavis adgils iWers ara mxolod ideuri, Sinaarsoblivi muxtiT, aramed mxatvrul-struqturuli TvalsazrisiTac. magaliTad, mravali identuri mxatvruli xerxidan gamovarCieT ori leqsis-1909wels dawerili ,,saSobao zRapris” da 1910 wels gamoqveynebuli ,,saaxalwlo simReris”-safinalo striqonebis kiTxviTi winadadebebiT dasruleba: I. ,,vin iyo amis damweri, vin iyo amis mTqmelia?”(,,saSobao zRapari”) da II. ,,mekvles moveliT xmatkbilsa; rad igvianebs, sad ari?”(,,saaxalwlo simRera”) miTiTebuli Sedis norC mxatvrul-stilisturi mkiTxvelebTan emociur xerxiT lirikosi poeti kontaqtSi da nawarmoebTa umal ideuri amocana, avtoris mizandasaxulobac brwyinvaledaa gadaWrili. 49 versifikaciis aspeqtiT didi poeturi datvirTva eZleva avtoris mier anJambemanis Warbad gamoyenebas, romelsac qvemoT calke SevexebiT. sakmaod gansxvavebuli tonalobisaa Jurnal ,,jejilis” 1900 wlis meoTxe nomerSi gamoqveynebuli mozrdili lirikuli leqsi ,,zamTari da gazafxuli”. Mmocemul leqsSic didi poeti Tavisuflad epyroba Janrul elementTa urTierTobas. Tavisi emociurobiT, natifi siuJetiT, piradi gancdebis gamJRavnebiT ,,zamTari da gazafxuli” lirikul nawarmoebTa rigs ganekuTvneba, xolo ambis gaSliT, fabuliT igi gvagonebs qarTuli epikuri poeziis erT ,,miviwyebul” Janrs_gabaasebas. zamTarsa da gazafxuls Soris gabaasebaSi garkveul rols TamaSobs mTxrobeli. igi komentarebiT monawileobs siuJetSi, erTgvari gzamkvlevia, mokamaTeTa sasaubro Temis gezis mimcemia. amiT saxaliso urTierTobas amyarebs norC mkiTxvelTan, uadvilebs maT Sinaarsis aRqmas, rac mTavaria, TvalTaxedvidan ar gaeqceva ymawvils mokamaTeTa feradovneba, mimzidveli ier-saxe. aSkaraa, rom mTxrobelis simpatia pirvelive striqonidan gazafxuliskenaa mimarTuli: ,,yavli gahsvloda zamTarsa, miCanCalebda Cumada... qveynad arc erTma suldgmulma ar gaacila Zmurada. yvela misZaxda: ,,gagvSordi, rac gvtanje isic kmarao, Cveni yofa da cxovreba sul Sengan daicarao!”(1,173) leqsis pirveli Tavi Tavidan bolomde avtoriseuli komentaria movlenebisa. Ddidebulad, maRalmxatvrulad aris gamoZerwili qronotopi, garemosa da drois harmoniuli Serwyma. yvelas SeZaxils uerTdeba mTxrobelic da mokled, sxartad amcnobs mkiTxvels, rom zamTars ,,swored aq bina aRar aqvs, adga da gaiparao”. Bbunebrivia, misi adgili gazafxulma unda daiWiros: ,,gazafxuls jari moudis, meti ar aris Carao; zamTarma jaglagi cxeniT mTa da mTa Seiarao”. Bbunebrivia isic, rom zamTars niri waxdenia: ,,Zalian daRvremiliyo, Zalian guli stkioda”, ar uxaria tyevelis gacocxleba, kaeSans umatebs ,,mindvris patara qalebi”, anu yvavilebi, 50 rogorc Tavad poeti ganmartavs. Yyovelmxriv xeli moscarvia zamTars, moxucs, ,,kudala cxenis patrons”. P patara mkiTxvels kargad daamaxsovrdeba, rom moxucebuli zamTris cxeni jaglagia da kudala; samagierod, gazafxuli ,,moaqrolebda meransa, wiTlad da mwvaned hmosavda qveyanas mwirs da veransa. Tan mosdevT yvavilT konebi frinvelTa gundi aTasi... win gadaudga moxucsa vaJkaci , laRi, kapasi da uTxra:-gamarjvebao!’; Aamgvari Sesavlis, mosamzadebeli periodis Semdeg ukve iwyeba da Tanac gabaaseba gazafxulisa da zamTrisa. Ddauokebeli samarTliani misi energia modis pretenziebi gazafxulisagan, zamTris mimarT: Semtevia ,,rad giyvars qveynis wvaleba, rada xar agre bilwia?” muqarac gamoereva mis sityvebSi, zamTari ki upasuxebs: ,,erTi Tvis winaT sad iyav, Aaxla rom mitev, ,,vaJao”?! veras gahxdebi, zamTrisgan qveyana daibaJao. Tqven samTa ZmaTa amagi sul Cemgan daixarjao”. Ppatara Cafiqrdeba da mixvdeba, rom is sami Zma marti, aprili da maisia, qveynis dabaJebaSi ki zamTris valis gadaxda igulisxmeba. zamTari pozicias ar Tmobs, niSansac ugebs gazafxuls, Tavis cudsac ar malavs: ,,damWlevebuli Cemgana cxvari, Zroxa da xarebi Zlivs daaTreven fexebsa, dadian rogorc mTvralebi”. zamTar–gazafxulis gabaasebas eTmoba leqsis mesame Tavi. Zalze mniSvnelovan kiTxvas dausvams odnav damSvidebuli gazafxuli gulRrZo moxuc zamTars: ,,mamaSvilobas, miTxari, vin gZuls, visi xar mteria?! aTasgan daiarebi, gicnobs sxvadasxva eria. Aan siyvaruli Sens gulSi Qqveynad visime sweria?”(30,174). 51 SeiZleba ucnaurad JRerdes zamTris pasuxi, magram simarTlis marcvals uTuod Seicavs. Mmisi pasuxiT bavSvebi kmayofilni darCebian, rameTu zamTars namdvilad aqvs nagrZnobi maTganac misi siyvaruli. Aaki kargadac ganumarta gazafxuls Tavisi urTierToba patarebTan: ,,bavSvebi miyvars, sxva Aarvin, xel-fex funCula, celqebi; sxva yvela mifrTxis, memalvis, ros qveynad davexetebi”.(iqve) uenpiro garemoc ki aRar Rebulobs sakuTari siciviT Seciebul zamTars; samagierod, balRebs ar emetebaT gasariyad igi. Aase gulwrfelia zamTari am dros da ise gatacebiT uyveba gazafxuls bavSvebis sixarulis Taobaze, rom dauviwyari suraTi ixateba uSualoT patarebisa; mis TiToeul sityvaSi, frazaSi norCi mkiTxveli sakuTar Tavsac dainaxavs: ,,bavSvebs vuyvarvar, uecrad Ggamocvivian karSia, an gundaoben, kiJiniT arbenineben cigasa, ar esmiT dedis vedreba, yurs ar ugdeben ZiZasa... aqeifeben balRebi am Tavis moxuc biZasa”(iqve). Bbrazmoreuli gazafxuli awyvetinebs sityvas mas da afrTxilebs kidec ,,gulqva moxucs”: ,,wadi, aCqardi, ecade, rom male avlo seria; Torem xom xedav, Rrublebsa Hsurs TavSi dagvkras kveria, Ddagvkras da dagvaniaos, zurgze gadinos mtveria”(30,175). Aaq wydeba maT Soris kamaTi da leqsis danarCeni asparezi mTxrobels rCeba. Ggapirovnebis mxatvruli xerxis momarjvebiT poeti dinamikurad, moZraobaSi xatavs zamTris svlas, ufro swored, zeviT, ialbuzisaken, yinulis gverdiTYasvlas da iq dabinavebas: ,,abrZanda ialbuzzeda 52 Dda, yinulebis gverdiTa, isic TeTr-javSan-mosili, dadga im Tavis cxeniTa, iq moibruna man guli, iq ganisvena SvebiTa”(iqve). Aavtors realobisa da mwvrTnelis gumani ar Ralatobs da patarebs gulSi momavali sixarulis imeds utovebs: zamTari ,,dros elis, isev gvestumros Cveulebrivis wesiTa”. Aamis Semdeg mkiTxvelis winaSe dgeba didebuli peizaJisti, bunebis didebuli mxatvari-,, gazafxuls Tavs adgas Tval-margalitis gvirgvini” da, rac mTavaria: ,,dideba ismis uflisa suldgmulT sxvadasxva eniTa... wyalnic ki RmerTs adideben laRad, talRebis deniTa”.(iqve). ,,bednieri eris” gamoZaxili vigrZeniT leqsSi ,,vin aris kaci?”(1902w.). aqac kiTxviTi intonacia, aqac ironia, aqac stilistikur xerxad gamoyenebuli antiTezisi. Aaqac Zieba-vin aris kaci? leqsSi xazgasmulia is fsiqologiuri WeSmariteba, rom avtoris mier lirikul personaJad gamoyvanili pirovnebebis ,,Sinagani sinamdvile iqmneba obieqtur samyaros pirovnul moTxovnilebaTa da RirebulebaTa Sesatyvisad gadamuSavebis Sedegad. Aadamianis Sinagan samyaroSi sinamdvile pirovnuli TvalsazrisiT aris interpretirebuli”(116,364). Aam aspeqtiT Tu mivudgebiT leqss, iq poeti yuradRebas migvaqcevinebs mZime socialur garemoebaze, zneobriv mankierebaSi Caflul pirovnebaze. Lleqss anafora: emociurobas ,,kaci is hmatebs aris...”poetma morfologiuri mkiTxvelis gameoreba, samsjavroze kerZod, gamoitana sazogadoebaSi fexmokidebuli mankierebani. misi ironiuli SeniSvniT, ,,kaci is aris”, vinc: a),,cxovreba gaatara WamaSi da kacis daniSnuleba mxoloda hpova amaSi”; b),,quCaSi salams ar gaZlevs, Tu dahpatiJe sadilad, did jiutobas ar gaswevs;” g),,saqmiT sxvis, sityviT Cvenia da Tavis oinbazobas hmalavs, ar dauCenia”; 53 d),,Sestrfis Sehxaris Rvinosa da hsaxavs idealada salxino hzogavs, mearRnes samikitnosa;” e),,ara kiTxulobs gazeTsa, wignisTvis Saursa aZlevs maneTsa”; v),,gadaamterebs erTmaneTs qarTlsa, imereTs, kaxeTsa, sakuTar anbans Seudgens samegrelos da svaneTsa”; z),,sicocxle atara tkbilada,_sikvdilis Semdeg iwoda didyurianis Svilada”(3,195). rogorc vxedavT, poetma piruTvnelad, moyvarulad amxila adamianTa Sinagani samyaro, ideuri datvirTva leqsis ki aris sazogadoebriv mankierebaTa mxileba. Gganxiluli leqsi migvaCnia organul gagrZelebad 1900 wels dawerili leqsisa ,,is ki ar ari biWoba”. Aaq sxartad, zneobrivi simReriT aris Camoyalibebuli Lleqsi mimaCnia ritorobis kodeqsi. lirikuli brwyinvale gmiris nimuSad. orators, aq lirikul gmirs, Tundac avtors, warmovidgenT safixvnos TavSi mjdomared, romelsac gziani sityva moudis da zneobisaken mouwodebs msmenelT. M Aavtori logikurad, TanmimdevrobiT amxels ,,biWobis” anu ,,kai ymobis” mruded gamgebT. Ooratoris dakvirvebul Tvals mxedvelobidan ar gamorCenia iseTi adamianebi, romelTac Taviseburad esmiT sazogadoebaSi garkveuli adgilis daWeris arsi. maTi gza ki, zneobriobis TvalsazrisiT, rbilad rom iTqvas, oratorisTvis miuRebulia. Ppirvel waTamamebuli strofSi adamiani, dagmobilia romelsac sxvebis dakarguli waqezebiT, aqvs mfarvelobiT pirovnuli Rirseba, damoukideblad qcevis unari. sxvisi imediTa da xelSewyobiT biWobaze Tavis dadeba, kargi biWobis pretenzia avtorisaTvis miuRebelia: ,,is ki ar ari biWoba, ro gamagrebdnen, hmagrobde”; mas arc iseTis ,,kargi biWoba” swams, romelic agresiulad, axrCobde”. susts, sadisturad Mmesame masTan eqceva: strofiTac SedarebiT ,,arc is uZlurs, mgonia mxilebulia biWoba, daundoblad, visac ZalmomreobiT erevi, Tavgasuli adamiani, romelic Caflula egoizmis morevSi da ,,bilwT”, damCagvrelebs Sehkvria zaviT, maTi mxare dauWeria. meoTxe strofSi lirikul gmirs, avtors, aqcenti Seucvlia sayvedurisa. igi ,,biWobad” ar uTvlis cxovrebiT gazuluqebuls, maZRars 54 TviTkmayofilebiT amRereba-galobas; kacs, romelsac amiT Tavi moaqvs da kidev aqeT aris pretenziuli. avtoris mier aq mxilebulia SemoqmedTa garkveuli klani_meSCanebis modgma; mexuTe strofSi ki ukve konkretulad miuTiTebs maT mcdar poziciaze. Mmxilebis rusTavelis Sexeduleba gamouyenebia. Aanu Cemi sjobso, uciloblobs viTa argumentad poets didi amxels mas, vinc ,,magra ityvis jori”. igi sulieri amaRlebisaken, WeSmariti poeturi wvisaken mouwodebs ,,vai-mgosnebs”; ,,arc ra biWoba eg ari, maZRari hmRerde, galobde, Tavi mogqondes sxvebzeda Dda amis gamo gvSarobde, Mmgosnobas arvis aclide, Mmudav hkvexde da scxarobde. biWs maSin dagiZaxebdi, mSier-mwyurvalic hgalobde”(30,177,1900w). rogorc ganxiluli Txzulebidan Cans, lirikuli gmiri, igive avtori, cdilobs gansazRvros, gaiazros adamiani, rogorc eTikuri fenomeni. amisaTvis mas gamouyenebia brwyinvale ritorikuli xerxi-paralelizmi, anu iseTi kompoziciur-struqturuli saSualeba, rodesac ,,paralelizmi iqmneba sityvebis ganlagebiT momijnave (paralelur) frazebSi, taepebSi, sityvebSi (da Cveni mxriT aqve davamatebdiT-strofebSic ki-J.k.) da ganlagebis urTierTSefardebiT (116, 232-233). vfiqrobT, leqsi-,,is ki ari biWoba (simRera)” paralelizmis TiTqmis yvela niSans atarebs; gvaqvs: a) sintaqsuri paralelizmi, anu rodesac momijnave taepebSi daculia winadadebaTa erTnairi struqtura. kerZod, aseTi frazebi_,,is ki ar ari biWoba” da ,,biWs maSin dagiZaxebdi”, agreTve SinaarsiT maTTan daaxloebuli frazebi-,,aba, biWoba is ari” da ,,arc-ra biWoba eg ari.” b) strofuli paralelizmi, anu rodesac momijnave strofebSi meordeba leqsi sintaqsuri atarebs da leqsikuri dasrulebuli struqturebi. metateqstebis mTeli organul urTierTkavSirs da nawarmoebi, faqtiurad, warmoadgens e.w. amebeuri kompoziciis Cinebul nimuSs. 55 c) uaryofiTi paralelizmi, anu rodesac avtors mxatvrul- emociuri efeqti miRweuli aqvs paralelur konstruqciebSi azrobrivi dapirispirebulobiT. magaliTad: ,,is ki ar ari biWoba, ro gamagrebdnen, hmagrobde, biWs maSin dagiZaxebdi, TavisTavada hgvarobde. Aarc is mgonia biWoba, visac erevi, axrCobde, biWs maSin dagiZaxebdi, rom sxvis damrCvalsa swamlobde”(30,177) moxmobil strofebSi upirispirdeba poziciis mesame pirvel da gamomxatveli or meoTxe taepSi taepebSi Camoyalibebul wamoyenebuli kontrargumentebi. Aanu azrs avtoriseuli argumentebsac da kontrargumentebsac naTlad aqvT gamokveTili damoukidebeli, sakuTari mikroTemebi da lingvisturad axasiaTebT organizebuli gaformebuloba, azrobrivi damTavrebuloba da Sedegad TiToeuli maTgani asrulebs sakomunikacio funqcias. rogorc miuTiTeben: TiToeuli mikrostruqtura ,,uzrunvelyofs gabmuli teqstis globalur semantikur mTlianobas”(108, 295). Aaqedan gamomdinare, leqsi_,,is ki ar ari biWoba”-migvaCnia vaJa- fSavelas eTikuri koncefciis erT patara, originalur, magram didebulad gamomxatvel Txzulebad. Gganxiluli leqsebiTa da agreTve im TxzulebebiT, romelTa Sesaxebac qvemoT visaubrebT, vcdilobT gavacocxloT is socio-zneobrivi garemo , romelSic uxdeba cxovreba did poets. Cveni yuradReba miipyro 900-iani wlebis pirveli wlis, 1901 wlis, lirikul nawarmoebTa Tematurma mravalferovnebam, poetis interesTa farTo speqtrma. vaJa-fSavelas TxzulebaTa sruli krebulis xuTtomeulis I tomSi (1961w.) dafiqsirebulia poetis mier Seqmnili ToTxmeti nawarmoebi, romelTagan poetis sicocxleSi dRis sinaTle uxilavs aT Txzulebas: ,,viToma vTibdi bejiTad”(iveria, gazafxuli”(,,jejili”, 1900,#4), 1900, 4.IV,@#74), ,,gul-dakodili ,,zamTari da nato”(,,jejili”,1900, #5), ,,danabarebi”(,,iveria”, 1900, 21,V, #108), ,,is ki ar ari biWoba”(,,iveria”,1900, 5.VI, #118), ,,mgosnis simRera”(,,iveria”, 1900, 11,VI, #124), ,,Citis 56 simRera”(,,jejili”,1900,#6), ,,xarisTvis udieri”(,,jejili”, 1900, #10), ,,mravalma xmali agela”(gaz.,,cnobis furceli”, 25.XII,#1338), ,,Cemi axali mekvle”,(,,iveria”,1901, 1.I, @#1. leqsi Seqmnilia 1900wels). oTxi leqsi ,,CvenTvis ikargvis, TqvenTvisac”, ,,anderZi”, ,,ar vtiri”, ,,sneuli viyav” korneli gadmoRebulia kekeliZis poetis saxelobis avtografebidan xelnawerTa romelic institutSi inaxeba dacul vaJa- fSavelas fondSi (#=#78, 107,123 da 123). rogorc prof. iuza evgeniZe aRniSnavs: ,,vaJa-fSavela gansakuTrebul SemoqmedebiT interess iCens eTikurad Rirebuli problemebisadmi. Aam SemTxvevaSi vaJas poeturi idealebi saTaves iRebs Cveni xalxis gancdaSi tradiciulad damkvidrebuli zneobrivad gamZle warmodgenebidan”27,216). Uunda aRiniSnos, rom vaJa-fSavela organulad erwymis imdroindel sinamdviles, mxarSi udgas Cvens did mwerlebs adamianTan mimarTebis aspeqtiT. magaliTad, ilia WavWavaZis Tu aleqsandere yazbegis SemoqmedebiT naRvaws exmianeba vaJa-fSavela prof. f.kotetiSvilis rwmeniT ,,samive am SemoqmedTa naRvawi metad rTuli ,,didi madlisa” da ,,didi borotebis” maradkacobriuli problemiTac exmianeba erTmaneTs. ilias mudmivi sazrunavi studentobidan mokidebuli sicocxlis bolomdis kacuri-kacis arsi, yazbegisa ,,umaRlesTa kanonTa sazrebiT” mqmedi, Sinaganad amaRlebuli raindi, vaJa-fSavelasi ki ,,lamazi arsoba”- naWarbi pirovneba pirdapir kavSirSia ,,didi madlisa” da ,,didi borotebis” mudmivi Widilis gaziarebasTan”(52,319). mTeli misi Semoqmedeba simarTle-samarTlianobis, humanurobis gansaxierebas warmoadgenda. Tavisi principulobiT ki mxarSi edga Tavisi drois did qurumTa-ilias erovnul_ganmaTavisuflebel da moZraobas. akakis_Tavdadebul Yyvela brZolas, TxzulebaSi, yvela publicistur werilSi exmareba mkiTxvels nacionaluri Tu socialuri sakiTxebis, didi interpretirebuli mankierebaTa gamoxatvas. problemebis ideur-aRmzrdelobiTi mxilebas swored mogvarebaSi. am da problemebi, maxvilgonivruli TvalsazrisiT gamWvirvaled ar mignebebiT miviCnieT saWirod aris erideba protestis pirvelad SevxebodiT vaJa-fSavelas, rogorc saymawvilo, sabavSvo mwerals, rameTu bavSvebisaTvis Seqmnili leqsebi da moTxrobebi didebulad miuTiTeben sikeTis ZalTa gamarjvebaze, bavSvebSi patriotuli grZnobis gaRvivebaze, mSobliuri bunebis did siyvarulze. 57 sagulisxmo azrs gamoTqvams cnobili qarTveli emigranti mwerali da politikuri moRvawe akaki papava ,,saxalxo gazeTSi” 1913wels vaJa-fSavelas sabavSvo moTxrobebis didaqtikur mniSvnelobaze: ,,Tqven gindaT Tqveni Svilebi gamovidnen keTilSobilni, mosiyvaruleni, Tavganwirulni da suliT spetakni? maS, akiTxeT maT vaJas saymawvilo moTxrobebi, romelic mTel bunebas Seayvarebs amoavsebs”(67,257). gadatanili, marTalia, magram am norC aqcenti Taobas aq qvecnobierad da vaJas poeziac maT suls sabavSvo silaRiT moTxrobezea igulisxmeba, rameTu sazogadoebrivi funqcia erTiani aqvs prozasac da poeziasac, miTumetes vaJas saymawvilo Txzulebebs. Aamas TviT poetic grZnobda, RvTaebrivTan, RmerTTan siaxloves agrZnobinebdnen angelozebi, misi sakuTari angelozebi. ra gulwrfelad gagvesaubra amis Taobaze didi poeti Tavis erT-erT ukanasknel leqsSi ,,Cemi angelozebi”(1915w.): ,,Cems angelozebs venacvle, imaT frTebs, imaT saxesa! sxvebs ise ara swyaloben, me kai Tvalze mnaxesa: movlen da momisxdebian, momiyvebian dardebsa, sanatrels, amagznebarsa, saamos, ia-vardebsa.”(30,364). swams mgosans, rom ,,patara qarTvlis biWebSi” sikeTis damTesi da momtania misi nawerebi da vinc ki keTils saqmeebs sCadis, poetis rwmeniT, is adamiani RvTiT nakurTxia: ,,uRvToT araa, vinc keTils saqmes iqms Sesajibrebsa. Cem angelozTa wyalobiT samSoblo uyvarT biWebsa, Tvis miwa-wyali da ena, rogorc sali klde jixvebsa.” sxva leqsSi ki pirdapir, daufaravad acxadebs, rom gangebam igi ,,eris aRmzrdelad daniSna”: ,,vinc momamadla me didi madli mkvdarT aRmadgenel xmaT Cangze Tqmisa, 58 vinc Cangi miZRvna Tvisi nakurTxi, momjadoebi samoTxis xisa, vinamc damniSna eris aRmzrdelad,_ Cems beds ganagebs yovelmxriv isa”. (30,329; 1912w. 3seqtemberi) misi bedis gamgebeli ki RmerTia. RvTis wyalobiT, eklesiuri cxovrebis arss keTili, gonieri mama-mSobeli sadad, gasagebad ganumartavs da STaagon-STaunergavs Tavis pirmSos. Aamas xels uwyobda sazogadoebrivi garemo, marTmadideblur-qristianuli atmosfero saqarTveloSi. vaJa- fSavelas imediani ganwyobileba aSkaraa leqsSi ,,mama da Svili”(1901w, 30,187). aRniSnuli leqsi qarTuli sabavSvo literaturis klasikur nimuSad migvaCnia, Tavisi SinaarsiT, formiT ,,vaJas sabavSvo TxzulebaTa Soris” im rkals ganekuTvneba, romelSic mocemulia ,,uSualod bavSvis gancdebi, misi samyaro”(27,447). Tumca, imavdroulad, es sulieri leqsi ,,bavSvis fsiqikisa da warmosaxvisaTvis Sesaferisi, ymawvilTa fantaziisa da qcevis gamomxatveli, anu sakuTriv ymawvilebisaTvis gankuTvnili Txzulebaa”(iqve). Aavtoris mier miznis misaRwevi ramdenime komponentis monoliTuroba, erTianobaa damaxasiaTebeli saxarebiTurT, avtoris am pozicia, nawarmoebisaTvis. mama-Svilis esenia: dialogi saydari- da gazeTi ,,iveria”(1901w. 25. XII, #280). Aam komponentTagan pirvelad avtoris pozicias unda SevexoT, radgan aq garkveva dagvexmareba danarCenebis marTebulad gaazreba-SefasebaSi. Lleqsis mixedviT, aSkaraa, rom avtoris msoflmxedvelobas ganapirobebs qristianizmi. Aam msoflaRqmiT Semohyavs nawarmoebSi poets mousvenari da celqi gogia. Mmisi pirveli sityvebia: ,,Zalian miyvars ieso, misi ambavi miTxari”. Nnawarmoebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, iSviaT faqtTan gvaqvs saqme. mxedvelobaSia is, rom aq ver vnaxavT bunebisadmi mimarTebas. Tumca, bevri nawarmoebi ,,cxadad gviCvenebs, rom vaJa-fSavelas leqsebSi buneba ama Tu im ieriT RmerTis saxes atarebs, rom bunebis sagnebsa da movlenebSi RvTiuri Zalaa gabatonebuli”(123,142). grigol xerxeuliZes miaCnia, rom vaJa- fSavelas ,,..mxatvrul naazrevs Tavidan bolomde uwyvet zolad gasdevs panTeisturi msoflgancdis panTeizms(aqve). Mmkvlevris kvali... aq gancxadeba Cven vaJas vgulisxmobT qristianul panTeistobis Taobaze 59 kategoriul tons ki atarebs, magram qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi SemuSavebuli iyo manamdec da gansakuTrebiT am bolo xans sul sxvagvari damokidebuleba am l.TeTruaSvilis, T.SarabiZis bunebis ZalTa sakiTxisadmi. (ix. Ggr.kiknaZis, Sexedulebebi ganRmrTobisa, vaJas amis d.benaSvilis, Taobaze). Mmiuxedavad panTeistobisadmi kritikuli damokidebuleba imTaviTve Camoyalibda da yvelaze damajereblad prof. gr.kiknaZis pozicias miviCnevT: ,,Teistursa” da ,,panTeistur religiebze amaxvilebs mkvlevari yuradRebas da wers: ,,Tu Teizmi aRiarebs pirovnul RmerTs, romelic qveynierebis Semqmnelad iTvleba, panTeizmSi-upirovno, potencialurad arsebul RvTaebas ar ZaluZs iyos msoflios nairsaxeobebis Semoqmedi. panTeisturi RmerTi moklebulia movlenaTagan damoukidebel arsebas, igi msoflios movlenebSi mzeurdeba“(49,128). Lleqsis avtori mTeli Txzulebis manZlize uryevad dgas qristianul poziciaze, miuxedavad imisa, rom lirikul TxzulebaSi igi erTxelac ar Sedis Tavisi mrwamsis uSualo gamJRavnebiT. Mmas asparezi moqmedi pirebisaTvis dauTmia. Mmoqmedi piri ki oria-mama da Svili. sruqturis mixedviT aqac daculia vaJa-fSavelas stiluri xelweris erTi momenti-dialogiT gaSla erTgvari siuJeturi xazisa. gavixsenoT Tundac ,,bakuri”, ,,kiTxva-pasuxi”, ,,mogoneba”, ,,is ki ar ari biWoba”, ,,mTa da mTvare” da sxva. Ddialogi ori ZiriTadi xaziTaa warmodgenili mis leqsebSi: dialogi uSualod avtorsa da lirikul gmirs Soris da dialogi uSualod leqsis moqmed pirTa Soris. Ees stiluri xerxi gamWvirvales xdis ambavs, naTlad warmoaCens mizandasaxulebas da, rac mTavaria Zalze uwyobs xels nawarmoebSi misawvdomobis principis gatarebas bavSvebisaTvis gamiznuli ambis gaSlisas. Cvens mier gansaxilvel leqsSi dialogi warmoebs mamasa da Svils Soris. winaswar unda iTqvas, rom avtoris mier TxzulebaSi daculia e.w. ,,fsiqologiuri siswore”(ix. r.naTaZis, zosime xojavas Sromebi). Ees ki imas niSnavs, rom siuJeti leqsisa SeTxzulia, araistoriulia da poetis mier ,,sworad aris daWerili am SeTxzuls ambavSi adamianis (aq patara gogiasi da mamamisis) sulieri cxovrebis kanonzomiereba”(40,205-206). Tu daveyrdnobiT fsiqologTa gamocdilebas, vaJa-fSavelam brwyinvaled daiWira bavSvis fsiqologia, rodesac mianiSna, rom mamis 60 pasuxebiT garkveulwilad swavlebis procesi warmoadgina da bavSvis fantaziis ganviTareba-monawileobazec migviTiTa. rac xazgasmulia, bavSvi gaitaca fantaziam da amaSi mamasTan erTad saydarma da moZRvarma iTamaSes didi roli, e.i. garemomac ganapiroba bavSvSi interesis aRZvra, fantaziis gaCena da mamiseul ganmartebebis, mRvdlis qadagebis mosmenis procesSi Tavi iCina mozRvavebulma emociam(63,497-499). ,,raze mohklavda qristesac SeCvenebuli irodi?! Mmanamade gaaTavebda mRvdeli mis ambavs, vtirodi... da rom Sevityve, gadarCnen mters qriste, misi mxleblebi, gulSi naTeli Camidga, aRar mdioda cremlebi”.(30,188) rodesac poeti mamis gancdas Seexo Svilis pasuxebis gamo, aSkarad mianiSna, rom mama dadebiTad, optimisturad aris ganwyobili. Tu Tvals mivadevnebT mamis moqmedebas,_rodesac Svils Sublze akoca da Tavzedac xeli gadausva_naTlad gavacnobierebT mis pirovnebaSi aRZrul fiqrebsa da ocnebas: ,,mamam Svils SublSi akoca, xeli gadusva Tavzeda, da, saxe-gabrwyinebuli, xels didxans usvams Tmazeda. Ffiqri_ki Sors miurboda Tavis Zis momavalzeda!(iqve). ra didebuladaa daWerili asakobrivi fsiqologiis niuansebi. bavSvis moWarbebuli emocia, acremleba da mamis TavSekavebuli damokidebuleba gaCenil situaciaSi-saxis gabrwyineba da xeliT didxans mofereba, fantazia da ocneba Svilis momavalze erTdroulad rom daiufleben mis fiqrTa da gancdaTa nakads. Nnawarmoebis gamoqveynebis TariRi-1901wlis 25 dekemberi, agreTve 1900 wlebis ,,iveriis” furclebi adastureben, rom vaJa-fSavela TiTqmis zamTris bolo Tves TbiliSi atarebda da ,,iveriis” redaqciaSi gulRia maspinZlobas uwevdnen mas, miTumetes, rom miuTiTeben-am droisaTvis 61 janmrTelobis gauaresebis redaqciaSi, magram mis gamo mier didi ilia TiTqmis danergili aRar muSaobda tradicia_vaJas mimarT gansakuTrebiT kargi damokidebuleba-grZeldeboda. yuradReba kvlav unda gavamaxviloT iseTi leqsis analizze, romelSic moqmedi pirni adamianebi, bavSvebi, arian da wlis droebis faqtori oden daweril da samoqmedo 1904 fonia wlis 1-l maTTvis. arCevani ianvars gazeT SevaCereT ,,cnobis 1903wels furcelSi” gamoqveynebul leqsze _,,axali weli fSavSi”(30,214-217). Oormxriv mivudgebiT mis ganxilvas: 1. ra efeqti SeiZleba gamoewvia am leqss gamoqveynebisas da 2. ra Rirebulebas inarCunebs igi sadReisod, saukunis gavlis Semdeg. rogorc prof. jumber WumburiZe aRniSnavs: ,,...vaJam mTisa da baris saqarTvelos saerTo interesebi dagvanaxa, baris qarTvelobas mTielTa gulistkivili, miswrafebani da Taviseburebani gaacno da amiT erTiani saqarTvelos idea kidev ufro ganamtkica”_ase Seafasa man ilia feraZis kritikuli eskizi da iqve migvaniSna S. amirejibis statiaze da episkopos leonidis mier vaJa-fSavelas dakrZalvis dRes warmoTqmul sityvaze. Ddaskvnis saxiT ki iTqva: ,,e.i. vaJam gviCvena, rom mTis qarTvelobas baris qarTvelobisagan gansxvavebuli interesebi arasodes hqonia da arc SeiZleboda hqonoda”(120,285). Ees, faqtiurad, aris leqsis Sefaseba im epoqis gadasaxedidan. dabejiTebiT unda iTqvas, rom im dros interesis aRmZvreli faqtori sadReisod iZens istoriul-eTnografiul mniSvnelobasTan erTad SemecnebiT Rirebulebas. Cvens win vaJa-fSavela warmodgeba eTnografad. Pprof. Dd. benaSvilis TqmiT ,,...sazogadoebrivi yofis istoriuli ganviTarebis uZvelesi formebi mis mSobliur kuTxes, TuS-fSav-xevsureTs, jer kidev cxovrebis Semonaxuli hqonda, rogorc Zvirfasi reliqvia, adamianis pirveli yofidan dawyebuli da gvarovnuli wyobilebiT damTavrebuli xeluxlebel fonds warmoadgenda ara marto xevsureTSi, aramed mis mosazRvre kuTxeebSiac”(10,274). Aamitomac ar dasWirvebiao poets istoriuli masalis Zebna-qeqva. Uukve leqsis saTaurSivea lokalizebuli samoqmedo adgili_fSavi. realuri droc iseTia SerCeuli, rom igi sayovelTaoa_axali welia, misi Semosvlis wina saaTebia. 62 vaJa-fSavelas pirveli striqonebidanve SevyavarT gansakuTrebul koloritul samyaroSi_erT fSaur ojaxSi. saaxalwlo samzadisi swored aqaur tradiciebze migviTiTebs. Ppoets mTeli aqcenti bavSvebze gadaaqvs. Txzuleba, marTalia, vaJas lirikul poeziaSi SeutaniaT gamomcemlebs, magram igi iseT gamokveTil siuJets moicavs, iseTi logikuri msvlelobiT gadmogvcems ambavs, rom, Cveni rwmeniT, leqsi liro-epikur Janrs unda ganekuTvnebodes. Yyvela detali erTimeoresTan ise laRad, iseTi mxatvruli simarTliT aris dakavSirebuli, rom leqSi gamoyvanili personaJebi: deda TeTrua, misi Svilebi, mama (dauswreblad) Tu moxuci mekvle inarCuneben koloritulobas, Camoyalibebul, mxatvrulad dasrulebul ier-saxes. mkiTxvels mSvenier mogzaurobas uwevs avtori, romelic yuradRebas migvaqcevinebs moqmed pirTa gancdebze, maT saqmianobaze da, rac mTavaria, fSauri ojaxisaTvis damaxasiaTebel adaT-wesebze, garemoze, socialur realobaze. Ppoeti didi siTboTi da siyvaruliT Zerwavs balRebis gancdebs, maT arsebaSi gaCenil winasaaxalwlo aJiotaJs, sixaruls. maTi ganwyobas axali wlis dilas gariJrajze ,,loginSi deda miuxta Svilebsa”... enascvlosT deda-mSobeli am Cemsa oqros Rilebsa! kovziT Tafl-erbos sTavazobs daaRebinebs pirebsa” aq mTxrobelic veRar ikavebs Tavis emocias da uerTdeba dedis sixaruls: ,,dedisgan naziareblebs RmerTic dauzrdis gmirebsa”. Ddeda ki ganagrZobs: ,,daberdiT ase tkbilada, Svilebo, rogorc Taflia, Mmfarvelad gedgaT Tavzeda RvTis da xatebis madlia!”(30,216) Dda aq sentenciaSi gaizrdeba avtoriseuli komentari am ritualis Semdeg: ,,dedisa xeliT naWmevi, 63 Sxamic, rom iyos tkbilia, Tavis Tavs ukvdavada hgrZnobs aseT ZRvnis Semdeg Svilia”(30,216). dedisgan Tafl-erboTi naziarebeli balRebi RvTisganac dalocvilebi iqnebian. saaxalwlo samzadisi, mekvlis daxvedra gamaspinZleba naTlad adasturebs vaJas sityvebs: ,,fSavlis dedakaci aris magari da gautexeli; kldeebTan da bunebasTan brZolis gamo; misi xasiaTi aris nawrTobi. Aamitom saxlSi mamakacis uyoloba ise ar daawiokebs ojaxs rogorc barad moxdeba”(29,11). deda, saxelad TeTruaMmekvles win miegeba da ,,miawoda kveria”, kargi fexisa gamodga mekvle, radgan ,,RvTiT, kveri waRma dabrunda, ver gaixarebs mteria’. Yyvela kmayofilia: mekvle imiT, rom ,,kai kvali hqonia”; TeTrua imiTi, rom ,,RmerTi Tavis Sin hgonia”, balRebi imiTi, rom mekvlis mier mocemuli TxiliT jibeebi aivses. TeTrua rom qmris gasakeTebels akeTebs, vaJam kolorituli scenis aRweriT gviCvena: sasmliT umaspinZldeba mekvles: ,,TeTruac wamoCoqili cal muxlze iqve aria”(30,217). Ddedakacis, diasaxlisis cal muxlze dgoma moxuci mekvlisadmi didi krZalvisa da pativiscemis momaswavebelia. molodinaanT moxucis beros (berias) dadnaficicaa maTi rZali TeTrua. vidre interieris daxasaTebas SevudgebiT, rac ase didebulad aqvs mocemuli vaJa-fSavelas am leqsSi, oriode sityviT gvsurs SevCerdeT axalwlis Rames dedakacis mier ,,bedis kverebis” gamocxobis ambavze. Aamis Taobaze sagangebod bevr mecniers aqvs Tavisi azri gamoTqmuli, magram fSavSi ,,bedis pirvelwyaros kverebis” TviT vaJas gamocxobis informacia Taobaze yvelaze warmoadgens: sando, utyuar ,,axalwlis Rames dedakaci acxobs ,,bedis kverebs” yvela saxlSi myofis kac-dedakacisaTvis da erTs sazogado kvers... rodesac mekvle modis am kvers Seagorebs samjer saxlSi. Tu waRma midis kveri, ojaxis saqmec waRma ivlis, Tu ukuRmaojaxis saqmec ukuRma wava”(29, 13). TiTqmis sityva-sityviT imeorebs vaJa leqsSi 1886 wels naTqvams Tavis eTnografiul werilebSi ,,fSavlebi”: ,,ager gamoCnda moxuci, 64 molodinaanT beria, ukvalavs Tovlsa mohkvalavs, Tan joxi daubjenia. win miegeba TeTrua da miawoda kveria; agorebs isic darbazSi,scnan, RmerTs ra dauweria: RvTiT, kveri waRma dabrunda, ver gaixarebs mteria...”(30,216). Bbunebrivia, am ritualis dalocvac unda mohyoloda da moxuci beroc amas ambobda mtkiceda: ,,fexi Cemi da kvali RvTis!” Rimilic mosdis pirzeda: axalma welma axali, vTxov ufals, mogceT bedia,_cxvari da Zroxa uricxvi, dovlaTi metis_metia! Sen iyav, RmerTo, gamgone, rac exla daviybedia!”(iqve). saqarTvelos mTianeTSi gavrcelebuli ritualia mekvlis mier aryis Sesxma saxlis kedelze da cecxlSi; magaliTad, TuSeTSi ,,maqalaTs” ,,ojaxis patroni Tu ar dauxvda, mis wil arays maqalaTi saxlis kedlebs miasxams”(15,192). TiTqmis analogiuria mekvlis mier aryis narComis cecxlSi Sesxma: ,,mekvlec hsvams, xolo narComsa cecxls uZRvnis, asdis alia. _arays xom qeba ar unda, vatyob, eqneba Zalia!...(30,217). mekvle berom erTdroulad naxelavic Seuqo rZals da saxlSi armyofi ufrosic daafasa. rac mTavaria: ,,bednieria ojaxi, trialebs RvTisa Tvalia, ikurTxos misvla mekvlisa, ikurTxos misi kvalia!(30,217; 1903w). vaJa-fSavelam bavSvisaTvis misawvdomi eniT rodesac gadmogvca fSavSi arsebuli winasaaxalwlo ritualebi_xevsurulad ,,mebediskvereTa stumarmaspinZloba”, xolo TuSurad ,,welwdoba”,_rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, leqsSi didi sizustiT aris daxatuli erTi rigiTi fSauri ojaxis interieri. 65 mSvenier ilustracias miiRebs mkiTxveli, Tu rigiani mxatvari gaiTvaliswinebs vaJaseul poetur aRweras TeTruas sacxovreblisas: ager, ,,darbazSi cecxli anTia, gaCaRebuli tkrcialebs”; balRebs ,,deda-boZisa ukana... udgaT Calis logini”, sadac bavSvebi ,,Caewyvnen Zelebis Sua”; ,,loginis bolos varcli idga, TaviT sapure godori. zeda zis Wreli dedali, mas Tavs umSvenebs qoCori, xolo mxars_misi meuRle_gvirgvinosani mamali”..., ,,zeviT mivardnils kuTxeSi xari nikorac fSvinavda. gaxSirebuli Zilia, mTeli darbazi xvrinavda”... ,,xinklisTvis sakidelzeda didroni qvabi hkidia, uxinklod axali weli arafersa hgavs, finTia”.(30,215-216). rogorc davrwmundiT, leqsis Tema ZiriTadad aRweriT gaSlas moiTxovda; am dros Znelia avtors moeTxovos maRali poeturi registrebi. Tumca, bavSvTaTvis gankuTvnil lirikul leqsSi (iqneb liro-epikurSic), rodesac avtori mimarTavs peizaJs, bunebas, aq ukve gaibrwyinebs poeturi, mxatvruli ostatoba vaJa-fSavelasi. sul samjer mouxda bunebis aRwera poets da samive SemTxvevaSi peizaJi gadmocemulia SekumSulad, mokled. magaliTad avtori peizaJs warmogvidgens ferweruli saxiT. poetur palitras koloritulobas aniWebs iseTi mxatvruli aqsesuarebi, rogoric aris gapirovneba, metafora da Sedareba: ,,gareT ki Tovli napenti Mmiwas edeba, dudunebs, Tan mosdevs qari mxleblada, isic imasTan zuzunebs: xan karis zRrublze modgeba, kurativiTa bubunebs; xevebSic gadaiWreba, garisxebuli gugunebs, Sors Tu wavida, maSin ki sneuliviTa krusunebs”(30,215). Ggapirovnebis mSvenieri nimuSebia: ,,gareT ki Tovli napenti miwas edeba, dudunebs, Tan mosdevs qari mxleblada, isic imasTan zuzunebs”; ,,gareT buneba javrobda, dedamiwasa yinavda”. SedarebaSi gadasuli metaforaa: qari ,,xan karis zRurblze modgeba, kurativiTa bubunebs, xevebSic gadaiWreba... sneuliviTa krusunebs”. 66 leqsSi ramdenime SemTxveva davafiqsireT anJambemanis Taobaze: 1. ,,Zvels cxovrebasa swiravda Q qveyana, ase SavniSne, kidec imitom gminavda”. 2. ,,axalma welma axali, vTxov ufals, mogceT bedia, cxvari da Zroxa uricxvi, dovlaTi metis-metia!” pirveli nimuSi mokle anJambemania, meore ki–vrceli, didi. mxatvrulobis TvalsazrisiT aSkarad igrZnoba poeturi energiis dazogva. es ki imiT aris gamowveuli rom avtorma gaiTvaliswina leqsis adresatis, mozardis fsiqologia da ar gadatvirTa Txzuleba rTuli mxatvruli aqsesuarebiT. rogorc vxedavT, ambavma, Temam misma gaSinaarsebam ganapiroba Sesabamisi formis gaCena. Mmiuxedavad asaxuli drois tradiciulad amaRlebuli, sadResaswaulo ganwyobilebiT gadmocemis aucileblobisa, leqsSi mainc iCina Tavi mwvave socialurma siduxWirem. Mmainc migvaniSna avtorma erTi-ori StrixiT, sifrTxiliT amaze; frTxilobs poeti, rameTu saaxalwlo gancdebs balRebSi raime mrume Rrublebi ar daswoloda, gaWirvebaze wuwuni rom ar dahkvebebodaT damdeg wels. Aavtori iseTi sidinjiT, iseTi gaWirdidebiT esaubreba mkiTxvelebs zogadad ojaxis gaWirvebaze, rom Cveulebriv movlenad aRiqmeba Tqmuli. Ddeda-diasaxlisi Svilebis gaxarebas cdas ar aklebs; ucxobs xmiadis bediskverebs yvelas; TiTqos bedis-kverisaTvis miundviao TeTruas ,,Svilebis saqonlis bediswera”, momavali xvedri. Sroma-jafiT kacisTvis gawamebuli dedakaci ki_,,Tavis TavisTvis, Tavis kverebs ara cdilobda. ra saWiroa, rom maTTan wuTisofeli wbilobda... daTrTvila JamTa denama orive_coli,qmaria... dRes Svilebisa molxena dedisTvisc sixarulia, aSromebs Zalaunebriv balRebis sibralulia... am dRisTvis qmarsac eloda,_SiraqSi ari cxvarzeda... interieric xazs usvams maT daulxenel yofas: deda-boZis ukan Calis logini eliT patarebs, romlebsac ,,dedam fardagi wahxura, erTic nagleji miagdo flasisa, fexebze kaba da fafanagi Tavisa”. 67 vimeorebT_aseTi aRweriloba garemosi Tu diasaxlisis ganwyoblebisa mainc ar ukargavs xaliss winasaaxalwlo atmosferos. Gganxilul sxvadasxva monakveTSi kompleqsur problemis sazogadoebis Semcveli mxriv didi damokidebuleba, saymawvilo gauTiSavadaa mocemuli patriotuli, mTlianobaSia lirikuli poetisadmi nawarmoebebi, warmodgenili leqsebi. ormagi romelSic Eesenia: standartiT erTimeorisagan didaqtikur-aRmzrdelobiTi socialuri problemebi, bunebis sakiTxi, kulti, religia, fsiqologia-fsiqikasTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi, calkea gaSuqebuli zne-keTili gmiris Zieba vaJas lirikaSi, yuradReba gadatanilia eTnofsiqologiaze, istoriul realiebze. lirikis Sasaxeb saubrisas gzadagza SevexeT mraval sakiTxs, vecadeT Cveneuli xedviT dagvenaxa vaJas lirika. vgrZnobT, kidev bevri sakiTxi wamoiwevs ganxiluli. win, viziarebT romelic kritikosTa WeSmaritebas, rom vaJas mier detaluradaa poeziis novatoroba uSualo gagrZelebaa tradiciisa, gagrZelebaa, romelSic gamoricxulia ubralo gameoreba Zvelisa, Zvelebisa. igi marTebulad warmoadgens axal etaps qarTuli poeturi azrovnebis rTul procesSi, sazogadoebis sulieri gamdidrebis im procesSi, romelmac Seqmna vaJas niSi qarTuli leqsis qurumTa panTeonSi. es wakiTxvis saSualebas gvaZlevs. ki misi swored am Txzulebebis aspeqtis axleburad gaTvaliswinebiT miaxeda didma iliam sazogadoeba vaJas fenomenisaken. Tavis droze qarTul literaturismcodneobaSi aRiniSna, rom ,,yovel axal epoqaSi nawarmoebis axleburad wakiTxvas didad ganapirobebs misi rTuli gamarTva rogorc poeturi struqturis, aseve problemebis Tu mraval problemaTa TvalsazrisiT. es dasma-gadawyvetis ukanaskneli ki mxatvrul-ideuri gulisxmobs aspeqtis nawarmoebis imgvar qveteqstur damuxtvas, rom igi inarCunebdes mudmiv-moZrav Sinagan suls yovel epoqaSi(61,38). Aaqve damajereblad migvaCnia prof. giorgi merkvilaZis mier Camoyalibebuli ganmarteba qveteqstisa. igi wers: qveteqsti ar unda abundovnebdes azrs tendenciebs-,,lirikis xasiaTic, sadac xelovnurad, is unda istoriuli qveteqsti realuris, gamoricxavdes tradiciebic misaxvedris, da damaxinjebul novatoruli arsebulisa da 68 logikuris, magram konkretul poetur metyvelebaSi gauaSkaravebeli, jer kidev gaucnobierebeli an Sefaruli elementia(iqve,gv.39). Ffaqtia, rom yvela maRalniWieri nawarmoebi nebismieri Janrisa matarebelia qveteqstisac da e.w. zeteqstisac (es termini g.merkvilaZis mier moxmobilia e.isaevis wignidan_J.kK.). es exeba vaJas SemoqmedebiT samyarosac. Cveni fiqriT, angariSgasawevia lirikuli gmirisa da avtoris Tanayofna nawarmoebSi, anu visi metyvelebac Seicavs qveteqsts da rogoraa iq mocemuli zeteqsti. Cveni fiqriT, qveteqstis fenomeni yvelaze ufro mkafiod im lirikul leqsTa ciklSi Cans, erTi saTauriT rom SegviZlia gamovyoT-,,qebaTaqeba”. teqstologebs dafiqsirebuli aqvT vaJa-fSavelas 15 TariRiani da erTi uTariRo ,,qebaTa-qeba”_sul 16. 1893 wlidan 1899 wlis CaTvliT vaJas mier dawerilia 10,,qebaTa-qeba”; maTgan cxra daibeWda Jurnal ,,kvalSi”, 1 ki Jurnal ,,moambeSi”. danarCeni 5 ki Seqmnilia 1903wlidan 1912 wlis CaTvliT, 1ki-uTariRoa. redaqtor_gamomcemlebs, teqstologebs, TiToeuli ,,qebaTa-qeba” dausaTaurebiaT teqstis pirveli striqoniT. 1893-1899 w.w. 1. ,,qebaTa_qeba”(daukar, stviro, daukar)_kvali,1893.#33, #34 2. ,,qebaTa_qeba”(janRma dahfara qveyana)_kvali , 1893, #206 3. ,,qebaTa-qeba” (iudasaviT qristesa )_kvali, 1893, #50 4. ,,qebaTa-qeba” (qrTami vaZlie muzasa )_kvali, 1893, #52 5. ,,qebaTa_qeba” (melo, Sen gaqeb ) _kvali, 1894, #1 6. ,,qebaTa_qeba”(darbaislurad vwerdiT, vgalobdiT)_kvali, 1894#40 7. ,,qebaTa-qeba”(moquCden amrezilebi)_1894, kvali, #51 8. ,,qebaTa-qeba”(ucnauria ese sofeli)_kvali, 1897,#9 9.provinciis qebaTa-qeba_kvali, 1897, #45-46 10. ,,qebaTa-qeba” (xelSi aviReb Congursa)_moambe, 1899, #1. 1903-1912w.w. 1.,,qebaTa-qeba”(droebagamoicvala)_1903, gaz. ,,cnobis furceli”#21 2. ,,qebaTa-qeba” (mavne azrebze damdgara)-1906, gaz. ,,miwa”,@#14 3. ,,qebaTa_qeba”(redaqtorebiT gaivso)_1906, gaz. ,,megobari”#75 4. ,,qebaTa-qeba”(modis goWoba, batoba)-1908, J. ,,niSaduri”,#53 5. ,,qebaTa-qeba”(virebi bedauroben)_1912, ,,saxalxo gazeTi”,#558 69 uTariRo 1. ,,qebaTa_qeba” (megazeTeni Seyrilan)-xelnawerTa instituti vaJas fondi, #77. rogorc vxedavT, vaJa-fSavelas lirikis SemoqmedebiTi istoriisaTvis mniSvnelovan aspeqts warmoadgens ,,qebaTa-qebis” cikli. mravalmxrivaa sayuradRebo zemoCamoTvlili leqsebi. kerZod, specifikuria stilis TvalsazrisiT, ideur-Tematuri mravalferovnebiT, Janrul elementTa sinTeziT, kerZod, lirikuli poeziisa da publicistikis SerwymiT. Tavisi qveteqsturi bunebiT yvela ,,qebaTa-qeba”, Cveni fiqriT, saagitacio lirikis nimuSia, rameTu, garkveulwilad gardamavali stilisaa poeziasa da publicistikas Soris. cnobilia, rom qveteqsts SeiZleba Seicavdes ara mxolod erTi konkretuli mxatvruli Txzuleba, aramed erTi Tematuri Tu stiluri cikliT Seqmnili nawarmoebebis erTobliobac. Aam midgomiT Tu vixelmZRvanelebT, vaJas ,,qebaTa_qebis” ciklSi aRmovaCenT Semdeg qveteqsts_gansxvavebuli maneriT Cadges cxovrebiseuli problemebis uSualo gadaWraSi, xma Seuwyos im konkretul droSi win wamoweul saagitacio, samoqmedo intonaciebs, publicisturi reagireba sazogadoebaSi moaxdinos wamoWril erTgvari mravalferovan problemebze. saagitacio ganmartebebi lirikis ixileT ZiriTad prof. akaki stilur xinTibiZis Taviseburebebze statiaSi, ,,ociani wlebis qarTuli poeziis stiluri siaxleebi”(124,74-107). Mmkvlevars miaCnia, rom ,,sagitacio lirikis” ZiriTadi stiluri maxasiaTeblebia: ,,azris mokled, mkafiod, lozungis formaSi gamoxatva, raTa Tavisi mimwodebluri paTosiT swrafad moaxdinos zemoqmedeba mkiTxvelsa da msmenelze.”(124,76). Aam statiaSive vkiTxulobT: ,,Tavisi arsiT saagitacio lirika aris raRac gardamavali poeziasa da publicistikas Soris, mas garkveuli forma, samoseli poeziisa aqvs, paTosi_publicistikisa. ritmuli metyveleba da tropuli azrovnebisaken midrekileba mas publicistikaze ufro Zliersa da efeqturs xdis, xolo mzamzareuli ideuri sqemebiT gataceba mas xSirad ukargavs WeSmariti poeziis Zalas”(iqve). 70 migvaCnia, rom vaJa-fSavelas arc erT ,,qebaTa-qebas” ,,ar daukargavs WeSmariti poeziis Zala”. vaJa-fSavelas gzamkvlevi leqsebis aRmouCnda Semoqmedebis saxiT. ,,Sinaarss”, ilia aq ,,socialur-politikur ,,paToss” WavWavaZisa da didebuli akaki vgulisxmobT mamxilebel movlenebs”, ganwyobilebaTa wereTlis tons, aSuqebs gamomwvev impulsebs, mkiTxvelebTan kontaqts, Secavs iumors, satiras... Tumca, vaJa-fSavelas gamorCeulia ,,qebaTa-qebis” sakiTxis ciklisaTvis dasmis, mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi aSkaraa, Sinaarsis, sistemis gansxvavebulia, problemebis aqtualoba, originaluroba, wminda vaJaseuli xelwera. vaJa-fSavelas ,,qebaTa-qebis” ciklis analizi gvsurs daviwyoT, pirvel rigSi, saTauris semantikis garkveviT. enaTmecnierebaSi miCneulia, rom saTauri (zogadad) warmoadgens e.w. frazul teqsts, anu saxesxvaobas zogadad teqstisa. Pprof. daviT gociriZis ganmartebit: aforizmebi, ,,frazul lozungebi, teqstebSi saTaurebi gamoiyofa: da andazebi, nawili frTiani sityvebisa(23,201). TiToeuli Tqmulia: maTganis mokle daxasiaTebisas ,,saTaurebi,-aforizmebis analogiurad, saTauris Cndeba Sesaxeb pirveladi teqstis sametyvelo teqstis ekvivalentad”(23,202). viziarebT mosazrebas saTauris frazuli teqstis Sesaxeb. vfiqrobT, rom TiToeuli saTauri Tavis mxriv SeiZleba CaiTvalos mokle frazul (dafaruls) an Setyobinebad, inarCunebs eqspliciturobas (xiluls, ra impliciturobas gaxsnils). saTauris dafarulobas an gaxsnilobas xom uSualod im teqstis Sinaarsi gansazRvravs, romelsac win uZRvis igi. ,,qebaTa-qeba”, rogorc saTauri, 16 teqstidan 15-Si implicituria. Ggana amaze ar miuTiTebs teqstologTa mier qvesaTaurad pirveli striqonebis miTiTeba? qebaTa_qeba”) saTauria eqsplicituri xasiaTisa, Setyobineba gavrcobilia marTuli frazuli Mmxolod erTi teqstis (,,provinciis radgan mokle gansazRvrebiT- ,,provinciis”. 71 ,,qeba” gramatikulad sawyisia; tradiciulad, sawyiss mravlobiTi ricxvi ar unda gaaCndes, magram akad. Aakaki SaniZes miTiTebuli aqvs: ,,sawyisi brunviani sityvaa, magram mravlobiTis formebs ver awarmoebs, amitom imis Tqmac ar iqneba marTebuli, TiTqos mas mxolobiTi gaaCndes, anu, sazogadod, ricxvi hqondes. sawyisis mxolobiTi moCvenebiTia”(100,279). xazgasmuli debulebis brwyinvale dadasturebaa leqsikuri erTeuli ,,qebaTa qeba”, kerZod, am sawyisis Taniani mravlobiTis forma. aRniSnul formas ki odiTganve vxvdebiT uZveles qarTul sasuliero Tu saero xasiaTis teqstebSi. ,,Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonSi” weria: ,,...aqebden qebasa amas queyanisa iudaissa(I. es. 26,1)”; ,,aRvamaRlo igi qebiTa”(fs. 68,31)”; ,,sasmenel yvnes qebulebani didebulebisa Senisani (m.cx.307”)_(4,452). gavixsenoT ioane zosimes ,,qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai”, an giorgi aTonelis ,,qebiT didebai”(22,457-500). ,,qarTuli enis sinonimTa leqsikonSi” vkiTxulobT: ,,qeba, (aqebs), qebaTa-qeba, dideba... Semkoba, moZv. Azrma (,,meore saxeli ars da qebaTac iTqmis-saba)... ,,moaxsena xotba sruli, daloca da uqna zneni (SoTa)”, ,,viT simarTlisao uZlo qebad, (SavT), ,,mona Sesxmad, var didebad misi Tqvenda, mudam Jam msajulo da misi Semamkobeli(besiki)”. (65, 479_480). Tu zemoCamoTvlil magaliTebs mivyvebiT, ganmartebaTa da damowmebul wyaroTa mixedviT saqme gvaqvs e.w. qebismetyvelebasTan (76,223) an ilia abulaZis leqsikonSi_,,maqebeli, maqebari, mefsalmune: ,,momguareT me maqebeli”, (O.IV.mf.15) Z. e. gG. l_Sic mokledaa ganmartebuli maqebari Eesaa ,,qebis Semsxmeli”(31,sveti #93). sityva ,,qeba”, misi literaturul_SemoqmedebiT dauaxlova xotbisa, Se didma risa”. process, rusTavelma: Pprof. sinonimi ,,mas iustine Tu ara ara ,,Sesxma” vcdebiT, vici, abulaZes saero erTmaneTs Sevhkadro ,,Sesxma” Sesxma ase aqvs ganmartebuli: ,,SeTxzva_Sewyoba, qebis Tqma”(73,390); ,,qebis Tqmasac” ramdenjerme pirdapiri gagebiT vxvdebiT poemaSi: ,,mas vaqeb, vinca 72 miqia”... ,,moses uqia xonelsa da sxva. ,,Sesxma xotbisa” xom igive ,,qebaTa_qebaa”. amis poeturi Semdeg, qebisa traqtati, da mxilebis interpretacia TvalsazrisiT, mogvca daviT brwyinvale guramiSvilma ,,daviTianSi”(25, Cveni saunje, 5) 1. ,,aw rom avi ar vaZago, kargi rogor unda vaqo? avs Tu avi ar uwodo, kargs saxeli ra davarqo? 2. ,,vazis mrgvelTan is ar vaqo, vinc mis nacvlad ZeZvi dargo” 3. ,,marTals vityvi, Seviqnebi tyuilisa moambe rad? veras uqeb saZagelTa, uferulTa pirsaferad, me Tu ginda, Tavic momWran, tani gaxdes gasaberad, vinc ara hgavs kaxabersa, me ver vityvi kaxaberad”(25,1_4). rogorc vxedavT, daviT guramiSvilma qebac, Zagebac, mxilebac umaRles zneobriv kategoriebad miiCnia da amave dros naTlad gansazRvra realisti Semoqmedis moqalaqeobrivi pozicia sazogadoebis, qveynis winaSe. Ees xom, Tavis mxriv, ,,soflisaTvis zrunvas” warmoadgenda, rac genialurad iqna Camoyalibebuli Semdeg nikoloz baraTaSvilis mierac: ,,magram radganac kacni gvqvian, Svilni soflisa, Uunda kideca mivsdioT mas, gvesmas mSoblisa; Aarc kaci varga, rom cocxali mkvdarsa emsgavsos, iyos sofelSi da soflisTvis ara izrunvos”(8,30). rogorc iyvian, aq komentarebi ukve zedmetia. bevri komentari ara sWirdeba imasac, rom Tavad geniosi vaJa-fSavla genetikur kavSirSia winaprebTan. Aamave dros misma bumberazma Tanamedroveebma ilia WavWavaZem, akaki wereTelma, aleqsandre yazbegmac xom umaRles zneobriv da esTetikur doneze aiyvanes ,,qmna marTlisa simarTlisa”. gavixsenoT vaJa-fSavelas damokidebuleba maT mimarT misive lirikuli poeziis mixedviT. sagulisxmoa, rom qronologiurad vaJa pirvelad nikoloz baraTaSvilis xsovnas Seexmiana, rameTu nikoloz baraTaSvilSi man dainaxa ,,qarTlisa wylulTa mozare”, ,,Zlieri suli”, ramac bevrjer mohgvara vaJas cremlebi. man sxartad da mravlismTqmelad Camoayaliba sakuTari Sefaseba geniosi winaprisa: ar daiviwya samSoblom Seni mis bedze triali, 73 Mmedgari sulis kveTeba, Savbedobazed Civili, dauSreteli naRveli, wyroma da gulis tkivili. (nikoloz baraTaSvilis neSts. 1893w.) ilia mas miaCnda qveynis, qarTveli xalxis mfarvelad, romelic ,,moZmeTTvis naWirmagari“ iyo: gvyaraulobdi Tval-fxizlad, Sen iyav Cveni safari_ mogkaliT Cvenive xeliT, moZmeTTvis naWirmagari. (ilia WavWavaZis saxsovrad, 1907w.) Tavis ganTqmul leqsSi ,,akakis saiubileod” vaJam xazi gausva didi poetis damsaxurebas, mis mamuliSvilobas, mis mier saqarTvelos wylulebis daufarav mxilebas: Mmec amatira bevrjela Sens Tvalze cremlis denama Nnetavi bevri gazardos SenisTanebi dedama!... (akakis saiubileod, 1908w.) Mmoridebulad, magram principulad, gaekamaTa vaJa Tavis Zmas baCanas, romelmac Tavis leqsSi ,,muxav, miyvarxar, tialo” kai ymis sakiTxi radikalurad gansxvavebuli rakursiT dasva, ramac vaJas uaryofiTi reaqcia gamoiwvia. baCana vaJas ukiJinebs kai ymis Sesaxeb ,,xotba– Sesxmas”, rac aramarTebulad miaCnia. swored aman gamoiwvia vaJas pasuxic. K,,kai yma”, vaJas gagebiT ki, sityviTac da saqmiTac dgas qveynis sadarajoze. Aamgvari gancxadebiT vaJa dgeba sulxan-saba-orbelianis poziciaze, visTvisac mTavari samoqmedo devizi iyo ,,sityva saqmiani da saqme sityviani”. vaJa-fSavela, rogorc sazogadoebriv yofierebaSi, ise obieqtur garesamyaroSi, bunebaSi, Rrma filosofiurad udgeba dapirispirebulTa erTianobis kanons. 74 leqsSi ,,mogoneba” (nu miwyenT, momagondeba) igi xom genialurad gansazRvravs sicocxlisa da sikvdilis erTianobis kanons: RmerTma giSvelos, sikvdilo, sicocxle Svenobs SeniTa, da Senc, sikvdilo, fasi gZe sicocxilis nawyenobiTa. sicocxle siyvaruliTa da siyvaruli sicocxliT, uerTurTisod verc erTsa ver vicnobT, verc ros vicnobdiT erTurTi swyuran orTave, erTurTTan dailevian (mogoneba.1890w.) Aaq sicocxles siyvaruli aniWebs maradiulobas da igi gvevlineba sikvdilis damTrgunveladac. ,,uenpiro bunebac” morCilad asrulebs dapirispirebulTa erTianobis kanons. Aam sakiTxTan dakavSirebul mraval leqss Soris gamovarCieT genialuri leqsi ,,Rame mTaSi”(1890). SemoqmedebiTi istoriis TvalsazrisiT, es weli vaJas filosofiuri ,,afeTqebis” wlad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. xsenebul leqsTa garda gavixsenoT: ,,mgosans”, ,,mTas viyav”, ,,mestviris anderZi”, ,,Civili xmlisa”. maT Soris ki Rrma filosofiuri interesebis Semcvelia ,,Rame mTaSi”, gansakuTrebiT misi safinalo nawili: Bbuneba mbrZanebelia, igiv monaa Tavisa, zogjer sikeTes ixveWvs, zogjer mqnelia avisa, erTferad mtvirTveli aris saqmis TeTris da Savisa; saca pirimzes axarebs, iqve mTxrelia zvavisa... mainc ki lamazi aris, mainc siturfiT hyvavisa (Rame mTaSi. 1890w.) siZulvilisa mocemuli vaJas da mier siyvarulis 1898wels erTianobSi gaazreba gamoqveynebul brwyinvaledaa erTaderT leqsSi 75 ,,mZulxar_miyvarxar”, romelSic piruTvnelad gamoxta Tavisi moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsi. Mmyaria misi pozicia_avs avs uwodebs ... ,,Cvens cuds ar malavs”... moyvrisTvis pirSi TqmiT ganacxadebs: mZulxar imitom, uZluri rad xar Zlieri mklaviT, mtirali saxiT Dda Seni bedi, bedi Sav_bedi, rad Semosila sul mudam SaviT? (mZulxar-miyvarxar, 1898w.) Dda iqve ganumartavs yurze miZinebul, gzaareul, zneobaSeryeul qveyanas dacemis mizezebs: mokeTis mgmobo da mtris ver mcnobo, Sens damRupavTan misulo zaviT, Bbedis momlodnev gverdze woliTa, cariel jibiT da bnelis TaviT. Cans, aseTi viTareba udaod ,,Zulebada xdis wminda siyvaruls moyvasisasa”. Oodnav zemoT yuradReba SeCerebuli gvqonda maqebrebze. Ees cxovreba ki iqve mZageblebsac badebs. Aamas cxovrebis ganviTarebis logika moiTxovs da sasuliero Tu saero mwerlobas, qarTul leqsikologias, frazeologias uyuradRebod ar dautovebia aseTi pirovneba, aseTi movlena. Tu ,,qarTul sinonimTa leqsikons” mivyvebiT, es Zageba araa oden zizRi, mtruli midgoma, amave dros es ,,dawunebaa”, wunisdadeba, gakilvaa, gakenwlvaa, gakicxvaa, Zraxvaa(65,177). aseT qarTuli pirovnebaze enis saTanadod leqsikoni”: migviTiTebs ,,Zageba-Zulebai, ilia abulaZis siZulvili_,,jer ars, ,,Zveli raiTa iyos... maTa friad moZage.” sak.wig.II, 775”(4,285). Aaseve mkacradaa sarjvelaZis ,,vercaRa ,,Zveli kualad interpretirebuli qarTuli maTsa enis mZagebel mZagebeli leqsikonSi”: anu prof. zurab ,,mZagebeli_moZule. maqebel var muSuebasa windacveTisasa.”(76,157). rac avyiobas, Zagebas, ,,mtrobas dauqcevia, siyvaruls uSenebiao” da didi vaJac, gazrdili am zneobriv atmosferoSi, brZanebs: mainc miyvarxar, Cems wyluls ocnebas zed akerixar almasis Rilad; 76 ver dagiviwye, guls ar hSordebi, mRviZare var Tu miviqec Zilad. mZime da rTuli yofila ,,mokeTis mgmobis, mtris vermcnobis, qveynis damRupvelTan zaviT misulis” dandoba, codvaTa miteveba, magram WeSmariti marTlmadidebeli qristiani poeti sulgrZelobas iCens da ganacxadebs: samsala pirs mwvavs, gunebas mirevs, bolos ki isev meCvena tkbilad, esec wesia, albaT, bunebis: Sen deda Tu xar, gekuTvni Svilad! (mZulxar-miyvarxar. 1898w.) Svilis movaleobas ki wminda werili naTlad gansazRvravs: ,,pativ-ecmamasa Sensa da dedasa Sensa, raTa keTili geyos Sen da dRegrZel iyve qveyanasa zeda daemorCilnen “(biblia). mSoblebs ,,mexuTe im mcneba SemTxvevaSic gvibrZanebs..._Svilebi unda –ki, maTs roca hxedaven naklulevanebas.”(78,89) Cveni rwmeniT, aRniSnul leqsSi gamoricxulia lirikuli gmiris, avtoris, mier avTan zavis dadeba. igi iseTi dedis Svilia, romelsac ,,win miuZRvis WeSmariteba da ukan rCeba kvali ganaTlebuli”. miTumetes, lirikuli gmiris ganwyobilebas, mis optimizms pozicias umagreben isev da isev wminda werilidan: ,,dawyebai siyuarulisai qebai ars”. mM.sw. 156, 26”_(4,452). Mmecxramete saukune poetma gaacila lirikuli da publicisturi intonaciebiT Sereuli ,,qebaTa-qebiT”(xelSi aviReb Congursa”. 1899). vaJa-fSavelas poeturi stilisagan gansxvavebiT, aRniSnuli ,,qebaTaqeba” Sereuli saleqso sistemiT warmoadgens garkveul reagirebas saukunis zneobriv Tu socialur moTxovnilebebze. iq, sadac Warbobs lirizmi, emociuri intonaciebi, nawarmoebi rvamarcvlian SairTa monacvleobiTaa warmodgenili: xelSi aviReb Congursa, minda davmRero laRada,_ aqcenti gadadis mis Sinagan gancdebze: TiTebi aRar momyveba_ Gguli ar ari saRada, Ggadaqceula naoxar 77 gabeCxerebul baRada. Aaqve Camoyalibebulia misi poeturi, moqalaqeobrivi kredo: Mmiyvars sagmiro hangebi, sityva da azri ciuri, magram guls iqiT ar midis grZnoba da fiqri RvTiuri; frTebs mikvecs aRmafrenasa ambavi yoveldRiuri. warmodgenili monakveTi uvertiurad saagitacio, gansxvavebuli saleqso nawarmoebisa publicisturi formiTaa migvaCnia erTgvar nawilisaTvis, warmodgenili_es aris lirikul romelic aTmarcvliani sazomi sxvadasxva musikaluri JReradobis riTmebiT. Fforma 18-taepiani monakveTisa ganapiroba misma ideurma funqciam, publicisturma Sefasebam gausaZlisi socialuri yofisa, ZiriTadad qarTveli glexkacisa. Ppirvelive striqonebidan ganisazRvra saTqmelis idea: moZmeT gonebis simaRle mwadda, imaT grZnobaTa da fiqrT didoba. (qebaTa-qeba.(xelSi aviReb Congursa 1899). Tumca, sawadels ver aRwevs, guli stkiva, rom verafers gaxda, veravis vera argo-ra, maSin, rodesac: siymili mklavda ZmaTa rgebisa, es iyo CemTvis bedniereba, es iyo CemTvis yofna Svebisa. Mmizezi amisa ki iyo is, rom ,,cudiv ambavi mesmis Zmebisa”. Mmokle komentariT kmayofildeba avtori guTnisdedis mZime da autaneli yofis aRweriT; Ees publicisturi Sefasebaa socialuri viTarebisa da leqsi inarCunebs saagitacio lirikis intonacias, romelic Zlierdeba vaJaseuli stilis lirikiT: erTimeores mohyva metaforizacia, gapirovneba, alegoria, epiTeti: geliT, ar moxvel, mTvareo, cremli win gvidga gubeda, Savi moertya nislebi 78 Cvens ubedurs beds zRudeda. vstiriT, tirili aras gvSvels, davcuravT naRvlis zRvaSia, Sina ar gveSinaveba, Aarc gvasveneben karSia, Camwarda Cveni sicocxle Yyovelgan, mTa da barSia. Dda aseT autanel yofaSi wasula siymawvilis dro, gamoeria WaRara, mouxedavad amisa, igi guilT araa gatexili, suliT ar dacemula. ar momrCenia, isev mWirs gulze rac mWirda iara, SavaJRaruneb fandursa, Tu Jinma wamomiara, magram es aris sadardo, Tqma ari, saqme ki–ara! ,,qebaTa–qeba (,,xelSi aviReb fandursa“) rogorc vxedavT, saukunis miwurulSic mdgara aqtualurad saqmisa da sityvis urTierTobis problema. vfiqrob, ,,qebaTa–qebis“ bolo striqonma Seajama saagitacio da publicisturi amocana, anu risi mxilebac iyo mTavari– ,,Tqma ari, saqme ki–ara“. cnobis saxiT unda aRiniSnos, rom 1898wels vaJas mier ar gamoqveynebula arc erTi saSobao Tu saaxalwlo simRera, romlebic Tavisi funqciiT publicisturi lirikisani arian; ar gamouqveynebia arc erTi publicisturi werili. zogadad, Tu ram ganapiroba amgvari pasiuroba, sarkastuladaa gamoxatuli dauTariRebel leqsSi ,,publicisti”. Aam leqsSi mdgomareoba ,,im iumoristuladaa wlevandels ganmartebuli welSia”. publicistis Ppublicistis mZime sulTamxuTavad imdroindeli cenzura moCans. Ggamwarebuli publicisti iZulebuli xdeba, daemorCilos muqaras, moTxovnebs da gulmosuli ityvis: Lleqsis saTauric da Sinaarsic naTeli nimuSia publicisturi lirikisa. satirul leqsSi qveteqstebiT, albaT, 1905-1907 w.w. areuli droc unda igulisxmebodes: ,,araferi wamogcdes, muStebs mcemen ferdSia”. 79 1903 weli iwyeba brwyinvale leqsiT ,,damsetyve, cao”, romelSic naTlad Camoyalibda misi samomavlo moqalaqeobrivi, poeturi pozicia: Ddamsetyve, cao, damsetyve, Aaqa var Cemis TaviTa, guliTa gautexeli, mouRalavi mklaviTa. rac unda Wiri momkerZo, bilwT ar Sevekvri zaviTa; mcnebas ver Semacvlevineb mozRvavebulis aviTa! (damsetyve, cao. 1903w.) Bbunebrivia, rodesac acxadebda: ,,jer iseva var fxianado”, xelidan ar gauSvebda qveynis majas, kargad mixedavda ,,Jam-kar” areulebs. rTulia misi mdgomareoba, radgan mis gulSi wyluli izrdeba, suls uxuTavs, aRonebs da ambobs: sikvdili ara mwadian, Tumc tanjva sikvdils magonebs Dda Cemi yofna aseTi sawyals amirans magonebs. (memRereba da vimReri(simRera). 1903w.) SesaSuria misi optimizmi, rwmena momavlisa. Miuxedavad imisa, rom gulze sami iara sWirda, simReras mainc ar moiSlida: memRereba da vimReri,_ gulze mWirs sami iara: warsulze fiqri mawuxebs, awmyoSi ara yria-ra, da momavalis fiqrebic aravin gamimziana! (30.234). vidre, ,,qebaTa-qebas” (droeba gamoicvala) ganvixilavdeT, sainteresoa erTi Strixis aRniSvna: poetis maxvil Tvals ar gamohparvia zneobrivi metamorfozebi guSina”(simRera). ,,memRereba da Tanamemamuleebisa. Ees leqsi vimReri”-amave ixile gamoqveynda wlis 22 misi 1903 maisis leqsi wlis 2 ,,baRi maisis nomerSi. Cans, vixile nomerSi, saerTo 80 SemoqmedebiT-fsiqologiuri impulsebi daufleboda mis muzas da ,,cnobis furclis” 25 maisis nomerSi qveyndeba mozrdili leqsi ,,qebaTa-qeba”, romlis pirvelsave striqonSi miniSnebulia zogad metamorfozaze, farTo gagebiT_,,droeba gamoicvalao”. Ddroebis Camoyalibebuli cvalebadoba ki ram gamoiwvia, Jurnalisturi aqtualurobiT brwyinvaledaa gajerebuli erTgvari ,,reportaJebiT” rogorc ,,uenpiro bunebis” samyarodan, ise Tanamemamuleebis yofa-cxovrebidan.Ddro, droeba, mbrZanebelia da man ganapiroba zneobrivi metamorfozebi. A Dda aseT mZime garemoSi gazeTis redaqciis davalebiT gasul korespondents mogvagonebs lirikuli gmiri. Sesavlisa da daskvniTi nawilis garda ,,qebaTa-qebaSi” mocemulia rva siuJeti. Aaqedan xuTi exeba bunebas, bunebis movlenebs, romlebsac droebis cvlilebis gamo sakuTari problemebi gasCeniaT. Ppoeti ar ifargleba mxolod aRweriT, bunebis yvela metamorfozas kacTa cxovrebas ukavSirebs. alegoriulad sagazeTo davalebac xom es iqneboda_naTeleyo sazogadoebrivi yofierebis problemebi. sxartadaa Sedgenili qarTvel memamuleTa satiruli portreti. Aavtori am dros ukompromisoa. Eesaa moyvrisaTvis pirSi Tqmis meTodi, amgvar mankierTa gamomziureba. ,,reportioris” maxvil Tvals arc oficiozis, kerZod policielis, Zalmomreoba, meqrTameoba gamorCeba. Tu aq socialur katastrofazea miniSneba, Semdgom siuJetSi ukve erovnuli gadajiSebis saxifaTo tendenciazea saubari: amis erT_erT mizezad avtors urbanizaciac miaCnia: vinc Semxvda da visac Sevxvdi, yvela iZaxis ,,zdrastisa”, es amodena dunia, rac-ki qalaqSi dadisa. Ees gasagebia,-qalaqi Wrelia, odiTganve xom sofeli iyo qarTuli enis gadamrCeneli, da publicistis maxvilma Tvalma amodena dunia qalaqSi SeamCnia Tavisi nacnobi sofleli sese. imedi Caesaxa avtors: Eegebi aman mainca, vsTqvi, miTxras ,,gamarjvebao”. salami Cemis qveynisa guls malamoda hxvdebao. 81 imanac ,,zdrastio” mommarTa Tavi ar momikvdebao. erTgvarad saagitacio lirika, publicisturi poezia mocemul ,,qebaTa-qebaSi” kompoziciurad Sekrul STabeWdilebas gvitovebs safinalo sityvebiT: manamde TvalTa xedva maqvs, ar davoCndebi smeniTa, uqnarma, xelebiT damblam, unda viubno eniTa”. (,,qebaTa-qeba”(droeba gamoicvala).1903). ,,qebaTa-qebis” is pasaJebi, romlebSic peizaJia mocemuli, lirizmis mSvenieri nimuSebia, xolo iq, sadac adamianebi arian gamoyvanilni, migvaCnia poetur feletonebad (feletonis dRevandeli Jurnalisturi gagebiT). Aase rom, ,,qebaTa-qeba”(droeba gamoicvala) saagitacio lirikis, publicisturi lirikis mSvenieri nimuSia. Tu movlenebs saTanadod gavaSuqebT, droebis gamoicvla qveyanas ufro mkveTrad 1906 wlidan daetyo. Qqveynis arev-darevis ambavs xevsureTSic auRwevia da beberi berdiac auRelvebia: Uuambes bebers berdias Qqveynisa arev-dareva, cecxlis momdebi ambavi, mTelis qveynisa darbeva. (xevsuri berdia.1906w.) Civis moxuci, rom mklavi moudunda, muxlebic aRar misdevs; axaluxlebic ar Canan, cxenebs ar kazmaven da mimarTavs maT: Nnu sCadiT ugvans saqmesa, Kkisrad nu iRebT sircxvilsa, biWi is ari, saomrad vinac daiwyebs zidilsa,_ vinc gamwarebuls sicocxles daamjobinebs sikvdilsa... wesia: mamulisada mokvdiT da daixarjeniT!(iqve). 82 Nnawarmoebi saagitacio momwodebluri lirikis Tvisebas. paTosiTaa gaJRenTili sagulisxmoa, rom da inarCunebs leqsi gamoqveynda ,,iveriaSi”. Tavisi bunebiT publicisturia leqsi ,,boqauli”. rogorc satirul nawarmoebs moeTxoveba, naTelia avtoriseuli tendenciuroba. aRniSnuli leqsis aqtualoba ganpirobebulia sayofacxovrebo, socialuri faqtoriT. ,,boqauli” mamxilebeli nawarmoebia. mxilebulia oficialuri Cinovniki– boqauli. Lleqsis mixedviT, boqauli medrove kacia, gaqnilia; sazizRaria misi mliqvneloba. guSin rom muStiT, maTraxiTa da joxiT sjida, dRes igive xalxi, brbo, gaiZaxoda: ,,gamokeTda, drom Secvala... namdvilia”. Ppublicistikis maxvil Tvals ar epareba aseTi pirovnebis zneobrivi metamorfozebi, ufro sworad, misi qameleonoba. reaqcia batonobs qveyanaSi, ibrZvis saboloo gamarjvebisaTvis da, rogorc cnobilia, sasurvel Sedegebsac miaRwia. xalxma alRo ver auRo boqaulis qcevas, ver gaiTvaliswines visi ,,nawurTni, gazrdilia” igi. mSvenieri andaziT Seafasa publicistma poetma boqaulisnairni: ,,saca Zvals xravs ZaRli iq hyefs.” xalxi TandaTanobiT moego gons da Tqva ,,nu vendobiT boqaulebso”. daskvniT nawilSi Segonebaa mocemuli, mizandasaxuleba Txzulebisa is aris, rom sazogadoebas afrTxilebs boqaulisnairTa SefasebiT: swore uTqvamT cxonebulebs mama-papas sagZlad yuris: ,,ZaRli imis erTgulia, vinac swurTnis, vinc purs uyris” (boqauli. 1906w.) Bboqaulis gamoqveynebidan sul raRac erTi kviris Semdeg imave gazeTma-,,miwa”(1906w. XII.#14) dastamba vaJa-fSavelas mwvave satira ,,qebaTaqeba”(mavne azrebze damdgara), aqac reaqciis parpaSi, dabneuli xalxi, gamosavlis Zieba. sarkazmis obieqti oficiozi ki aRaraa, aramed ,,Cveni sofeleli tetia”, mRvdel-diakvnebi. maTze aranakleb ,,damunjebulsa mZime eniTa”(1906w.), mdgomareobaSia magram gulSi lirikuli wuTiTac gmiri leqsisa ar gauvlia 83 medroveoba. Ees leqsi iSviaTi gamonaklisia vaJa-fsavelas poeziaSi, romelic damZimebulia lirikuli gmiris pesimizmiT: ubedo bedma gamriya, mimakra lodsa kldisasa; davlie wuTisofeli, mivemgzavrebi cisasa. verca ra Tavsa vuSvele, verc gaWirvebas Zmisasa. (damunjebulis eniTa.1906w.) magramAam leqsisa da ,,qebaTa-qebis” publikaciebs Soris 3-4 dRe dgas, rogor gansxvavdebian maTi lirikuli gmirebi erTmaneTisagan. pesimizmi ucxo ar iyo 1905-07 wlebis periodSi qarTvel inteligentTa Soris, amas Tavisi gamamarTlebeli safuZveli hqonda. Mmiuxedavad grZnoba, pesimizmisa, poets mainc ar tovebs jansaRi iumoris romelic mTeli elvarebiT gamovlinda ,,qebaTa- aRmovaCenT sarkastul qebaSi”(redaqtorebiT gaivso).” 1906w. Tu kvalSi mivyvebiT reportaJis siuJets, suraTis droebisas. Cans, movlenaTa ,,logika” iTxovda presis, Jurnal-gazeTebis gamocemis simravles: ,,redaqtorebiT gaivso Ees Cveni dedaqalaqi. Mmsurvelic kidev bevria, viT gazafxulze balaxi... xelismomweri Tumc ar hyavT, hfiqroben, miscemT allaxi” (qebaTa-qeba(redaqtorebiT aivso).1906w.) Aamdeni redaqtorebis siWarbe publicist poets ,,sazogadoebis gamoRviZebis” utyuar niSnad miaCnia. gamanadgurebeli satiraa revoluciur ZalTa erTi patara StrixiT gamoxatva: viRviZebT, win miviswrafiT, darwmunebul var axla ki: marseliezas mReroda im dRes mixaka dalaqi.(iqve). 84 Ees leqsi, faqtiurad, publicisturi Sefaseba-Sejamebaa 1906wlis movlenebisa: marselieziT amRerebul mixaka dalaqs Tavi rom davaneboT, sxva ufro meti savalalo viTarebaa gasaTvaliswinebeli. im wlis ganviTarebuli movlenebi punqtebad ase SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: I. Wkvians Wkvas aRar hkiTxaven, mitom rom yvela Wkvianobs; II. darbazSi vinme brZandeba, Tu quCa-quCa yialobs; III. diakvans mRvdloba swadian, urCobs da aRar diakvnobs; briyvi, uzrdeli movaxSe IV. Tavs gvikravs, Tavazianobs; V. modis axali droeba modis da ara gvianobs; VI. cudi droeba dagvidga, Tu am punqtebis poziciidan mixedviT Camoyalibebul movlenebs Jurnalistis gamovikvlevT, mkiTxvelis Tvalwin mZime realobis suraTi daixateba. Mmizandasaxuleba gazeT Txzulebis avtorisa naTelia: ,,megobris” redaqciisa da uSualod garkveuli zegavlena moaxdinos mkiTxveli sazogadoebis ganwyobilebaze, gamoafxizlos farTo masebis Segneba. Ppirvel da meore punqtSi odnav SesamCnevi ki ara aSkara ironiaa mocemuli sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilis dasaxasiaTeblad. Mmetyvelebis nawilebis ,,yvela”(yvela Wkvianobs”) da ,,vinme”(darbazSi vinme brZandeba) CarTva leqsikur saSen masalaSi ganzogadebis saSualebas iZleva. Oodnav win ki mixaka dalaqis mier marseliezas ,,dagugunebac” Rimilis momgvrelia, ironiuli Sefasebaa revoluciis mamoZravebeli Zalebisa avtoris mier. vin ras moeloda revoluciisagan? publicisti poeti amxels diakvnebis miswrafebas. igrZno-ra aTeisturi daufaravad moZraobis ,,sargeblianoba”, anu rodesac Setevis simZime mRvdlebze gadavida, Tavad moiwadina mRvdlis adgili. Ppublicist _poets javrs hgvris diakvnebisa da misTanebis qceva da xrikebi. 85 Aamis Semdeg win wamoiwevs alegoriuli saxismetyveleba: alegoriulobis safarqveS avtori zrdis mxilebis subieqtur rols da erTgvarad ,,rbildeba” misi poziciis simkveTre: cudi droeba dagvidga, Zalian cudi daria; Tagvebi katebs arCoben, turam loms xeli dahria, qori daqoCra qaTamma, omi SaeqnaT cxaria. sagmiro saqmeebs sCadis indaurebis gvaria. aseTma qaosma ki is ubedureba gamoiwvia, rom galaxes, jvarze gaakres azri da samarTalia. Tu ase airia sulieri uenpiro samyaro, ukeTes mdgomareobaSi arc usulo uenpiro bunebaa: rioni ukan gabrunda, imas Tan mohyva mtkvaria, aRar swadian idinon, talRebi Sedga Cqaria. mcxeTas atirda aragvi, cremlebi mosdis cxaria. ,,qebaTa-qebis” daskvniT nawilSi sarkazmi umaRles dones aRwevs da cremlze ufro mware siciliT bolomde aSiSvlebs revoluciur process saqarTveloSi da didi gambedaobiT ityvis: dRevandeli dRis Sveneba alaRebs mxolod virebsa. ,,qebaTa-qebis”(redaqtorebiT propagandistuli gaivso) suliskveTebisaa, rameTu bolo strofi farTo masebze erTgvarad zneobrivi zemoqmedebis xasiaTi aqvs. rac Seexeba leqss ,,godeba Tanamedrove winaswarmetyvelisa”(1906w.), ukve saTaurSivea gaSifruli nawarmoebis mizandasaxuleba. Ggodeba_es winaswarmetyvelni xom igive ,,yofadTa moTqma-Civilia. saqmeTaTvis Bbibliuri gaazrebiT, winaiswarmetyveleben”. 86 winaswarmetyveleba ki dasaSvebi iyo sasikeToc da arakeTili ambisac: ,,ara winaswarmetyvelebs igi CemTvis keTilisa”(biblia. Zveli aRTqma. Mm.II ntS. 12,7). vaJas Tanamedrove sazogadoebis TiTqmis winaswarmetyvels yvela fenis guls stkens warmomadgenelSi is, madli rom matladaa qceuli, anu sazogadoeba ganicdis zneobriv deficits. mTeli leqsi inarCunebs Wkuis saswavlebel, saagitacio funqcias codvisa da madlis dapirispirebis gamo. Llirizmi faqtiurad moqceulia movlenaTa epikur TxrobaSi. Ppoets erT mZivad ausxams sxvadasxva SemTxveva, rac mas gadaxdenia cxovrebis manZilze. vkiTxulobT leqss da vrwmundebiT, avtors piradi qmedebis gamzianeba-dayvedreba ki ar surs, aramed xazs usvams umadur, daunaxav adamianTa uzneobas; romelTac amoZravebT boroteba, sixarbe, kacTmoZuleoba, moRalateoba, angareba. Yyvela mZime codvadaa miCneuli da lirikul gmirs samoqmedo devizad uqcevia erTi qarTuli andaza(perifraziT)-rom Tqma namdvilad sjobs araTqmasa. TqmiT ki mas TiTqmis araferi ar dauSavebia. piriqiT-leqsis ideuri mrwamsic mankierebaTa mxilebazea dafuZnebuli. aRar movyvebiT im savalalo ambebis Sinaarss, rac gadmocemulia leqsSi. yuradRebas mxolod avtoris, lirikuli gmiris, samoqalaqo poziciebze SevaCerebT: me nari vglije, ekali, sxvam ki moimko samkali sxvam moxna Cemi mamuli, daClungda Cemi namgali. (godeba Tanamedrove winaswarmetyvelisa.1906w.) Mmravali keTili saqme Caudenia lirikul gmirs da yvelaze avzniani pasuxi miuRia. Mmiuxedavad amisa, mas mainc ar gadauxvevia keTilis gzidan, is Tavdadebul pirovnebad rCeba Tavi maqvs daviwyebuli, vrgeb, mas vinc Sesawyalia. sazogadoebis zneobrivi portreti oriode StrixiTaa daxatuli: amisTvis col-Svili mwyevlis, 87 gareT damcinis qveyana: ,,ar gikvirsT? raebsa Svreba, ram gaagiJa netara?!” medeba yovel mxridana gmobis da wyevlis begara. (godeba Tanamedrove winaswarmetyvelisa. 1906w.) avtori oponentebs daayenebs sagodebeli kedlis win da mtkiced ganucxadebs maT: imas ver damaSlevinebT, rac Cemgan ganabWobia. Tav-gamodebuls qcevasa nuTu sjob tvinis obia?(iqve). rac mTavaria: simarTle miyvars, simarTle, miyvars imisi wesia. Aar menaneba, imisgan ramdenic damikvnesia veswrafi keTilis qmnasa, grZnobebic gamilesia(iqve) am gancxadebiT kidev erTxel dasturdeba is WeSmariteba, rom marTlmadidebeli msoflmxedvelobis poetisaTvis ,,sikeTe da siyvarulia... adamianis arsebobis ,,qristes rjulisa mizani”(101,258). da Aaqve samSoblosaTvis prof. Tamar TavdadebulTa SarabiZe wers: siyvaruls ki umaRles idealad miiCnevs, qristes cxovrebis damowmebis tolfasad racxs... sikeTe, sibraluli, miteveba da sxva humanuri grZnobebi mxolod siyvarulTan kavSirSi unda arsebobdes, raTa am grZnobebma srulyofilebas miaRwios da mxolod movaleobis funqcia ar Seasrulos. siyvarulis grZnobas vaJas zogierT leqsSi pirdapir ukavSirdeba mesiis saxeli”(101,258). Aam TvalsazrisiT, brwyinvale dadasturebas vnaxulobT winamdebare saanalizo nawarmoebSi: Sesabralebels vibraleb, rogorc mibrZanebs messia. Tqveni kanoni Tqven iciT, Cemi kanoni esia!... Ffass dasdebs bolos qveyana, 88 visac ram dagviTesia. (godeba Tanamedrove winaswarmetyvelisa.1906w.) vaJa-fSavelas msoflmxedvelobis kvlevas xangrZlivi da angariSgasawevi tradiciebi gaaCnia (k.abaSiZe, gr. robaqiZe, gr. kiknaZe, a.gawerelia, s.danelia, xerxeuliZe, T. d.benaSvili, Cxenkeli, ap. maxaraZe, l.TeTruaSvili, g. b. doborjginiZe, asaTiani, r. TvaraZe, gr. j. WumburiZe, r. siraZe, i. evgeniZe, l.minaSvili, T. SarabiZe, d. wowkolauri da sxvani mravalni). Yyvela avtoris mosazrebaSi udaod Zevs racionaluri marcvali, magram yvela Tanxmdeba im WeSmaritebaSi, rom yvelaze sando mrCeveli isev da isev didi vaJaa. GgavixsenoT misi lirikuli, epikuri, prozauli Txzulebebi; publicisturi, eTnografiuli, kritikuli werilebi; agreTve misi korespondenciebi da feletonebi TianeTidan, fSav-xevsureTidan, Siraqidan da a.S. vaJas rwmeniT, marTlmadidebluri qristianizmiT cocxlobs da arsebobs rogorc adamianTa sazogadoeba, ise Cveni qveyana miwiana, ciana, mziana, zRviana. gavixsenoT erekles mimarTva Cveni molaSqreebisadmi: nu gamawbilebT, miiReT Cemi xvewna da mudara. Mme movkvde Tqvenze uwina, Mme mimibaros miwama, oRond nu davgmobT im rjulsa, rac ki Cvenganma iwama. (irakli brZolis win. 1911w.) SemTxveviT ar iTqva Tavis droze: ,,usulo sagnebs suli Cavbereo” da araviTari ucnaurobaa is, rom sal kldeebs, maRal mTebs, am gmirebs, ,,erTi fiqri hklavs... , igive saerTo Cveneba”. saerToa imitom, rom maTac dahfeniaT madli suliwmindisa. Eerekles xvewna-mudarisagan arafriT gansxvavdeboda gergetis WiuxebSi mTel Rames locvad damdgari jixvebis vedreba. Tu mefe iraklis azat-xanis fafxuri da gaTavadebis survili aSfoTebda, sal kldeze qandakad gaqvavebul jixvs guls uklavada maRali mTebis damoneba ,,qar-buqis, yinva-zrobisagan,”, rom ,,yoilTagan” da balaxTagan gamqral-gadamxmar ferdobebs aRaraferi alaRebT: 89 erTi fiqri hklavs gmirebsa, igiv. saerTo Cveneba. dahRmuis Tavze borio, aglejs Tma-wvers da qoCorsa, gergetiT gadmotanilsa ayris mTawmindas, kojorsa (jixvebis vedreba. 1911w.) marTlac mSvenieri ferweruli fragmentia Seqmnili geniosi poetis mier: jixvma sTqva salis kldisama, mTel Rames locvad mdgaria,_ cisTvis miupyrav Tvalebi,_ ra mSvenieri aria! Llamazs umSvenebs yel-yursa cremlis wveTebi mwaria: (iqve) cisken apyrobili Tvalebi, mxurvale locviT acremlebuli jixvis savedrebeli zogadqarTulia, saerTo tkivilis gasayuCebeli Txovnaa dambadeblis mimarT: ,,miiRe, dambadebelo, minam nu momklav, maSin ki es Cemi saTxovaria. aRara sanukvaria guls miklavs mTebis daCagvra, CemTvis sicocxle da suli esa maqva sawuxaria. waiRe, miibaria. maCvene ayovebuli asruldes Cemze brZaneba samSoblos mTa da baria. RvTisa, ciT naquxaria!”! (jixvebs vedreba (vuZRvni g.n. yazbegs). 1911w.) Tavs droze werda didi poeti: ,,RmerTo, samSoblo micocxle, ZilSiac amas vdudunebo” da ZilSic rom ar tovebda samSobloze fiqri, didebulad gamovlinda leqsSi ,,Cveneba”(1911w.): Kkvlad amidgnen Tval-wina warsulTa droTa gmirebi. tanze aesxaT abjari da uRimodaT pirebi... Suaze Tamari edgao, Bbrwyinvale, rogorc ciskari, Ggars ertynen RvawliT mosilni... 90 Bbevri maTgani vicani. Yyvelasa hqonda gulzeda Mmowameobis niSani. ,,aRsdgeba saqarTvelovo!” gmirTa saTqmeli es ari. Aam warweriTve yvelasa xelT epyra oqros ficari. (Cveneba. 1911w.) maTi Cveneba, safuZvelia: maTi xilva ,,zneobrivi keTildReobis qarTveli amaRleba vaJas momaswavebelia, qristianisaTvis, samSoblos kacis zneobrivi amaRlebis yvela leqsSi samSoblos vaJasTvis, bedi TiToeuli rogorc WeSmariti mamuliSvilis, TiToeuli adamiani zneobas ukavSirdeba. Bbunebis ayvavebis, zneobrivi siwmindisa da samSoblos keTildReobis fonze leqsSi ixateba sanatreli saxe mkvdreTiT aRmdgarisa, e.i. ieso qristesi. mas gverds umSveneben misi ,,zvarakni”, ,,metismeti trfialebiT Tavdadebuli” vaJkacebi, ,,erTguli mamuliSvilebi”, e.i. isini, vinc rjulisa da samSoblos Tavi Seswires”(9,102-103). leqsSi ,,Cveneba” kidev erTxel gaibrwyina didi Tamar mefis saxem, rogorc fSavelas gr. xerxeuliZe hyavs siyvaruliT Tavisi axsenebs. aRniSnavs: ,,saxelovan saTayvanebeli Tamari, SoTa, winaparTa saxelebi, erekle, Soris romelTac saakaZe, is vaJadidi guramiSvili, baraTaSvili da sxvani leqsebSi didebis SaravandediT arian mosilni. Ppoetis guls gansakuTrebuli sifaqiziT anaTebs Tamar dedoflis saxe, romelsac man brwyinvale leqsi uZRvna. ,,didi Tamari” hqvia am SesaniSnav nawarmoebs”(123,121-122). leqsi ,,didi Tamari” 1915wliT aris daTariRebuli, ,,Cvenebidan” oTxi wlis Semdeg , romelSic TiTqmis gaSifrulia Tamaris gars Semokrebili ,,RvawliT mosilni”: gulSi gvinTixar lamprada, naTobs da ara hqrebao. Sens da SoTais marjvenas vemTxvie zedizedao. Sena xar eris sicocxle, Tavi ar momikvdebao! Mmowyaled gveqmen qarTvelTa, Cveno lamazo dedao! 91 (didi Tamari. 1915w.) rac mTavaria, warsulTa droTa gmirebs, ciskariviT mbrwyinav Tamar dedofals locva-kurTxevas evedreba lirikuli gmiri da amas mosZaxoda mimavalT: ,,RmerTs SegvavedreT!_mivZaxdi,_ daCagrulni varT mtrisgana! Uumweo, upatrononi Svelas moveliT misgana”. ros qveynad wydeba wamali, araferia cisTana! (,,Cveneba“. 1911w.) rogorc davrwmundiT, meoce saukunis qarTuli lirikis istoriis erT-erTi fundamenturi lirikis Sesaxeb fenomenia msjeloba didi gvsurs vaJa-fSavelas davasruloT lirika. misive vaJas sityvebiT, romliTac, Cveni rwmeniT, brwyinvaled daaxasiaTa Tavisi pirovneba da Cven anderZad dagvitova: netavi imas, saqveynod vinc yofna gaimwarao,_ xalxis bomonis winaSe qedi ar moixarao; xorciT ewama da suliT ahyvavda, gaixarao. (,,saiT geZebo, ar vici“. uTariRo) Ppoetis qristesa ganmtkicda da sulieri misi gautexlobis moZRvrebis safuZvelTa WeSmariteba”(101, safuZvelia 32), romelic ,,ieso CvenSi wminda ninos wyalobiT: Ppoeti qarTvel qalTa sazogadoebas am leqsiT ulocavs ninoobas: sasaxeloa CvenTvisa dedaT mTavaris dReoba, imis wyalobiT ganmtkicda qarTlSi axali zneoba. vcaniT ieso qristesi WeSmaritis RvTis Zeoba 92 Dda qristes swavla-moZRvrebis sidide, mZleTa-mZleoba vinc qristes mcneba gvaswavla, qarTvelT gvwams misi zneoba. ikurTxos misi saxeli, ikurTxos ninos mxneoba. (wminda nino. 1914w.) rac mTavaria, didi vaJa baraTaSvilis, ilia WavWavaZis, genialurad agrZelebs nikoloz akaki wereTlis mamuliSvilur SemarTebas, optimizms. amrigad, mxatvruli vaJa-fSavelas struqturis daskvnamde, rom 900-iani wlis SeZlebisdagvarad poetis sicocxlis bolo lirikis Tematikisa da analizma migviyvana im wlebSi ideur-Tematikuri TvalTaxedviT da mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi esTetikuri xarisxis mixedviT, aSkarad gamoCnda, rom vaJas poeziam garkveuli progresuli cvlilebebi ganicada. Tu SevadarebT 900-ian wlebamde Seqmnil mis lirikas, davrwmundebiT, ,,rogorc erTia qveyana mTeli”, ise erTia vaJa-fSavela. mas ar gadauxvevia Tavidanve aRebuli SemoqmedebiTi principebidan. Tumca, 900iani wlebis lirikaSi, ise rogorc prozaSi Tu publicistikaSi, Tavisi gamoxmaureba hpova ori saukunis uReltexilze atexilma mZafrma erovnulma, socialurma da msoflio_istoriulma peripetiebma. Aar unda mikroskopiT sinjva publicistika, mZlavri misi im WeSmaritebas, sazogadoebrivi mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi masStabiT, Tavisi rom am cxovrebis energiiT, mxatvrul-ideuri wlebis niri poezia, gamoirCeva azrovnebis Tu proza, ufro globaluri mxatvrul-esTetikuri koncefciurobis aqtualurobiT. uaRresad mdidari da mravalferovania 900-iani wlebis lirika Tematurad. iqneba es patriotul motivze Seqmnili nawarmoebebi, leqsebi, romlebSic naTlad aris Camoyalibebuli misi SemoqmedebiTi kredo, gansja poeziis daniSnulebisa, poeziis sagnisa da poetis amocanebisa im mZime socialur-istoriul da politikurad areul epoqaSi, rac gamowveuli iyo 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciiT da am revoluciis damarcxebis Semdeg mZvinvare reaqciiT mefis xelisuflebis mxriv ajanyebulTa mimarT. Aamave periodSi gamoCnda vaJa-fSavelas mxatvrul-esTetikuri pozicia, romelic 93 ase SeiZleba Camoyalibdes, rom mwerlisaTvis gardauvalia da aucilebelia realurad aRqma da Sefaseba cxovrebisa, rom poeti gulwrfelad unda amJRavnebdes Tavis emocia-gancdebs asaxulSi. naSromis am TavSi aRvniSnavT, Tu rogor iqca didi vaJas pirovneba Tu Semoqmedeba aucdenel samizned avgula TavdamsxmelebisTvisac da misi talantis kaci”, Rirseuli ,,papiCemis damfaseblebisTvisac. anderZi”, ,,veras ix. misi damakleb, ,,mkvdaria varamo”, ugrZnobi ,,simRera”, 1896w. ,,sicocxlem Sxami masmia”, ,,gulo, ar gastyde”, ,,maTria wuTisofelma” da sxva. Tamamad unda iTqvas, rom ilia WavWavaZis da akaki wereTlis TanamebrZolis gulsa da suls obi arasdros ar mosdebia da usasoobam, uimedobam fexi ver moikida mis arsebaSi (,,numca msmenia sikvdili”, 1914w.). amaSi mas win miuZRoda WeSmariti marTmadidebluri qristianuli msoflmxedveloba (,,me Senis trfobiT ver gavZeR”. 1915w.). rogorc aRniSnaven: sazogadoebis mxriv da sazogadoebisadmi poetis gacxadebuli da gamyarebuli Taviseburi midgomiT, myari, monoliTuri moralitetiT, gansxvavebuli mxatvruli samyaroTi, intonaciuri mravalferovnebiT vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba ,,...dakavSirebulia sakuTari xalxis sulier cxovrebasTan, romelic didebulad gamoxatavs xalxis erovnuli fsiqikis iersac” (guram asaTiani). Ees momenti ki naTlad aris asaxuli am etapze Seqmnil wminda eTikuri xasiaTis leqsebSi. vaJa xom mTeli arsebiT icavda Tavis ers ,,zneobrivi dabeCavebisagan, daberebisagan. Ppoets absolutur WeSmaritebad miaCnda, rom ,,energia erisa ar unda iyos Seborkil-SejaWvuli, unda mas hqondes sarbieli”(vaJa-fSavela). Mmraval warmodgenili saSobao gulwrfeli wamomadgenlebisadmi. bavSvebisadmia Tu Aam saaxalwlo milocvebi ciklis leqsSi maRalniWierad qveynisadmi, leqsebSi sxvadasxva mimarTva ZiriTadad aris fenis Cveni aqcentirebuli. arc erT saSobao-saaxalwlo xasiaTis leqsSi avtoris mier ar aris darRveuli norCi saaxalwlo mkiTxvelebis masala, ganwyobileba, fsiqologia, didebuladaa brwyinvaledaa organuladaa gaTvaliswinebuli CarTuli gatarebuli eTnografiuli axalgazrdobis didaqtikur_aRmzrdelobiTi tendenciebi. amiT imis Tqma ar gvsurs, rom am ciklis leqsebi mxolod saymawvilo datvirTvis mqoneni arian. bevr 94 maTganSi ostaturadaa Serwymuli lirikul-publicisturi Janruli elementebi, romlebSic aqtualuri sazogadoebrivi problemebia dasmulgadaWrili (ix. ,,saaxalwlod”, ,,mikvleva”, ,,saSobao simRera”, ,,saaxalwlo simRera”...). amave ciklis codva-madlis nawarmoebebSi sakiTxi. mkiTxvelze. Aam erT-erT TvalsazrisiT imavdroulad mTavar isini motivad udaod bunebismetyvelebis mocemulia uwyoben saocari xels gakveTili Cautares bavSvebs vaJa-fSavelam da J. ,,nakadulis” redaqciam leqsebSi ,,saaxalwlo simRera” daTrgunvis qadagebiT, da ,,saSobao zRapari”(1909w.). adamianebSi aqve TanagrZnobis borotebis danergviT norC mkiTxvelSi marTlmadidebluri qristianobis ganmtkicebas Seuwyes xeli. imiTacaa aRniSnuli ,,saaxalwlo simRera”(1910w.) mniSvnelovani, rom is Seqmnilia antiTezisis, dapirispirebis mxatvrul-stilistikuri xerxis gamoyenebiT. Ggarkveuli lirikaSi. adgili versifikaciis daeTmo sizmris aspeqtiT didi stilur poeturi detalebs vaJas datvirTva eZleva romlebSic poeti anJambemans. Gganxilvis Tavisuflad obieqti epyroba iyo Janrul iseTi leqsebic, elementTa sinTezs. magaliTad, J. ,,jejilSi”(1900w. #4) gamoqveynebuli leqsi ,,zamTari da gazafxuli” Tavisi emociurobiT, natifi siuJetiT, gancdaTa gamJRavnebiT lirikul TxzulebaTa rigs ganekuTvneba, xolo ambis gaSliT, fabuliT igi gvagonebs qarTuli epikuri poeziis erT ,,miviwyebul” saxes-gabaasebas. Ees leqsi tipiuria vaJas poeturi stilisTvis, rameTu mkiTxvelis win dgas didebuli peizaJisti, bunebis didebuli mxatvari_,,xolo gazafxuls Tavs adgas Tval-margalitis gvirgvini”. rac mTavaria, leqsSi xazgasmulia avtoris qristianuli msoflmxedveloba, xolo aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia daagvirgvinebulia sityvebiT: Ddideba ismis uflisa, suldgmulT sxvadasxva eniTa... wyalnic ki RmerTs adideben laRad, talRebis eniTa (,,zamTari da gazafxuli”. 1900w.) 95 vaJa-fSavelas lirikis erT-erT mZlavr nakadad unda miviCnioT gmiris, pirovnebis, znekeTilis Zieba. ix. leqsi ,,kaci is aris”(1902w.), aqac kiTxviTi intonacia, erTgvari gamoZaxili ilias ,,bednieri erisa”, aqac ironia, aqac stilistikur xerxad gamoyenebuli antiTezisi. ideuri datvirTva leqsisa aris sazogadoebriv mankierebaTa mxileba, xolo leqsSi ,,is ki ar ari biWoba” (1900w.) sxartad ,,simReriT” aris Camoyalibebuli lirikuli Ppoeti gmiris zneobrivi kodeqsi. TanmimdevrobiT amxels ,,biWobis” anu ,,kai ymis” mruded gamgebT. Lleqsi ,,is ki ar aris biWoba”(simRera) paralelizmis TiTqmis yvela niSans atarebs; gvaqvs: sintaqsuri paralelizmi, satrfialo paralelizmi, uaryofiTis paralelizmi. calke msjelobis sagnadaa qceuli is socio-zneobrivi garemo, romelSic uxdeboda cxovreba poets, radgan ,,vaJa-fSavela gansakuTrebul SemoqmedebiT interess iCens eTikurad Rirebuli problemebisadmi”(iuza evgeniZe). es garemoeba Cans mis yvela TxzulebaSi, yvela publicistur werilSi, yvelgan problemebi. gamWvirvaled swored movpyrobodiT am aris mocemuli aspeqtiT saWirod vaJa-fSavelas saymawvilo ideur-aRmzrdelobiTi miviCnieT gansakuTrebulad nawarmoebebs. ix. ,,Cemo angelozebo”(1915w.). ,,mama da Svili”(1901w.). am bolo leqsSi poeti uryevad dgas qristianul poziciaze; struqturis mixedviT am leqsSi daculia vaJas xelweris erTi momenti_lirikul TxzulebaSic dialogiT gaSla siuJeturi xazisa (ix. ,,bakuri”, ,,kiTxva-pasuxi”, ,,mogoneba”, ,,is ki ar ari biWoba”, ,,mTa da mTvare” da sxva). detalurad aris ganxiluli leqsi ,,axali weli fSavSi”(1904w.). gaTvaliswinebulia prof. jumber WumburiZis, prof. d. benaSvilis, levan boZaSvilis komentarebi rogorc leqsSi Caqsovili ideuri mrwamsis Sesaxeb, ise iq aRweril eTnografiul aqsesuarebze. rogorc am leqsSi, ise sxva nawarmoebebSic, saymawvilod gamiznuli fabula ZiriTadad aRweriT gaSlas moiTxovs, ris gamoc avtors aRar moeTxoveba maRali poeturi registrebi, Tumca, bavSvTaTvis gamiznul TxzulebebSi, rodesac avtori mimarTavs peizaJs, iq ukve Cveuli ostatobiT gaibrwyinebs avtori. xSiria gapirovnebis mxatvruli xerxis gamoyeneba, xSirad SedarebaSia gadasuli metafora. 96 Ggansaxilvel leqsSi dafiqsirebulia anJambemanis ramdenime SemTxveva: 1. Zvels cxovrebasa swiravda Q qveyana, ase SevniSne kidec imitom gminavda” 2. axalma welma axali, vTxov ufals, mogceT bedia, cxvari da Zroxa uricxvi, dovlaTi metismetia. literaturaTmcodneobaSi aRniSnulia, rom mxatvruli teqsti, gamomdinare mravali problemebis dasma-gadawyvetidan, atarebs, Seicavs garkveul qveteqstur damuxtvas, Cveni azriT qveteqstur damuxtvas didi roli akisria lirikul leqsTa ciklSi erTnairi saTauriT_,,qebaTaqeba”. Yyvela ,,qebaTa-qeba” sayuradReboa specifikuri stiliT, ideurTematuri mravalferovnebiT, Janrul elementTa sinTeziT, lirikuli poeziisa da publicistikis SerwymiT. TiToeuli maTgani brwyinvale nimuSia saagitacio lirikisa. sagangebodaa gaxsnili ,,qebaTa-qebis”, rogorc saTauris, rogorc lingvisturi, ise poetikuri Sinaarsebi. maT fonze gaSuqebulia rogorc sasuliero, ise saero mwerlobis garkveuli gagrZelebiT. nimuSebi_,,marTlis Aam Tqmis TvalsazrisiT principis” gaanalizebulia genetikuri rogorc vaJas xazis axlo winaprebis, ise Tanamedrove avtorTa poziciebi. Mmravali leqsi vaJasi gaSuqebulia dapirispirebulTa erTianobis kanonis farglebSi. ix. ,,mogoneba”(nu miwyenT, momagondeba), ,,Rame mTaSi, ,,mZulxar-miyvarxar”. saTanadodaa ganxiluli ,,qebaTa-qeba” (xelSi aviReb Congursa), ,,publicisti”, ,,damsetyve, cao”, ,,memRereba da vimReri”, ,,qebaTa-qeba”(droeba gamoicvala), ,,xevsuri berdia” da sxva. publicisturi bunebisaa leqsi ,,boqauli”(1906w.). poetis ironiuli damokidebuleba erTobis mimarT kargad aisaxa leqsSi ,,qebaTa-qeba” (mavne azrebze damdgara)” 1906w. Cveni yuradReba miipyro leqsma ,,damunjebulis eniTa”, 1906w. leqsSi gamoricxulia lirikuli gmiris medroveoba, leqsi damZimebulia lirikuli 97 gmiris pesimizmiT, rac iSviaTia vaJas poeziisaTvis. Mmiuxedavad amgvari pesimizmisa, jansaRi iumoriT xasiaTdeba ,,qebaTa-qeba”(redaqtorebiT aivso), 1906w. sazogadoebis ,,gamoRviZebis” utyuar niSnad miaCnia avtors redaqtorebis siWarbe. aRniSnuli ,,qebaTa-qeba” gamanadgurebeli satiraa 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciuri Zalebisa. Lleqsi Wkuis ,,godeba Tanamedrove saswavlebel, saagitacio winaswarmetyvelisa”(1906w.) funqcias codvisa inarCunebs da madlis dapirispirebis gamo. Llirizmi moqceulia movlenaTa epikur TxrobaSi. vaJa-fSavelas rwmeniT, marTlmadidebluri qristianizmiT cocxlobs da arsebobs buneba”. ix. rogorc adamianTa ,,irakli brZolis sazogadoeba, win”(1911w.), ise mTlianad ,,jixvis ,,uenpiro vedreba”(1911w.), ,,Cveneba”(1911w.). leqsSi ,,Cveneba” kidev erTxel gaibrwyina Tamar-dedoflis saxelma. Ppoetis sulierad gautexlobis safuZvelTa safuZveli mis mier ,,ieso qristesa da ganmtkicda misi moZRvrebis dedaT-mTavris, WeSmaritebaa”(T.SarabiZe), wminda ninos wyalobiT. ix. romelic leqsi CvenSi ,,wminda nino”(1914w.). vacnobierebT, safuZvlianma, dagvayena; rom mravalmxrivma Tumca, aman vaJasmcodneobaSi analizma garkveulwiladac vaJa-fSavelas garkveuli lirikis sirTulis gansazRvra, gamohkveTa winaSe Cveni saTqmeli. 98 II. Tavi-vaJa-fSavelas 900-iani wlebis eposis Tematika da mxatvruli struqtura (1900-1910-iani wlebis mixedviT) vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi interesebis vrcel speqtrSi farTodaa warmodgenili eposi, epikuri gvari, romlis mxatvrul-SemecnebiTi funqciebi, sinamdvilis mxatvruli gardasaxvis SesaZleblobani, resursebi sakmaod didia. amas ki mravali faqtori ganapirobebs: siuJetianoba, moqmed pirTa xasiaTebis gaxsna, mxatvruli mxare, metyvelebis stili, fabulis Sinaarsoblivi siRrme, teqstis moculoba, emociuri muxtis vrceli amplituda da a. S. epikuri gvari imiTac gamoirCeva lirikuli, dramatuli Tu liroepikuri gvarebisagan, rom igi sagrZnobi doziT Seicavs TiToeuli maTganisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Janrul elementebs: lirikul meditaciebs, movlenaTa dramatizirebas, TiToeul maTganSi arsebul mxatvrul- struqturul resursebs. amiT epikuri gvari TiTqos mimarTulia iqiTken, rom sakuTar samyaroSi moaxdinos mxtvruli relobis adekvaturi aRqmaSemecnebis koncentrireba. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom eposia sxva gvarTa elementebis didi moculobiT matarebeli, Torem Tavis mxriv arc lirikuli, arc dramatuli da arc liro-epikuri specifikuri Janruli kanonzomierebis gvarebia Tavisufali elementebisagan. gareSe xom uSualod TavisTavad warmoudgeneli epikuri cxadia, am iqneboda gvaris zogadi mxatvruli Semoqmedeba, mxatvruli azrovneba. miCneulia, rom JanrTa klasifikacia Tavis TavSi moicavs mxatvrul nawarmoebTa kuTvnili Janrisadmi adgilis gansazRvris problemebs. Aamas garkveuli sirTuleebi axlavs, rac gamowveulia mxatvruli azrovnebis istoriuli ganviTarebis intensiurobiT, TiToeuli Janris SigniT mimdinare evoluciis procesiT. Mmixeil baxtinis moxdenili TqmiT-,,Janri”-es xom warmoudgenelia literaturis ganviTarebis procesSi SemoqmedebiTi mexsierebisao”(69,287). Janruli niSnebi ZiriTadad marTlac myari Tvisebisaa, magram Sinaganad mainc ganicdian evolucias, rac xSirad Tavis mxriv, iwvevs garkveul Seusabamoebs tradiciulad damkvidrebul klasifikaciaSi. magaliTad, cnobilia avtoriseuli da tradiuli literaturaTmcodneobiTi terminologiis gansxvavebuli gaazrebebi-gogolis prozauli Txuleba 99 ,,mkvdari sulebi” poemaa, puSkinis ,,evgeni onegini” romania leqsad da a.S. es ki, literaturismcodneTa azriT, amgvari midgoma, amgvari ganmartebebi, ar jdebao Tanamedrove tradiciul Janrul klasifikaciaSi da maT mxolod istoriuli Rirebuleba gaaCniaT (69, 288). msoflioSi mravali amgvari faqtia cnobili da am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos qarTuli mxatvrul-esTetikuri azrovnebis mravalsaukunovani istoriac. Lliteraturis klasifikaciasTan stilis dakavSirebuli warmoqmnis individualizaciis sxvadasxvagvari TeoritikosTa erT-erT mier problematika faqtors, Taviseburebani, funqcia gansazRvrulia, siuJeturi warmoadgens romelSic maTi xazisa, rom ,,Janrul mxatvruli saxezea: personaJTa gaSla-ganfena siuJetSi, Txzulebis kompoziciuri modelireba, garkveuli enobrivi stilistikuri tendenciebi da a.S. (69, 289), anu ,,Tavisi problematikis saerTo niSan-Tvisebebis mixedviT nawarmoebi miekuTvneba ZiriTadad sami mTavari Janridan erTs. Tumca, arsebobs iseTi qvejgufic, (eposi, lirika, drama) erTromelSic erTdroulad Tavmoyrilia sxvadasxva saxis, xasiaTis problemebi. TxzulebaTa kompleqsuri analizis procesSi litmcodneebi yuradRebas amaxvileben TviToeuli gvaris SigniT arsebuli sxvadasxva Janruli niSnebis sinTezirebis urTierTgadamkveT faqtebze, rom amgvari xazebze, Janrul klasifikaciis Sedegad elementTa miRebuli nawarmoebis kompoziciuri modeli gansakuTrebuli struqturis mqonea da Txzuleba policentrulia (69, 289). aRniSnuli viTareba ki gasaTvaliswinebelia teqstis poetikuri morfologiis kvlevis dros. Aar iqneba gazviadebad Tqmuli, rom am aspeqtiT brwyinvale masalas iZleva vaJa-fSavelas eposi-rogorc leqsad Tqmuli, ise prozauli. vxelmZRvanelobT ra literaturaTmcodneobaSi miRebuli tradiciuli klasifikaciiT rogorc klasikur mxatvrul literaturaSi, ise folklorSi, CvenTvis wina planze mainc uSualod vaJa-fSavelaseuli midgoma, klasifikaciaa, mis mier epikur nawarmoebis mikuTvneba ama Tu im Janrisadmi (miuxedavad imisa, rom mas amis Taobaze wminda Teoriuli xasiaTis werili ar dauweria). Mmis mier gansazRvruli yvela ,,Janri” brwyinvale ornaments warmoadgens Sesabamis konteqstSi. Pprof. gr. kiknaZis rwmeniT, 1900-ian wlebSi, vaJas ,,poeturi simwifis Jams... yovelgvari usafuZvlo siTamamis gareSe hqonda Sinagani ufleba TviTdaxasiaTebiT warmdgariyo sazogadoebis winaSe: is ukve iyo avtori 100 saxelganTqmuli Ppativcemul poemebisa, mkvlevars mravali miaCnia, rom leqsisa yvela da moTxrobisa...”(49, werilSi, yvela 28). leqsSi, moTxrobasa Tu poemaSi ,,daufaravi da SeuniRbavi saxiTaa mocemuli misi mxatvruli Semoqmedebis leitmotivi”(iqve). Aamdenad, asevea misaRebi yvela saTauris qveS poetis gakeTebuli minaweri gvaris, saxis, Janris raobaze. Tumca, am klasifikaciaSi, Cveni fiqriT, Mmainc fabulis warmoSobazea aqcenti gadatanili. Aamis Taobaze detaluri analizia mocemuli q-n laura grigalaSvilis statiaSi ,,vaJas poemaTa fabulis sakiTxi”(24,98-123). Aasea, gansazRvruli avtoris mier Tavisi Txzulebebis fabulebi, rogorc leqsad TqmulTa, ise prozisa: naTqvami-naambobi-Tqmuleba I. a)leqsad Tqmuli 1.,,moxucis naTqvami”, (1883w.); 2,,.ivane kotoraSvilis ambavi” (karaxelis naambobi) (1896w.); 3.,,nangrevTa Soris” (monadiris naambobi)-(1900w.); 4. ,,sityva “(Zveli Tqmuleba)-(1905w); 5. ,,coli anu Cemi Tavgadasavali” (Tqmuli Tandila aragvelisa)-(1908); 6. ,,Rila da kvirisa” (mwyemsis naambobi)-(1908w.); 7. ,,deda-Svilebi” (Tqmuleba)-(1910w.); 8. ,,saSobao ambavi” (Tqmuleba)-(1910w.) b)prozad Tqmuli 1.,,Svlis nukris naambobi”-1883w; 2.,,erem-serem suremianis” (Zveli davTrebidam suremis naambobi)-1893w; 3.,,Cemi Savardeni” (besos naambobi)-1906w; 4. ,,axali weli fSavSi” (beJanas naambobi)-1909w; 5. ,,kurdReli” (monadiris naambobi)-1911w; 6. ,,baTuris madi” (Tqmuleba)-1913. II. ambavi Zveli, ambavi Zvelis-Zveli, ambavi a)leqsad Tqmuli 1. ,,sula da kurdRela” (Zveli ambavi)-1888w; 2. ,,kopala” (Zveli ambavi)1889w; 3. ,,daWrili vefxvi” (ambavi)-1890w; 4. ,,ilo” (Zveli ambavi)-1892w; 5. ,,ivane kotoraSvilis ambavi “(karaxelis naambobi)-1896w; 6. ,,sisxlis Zieba” (ambavi CerqezTa cxovrebidan)-1897w; 7. ,,axundi” (Zveli ambavi)-1900w; 9. ,,gvelismWameli” (Zveli ambavi)-1901w; 10. ,,suli oblisa” (Zvelis-Zveli ambavi)-1903w; 11. ,,mandili” (xevsuruli ambavi)-1913w. b)prozad Tqmuli 1. ,,daTvi” (ambavi)-1888-89w; 2. a,,vtobiografia uriadnikisa” (ZvelisZveli ambavi biWiela uriadnikis dRiuridan)-1888-89w; 3. ,,ori ambavi mefe erekleze”-1902w. III. cxovrebidan-suraTi-moTxroba 101 a)leqsad Tqmuli 1. ,,aluda qeTelauri” (xevsurebis cxovrebidam)-1888w; 2. ,,sisxlis Zieba” (ambavi CerqezTa cxovrebidan)-1897w. b)prozad Tqmuli 1. ,,suraTi fSavlis cxovrebidam”-1881w; 2. ,,StabeWdilebani” (fSavlebis cxovrebidam)-1886w; 3. ,,patara mwyemsis fiqrebi” (fSavlebis cxovrebidam)1886w; 4. ,,suraTebi” (soflis cxovrebidam)-1886w; 5. ,,saSobao moTxroba” (fSavlebis cxovrebidam)-1890w; 6. ,,soflis suraTebi”-1893w; 7. ,,Sobis wina Rames” (suraTi)-1902w; 8. ,,lmobieri monadire da irmis goniereba” (fSavlebis cxovrebidan)-1909w; 9. ,,saaxalwlo sizmrebi” (suraTi fSavlebis cxovrebisa)-1910w; 10. ,,beriZe gautexeli” (saSobao moTxroba fSavlebis cxovrebidan)-1911w; ,,fSaveli da 11. misi ,,oragulis cxovreba” wuTisofeli” (aragvis (eTnografiuli wiaRze)-1912w; 12. moTxroba)-1913w; 13. ,,kurdReli” (patara moTxroba)-1887w; 14. ,,mogoneba“(saSobao moTxroba) 1890w; 15. ,,qudovani” (sabavSvo moTxroba)-1898w; 16. ,,gasamarTlebuli Cibuxi” (suraTi fSavlebis cxovrebisa)-1910w. IV. araki a)leqsad Tqmuli 1. ,,mejlisi lomisa” (araki)-1892w; b)prozad Tqmuli 1.,, qarTveli kaci, Rvinis qvevri da boCka” (araki)-1913w. V. balada a)leqsad Tqmuli 1. ,,TeTro giorgi, Svili ra miyav?”(balada)-1892w. VI. zRapari-legenda a)leqsad Tqmuli 1. ,,uiRblo iRbliani” (zRapari)-1902w; 2. ,,naxevar-wiwila” (xalxuri zRapari)-1905w. b)prozad Tqmuli 1. ,,wisqvili” (zRapari)-1888-1889w.; 2.,,mucela” (zRapari)-1895w.; 3.,,daTvi “(zRapari)-1909w; 4. ,,goCi” (legenda)-1886w. VII. epikuri nawarmoebebi, romelTa saTaurebSi avtoris mier ar aris miTiTebuli maTi Janruli kuTvnileba 102 a)leqsad Tqmuli 1. ,,daCagruli mestvire”-1880w.; 2. ,,giglia”-1886w.; 3. ,,monadire”-1886w.; 4. ,,gogoTur da afSina” 1887w; 5. ,,eTeri”-1890w.; 6. ,,baxtrioni”-1892w.; 7. ,,annabulbuli”-1892w; 8. ,,stumar-maspinZeli”-1893w; 9. ,,xis beWi”-1895w; 10. ,,haos da qarTlos”-1899w; 11. ,,mamidis danabarebi”-1892w.; 12. ,,svindisi”-1913w.; 13. ,,kaci marTali”-1915w. b)prozad Tqmuli 1. ,,mTielis ubedureba”-1886w.; 2. ,,ia”-1886w.; 3. ,,mTis wyaro”-1888w; 4. ,,saaRdgomod”-1889w; 5. ,,xmeli wifeli”-1888-89w.; 6. ,,bagrat-zaxariCis sikvdili”-1889w; 7. ,,mtredebi”-1889w.; 8. ,,klde mtirali”-1889w; 9. ,,erTguli megobari”-1890w.; 10. ,,Cveni mamali”-1890w.; 11. ,,wiflisCita”-1890w.; 12. ,,Salvas nanaxi xati”-1890w; 13. ,,melia kudagrZelia”-1891w.; 14. ,,sawyali Cxikvi”-1891w.; 15. ,,gogra”-1892w; 16. ,,quCi”-1892w.; 17. ,,xoleram miSvela”-1892w.; 18. ,,fesvebi”1893w.; 19. ,,CxikvTa qorwili”-1893w.; 20. ,,gveli”-1894w.; 21. ,,mTani maRalni”1895w.; 22. ,,amodis, naTdeba!”-1896w.; 23. ,,mwyeri”-1897w.; 24. ,,kldem mxolod erTxel sTqva”-1898w.; 25. ,,verxvi”-1900w.; 26.,,Joli”-1901w.; 27. ,,amiranis xmali”1902w.; 28. ,,mgeli”-1902w.; 29. ,,napralni”-1902w.; 30. ,,papas msoflio fiqrebi”1903w.; 31. ,,arwivi”-1904w.; 32. ,,kodala”-1905w.; 33. ,,yorani”-1905w.; 34. ,,leqsos samwyemso’-1905w.; 35. ,,iremi”-1906w.; 36.,,usurvazis dasja”-1907w.; 37. ,,crupentela aRmzrdeli”-1908w.; 38. ,,saTaguri”-1908w.; 39. ,,nadirTa patroni”1908w.; 40. ,,erTi uyureT tyesa da” ... -1908w., 41. ,,ZaRlma cikani moigo”-1909w.; 42. ,,rogor gaCndnen buebi qveyanazed” -1909w.; 43. ,,melia serefenia”-1909w.; 44. ,,gavelda cxvari”-1910w.; 45. ,,bunebis wiaRze”-1910w.; 46. ,,guguli”-1911w.; 47. ,,klde sali”-1912w.; 48. ,,tye tiroda”-1912w.; 49. ,,saCivari”-1913w.; 50. ,,bunebis mgosnebi”-1913w.; 51. ,,droSa”-1913., 52. ,,Seyvarebuli”-1914w.; 53. ,,kakali- uTariRo”; 54. ,,Cemi mogzauroba erem-serem-suremianeTSi”-uTariRo. VIII. dafiqsirebulia mxolod erTi poema ,, ZaRlika ximikauri”-1902w., romlis saTaurSic miTiTebulia adresati- ,,vuZRvni ilia WavWavaZes”. IX. zemodxsenebuli sasaTauro sistemidan gansxvavebulia ori prozauli Txzulebis saTauri; esenia: 1. ,,dRes vicini” (ocnebis celqoba)1913w. da 2. ,,mamaci” (saaxalwlo scena)-uTariRo. X. dasaTaureba prozauli Txzulebebisa Tematuri ciklizaciis mixedviT a) sizmari 103 1. ,,saaxalwlo sizmari”-1893w.; 2. ,,gazafxulis sizmrebi”-1895w.; 3. ,,sizmari oblisa”-1905w.; 4. ,,saaxalwlo sizmrebi”-1910w. b)moCveneba 1. m,,oCveneba”-1893w.; 2. ,,moCveneba”.,-1897w. rogorc vrwmundebiT, vaJa-fSavela did yuradRebas aqcevs teqstis dasaTaurebas. Aamis naTeli dadasturebaa misi xelnawerebi, am xelnawer Tu beWdur teqstologiuri, teqstTa nayofieri kodikologiuri Ziebani, maRalprofesionaluri redaqtor-gamomcemlobis mcdelobebi Tu vaJas SemoqmedebiTi istoriis farTo masStabebiT kvleva. teqstis am mniSvnelovan kompoziciur struqturaze-saTaurze muSaoba miniSnebaa imaze, Tu rogor interess iCens igi siuJetis mimarT. SemoqmedebiTi procesis mkvlevarTa mier miCneulia, rom avtoris mier ,,siuJetis gulmodgine siuJetisaTvis, rameTu gakontroleba axdens yovelTvis calkeuli sasargebloa nawilebis, detalebis SeTanxmebuloba-gamarTulobas, ganapirobebs maTi urTierTobis simwyobres, ambis logikur, gegmazomier ganviTarebas.”(107, 394). Mmocemuli zRva masalidan saWirod CavTvaleT warmovadginoT vaJas eposis intensiuri ganviTarebis, SemoqmedebiTi procesis istoriis statistika 1900-1915 wlebis mixedviT. vfiqrobT, es garkveul daxmarebas gauwevs vaJas SemoqmedebiTi procesis istoriiT dainteresebul mkvlevarebs. Eepikur TxzulebaTa dajgufeba 1900-1915 wlebis mixedviT wle Ppoema Pprozauli Txzuleba bi 1. 1900 w. ,,nangrevTa Soris” 1. ,,verxvi” (monadiris naambobi); 2. ,,brZeni viri”(Zvelis Zveli ambavi) 3. 1901w ,,gvelismWameli” 2. ,,Joli” (Zveli ambavi) . 104 1902 w. 4. ,,mamidis danabarebi” 3. ,,amiranis xmali” 5. ,,uiRblo 4. ,,mgeli” 5. ,,ori iRbliani” (zRapari) 6. ,,ZaRlika ambavi mefe ximikauri” erekleze” (vuZRvni ilia WavWavaZes) 6. ,,napralni” 7. “Sobis wina Rames”(suraTi) 7. 1903 ,,suli oblisa” (Zvelis-Zveli ambavi) w. 8. ,,papas msoflio Fiqrebi” 9. ,,ocneba” 10. ,,arwivi” 1904 w 8. 1905 w. ,,sityva” (Zveli Tqmuleba) 9. ,,naxevar-wiwila” (xalxuri zRapari) 11. ,,sizmari oblisa 12. ,,kodala” 13. ,,yorani” 14. ,,leqsos samwyemso” 15. ,,uZmos Zma” 1906 (fSavlebis w. cxovrebidan) 16. ,, iremi” 17. ,,Cemi Savardeni” 18. ,, lmobieri 1907 monadire da w. irmis goniereba” (fSavlebis cxovrebidan) 19. 10. 1908 w. ,,coli anu Cemi Tavgadasavali” ,,usurvazis dasja” 20. crupentela aRmzrdeli; (Tqmuli Tandila 21. saTaguri; Aaragvelisa) 22. nadirTa patroni; 105 11 12 ,, Rila da kvirisa” ,,mTaTa erToba” 23. ,,erTi uyureT tyesa da...;” 24. ,,eSmaki” (saSobaod); 25. ,,axali weli fSavSi” 1909 (beJanas naambobi); w. 26. ,,didebuli saCuqari” (saSobao moTxroba); 27. ,,berdixa” (suraTi (fSavlebis cxovrebidan); 28. ,,ZaRlma cikani Mmoigo” 29. ,,rogor gaCndnen buebi qveyanazed” 30. ,,daTvi “(zRapari) 31. 13. ,,melia-serefenia” 32. ,,saaxalwlo ,,deda-Svilebi” 1910w (Tqmuleba); . 14. sizmrebi”(suraTi ,,saSobao ambavi” fSavlebis (Tqmuleba); cxovrebidan) 33. ,,gasamarTlebuli Cibuxi” 1911w 34. ,,gavelda cxvari” 35. ,,bunebis wiaRze” 36. ,,kurdReli” (monadiris naambobi); 37. ,,beriZe gautexeli” (saSobao moTxroba fSavlebis cxovrebidan); 38. ,,guguli” 106 39.,,klde sali” 1912w 40.,,oragulis . cxovreba” (aragvis wiaRze) 41. ,,tye tiroda” 15. ,,svindisi” 1913w 42. ,,saCivari” 16. ,,mandili” 43. ,,bunebis mgosnebi” . 44. ,,droSa” 45.,, dRes vicini(ocnebis celqoba); 46. ,,qarTveli kaci, Rvinis qvevri da boCka” (araki); 47. ,,baTuris xmali” (Tqmuleba); 48. ,,fSaveli da misi wuTisofeli” (eTnografiuli moTxroba); 49. ,,Seyvarebuli” 1914w . 17. ,,kaci marTali” 915w. uTa riR 50. ,,kakali” 51. ,,mamaci” (saaxalwlo scena); oebi 52. ,,Cemi mogzauroba erem-serem-suramianeTSi”. amiT vecadeT Txzulebebisa gadavlebac warmogvedgina qronologiuradac masalaze cxadyofs erTgvari da poetis statistika Janrobrivadac. vaJas Tvalis damokidebulebas ara epikuri erTi marto ,,Semoqmedebis masazrdoebel wyaroze-xalxuri Semoqmedebis nimuSebze”(27. 249), aramed saxezea wminda literaturuli, originaluri nawarmoebebic 107 sxvadasxva gvarisa da sxvadasxva Janrisa: ,,..vaJas sxvadasxva Janris nawarmoebTa gacnoba gvarwmunebs, rom masalis mxriv vaJas Txzulebebs metnaklebad urTierTan amsgavsebs interesi miTiur-legendaruli, sizmriseuli da ocneba-Cvenebis formiT warmodgenili masalisadmi... es Cans vaJas lirikul leqsebSi, poemebsa da moTxrobebSi”(iqve). Aamave dros epikuri gvaris mravali teqsti saSualebas iZleva maTSi gamovamJRavnoT ,,impliciturad warmodgenili epoqis suliskveTeba” anu TiToeul maTganSi unda movnaxoT tipologiuri faqtorebis saTanado niSnebi, romelTa meoxebiTac saanalizo teqstebs imdroindeli mxatvrulesTetikuri azrovnebis klasikur nimuSad aRviqvamT. Aamgvari klasifikacia kidev erTi logikuri dasabuTebaa iseTi SemoqmedebiTi procesisa, romelic adasturebs WeSmaritebas,-rom odiTganve erTnairad xelewifebodaT qarTvel sasuliero dargis mwerlebs, rogorc himnografiuli, ise agiografiuli (iambiko, lirika, proza) xasiaTis nawarmoebebis Txzva. gavixsenoT Tundac ioane sabanisZe, grigol xanZTeli, arsen iyalToeli, sulxan-saba orbeliani, anton kaTalikosi da sxvani mravalni, mokaSkaS- moelvareni Tu mimqrali SaravandediT Semkulni. Ees tradicia axleburi sayovelTao orbeliani, SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTi giorgi miiRo XIX erisTavi, energiiT saukunis ilia ganmtkicda qarTul WavWavaZe, da TiTqmis mwerlobaSi-grigol akaki wereTeli, giorgi wereTeli, aleqsandre yazbegi, vaJa-fSavela... aseve, XX saukunis qarTuli literaturis istoriac saxelovnad agrZelebda am process-konstantine gamsaxurdia, grigol robaqiZe, giorgi leoniZe, grigol abaSiZe, Tamaz WilaZe, oTar WilaZe, nodar dumbaZe, arCil sulakauri... da sxvani mravalni. Aaqve unda gavixsenoT leqsnarevi xalxuri epikuri Txzulebebic. aRniSnuli movlena saTanadodaa Seswavlil-Sefasebuli qarTuli saliteraturo kritikisa da poetikis mkvlevarTa mier. Aamgvari poliJanruli Semoqmedeba xels uwyobs tipologiis amocanebis amoxsnas ara marto sxvadasxva xalxis, aramed TviT erTsadaimave mwerlis SemoqmedebaSic ki. tipologia ki, Tu mis ,,amocanas ar gavarTulebT da amiT ar gavabundovnebT mas, martivad igi ase gadmoicema: ra tipisaa esa Tu is literaturuli movlena, an sxvagvarad: literaturul movlenaTa romel jgufs ganekuTvneba esa Tu is nawarmoebi?(80.208). qveteqstiT, Cveni azriT, aq wyaroebis sakiTxic iqna gasaTvaliswinebeli, riTac mJRavndeba erTi avtoris mimarTeba meore 108 avtorTan, an erTi nawarmoebis fabulis mimarTeba sxva TxzulebasTan erTi avtorisave SemoqmedebiT samyaroSi. amgvari midgoma safuZvelia mwerlis Semoqmedebis srulyofili SeswavlisaTvis. aseTi kvleva-Ziebis mdidari tradicia gagvaCnia. mravalsaukunovani qarTuli mwerlobis istoria da saliteraturo kritika Zvirfas masalas iZleva. gavixsenoT prof. elguja xinTibiZis ,,SeniSvnebi guramiSvilis mimarTebisaTvis rusTavelTan”(125, 50 da a.S.), misi wignidan ,,vefxistyaosanSi”(1993w.): ,,Suasaukuneobrivi ,,daviT guramiSvilis da renesansuli mimarTeba rusTavelis poeziasTan Zalze rTuli da mniSvnelovani sakiTxia. rTulia es sakiTxi imitom, rom es damokidebuleba ar aris erTgvarovani da sworxazovani. upirveles yovlisa aRsaniSnavia guramiSvilis mier rusTavelis poeziis sidiadis aRiareba... guramiSvilis poeturi sityva aSkarad dakvalianebulia rusTavelis igrZnoba. didi poeziiT. ,,rusTveliseuli Ees, pirvel leqsika rigSi, figurirebs ,,daviTianis” leqsikaSi guramiSvilis axlebur- simbolur saxeebSic... guramiSvilTan gvxvdeba rusTveliseuli mistikurTeologiuri saxeebis srulyofili analogiebic (125, 50-54). Mmklevari saTanado citatebis analiziT damajereblad asabuTebs Tavis debulebebs da gvTavazobs friad sagulisxmo da marTebul daskvnas: ,,daviTianis” mTeli simbolika, TviT poetis azriT, rusTveliseuli azrovnebis xazs mihyveba, saqme isaa, rom rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, guramiSvils vaxtang meeqvsis kvaldakval ,,vefxistyaosani” simbolur-alegoriul qmnilebad miaCnda, masSi igi igavur metyvelebas xedavda. analogiur xazze agebs daviTic sakuTar Semoqmedebasac. ,,daviTianic”, TviTon avtoris miTiTebiT, upiratesad simboluri nawarmoebia, igavia. maSasadame, guramiSvili azrovnebis im models aviTarebs, rac misi azriT, rusTvelma Seqmna”(125,55). Pprof. elguja xinTibiZe yvelgan xazgasmiT miuTiTebs daviT guramiSvilis mokrZalebaze, Tavmdablobaze, mis maRalzneobriv damokidebulebaze rusTavelis geniisadmi: amis dasturad erTi magaliTic ikmarebda: ,,me rusTvelsa leqss ar udri, viT margalits-Calis Zirsa”(25, 51). Aamgvari tipologiuri viTareba axasiaTebs WeSmarit qarTuli mwerlobis istorias da logikurad JRers vaJa-fSavelas mimarTebac imave rusTvelis, daviT guramiSvilis, nikoloz baraTaSvilis, ilia WavWavaZis Tu akaki wereTlis poeturi sidiadisa da avtoritetis mimarT. vaJasmcodneobaSic es lokaluri sakiTxic Rrmadaa damuSavebuli. 109 Mmxatvruli kritikuli literaturis azrovnebis gamoixateba dinamikur axal-axali SemoReba-damkvidrebaSi. kritikis ganviTarebas kriteriumebis swored istoria mravali dadgenaSi, amgvarma naTelyofs aspeqtiT, novatoruli tendenciam rac stilis gansazRvra XX saukunis literaturis Teoriis specifikac. gamomdinare aqedan, vefuZnebiT praqtikuli kritikis, ,,axali kritikis” im Sexedulebebs, rom sadReisod ,,literaturuli nawarmoebis umaRles kriteriums ...Teoriul sistemaSi emociisa da inteleqtis integracia warmoadgens”(72, 115). vfiqrobT, analogiuri midgoma mxatvruli teqstisadmi ucxo ar iyo da ucxo ar aris qarTuli kritikuli azrovnebisaTvisac. marTalia, es yovelive CvenTan Camoyalibebula, saukunis gamokveTil magram pirvel imave mimdinareobad an saukunis naxevarSi XIX naxevarSi qarTuli meore kritikuli skolebad da ar meoce azrovnebisaTvis niSandoblivia ,, emociisa da inteleqtis” Taviseburi integrireba. migvaCnia, rom qarTuli kritika ufro Rrmad Sevida mxatvruli teqstis kompleqsuri kvlevis samyaroSi. Ees tendencia dResac grZeldeba. magaliTad, prof. grigol kiknaZe vaJa fSavelas xuTi poemis Sefasebisas aRniSnavda: ,,vaJafSavelas mTeli Semoqmedeba SeiZleba ganixilos da Sefasdes erTmaneTTan gadajaWvuli sami rigis faqtebis mixedviT: rogorc eTnografiuli faqti, rogorc socialur-politikuri mxatvruli faqti. poemebi”(9,10). faqti, gansakuTrebiT rogorc vxedavT, da rogorc saWiroebs mkvlevarma amgvar didi literaturulmidgomas misi dausaxa vaJas amocana eposis mniSvnelovani sferos, poemis, analitikosebs. Aamave kiknaZis mier dros vaJas brwyinvale prozis dakvirvebaa poetikis Sesaxeb. mocemuli igi wers: b-n grigol ,,..vaJas bevri moTxroba tradiciul moTxrobaTagan imiTac gamoirCeva, rom ukana planzea gadatanili am ukanasknelTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kvanZi, kulminacia, kvanZis gaxsna... TavianTi tradiciulad aRnagobiT mimdinare, moTxrobebisagan... vaJas aseTi kompoziciuri movlenaTa Txzulebebi CarCoTi tolfasovneba gansxvavdebian mtkiced vaJas Sekruli nawarmoebTa kompoziciuri principi. Ees principi gasdevs mis Txzulebebs, rogorc sakuTriv vaJaseuli principi Cvens mwerlobaSi da rodesac vaJas fenomenze vlaparakobT, adamianisa da bunebis yoveli warmonaqmnis TavisTavadi Rirebulebis aRiarebasa da mxatvrul xilvas am fenomenis arsebiT niSnad vTvliT”(48,19). 110 rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Tanamedrove etapze mxatvruli literaturis analitikuri procesi xasiaTdeba novaciurobisa da kvlevis tradiciuli principebis mravalferovnebiT. isic SerwymiT, unda maTi iTqvas, dinamiuri rom am gardaqmnebiTa sayovelTao da ferxulSi Cabmulia qarTuli mxatvruli da kritikuli azrovnebac. amovdivarT ra am zogadi viTarebidan, vcdilobT ,,miTologiuri kritikis” arc Tu principis gaTvaliswinebiT warmovadginoT vaJa-fSavelas eposis ise mravalricxovani Janris kompleqsuri ganxilva. Ees aris zRapari, romelic Seicavs miTosur elementebs. jozef qemfbelis TqmiT: ,,miTologiuri kritika cdilobs gamoavlinos ama Tu im literaturul teqstSi arsebuli dafaruli elementi... surs zedapirze amoitanos, esa Tu is literaturuli nawarmoebi Tu rogor warmosaxavs sinamdvilis ama Tu im mxares, romelzec mkiTxveli yovelTvis erTnairad reagirebs”(54, 192). miTiurobasTan damaxasiaTebelia yvela dakavSirebuli epoqis problemebis qarTuli gaTanamedroveoba mwerlobisaTvisac. Aam mxriv gamonakliss arc XIX saukunis dasasrulisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli literatura warmoadgens. kvlevis amgvari kritikis principebi gansakuTrebiT kargad miesadageba iseTi siuJetis mqone literaturuli zRaprebis analitikas, romlebSic gamovlenilia xalxuri jadosnuri an novelisturi, Tund sayofacxovrebo zRaprebis struqtura, anu rodesac mwerlis mier faqtiurad waSlilia xolme literaturulsa da folkloruls Soris arsebuli ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi da literaturuli zRapari erT organul mTlianobadaa Camoyalibebuli, rogorc literaturul-mxatvruli saxe. Aamave problemis winaSea epikuri gvaris sxva saxeebic. xalxuri da literaturuli aleqsandre novelis Rlontis sakiTxi amomwuravadaa monografiaSi-,,qarTuli ganxiluli xalxuri sakiTxebi”(1989w.): ,,xalxuri novelis tradiciam Seamzada prof. novelis literaturuli novelis, prozis am Taviseburi Janrobrivi saxis, warmoqmnis pirobebi. xalxuri prozauli novelis uZvelesma motivebma zepirSemoqmedebis Tvisebriv niadagi moumzades gaRrmavebas rogorc saerTod, ise literaturuli novelis aRmocenebasa da mwerlobaSi damkvidrebas”(97,75). Bbunebrivia, imave process gaivlida literaturuli zRaparic. folklorTan mimarTebis sakiTxi, rogorc vixileT, Zalze aqtualuria da kvlevis obieqtad bevr mkvlevars uqcevia: ,,Cveni mizania111 wers prof. Teimuraz qurdovaniZe-warmovaCinoT folklorTan mimarTebis qarTul literaturaSi axdens am Tezisis gamJRavnebuli saTanado tendencia.(96,52). magaliTebiT Aavtori ilustrirebas mokled rogorc sasuliero, ise saero mwerlobidan. Ees aris sakiTxis erTi mniSvnelovani mxare-folklorTan, miTologiasTan mimarTeba. Ddidma vaJam Tavis epikur prozaul Txzulebas ,,mucelas” (1895w.)zRapari uwoda, rac saTauris qveS minaweriTaa dafiqsirebuli. vaJasmcodneobaSi kargadaa cnobili, rom saTauris qveS minawerSi vaJa-fSavelas mier gansazRvrulia xolme Txzulebis Janris, ganwyobilebis, aRwerili ambis drois, epoqis arsi. Ees ki motivis, vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiT xelwerad, stiladaa gansazRvruli. aRsaniSnavia mkvlevar l.sanaZis mier ,,mucelas” teqstologiuri damuSaveba. mis mier dadgenilia oficialuri beWduri varianti. TvalsaCinoa zRapari es (Zveli variantisagan variantis davTrebidam)” (32, sakmaod teqstis 560); ese gansxvavebuli vrceli dasaTaurebaSic-,,mucela”. igi, Txzulebis zRaproba avtografSic da beWduradac dadasturebulia. vinaidan ,,mucelas” zRaproba eWvgareSea da jadosnuri da literaturuli zRaprebis struqturuli niSnebi aSkaradaa gamokveTili, misi Seswavlis procesSi gamoviyenebT vl. propiseuli kvlevis principebidan erT-erTs. kerZod, imas, rom ,,zRapris istoriul-genetikur anu diaqronul Seswavla-ganxilvas win misi zusti sinqronuli aRwera unda uZRodeso. Ppirveli Catardes, es aris da ,,..im umniSvnelovanesi mudmiv elementTa operacia, romelic (invariantTa) unda gamomJRavneba, romelnic jadosnur zRaprebSi arseboben da mkvlevris mxedvelobis aredan ar qrebian siuJetidan siuJetze gadasvlisas (70,204). aRiarebulia, rom propma SeimuSva ori struqturuli modeli: ,,erTi (moqmedebaTa Tanmimdevroba droSi)-ufro safuZvlianad, meore (moqmedi pirebi)-SedarebiT gakvriT”(70,204). Cven orive modelis mixedviT winamdebare zRapris analizi dasaSvebad miviCnieT zogadad da erTgvar gzamkvlevad davisaxeT muSaobis procesSi. Aaqedan gamomdinare, teqsti davyaviT Tanmimdevar moqmedebebad, anu movaxdineT ,,misi segmentacia”(v.propi). vaJas zRapari Tavisuflad iZleva segmentaciis Catarebis saSualebas. winaswar unda aRiniSnos, rom yvela dafiqsirebuli segmenti asrulebs Tavis ,,funqcias”, rac aadvilebs 112 mis mravalmxriv Seswavlas. segmentireba Tavisi funqciiTa da daniSnulebiT ar emTxveva nawarmoebis kompoziciur modelirebas. Tumca, zogadad zRapris kompozicia da segmentireba miuTiTeTeben, rom saxeze gvaqvs e.w. erTianobaSi mainc ,,sinqronuloba”-uSualod avtoris mier winaswar sagangebod Catarebuli operirebis gareSe. Ees viTareba ki, rogorc zemoT iyo miniSnebuli, xels uwyobs saanalizo Txzulebis ,,diaqronul” Seswavlas. teqstis genetikur diaqronuli analizs, tipologiurobis anu analizi misi dadgenas da miesadageba Janruli mis istoriul- specifikis ,,motivTa gamovlenas, dajgufebas struqturul erTeulebSi”(v. propi). vaJa-fSavelas zRaparebSi moqmedebaTa Tanmimdevroba mocemulia mTxrobelis mier ambis logikuri gaSla-ganviTarebiT. Cveni rwmeniT, teqstTan urTierTobisas yvelaze axlos midis e.w. ,,naratologiis principi”, anu romelSic urTulesi droiTi gamocdileba Txrobis ostatobiTaa daZleuli, rodesac yuradRebis koncentrireba ZiriTadad mainc gamonagonze modis”(malxaz xarbedia 121,182). Aam viTarebaSi sayuradReboa drois sarCulSi moqceuli Txrobisa da diskursis diqtomia. v. benvenistis ganmartebiT: ,,Txroba gamoricxavs awmyos, diskursi ki- warsuls”(121, 189). Txroba da diskursi, anu Txroba da gansja, mTeli Tavisi arsebiTaa warmodgenili personaJSi. rodesac avtoris, Cvens SemTxvevaSi ki mezRapris winaswar movaxdineT saanalizo teqstis-segmentireba, gamoiyo ori mTavari personaJi: mezRapre-mTxrobeli da mucela. migvaCnia, rom pirvel rigSi unda dasabuTdes am zRapris saxeoba, anu ra Warbobs fabulaSi- jadosnuri zRapris Tu literaturulis niSnebi. Aamis Semdeg ki yuradReba gamaxvildeba TxzulebaSi gatarebul motivebze. Tu vimsjelebT zRapris mTavari moqmedi gmiris vinaobaze, unda gamoiricxos Txzulebis jadosnuri zRaproba, rameTu, ,,mucela’ ar aris ,,genetikurad RvTaebrivi gmiri” da misi Tavgadasavali ar gamoavlens mis RvTaebriobas”(rusudan ColoyaSvili; 105,446). Tumca, avtori Tavis zRapars mainc unarCunebs erTgvari miTiurobis, jadosnuri zRapris elfers, rodesac moqmed pirebad, mucelas saxis srulsayofad, Semohyavs devebi, 113 Winkebi, alebi, tartarozi. Ees miTiuri arsebani mxolod damxmare, aramTavar moqmed pirTa funqciebs asruleben fabulaSi. M,,mucela” mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis wesiT, garemosTan damokidebulebiT, drois faqtorTan mimarTebiT klasikuri literaturuli zRapris personaJia, rameTu ,,literaturuli zRapris gmiri erTi SexedviT, jadosnuri gmirisagan gansxvavebiT, miwieri arsebaa, Cveulebrivi adamianuri mizezebiT da sayofacxovrebo interesebiT,... yovelgvar RvTaebriobas moklebuli”105,446). ,,mucelas” teqsti ,,impliciturad saSualebas warmodgenili epoqis iZleva masSi suliskveTebac” gamovavlinoT es ki iqiTken gvibiZgebs, rom masSi veZioT tipologiuri faqtorebis saTanado niSnebi, romelTa saSualebiTac saanalizo Txzulebas imdroindeli mxatvrul- esTetikuri azrovnebis klasikur nimuSad aRviqvamT. magaliTad, sam aTeul welze meti hyofs ,,mucelas” daweris TariRs ilias ,,kacia-adamianis?!” daweris TariRisagan. Mmiuxedavad amisa, me-19 saukunis 90-ian wlebSic kvlav aqtiuri iyo luarsabizmis, TaTqariZeobis, mxileba. ,,kacia-adamiani?!” Sesabamisad misi mravalferovania. polifoniuri mxatvrul Bbunebrivad problematikis saxeTa Txzulebaa sistema, miviCnevT imas, da saxismetyveleba rom analogiuri mizandasaxulobis mqone sxva avtorTa TxzulebaSic SevniSnoT garkveuli asociaciebi. moviZioT tipiurobis niSnebi, avtorTa sulieri Tu SemoqmedebiTi naTesauri kavSirebi. Ppirvel rigSi SevexebiT TxzulebaTa dasaTaurebis sistemas. Ddidma iliam saTauridanve da epigrafSic safiqrali dautova mkiTxvels mTavar moqmed pirTa vinaobisa da raobis Taobaze da intonaciis saSualebiT CvenTan erTad arkvevs-moTxrobaSi moqmed adamianebs scxiaT raime niSanwyali adamianobisa? am sakiTxze sarwmuno Semajamebel mosazrebad miviCnevT prof. lado minaSvilis monografiidan msjelobas ,,kacia-adamianis?! saTauris gagebasTan dakavSirebiT. igi sagangebod ganixilavs aTi avtorisa da ilias octomeulis saredaqcio kolegiis Sexedulebebs da aRniSnavs: ,,SemoqmedebiTi istoriis TvalsazrisiTac iqcevs yuradRebas moTxrobis saTauris gagebis sakiTxi. saTauris gagebasTan dakavSirebiT saintereso mosazrebebi iqna gamoTqmuli (mkvlevari aq miuTiTebs v. vaxanias statiaze 114 ,,ramdenime SeniSvna ,,kacia-adamianis” Sesaxeb-J.k). zogierTi avtoris azriT,ganagrZobs l.minaSili –saTauri ase unda iqnes gagebuli-yvela kaci ar aris adamiani, erTi sityviT adamiani kacTan SedarebiT ufro maRali Rirebulebis Sinaarsis mqone sityvadaa gagebuli (sqolioSi miTiTebulia is avtorebi, romlebic ase fiqroben mag. Gg. wulukiZe, b. kapaneli, a. baqraZe da a.S-J.k.), zogierTi avtoris azriT, piriqiT, kaci aris adamianTan SedarebiT maRaleTikuri Sinaarsis matarebeli sityva da moTxrobis saTauric ase unda gavigoT, yvela adamiani araa kaci. arsebobs sxvagvari gagebac, romlis Tanaxmadac kaci da adamiani ilias moTxrobis saTaurSi sinonimuri Sinaarsis Semcveli sityvebia da moTxrobis saTauric ase unda gavigoT; adreuli punqtuaciiT, luarsab TaTqariZe kacia, adamianio, maSasadame aq es sityvebi luarsabis mimarT ironiuli SinaarsiT iTqmis, xolo gviandeli punqtuaciiT- kiTxva-Zaxilis niSniT, saTauri ritorikuli kiTxvis Semcvelia –nuTu luarsabi kacia, adamiania? es azri Tavdapirvelad wamoayena k. donduam, amave azrs iziareben g. SalamberiZe, al. baramiZe, S. ZiZiguri, v. vaxania. amave azrs iziarebs i. WavWavaZis vaJa-fSavelas magram ara saTaurad TxzulebaTa octomeulis saredaqcio kolegia”. zRapris zrunavs soflisaTvis, gamotanil asociaciebis mTavari personaJic kacobisa gaarsebiTebul Svilia masac zedsarTavSi ama soflisa, rom ara scxia-ra, Cans ,,mucela”. gamomwvevicaa misi leqsikuri Sinaarsi, komentars saTaurebisa aris mkiTxveli sazogadoebis ra aRar saWiroebs. funqcia daintereseba TxzulebaTa ideuri mizandasaxulobiT. amis Semdeg unda SevexoT, personaJTa saxelebs, anTroponimebs. ilia Aavtoris WavWavaZem didi Tavis mTavar gulistkivilia moqmed gmirs Cayolebuli am luarsabi saxelSi. daarqva. Qqveteqsti gveubneba, rom luarsab TaTqariZe Semarcxvenelia didebuli qarTveli wamebuli mefis luarsab-II-is saxelisa. amiT avtorma mianiSna imaze, Tu rogor dakninebula Tavisi drois qarTveloba, rogor dacemula, gadagvarebula zneobrivadac da biologiuradac. vaJa-fSavelam ki pirdapir, rogorc es mezRapre-mTxrobels moeTxoveba , mokled gvacnoba mTavari personaJis warmomavloba da misi degradireba; SvilisTvis preambulaSi papis zedmeti igi gviambobs, saxeli rom daurqmevia. mamas Tavisi Mmucelas ufrosi papisaTvis, 115 givisaTvis, xalxs ki mucela imitom Seurqmevia, rom mtrianobis dros jari dascemia givis ojaxs. Sin martoka givi daxvedria maT da xalxs unaxavs cxra-aTi kaci givisgan faSvebdafatruli. Tavad givic mucelSi dauWriaT da amis Semdeg SeurqmeviaT misTvis da Semdeg misi modgmisaTvis ,,mucelaani”. Aai, am kacis Tikuni ,,mucela” daarqves ufros Svils. aqve ar igvianebs mTxrobelis komentari: ,,egona, saxeli rames moumatebda imis ufros Svils” da dasZens, rom am bavSvs sulac ar Seefereboda am didebuli kacis saxeli, arc garegnulad,-tanwerweta papas rogor daedreboda ,,rumbiviT gaberili”, ,,kolots rom hgavda”-da arc gonebrivad: mSoblebi xSirad uambobdnen papis sasaxelo Tavgadasavlebs, mis simamaces, qvelobas... ,,magram am ukanasknels es moTxroba Taviseburad esmoda: ,,albaT gamoCenili msmel-mWameli iqnebodao”(vaJa-fSavela,32,263). mTxrobelis mier dasmuli diagnozi zustia da utyuari. sxva personaJTagan sayuradReboa luarsab TaTqariZisa da mucelas ZmaTa saxelebi: daviTi, yaramana da amirana; agreTve darejanis, moses, xoreSanis, elisabedis, lamaziseulis, estates, marines saxelebi. maSasadame, orive avtoris mier personaJebisaTvis saxelebis SerCevis principi, qveteqstebi saerTo tendenciisaa, maTTvis xorcSesxmis gzebi kiabsoluturad gansxvavebulni. amaTgan yuradRebas luarsabisa da mucelas ZmaTa saxelebze gavamaxvilebT. ilia daviTis, WavWavaZe mimarT, gansakuTrebiT gamomdinare misi daundobelia zneobriobidan, luarsabis Zmis, saqcielisagan. Zmis gamyidvels didi daviTisa ara scxia-ra. zaal TaTqariZis Svilebs gulgonebaSic ki ar gauvliaT xalxuri Segoneba: ,,Zmao ZmiTa xar Zlieri!” isini xom im sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi arian, sadac ZmaTmoZuleoba, sadac Sursa da zakvas Zulebad uqcevia moyvasis siyvaruli. swored maT mimarTaa bibliaSi gacxadebuli ,,is ki, visac Tavisi Zma sZuls, bnelSi imyofeba bnelSi dadis da ara icis, saiT midis, vinaidan sibnelem daubrmava Tvalebi (I ioane, 12,11). amiranisa da yaramanis mosaxele mucelas Zmebis saxelebs vaJa- fSavelam kninobiTis forma miusadaga da ase moixseniebs- ,,yaramana” da ,,amirana”. vfiqrobT, amiT mTxrobelma xalxurobisa da ironiulobis elferi SesZina maT; gvagrZnobina, rom arc maTTvis yofila Sesaferisi falavanTa saxelebi. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom es personaJebi gansxvavebulni 116 arian daviTisagan da luarsabisagan ZmasTan mimarTebaSi. Yyaramana da amirana, mucelas-.morCili Zmebi-ki oflsa Rvriden, Zmas qeifs ar uSliden, piriqiT, kidec uxarodaT, auarebeli simdidre StrixebiT amkobs rom mucelam SesZina...(96,266). yaramanasa da Ees ojaxi gaaTarozna bolo sityvebi amiranas bunebas, da sxva sagulisxmo Cans, rom Zmebi WeSmaritebisadmi morCilebiT ar suldgmuloben. Aaseve yalbia mucelas ,,Zmuri” damokidebuleba maTadmi: ,,aba, raSi margia Cemi qoneba, imas Cemi Zmebi SeWamen da me aq SimSiliT vixrCvebi (32, 276)-ambobda datyvevebuli mucela. mwerali WeSmaritebas: qveteqstiT Segvaxsenebs ,,WeSmaritebisadmi morCilebiT ,,ZmaTmoyvareobis” ganiwmindeT bibliur Tqveni sulebi Zmuri, upirfero siyvarulisaTvis da mtkiced, sufTa guliT giyvardeT erTmaneTi”.(petre, I, 22). rodesac didma iliam wamyvani funqcia daakisra col-qmris wyvils, amiT win wamoswia qarTuli ojaxis problema, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi ,,moRvaweobis” masStabi ar scildeba maTs ojaxur idilias, sakuTari karmidamos areals. Cveni rwmeniT, es ufro metad saxifaToa qveynisaTvis, radgan ganvazogadebT ra maT fenomens, xelT SegvrCeba dangreuli saxelmwifo, dasnebovnebuli sazogadoeba. miTumetes, rom amis Taobaze TviT avtoric brZanebs-,,Cven sazogado Wirzeda vwerTo”(ilia WavWavaZe; 112, 12). Txzulebis motivacia, ideuri datvirTvis mTeli simZime xom am wyvilze, maTi cxovrebis gaTvaliswinebaze modis. struqturulad msgavsi, magram funqciurad gansxvavebulia mucelasi da misi xelmwifis tandemi. marTebulad miuTiTebs msoflmxedvelobiT ilias Tamar memkvidrea. SarabiZe, Mmisi rom ,,vaJa damokidebuleba Tavisi sxvadasxva wodebisadmi wminda qristianulia”.(Tamar SarabiZe 101, 259). Cvenc viziarebT am Tvalsazriss da swored bibliis mixedviT SevafasebT normaluri sazogadoebisaTvis mtkivneul problemas –nayrovanebas, rogorc codvas. wminda werili gvaswavlis: ,,nu daTvrebi da nu hnayrovanob saWmelTa zeda da SevaxsenebdiT adamianebs maTi dacemis erT-erT mizezs: ,,bomonad Sehracxe nayrovanebai” . aRvniSnavT, rom orive citata movixmeT ilia abulaZis ,,Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonidan”. gavixsenoT, rogor ugulguleben erTmaneTs luarsabi da darejani, rogori dagemovnebiT, ,,sruli seriozulobiT” iwesrigeben Wama-smis problemebs da am ,,saqmianobaSi” RmerTsac ar iviwyeben -,,xvalac Wama 117 gvinda, dalocvils RmerTs egre gauCenia kaci”(112,150). Ggemrieli lukmis xsenebisas ,,RvTis madlis” moSveliebac ar aviwydebaT xolme. sagulisxmoa mTxrobelis kamaTisas: Careva ,,ra fabulaSi icodnen imaT, , komentari rom Tavisi col-qmris qceviT, ,,gacxarebuli” Tavisis cxovrebiT arisxebdnen RmerTsa, romelsac Tavisi suli amaTTvis STauberia” . iqve Seaxsenebs CvenTvis jvarcmulis qristes sityvebs; ,,viTa mama zecisa iyav Sen srulio”. Aamis gageba-miRebisaTvis maT yuric xom ar SeubertyavT. rogorc ityvian, aq komentarebi zedmetia. vaJas zRaparSi ki Tqmulia, rom mTels saxelmwifoSi gaxmaurdao mucelas sma-Wamis ambavi. Qqeba-dideba ar mohklebia amis gamo mucelas da rodesac mucelas Sesaxeb ambad mouvida am qveynis xelmwifes,-,,moindoma misi TvaliT danaxva, isurva, enaxa agreTve Tavisi TvaliT misi sma-Wamis unari. yvela kuTxidan daupatiJa mefem mucelas sma-WamiT ganTqmulebi”... ,,ivaJkaca” mucelam: -,,...zogi daaZina, zogic ,,saxlSi gaaqcia da axal-axals falavnebs sTxovda mefes. sma-WameTis mefe ,,gancvifrda-gaocda”(32,265). saubedurod im qveynisa, amgvar ,,gancvifreba-gaocebas” uaryofiTi reaqcia, saTanado Sefaseba ar mohyolia. piriqiT, mucela ,,SesaniSnav kacad” mxilebuliyo, magram moevlina qveyanas, samefo kars. normalur sazogadoebaSi igi mkacrad unda mTxrobeli icavs e.w. ,,tipiuri garemos” princips da didebulad aisaxa es mefis damokidebulebaSi mucelas mimarT: ,,-ras iTxov Cemgan, SesaniSnavo kaco?... exlave mzad var, avasrulo Seni Txovna,-ubrZana mefem mucelas”(32, 265). moWarbebul ,,taqtianad” iqceva, sasmels kidec ,,goneba” ar ,,Tavmdablobs”, daubnelebia mefis mucelasaTvis. ganwyobilebas ,,alRos uRebs” da ,,Setevazec gadadis:” ,,jer is unda mogaxsenoT, rom zomas maklia da Tu gegulebaT kidev vinme Tqvens samefoSi msmeli, moikiTxeT, rom sma ganvagrZo”(iqve). Mmefis sapasuxo reaqciaSi naTlad gamoCnda, rom mucelaca da misi mefec erTsul – da –erTferxorcisani arian: ,,miboZebia SenTvis asi sofeli da orasi aTasi dRis tye da miwa saSviliSvilod argeTidan dawyebuli argudamde”(iqve). Ees dialogi adasturebs, ra saxelmwifo rangamdea asuli nayrovaneba, mucelRmerToba. Aaseve ,,Tavmdablobs” smaSi baybay-devs dadarebuli luarsabi, rodesac ,,gonivrulad” ityvis uars imerel msmelTan mogebul sanaZleoze 118 mxolod imitom, mamapapeuli Seityobs, rom im mamulebic rom momentSi oxrad memkvidre memkvidris rCeboda. gauCndebaT, aryolis xolo maSinve rodesac gamo Tavisi darejanisagan ,,fxizlad gadaafasebs” situacias da cols daamSvidebs, exla oxrad aRar dagvrCebao. ra martivi, primitiuli, ,,Zmismoyvareobidan” demografiul-nayrovnuli Sors mdgomi msoflSegrZneba. da egoisturia esec maTi luarsabisagan ,,ZmismoZuleobazea” aqcentirebuli. igi ar acnobierebs, rom ,,visac sZuls Tavisi Zma, kacismkvlelia”(I,ioane; 12,15). is, rac ilia WavWavaZem saaqaoSi amxila da moyvrulad pirSi miaxala Tavis qveyanas, Tavis xalxs, vaJa-fSavelam igive problema zRapris samosSi Sehxvia da ase warudga mamxileblad Tavis xalxs. zRapris buneba ki nakleb xasiaTdeba Tavisi saTqmelis striqonebSorisi wakiTxviT. sadad da daufaravad afasebs sagnebsa da movlenebs mezRapre. Cvens winaSe klasikuri nimuSia literaturuli zRaprisa da movlenebi, da ambavi mis Sesabamisad viTardeba. Bbunebrivia, saTanado logikuri Sedegebi unda mohyoloda mucela-mefis urTierTobas da arc daugviania: ,,raki mefem sma-Wamis unari ise gaazviada, gaadida, xalxma ifiqra, albaT didi Rirsebaa ,,msmeloba” da msunagoba”(32,267). simbolurad adekvaturia am mefis mier dakanonebuli saxelmwifo regaliebi, romliTac igi amkobda xolme Tavis sayvarel kacTa mowyalebis gamosaxatavad. sapatio kacad miCneuls qveyanad daatarebdnen ori droSiT: ,,erTs droSas unda hqonoda gumbaTis nacvlad gakeTebuli jixvi-yanwi, xolo meores –gaberili Zroxis faSvi”(iqve). Ees simbolika zustad Seesabameboda qveynis dasaxelebasac-,,sma-WameTi” da mucelas soflis saxelic ,,uZRebari”. satiriT, gulisgulSi Camdgari sevdiT amxels mTxrobeli qristianul samyaroSi gaCenil ,,jerkual” simptomebs da gamoxatavs Tavis gulistkivils: ,,am qeifebma, mconareobam, usaqmurobam bevri ojaxi dasca da xalxic sazogadod gaaRariba, am siRaribem bevri daafiqra: saidan, rogor moxda Cveni dacema, daqveiTebao, ekiTxebodnen TavianT Tavs” (32,268). amis Semdeg siuJetSi Semohyavs zRaprisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli atributikiT Semkobili personaJi-parTeni. parTeniseuli gamomdinareobs: ,,verc gansja mparavni, faqtobrivad verc xarbni, bibliuri verc Segonebidan loTni, verc 119 mlanZRvelni, verc mtacebelni ver daimkvidreben RvTis sasufevels”(pavle mociquli, I werili korinTelTa mimarT, I korinT. 12,10). parTeni imas Seuwuxebia, rom qveyana mefes hbaZavs, rom mefem xalxs daaviwya ,,xmlis qneva, guliTlomoba”, rom mas dahviwyebia omSi ,,omis wesi da rigia” da a.S. mefem simarTlis mTqmels ar apatia da brZana misi CamoxrCoba. Mmucelac amas urCevda: ,,Tu ar CamoaxrCeT, didebulo mefev, eg viRaca parTenia,... Tqveni mteri daRupos, Cveni qveyana daiRupebao”(14,269). parTeni CamoaxrCves. parTeni xom mucelasnairTaTvis xorcieli tkboba-nebivrobis safrTxes warmoadgenda. Mmucelam ar icis, rom aseTi borotebis ,,Camdenni RvTis sasufevels ver daimkvidreben”(petre, galatelTa, 5-19-21). sasufevels vina Civis, mucelas avmuclobas, avkacobas, nayrovanebis gamo codvians saaqaoSive ganacdevines jojoxeTuri sasjeli ,,kudianoba-Rames” mucelas saxlSi SemoWrilma devebma. Ffantaziis wyalobiT, siuJetSi calke struqturul erTeulad Camoyalibdnen boroti Zalebis adeptebi-devebi, Winkebi, alebi, eSmakebi, tartarozebi. Pparadoqsulad JRers devebis sityvebi mucelasTan saubrisas maTs tyveobaSi myof estate diakvanTan dakavSirebiT. sakiTxavia, rogor da ratom moxvda eklesis msaxuri devebTan tyved? maT pirdapir ganucxades mucelas, rom es diakvani yofila msunagi, gaumaZRari, tabliparia da moZRvars, mRvdel zaqarias, RmerTisTvis uTxovia misi dasja-gamosworeba da aki dasaja kidec: ,,ufalma miiRo moZRvris RaRadeba da Cven dagvavala misi gawvrTna da gasufTaveba yovlis mwikvlisgan; aq unda moinanios magan Tavisi codvebi”(32,272). rogorc vxedavT, aq boroti Zala pirdapir, daufaravad moqmedebs, eSmakiviT ki ar cdilobs mikibul-mokibulad adamianis cdunebas. Ddamajerebeli toniT ganumartaven mucelas, Tu ratom imyofeba igi maTTan am dReSi: ,,Cven vasrulebT mxolod RvTis brZanebas; es sasjeli TviT ufalma gagiwesa, radgan Sengan tirian cxvarni da Zroxani; Sengan hgodebs puri da marili... amitom sasjelad da codvaTa mosananieblad gagiwesa ufalma es sadguri”(32,273). vxedavT, rom devebi mucelas adanaSauleben oden xorciel, gastronomiul codvebSi da gadakvriTac ar SeuxsenebiaT misTvis adamianTa mimarT danaSaulebrivi mopyroba. Aamdagvari braldebis wayeneba maTgan arc iyo mosalodneli. auRes ra alRo mucelas adamianur sisustes, aSimSiles da lamis sulis amoxdomamde miiyvanes igi. 120 amiT devebi nel-nela sZiravdnen ,,xorciel rjulSi” da fizikuri, xorcieli gadarCenis safasurad suls iTxovdnen misgan. raRaca urigos moelis mucela da mezRaprec adasturebs amas: ,,...gaWirvebaSi Cavardnils exla gaaxsenda RmerTi, RvTismSobeli: ,,RvTismSobelo, Sen gaeci amaT pasuxi, Sen azRvevine Cemi sisxli; daaqcie amaTi ojaxi, amoJlite, amofxver Zir-foCianad, rom qristian kacs mosveneba mieces! – ambobda brazmoreuli mucela”(32,282). sagulisxmo pasaJi mosdevs mucelas aRSfoTebas: ,,devebma erTmaneTs Tvali gadaavles da pirze Rimili SeuTamaSdaT”. Eese igi, avsulebma igrZnes gamarjvebis moaxloveba da gawamebul tyves maSinve wauyenes moTxovna: ,,gagaTavisuflebT, mxolod im pirobiT-ki, Tu Sen suls Cven mogvcemo.” romelzedac Ddevebma ewera: maSinve ,,rogori TvalebTan yofila moutanes SimSili?” Zlivs spilos mixvda beWi, mucela wakiTxuls. Bbolos Tavi dahkida da Rrmad dafiqrda; gaixsena, albaT im glaxakebsac ase eSiebodaT, RaRadebiT rom iTxovdneno lukmapurs. eZnela devebis Txovnis asruleba- ,,suli uflisaa, -miugo devebs mucelam karga fiqris Semdeg, - me rogor unda mogceT RvTis Cadgmuli suli?” Sesabamisia devTa pasuxi – Sen suli daTme da Semdeg Cven TviTon viciT. Cven gvedaos ufali, pasuxs Cven gavcemT, Sen arxeinad iqnebi”. – uTxres devebma (32,283). Ddidi WoWmanobs: ,,rogor da mZimea unda mucelasaTvis daekarga saiqio, Tavisuflebis safasuri, dausrulebeli bedniereba wuTieri sicocxlisaTvis? Mmagram am dros mucelas warmoudga gaSlili sufra Tavis darbazSi: Zmebi, coli, stumrebi... qeifi... metad tkbili eCvena sicocxle”(iqve). swored amgvar adamianebze iyo naTqvami: ,,ar gaswordebiso ZaRlis kudi” da maSinve sazareli Rriankalis bunebis kacad iqca mucela. mucelRmerTaSi mzakvris suli mdgara; Tavs imiT daimSvidebs, rom egeb gaacuros devebi da gulSi gaivlebs: ,,sityviT mivcem suls, xolo gulSi ,,aras” viZaxebo. Tu esec codvad CameTvleba, movinanieb: saydrebs avageb, qvriv-oblebs, glaxakT davasaCuqrebo. jer ki sxva Rones mihmarTa: modi, iqneba, Cemis Zmebis da colis suliT Sevijero wyeuli sulebio”. (32,283) mTxrobelma axali rakursiT Segvaxeda mucelas Sinagan arsze. Aam adamianSi sxvebisadmi siyvaruls erTi dRec ar dauRamebia da erTi Ramec ar gauTenebia. moRalaturad gaswira dedmamiSvilica da colic. 121 eSmakisaTvis, eposSi cnobilia. avsulisaTvis gavixsenoT, sulis Tundac miyidvis murmani. motivi Mmagram xalxur murmani mTeli arsebiT ufro ,,maRla” dgas mucelasTan SedarebiT. Mmas sxvaTa sulebis xarjze arc ki gaufiqrebia eTeris dasakuTreba. Mman mxolod sakuTari suli mihyida siyvarulisaTvis eSmaks, Tumca misi qmedebac Zalze Sorsaa WeSmaritebisagan. miuTiTeben, rom ,,personaJTa yovel kategorias gamoCenis sakuTari forma aqvs, yoveli kategoriisaTvis gansakuTrebuli xerxebi gamoiyeneba, romelTac personaJi SehyavT moqmedebis msvlelobaSi. Ees formebi Semdegia: antagonisturi (mavne) moqmedebis msvlelobisas orjer gamoCndeba. Ppirvelad is moulodnelad Cndeba saidanme (mofrindeba, analiziT nawilobriv moipareba da sxv.), Semdeg gaqreba”(70,125). vaJa-fSavelas zRapris morfologiuri dasturdeba axali personaJis Semosvlis forma. rogorc zemoT mivuTiTeT, devebi moulodnelad SemoiWrebian mucelas saxlSi qeifis dros da gaitaceben mucelas. Ggarkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg devebi gamarTaven masTan dialogs, miiReben mis suls Tavisuflebis sazRaurad da aTavisufleben tyves. es detali jadosnuri zRaprisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. vaJa-fSavelas rogorc mxatvruli sityvis didostats, patara detalic ki ar Seutania siuJetSi usafZvlod. gavixsenoT, magaliTad, mucelas mier sakuTari TavisaTvis micemuli piroba eklesiebis agebis Taobaze da gayiduli sulis faqtori. zRapris finalSi ulvaSenelTa mefem samagaliTod dasaja smaWameTelebi. mucelasTan erTad TerTmeti kaci CamoaxrCes. mkacri iyo ulvaSenelTa mefis verdiqti: ,,daarCveT eg TerTmeti msmel-mWameli... samagaliTod qveynisa, raTa ubirTa dainaxon magaTi gvami da Seignon, rom garda sma-Wamis gaRmerTebisa, aris sxva RmerTic”(32,292). Mmxolod mefe daindes, rogorc RvTisgan cxebuli. mTxrobelsac samarTlianad, uflis nebis aRsrulebad miaCnia amgvari gadawyvetileba. Mmxolod Zmebi afrqvevdnen cxare cremlebs, colma ki sicocxle gaswira qmris gulisaTvis.(iqve). simboluria isic, rom mucelaca da marinec uSvilZirod gadaSendnen, rogorc luarsabi da darejani. Aam StrixebSic mJRavndeba XIX saukunis sxvadasxva Taobis SemoqmedTa erTsulovneba momavlis gansazRvraSi ,,sazogado Wirzed” yuradRebis gamaxvilebaSi. 122 vaJas zRaparSi kargad gamoikveTa xalxuri novelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kanonzomieri modeli. amiT avtorma, Canafiqris ideuri Sinaarsidan gamomdinarem, maqsimalurad daicva nawarmoebSi gatarebuli ,,motivebis Sablonuri wyoba”(97,112). swored aman ganapiroba epilogis darTva. Sinaarsis srul SesabamisobaSia epilogis saxismetyveleba. epilogSi amofrenili ori uzarmazari simbolo svavi da gamoiyo: 6-7 wlis mucelas bavSvi. saflavidan TiToeul maTgans mniSvnelovani datvirTva gaaCnia. saflavidan micvalebulis cxovrebis ganmsazRvreli simbolikis gaCena tradiciulia folklorSi – murmanisaze eklis, xolo abesalomisa da eTeris saflavebze vardebis gaSla da a.S. analogiuri funqciisaa mucelas saflavidan svavis amofrena da mTisaken gafrena. svavi tradiciulad sixarbis, gaumaZRrobis simbolodaa miCneuli, igive funqcia akisria svavs epilogSi. Tu suleTis romeli samyaro hqonia binad miCneuli mucelas suls, naTelia, aqve unda aRiniSnos msoflio simboloTa enciklopediaSi yvavis, yornis mravalgvari simboluri Sinaarsi. TiToeuli maTgani, pirvel rigSi, warmoadgens satanis, codvis simbolos. marTalia, zogierTi xalxis warmosaxvaSi isini dadebiTi simbolikis gansaxovnebasac warmoadgenen (85,299), magram Cvens sinamdvileSi, vaJas SemoqmedebaSic, konkretulad am zRaparSic, svavi didi codvianobis gamomxatveli simboloa. mTisken svavis wasvlasac garkveuli funqcia eniWeba, rameTu ,,mTa vaJasTvis is ,,simaRlea”, romlis gadalaxva mraval dabrkolebasTan aris dakavSirebuli da romelic xsnas moutans adamians”(101, 138). Aaqedan gamomdinare, mTisken svavis wasvlaSi vxedavT uflis mier mucelas sulis dabarebas pasuxis sagebad, anu uflis samsjavroze mucelas sulma unda zRas cxovrebaSi am adamianis mier Cadenili codvebi. Aamas rom ver gaeqceoda, mucelas suli adreve grZnobda, roca samarTlianad amxelda mucelas, mis mucelsa da mis Wkuas(32, 277-279). ras emsaxureba epilogSi mucelasagan naxevrad aSenebuli saydris ezoSi mowyalebis mTxovneli 6-7 wlis bavSvi? ra daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba masTan mokle dalaparakebis Semdeg? vfiqrobT, personifikaciaa movlenebma calke mucelas gamohkveTa svavi ormagi saxe da calke standartiT gaorebuli es bavSvi cxovrebisa. cxovrebis gzisa, erTgvari amqveyniurma mucelam rom 123 ganvlo: silaReSi myofs locva sZulda da gaWirvebis Jams ,,miubrunda” RmerTs. igrZnoba, rom bolomde gulwrfeli ar iyo igi RvTisadmi micemul sityvaSi , rom saydris ageba saqvelmoqmedo, rwmenis karnaxiT ki ara, saqrTamo qmedebad iyo misgan Cafiqrebuli, rom man gabeda da xorciel rjuls msxverplad Seswira ,,RvTisgan Cadgmuli suli”, ara marto Tavisi sakuTari, aramed Tavisi Zmebisaca da colisac. Aam mzakvrobiT moipova man, aw ukve ,,eSmakis kerZma”, xorcieli Tavisufleba, raTa Zveleburad misjdomoda nayrovan trapezs. Cans, bolomde ar gauwiravs qristianuli suliskveTebis mqone avtors mucela. marTalia, finalSi mucela damdablebulia, mowyalebis mTxovnelia, magram gulwrfeli moCans igi mxolod imitom, rom mowyalebas iTxovs, raTa saydris aSeneba daasrulos. amiT monaniebis Sansi eZleva, albaT, codvilis suls. Ees zRapari mkacri gafrTxilebaa da xmamaRali mowodebaa mucelRmerTebisadmi - ,,sZlie sixarbesa Sensa!” Aam ori Txzulebis analiziT vcdilobdiT saerTo tendenciebis gamotanas. kerZod, prof. lado minaSvili aRniSnavs: ,,ilia WavWavaZis mier daxatuli tipebi mxolod literaturul Rirebulebebs ki ar warmoadgenen, mxolod literaturaSi ki ar cocxloben, aramed maT Rrma socialuri datvirTvac aqvT, socialuri gamZleobaa maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli ( 59 ,40) Aam ori nawarmoebis ganxilvis Sedegad ucileblad davrwmundiT imaSi, rom ilias mier daxatuli tipebisaTvis ,,socialuri gamZleobaa... damaxasiaTebeli”, igive esTetikuri mrwamsi asuldgmulebs did vaJasac, rodesac brZanebda: ,,me piradad saqme usulgulobasTana maqvs da ara sxvasTan visTanme. vebrZvi usugulobas da vebrZvi Cems Tavs, radgan minda originaluri ram vsTqva originaluradve...( 32 ,114). Aanalizma dagvarwmuna imaSic, rom ,,mucelaTi” bevri ram Tqva originalurad, Taviseburad, sruliad gansxvavebulad; igrZnoba, rom nawarmoebisaTvis garkveuli suli da guli Cautanebia. garkveviT miuTiTebs vaJa-fSavela Tanamokalmeebs: ,,mwerlis sulis da gulis qona iqidama sCans, aqvs raime ideali, uyvars ram am qveyanaSi, unda qveynisaTvis, cxovrebisaTvis sikeTe, Tu ara. Tavi da Tavi azri miwis SvilTa, Cemis fiqriT, cxovreba unda iyos, misi siav-sikeTe mwerali kidev, rogorc gamomxatveli cxovrebisa, usaTuod am wreSi unda trialebdes, misi grZnoba imas dahfofinebdes, TviT cxovrebidamve gamomdinari, TviT cxovrebisagan 124 Sobili, uamisod mwerali uazro xmaa, gaurCeveli, gaurkveveli, yvelasTvis gaugebari ( 32,114-115). rogorc am bolo amonarididan Cans, tipologiurobas vxedavT ara mxolod mxatvruli Semoqmedebis, aramed esTetikuri azrovnebis samyaroSic am or bumberaz avtors Soris. Tu ,,kacia-adamiani”?! klasikuri vrceli moTxrobaa, vaJas ,,mucela” aseve klasikuri nimuSia literaturuli zRaprisa. rogorc iTqva, vaJa-fSavelas wminda Teoriuli xasiaTis werili ar dauweriao, magram mis publicistur Tu kritikul statiebSi uxvadaa gabneuli Teoriuli mosazrebebi epikuri gvaris Janrebis Sesaxeb da yvela maTgani brwyinvale ornamentadaa morgebuli Sesabamis konteqstSi. Cvens mizans ar warmoadgens arc vaJa-fSavelasa da mis oponentebs Soris warmoebuli kamaTis analizi da arc Cveneuli gansja vaJas esTetikuri poziciebisa. Ees sakiTxi farTod da maRalmecnieruladaa ganxiluli vaJasmcodneobaSi.(ix. saTanado literatura). Gganxiluli tipologiurobis TxzulebebiT Taobaze. Tavis davrwmundiT statiaSi vaJas ,,niWieri midgomaSi mwerali”igi wers: ,,poetebi Tu gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan mimarTulebiT, weris saganTa SerCeviT, bevrSica hgvanan erTi-meores; uyvarT silamaze, romelsac usaTuod qalis saxiT warmoadgenen,-buneba, gmiroba, Tavdadeba, xasiaTis simtkice, sazogadod altruistuli miswrafebani, da sZulT Zalmomreoba, adamianisa adamianis mier daCagvra, monoba da zneobrivad dacema saerTod”(32,62). Pprof. gr. kiknaZe rodesac Tavis monografiaSi ganixilavda vaJafSavelas mxatvrul prozas da gvaZlevda vaJas prozasa da iliasa da akakis prozas Soris SedarebiT daxasiaTebas, werda, rom iliasa da akakis prozaSi xazi esmeba personaJTa raodenobis zrdas da am mxriv avlebda parallels vaJas prozasTan: ,,..personaJTa raodenobis zrda gamowveulia an axal-axal sakiTxTa dayenebiT, rogorc amas, magaliTad, ilias nawerebSi vamCnevT, anda axali, cxovelmyofeli, sakiTxis sailustraciod gamiznuli ambis gadmosacemad, romelic azris mxriv adre ukve cxadyofili iyo (,,baSi-aCuki”). Aam gagebiT iliasa da akakis proza ,,gafarToebisaken” miswrafebiT xasiaTdeba, igi, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, ,,ganze izrdeba”. vaJas prozisaTvis ,,ganivi zrda” ki araa damaxasiaTebeli, aramed garkveulis irgvliv triali da am gziT wvdoma personaJTa sulieri 125 viTarebis siRrmisa. aseTia ganTqmuli moTxrobebi: ,,xmeli wifeli”, da ,,fesvebi”, ,,mTani maRalni” da ,,mTis wyaro”, ,,goCi” da ,,sinidisi”...” (49,223224). Pprof. TxzulebaTa iuza evgeniZe SemoqmedebiT moTxrobebisas, romlebic motivebiTacaa datvirTuli. ,,saaRdgomod”,1889w., ,,klde ikvlevs ra vaJa-fSavelas interesebs, calke legenduri ieriTac Aam ciklis mtirali”, gamoyofs cikls savsea da nawarmoebebia 1889w., ,,saSobao prozaul iseTi bibliuri ,,goCi”(legenda), moTxroba”,1890w., ,,eSmaki (saSobaod), 1908w. da sxva. sxva avtorTagan gansxvavebiT, mas miaCnia, rom am nawarmoebSi vaJas fantazia, misi warmomsaxvelobiTi unari ver aRwevs im dones, rac zmaneba-Cvenebis, sizmriseuli xilvebiTaa da ocnebis formiT mowodebul moTxrobebSia gamovlenili”(27,416). Yyovelive zemoTqmuls ganvavrcobT vaJas poziciis dafiqsirebiT. cnobil statiaSi-,,kritika b. ip. varTagavasi’ vkiTxulobT: ,,amasTanave isic unda vsTqvaT, bevri ambavi da zRapari, me Sevqmen da iotis odeni imaTSi xatobis Tqmulebisa araferi urevia, Tumca frCxilebSi vsvamdi ,,Zvelis-Zveli ambavio”, ,,zRapario”, ,,Tqmulebao”, im mosazrebiT, dabeWdvis dros dabrkoleba ara hqoniyo. Ees, ra Tqma unda, danaSaulad unda CaiTvalos imdenadve, ramdenadac xalxuri Tqmulebis miTviseba, rogorc amis ufleba ara aqvs aravis, ise-Tavis nacodvilaris xalxisTvis misakuTreba, xalxur ambad gasaReba”(32,315). vaJa-fSavelas literaturuli zRapari mravalferovania Tematuradac, Janrul elementTa sinTeziTac, es naTlad Cans rogorc XIX, ise XX saukuneSi Seqmnil TxzulebebSi, romlebSic brwyinvaled aris daculi folkloruli tradiciebic da literaturuli zRapris specifikac. siuJeturad TiTqmis Tanabradaa warmodgenili ambis gazRaprebac da faunis warmomadgenlebis Cveulebrivi literaturul-mxatvruli gasaxierebac. cxovelTa eposi brwyinvaledaa warmodgenili vaJas lirikaSic, poemebSic, prozaSic, piesaSic. Ees naTlad Cans rogorc uSualod nawarmoebis saTaurSi maTi dasaxelebiT (daTvi, mgeli, daWrili vefxvi, kurdRlis simRera”), ise ,,Sinaarsis gamJRavnebul saTaurebSic (38,92): saTaguri, bunebis mgosnebi, tyis komedia da sxva. miuTiTeben, rom ,,cxovelTa zRaprebSi dasmuli problemebi yofiTia. isini eZeben saWmels da mis mosapoveblad tyuian, Zaladoben. Semdeg modis gaWirvebidan Tavdaxsnis problema. 126 cxovelebis xifaTiT savse cxovreba mimdinareobs SezRudul horizontalur sivrceSi-tyeSi, mindorSi, sofelSi”(95,187). swored yofiTi problemaa mocemuli vaJas nawarmoebSi ,,daTvi”. zRapari”(14,500-510). Ees mozrdili prozauli Txzuleba daibeWda JurnalSi ,,Cveni eri”(1904w.N#1,#2). ganapiroba, albaT, is, Aan zRapris Sinaarsma, rom igi dabeWdila ar an sxva ram Jurnal mizezma ,,nakadulSi” mozrdilTaTvis. Txzulebis fabula, misi Sinaarsi, mTlianad siuJeti garkveulwilad amarTlebs literaturismcodneobaSi arsebul debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom mxatvruli qmnilebis Janris gansazRvra avtorTa mier xSirad ar emTxveva mis namdvil gvarsa Tu saxeobas, Janris raobas. magaliTad, vaJam 1909 wels daweril nawarmoebs -,,daTvi” uwoda- zRapari. Ees nawarmoebi, moTxrobisa; Cveni nawarmoebisa, sazogadoebrivi fiqriT, aris romelic yofierebis Sesaxeb. klasikuri faqtobrivad zRaprobas mas nimuSi alegoriaa aniWebs gareul cxovelTa ametyveleba adamianurad. daTvSi, meliaSi, mgelSi, maCvSi, virSi, lom-vefxvSi avtorma ganasaxiera Tavisi drois sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi. maTi xasiaTebi. maTi urTierToba erTmaneTTan, garemo tipiuria da ganazogadebs socialur Tu fsiqologiur viTarebas. Tu xalxur zRaprebSi, kerZod, covelTa eposSi, warmmarTvelia miswrafeba, Tavi aaridon mSral didaqtikas da mezRapreebi mxatvrulad mogviTxroben ambavs, romelic dafuZnebulia garkveul ideaze, daskvnebs ki ar gvTavazoben”(82,186), literaturul zRaparSi swored ideuri, socialuri Tu rigi sazogadoebrivi problemebisa iZenen srul datvirTvas. magaliTad, gansaxilvel rigi nawarmoebSi teqstologiuri deskrifciulia pasaJebi. mezRapris Deskrifciis metyvelebis funqcia xom mTeli isaa, rom ,,erTgvarad anelebs fabulis dinebasa da siuJetis ganviTarebas, magram amasTanave afarToebs sxvadasxva momentisa Txrobis da farglebs, motivis xels SemotaniT uwyobs ambis amdidrebs gaSlas, nawarmoebs. Deskrifcia retardaciis (fabulis Senelebis) erT-erTi saxea.”(119,350). daTvis monologs mosdevs avtoriseuli deskrifciuli pasaJi: ,,amas, iciT, Cveni daTvi rodis ambobda?-omgadaxdili ikvexoda Tavis samflobeloSi, daburuls, uRrans tyeSi,-maSin roca mTeli ninias ojaxi 127 da misi mezoblebi gminavdnen da tirodnen didian-patariana Tavpirdamsvreulni, tandalewilebi biZia daTunias wyalobiT”(33,500). interesmoklebuli ar iqneba uSualod daTvis sityvebSi gamoxatuli deskrifciuli pasaJi: ,,roca guli moijera boboqrobiT da oromtrialiT, daTvma mixed-moixeda, Semdeg dayunTda, Tavi daqindra da dafiqrda. ,,hoo,-warmosTqva bednierad cxovreba dabolos,-vidre erTi SeuZlebelia. sruls yovlad urCia qveyanaze, bednierebas Cemi mxolod maSin movipoveb, roca urCni mTlad gaswydebian, aRifxvrebian pirisagan qveynisa, amitom saWiroa yvelas gonebis Carxi ase moimarTos, ase fiqrobdes da sxvagvarad ara: ,,daemorCileniT uZlurni ZlierTa, rameTu maT xelT aris sicocxle Tqveni, e.i. Cvenio”.(96,501). Aavtologiis araerTi magaliTia vaJas SemoqmedebaSi. Aavtologiis dros is mTeli ,,Tavisi realisturi sizustiT upirispirdeba figuralur, tropul metyvelebas”(jumber WumburiZe). magaliTad, mocemul zRaparSi mTxrobeli ityvis: ,,..mglebi, turebi, melebi, maCvebi da sxvani muSaobden soflad Tanaxmad daTvis mier boZebulis planisa: aaoxres, daawiokes soflebi qurdobiT, taciaobiT, sxvadasxva avazakobiT”(33,507). Mmocemul citataSi mezRapris avtologiis metyvelebaSi. nimuSia naTelia, sityva rom ,,plani”, gamoyenebuli avtologiis stilisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia barbarizmis Semotana metyvelebaSi. Pprof. j. WumburiZe aRniSnavs, rom ,,avtologiis magaliTebi sakmaod gvxvdeba nawarmoebebSi, arsebiTad vaJas sadac poemebSi. gaSlili gansazRvravs Ees bunebrivia: siuJeti mxatvruli da qmnilebis epikuri TxrobiTi xasiaTs, Janris mxare, iseT ambavi avtologiuri pasaJebi aucilebelicaa”(28,353). Tu zRaparSi ,,daTvi” mxolod avtologiuri pasaJi warmovadgineT, vfiqrobT avtologiuria mTeli mxatvruli teqsti iseTi poemebisa, rogorebicaa: Svilebi”(Tqmuleba)(1910w.). yovlisa, TiToeuli amis maTganis Tqmis ,,sityva”(1905w.) saSualebas mxatvruli struqtura: da ,,deda- iZleva, upirveles orive nawarmoebi Seqmnilia absoluturad gansxvavebuli stiliT. Ees gamoxatulia ritmikaSi, striqonTa agebaSi 5,10-marcvlovani ganzomilebiT. Tumca ,,sityvis” riTma tradiciulia, vaJasaTvis damaxasiaTebelia; erTmaneTs eriTmeba II-IV-VI-VIII da X taepebi, xolo poemaSi ,,deda-Svilebi” avtori Zalze Tavisuflad epyroba am sakiTxs. Aavtologiurobas iwvevs am poemebSi siWarbe anJanbemanisa. 128 vaJa-fSavelas yvela nawarmoebSi moCans misi damweris genialuri Wvreta samyarosi. ganusazRvrelad vrcelia da mravalferovania mwerlis interesTa sfero. Aam sferoSi marto adamiani ki ar aris misi dakvirvebisa da warmosaxvis obieqti, aramed floraca da faunac, rogorc TviT vaJa ambobda: mTeli ,,uen-piro buneba”. Tavisi geniis wyalobiT maT adamianuri suli Caudga, adamianurad aametyvela, adamianur vnebebs aziara. erTi sityviT-usulo sagnebs suli STabera. vaJa-fSavelas mTeli proza samyaros did sivrceze SeZaxili-xmaa, rogorc sicocxlisaTvis siyvarulis udidesi qebaTa-qeba. 1902 wels dawerili moTxrobis ,,mgeli” erTaderTi mTavari moqmedi piria mgeli, romelic avtorma warmogvidgina adamianuri gancdebiT, vnebiT aRWurvili. mTxrobeli faqizi gulTamxilvelobiT epyroba mgels, mis gancdebs, mis emociebs. Ddidi fermweris funjiT daxatul tilos mogvagonebs mglis adgilsamyofeli, Tavad mglis Sinagani sulieri ganwyobileba. Aavtori dakvirvebuli fsiqologis TvaliT Wvrets mglis nafiqrs, yuradRebiT usmens mis Sinagan metyvelebas: ,,friad daRonebuli iyo. Bbevrjer mohSivnia... SimSilisagan Sewuxebuls bevrjer uTxovnia RvTisaTvis: ,,RmerTo, Cveno gamCeno, momec sazrdo, rom gavZRe, nu momklav simSiliT!... Seni gaCenili var, damarCine, ufalo!”-magram roca RmerTs Seusmenia misi Txovna, mgels dahviwynia madlobis gadaxda. samagierod, roca amaod Cauvlia mis Txovna-vedrebas, samduravi, sayveduri gamoucxadebia RvTisaTvis”. Aaq marto mgluri buneba ki ara Cans, aramed es aris adamianTa fsiqologiuri Aavtori qmedeba, kvaldakval rac, misdevs samwuxarod, mglis bevr fiqrTa CvenTagans denas, axasiaTebs. akvirdeba mis feriscvalebas: sasayveduro sityvebis Tqmis dros ,,es sacodavi nadiri, unda genaxaT, maSin ra sazareli Sexeduleba hqonda da masTan sabralo. Tumc orive Tvali cisaken hqonda amarTuli, masTan erTi Tvali mainc almacerad icqireboda: miwas, tyes ar aSorebda... an lukma ar amcdes, an mtris msxverpli ar gavxdeo”. Tvalebi sulis sarkeao, Tqmula da avtormac mglis sulieri gancdebis damajereblad gadmosacemad mglis TvalTa elvareba asaxa genialurad: ,,misi Tvalebi casa da dedamiwas cecxlis sxivebs esroda; es 129 cecxli sxva juris cecxli iyo, igi ar hgavda arc cecxls, arc mze da mTvaris sinaTles, xolo saSineli sanaxavi iyo es sinaTle”. warsulidan awmyo droSi gadmodis mTxrobeli, Tvals ar aSorebs dRes yvelasgan moZulebulsa da SeCvenebuls mgels, romelic ,,iwva udaburs tyeSi. Oorive toti win gaewoda, didi sali klde Tavze dasCereboda da zurgs umagrebda; mgeli cis sivrces gascqeroda”. interieri xels gviwyobs ukeT ganvsazRvroT mglis ganwyobileba, misi realuri yofa. mis gulTaxilvas axmianebs avtori, rodesac ambobs: ,,mas sasmel-saWmeli aRar awuxebda. maS rada swuxda? rad iyo daRonebuli? ras fiqrobda es beCavi cxoveli? gikvirsT? nu gagikvirdebaT!.. dRes mgeli sruliad sxvas rasme fiqrobda da isev am fiqriT RmerTs emdureboda”. raSi gamoixateboda es samduravi? samduravis sityvebi, faqtiurad, gabezrebuli adamianis sityvebia, adamianisa, visac Tavisi yofa ver autania, ukeTesis momlodine da msurveli kacis sityvebia: ,,RmerTo, rad gamaCine mglad?! rada vZulvar yvelas? rad momeci buneba mglisa? rad var sisxliT gaumaZRari? Dda moulodnelad ucnaur natvras inatrebs mgeli: ,,ratom ara var Sveli, an iremi, Tund beCavi kurdReli?” aqve simarTles ityvis mgeli da damajerebelia misi naTqvami, realobaa: ,,kurdRloba me ar SemiZlian, arc irmoba, arc Svloba... Cemi buneba sul sxvaa, eSmaki mizis gulSi: ,,gaafuWe, waaxdine... rac SeiZleba bevri sisxli daanTxie! Nnu dahzogav nuravis... Tese qveyanaze vaeba, tirili da glova, sisxli da cremli!” Semdeg ki iwyeba monanieba: ,,ar minda gavifiqro, ar minda gavixseno Cemi codvebi... RmerTo, RmerTo, Se dalocvilo! ra ubeduri, ra yvelaze sawyali gagiCenivar! Dda gana marto me? ra saWiroa an vefxvi, an daTvi, an sxva sisxlis msmeli nadiri? ras vakeTebT Cven? Aarafers codvis mets. Cveni sicocxle, Cveni arseba Tavidan bolomde dagvirgvinebuli codvaa!... ra mqvian me?-mgeli. uvargiss, umsgavss saxels vatareb. nuTu amisTana yofna yofnaa, amisTana sicocxle sicocxlea?! Aara es mkvdari sicocxlea!... Cven roca gvSian, erTmaneTsac ki vWamT”. Aaq maxsendeba mgel totias tragikuli aRsasruli brwyinvale nawarmoebidan ,,amodis, naTdeba!” Mmgeli gulwrfelad sTxovs yvelas: ,,miTxariT, mirCieT, ra vqna? riT vuSvelo Cems Tavs? saiT, rogor davaRwio Tavi am mglurs bunebas, am wyeuls, am SeCvenebul wadilTa da grZnoba-miswrafebaTa xrovas?... eeh!”-sTqva man, mwared kbilebSi daakraWuna”. 130 Aavtori dakvirvebuli TvaliT ixedeba mglis irgvliv arsebul garemoSi. Ggadmogvcems Cxikvis, mdinarisa da tyis reaqcias mglis aRsarebis mimarT. dasawyisSi warmoudgenlad miaCndaT Cxikvsa da mdinares amgvari aRsareba, ar sjerodaT mgluri bunebis mqonesagan aseTi feriscvaleba. Mmagram rodesac Caufiqrdnen naTqvams da irwmunes mglis gulwrfeloba, yvelam TanaugrZno mgels da gaamarTles igi: Cxikvmac, mdinaremac, tyemac: ,,marTalia, marTali, ara styuiso!-daigriala tyem da miSolt-moSolta Tavisi foTliani totebi”. Kkodalam ki yvelas gasagonad ,,daakakuna”: ,,gana, aqao da mgeliao, simarTles ar ityvis, araferi daejereba?!” mgeli ki garindebuliyo da male Tvlemac moeria. ZilSi ki rac enatreboda, rac inatra, sizmrad aucxadda: ,,irmad qceuliyo, mSvenieri tanisa, bojojRi rqebiT Semosili, yelmoRerebuli sxva irmebTan erTad danavardobda tyeSi”. erT bewo xans Tvalis moxuWva sicocxlis fasad daujda mgels. mZinars xmeli foTlebis Sriali da lawa-luwi moesma, wamodga. Mmis win damfrTxali irmebis gundi garboda. sinanuliT Tqva: ,,movtyuvdi, wavidnen, wavidnen! Mmirbian, mirbian!.. irmebs Tan gahyva misi Tvalebi”. ,,mgeli ar moSlis mglobasao”-da mas sasikvdilo ganaCenic gamoutana aman. yuradReba moaduna, sifxizle da sifrTxile daekarga da irmebze xelmocarulma monadirem erTi gasroliT mokla mgeli. Ggasaocari gamodga imave Cxikvis, mdinaris, kldisa da tyis damokidebuleba mglis aRsasrulis mimarT. Aavtori ase aRwers am ambavs: ,,am SemTxvevam yvelani gaaoca: ,,dideba SenTvis, ufalo, winadigrZno sikvdilis moaxloveba, Torem vin mgeli, vin magisTana msjeloba?-ambobda klde”; ,,sawyali, saawyali mgeli!- dudunebda mdinare, Tqven ar daijerebT, cxonebulia!” Cxikvi ,,dafarfatebda da ugemurad Cxikvinebda... tye arafers ambobda, Tavi dabla daedo da Rrma, saidumlo fiqrebSi iyo garTuli.”(33,134). Aam bolo sityvebiT avtorma faqtiurad sazogadoebas mouwoda gulisxmierebisaken, rwmenisaken, rom unda gvjerodes gulwrfeli aRsarebisa, rom TanamgrZnobelni unda viyvneT aseTebis mimarT. Aam Txzulebis saxiT Cvens winaSea brwyinvale fsiqologiuri novela. Ffsiqologizmi gansaxovnebulia mgrZnobiare lirizmiT, romelic avtoris metyvelebaSia gamovlenili. Bb-n. grigol kiknaZis marTebuli poziciis mixedviT, ,,mgeli” lirikuli moTxrobaa. Aaqve unda SevexoT prof. guCa 131 kvaracxelias originalur midgomas vaJa-fSavelas prozaul TxzulebaTa bunebisadmi. kerZod, man gaiziara grigol kiknaZis ramdenime maxasiaTebeli, romelTa mixedviTac poetika iseTi nawarmoebebisa, rogorebicaa: ,,ia”, ,,goCi”, ,,mTis wyaro”, ,,patara mwyemsis fiqrebi”, ,,xmeli wifeli”, ,,klde tiris” da a.S. (,,..isini sam aTeuls aRweven)... aSkarad migviTiTebs imaze, rom CamoTvlili nawarmoebebi prozas ar warmoadgens arc tradiciuli da arc Tanamedrove gagebiT. isini arc lirikuli gadaxvevebia, vinaidan TiToeuli maTgani Tavidan bolomde lirizmiT ganmsWvaluli damoukidebeli Txzulebaa”(45,118-119). Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, maT ricxvs unda miematos aq Cvens mier gaanalizebuli ,,mgeli” da ,,verxvic”. Mmkvlevari TxzulebaTa gvTavazobs damoukideblobis saintereso maxasiaTeblad. niSnebs igi mTel vaJas rig Txzulebebs ganixilavs sazRvargareTuli literaturis arealis fonze da aRniSnavs: ,,...es arc lamartinis, miuses, vinis, hiugos romanebis an nervinis moTxrobebis msgavsi prozaa, Tundac mcire formatis gamo, rac Tavis Tavad bevr struqturulsa Tu Sinaarsobliv gansxvavebas aCens. Sedareba mainc SeiZleba rogorc gavamarTloT vaJa, poeti imiT, iyo rom da yvela maT dasaxelebuli prozaSi eqspresiuli avtori, iseve simboloebis SemoqmedebiTi warmosaxva iseve dominirebda rogorc maTsave romantikul poeziaSi”(45, 119). sakuTari debulebis dasasabuTeblad g. kvaracxelia mimarTavs saTanado Teoriul analizs, sadac Camoyalibebulia prozis specifika anu ,,..sadac, Cveulebriv, personaJis mravalmxrivi gamoxatva moqmedebisa da sxva personaJebTan rTuli mimarTebis saSualebiT xdeba, vaJa mxatvruli saxis Tavisebur tips agebs, imgvar lirikul saxes qmnis, romelic aRsarebiTi da TviTgamoxatviTia”(45,119). ,,mgeli” lirikuli personaJTan ,,aRsarebiTi” niSnis prozaa SedarebiT tipia, Aam ufro im mixedviT Tu gansxvavebiT, mTxrobelze struqturis mixedviT vimsjelebT, rom modis. Tu novela lirizmis Mmgeli vimsjelebT, ki muxti ufro avtoria mTxrobeli. Aamdenad, ,,mgeli” marTlac ufro poeturi prozis nimuSia. sizmris TemiT, poeturobiT, lirizmiT, romelic SeiZleba miviCnioT safuZvlad miniaturis ideuri datvirTvis gansazRvrisaTvis unda ganvixiloT 1905 wels dawerili ,,sizmari oblisa” (daibeWda ,,iveriaSi”1905w. #151) gaxlavT. 132 Ffabula, rogorc es miniaturas moeTxoveba, umartivesia! ,,fexSiSveli, Camoglejili kabis amara oboli Wilobze iwva da eZina... sZinavs obols.. mcveli angelozi adga Tavs, igi lmobieria, oblebis moyvaruli da mobraluli... man icis oblis gulis tkivili, unda uwamlos da rogor?.. da mouvlina sizmari”(32,360). Mminiaturis qronotopic myisieri, sizmriseuli masStabisa aRmoCnda. sizmarSi man deda ipova. Uubednieresi iyo... daesizmra is, rasac cxadSi natrobda, rac cxadad aklda... dedam yvela survili ausrula, pirobac misca, Tavs aRar daganebeb, sul SenTan viqnebio, ,,gagaxareb da gavixareb Sengano”(32,361). Bbunebrivia, sizmarma mcveli angelozis brZanebiT feri maleve icvala. Oobols moevlina dedinacvali-gaaxdevina dedis naCuqari kaba, moaZrobina sayureebic. gaiRviZa SemkrTalma obolma-,,xelebs faTuri dauwyo, dedas eZebda, dabarbacebda kuTxidan kuTxeSi, luRluRebda: ,,dedav, dedav! sada xar? sad damemale, dedi, dedii Seni Wirime! Dda ... pasuxi xom ar moesma arsaidan xelebgafarCxuli miwis iatakze gaerTxa da gaisma sazareli, gulsaklavi qviTini”.(32, 362). Aavtorma Ooriode fraziT mianiSna drois Sesaxeb-gazafxulze: ,,gareT neli, JuJuna wvima modioda, xexili wiTlad, yviTlad, TeTrad hyvaoda. Soridan bulbulis kvnesa-galoba ismoda. Ggazafxulis Rame iyo...” rac mTavaria, oblis TanamgrZnobeli mcveli angelozi ,,minam sizmriT oboli stkbeboda, gaxarebuli iyo, exla ki isic tiroda”32,362). Oobols mxolod misi megobari kata ,,totsa scemda ualersebda, TiTqos eubneboda: ra gatirebs? ra gaCivlebs? Aade, vixtunoT, viTamaSoTo...(iqve). uaRresi sentimentalobisaa safinalo Sorisdebuli, warmoTqmuli avtoris mier:-aax!..” viziarebT, ra q-n g. kvaracxelias novatorul midgomas, am prozaul poetur Txzulebasac misive poziciidan SevafasebdiT: es miniatura ,,moicavs Cveulebrivsac da UuCveulosac, arsebulsac da warmosaxviTsac, zRaprulsa da miTosursac, cxadsac da sizmarsac, cnobiersac da aracnobiersac-yovelive imas, ris moxelTebasac axali poezia da Semdgom modernistuli prozac cdilobda da cdilobs”(45,123). 133 vaJas 900-iani wlebis prozis erTgvari mekvle gamodga moTxroba „verxvi“. es iyo 1900 wels pirveli prozauli Txzulebis publikacia (ix. J. „jejili“, 1900 w. №2 gv. 29.34). vaJa-fSavelas mxatvrul interesTa erT-erT Tematur rkalad moiazreba is moTxrobebi, romlebSic bunebis warmonaqmnTa asaxvas miniWebuli aqvs TavisTavadi Rirebuleba”... sibralulis, siyvarulis, martoobis, Zlierebis, gautexlobis, sikeTis, borotebis, siwmindis, simdablis, imedis da didi sevdis gancdebia gadmoSlili am moTxrobebSi. aq TiTqos erTsa da imave TemaTa axalaxal variaciebs qmnis vaJa, marad moubezrebels da marad mSveniers“ (27,411-412). „verxvi“ iseT nawarmoebTa wyebaSia CarTuli, rogornic arian: „ia“, mTis wyaro“, klde mtirali“, quCi“, fesvebi“, mTani maRalni“, „kldem mxolod erTxel sTqva“, „Joli“, „napralni“, „usurvazis dasja“, „erTi uyureT tyesa -da“ da sxva. martosulis mware fiqriTaa gabruebuli vaJas verxvi. mZimea misi xvedri, magram martosuloba ar eTqmis n. baraTaSvilis „Cinarsa“ da giorgi leoniZis „oles“ Sua mdgoms. Tu Cinaris fesvebs mtkvris talRebi eferebian, oles ki liaxvisa, verxvi, Cans, aragvispireli unda iyos. samive myar kldeze dgas: „ganmartoebuls frialis kldeze sdgas alvis xisa norCi axali, mravalStovani, magrilobeli, haerovani, turfa, maRali“ (nikoloz baraTaSvili „Cinari“, 1844 w.) verxvi „martod-martoka idga erT mwirs goraze; mis axlomaxlo sxva xis WaWaneba ar iyo“ (vaJa-fSavela „verxvi“, 1900 w.) da „Sen lixvis kldeze dgaxar, Zveli mosasxamiT, - ole, ole, martoxeo, dRisiTa da RamiT“ (giorgi leoniZe „ole“, 1931 w.) am fonze vaJas „verxvic“ mravali aspeqtiT inarCunebs sayuradRebo saxismetyvelebas. verxvi saxea im kacisa, vinc mTeli Tavisi arsebiT daeZebs Tavis funqcias cxovrebaSi, gulwrfelad visac gulwrfelad cdilobs sxvebisTvis stkiva sxvisi tkivili, dardTa ganqarvebas, vinc alalgulad sTavazobs Tavsa da sicocxlesac ki mis Soriaxlos myofT; magram, raca RmerTma arguna bedad, ver gadavidoda saRvTo ganaCens da gulSi ibrunebda da iklavda martoobis sevdas. 134 filosofiuri datvirTviT, fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTebis saxismetyvelebiT, nawarmoebi, Cveni rwmeniT, scildeba saymawvilo Tematikis repertuars, is ufro farTo-da- mravalplaniani Txzulebaa; Tumca, Tavis didaqtikur-aRmzrdelobiT funqcias odnavadac ar kargavs . novelisturi tempiT miedineba siuJeti. kompaqturi moculoba, gancdaTa gamWvirvaleoba, sxarti da didebulad sada metyveleba, movlenaTa logikuri da dinamikuri ganviTareba „verxvs“ samarTlianad miuCens kuTvnil adgils „jejilis“ furclebze. fabulac advilad aRsaqmelia da Tvalmisadevnebelia norCi mkiTxvelisaTvis aqve aRvniSnavT, rom Tu patara doziT mainc aTenebs Rames poeturoba da fantazia bavSvis arsebaSi, uTuod didi STabeWdilebis momxdeni unda iyos verxvis mZime xvedri balRebze. Cveulebrivad Zalze STambeWdavia garemos xatva vaJas mier. StrixebiT ki araa warmodgenili panorama, aramed didebuli ferweruli tiloa mkiTxvelis win. garemo zedmiwevniT gamoxatavs verxvis martoxeobas, ufro metic, - mis martosulobas. RmerTsac emduroda verxvi, misi samduravi ufro filosofiuri gansja iyo Tavisi xvedrisa - „rasa hgavs Cemi umadlo sicocxle, ras vakeTeb am frialo mTaze martodmarto? Tu verafers gavigoneb, veravis ras gavagoneb, veravis gavaxareb da TviTonac ver gavixareb, es xom mkvdari sicocxlea?!“ (32,320; ). erTi patara niuansic vlindeba verxvis bunebaSi. is gvagonebs im pataras, im bavSvs, da iseT mozrdilsac, romelic mTeli arsebiT cdilobs Sens Tanaziarad gaxados misTvis sasixarulo, saintereso movlenisadmi: „ei, Zmebo wamiyvaneT TqvenTan, Tu gwamT RmerTi, an aq, CemTan, wamodiT, aq maRla iqnebiT; aqedan bevr rasme dainaxavT: ager qalaqi, mravali soflebi, ager tba da didroni Tovliani mTebi! mSvenier sanaxavs hnaxavs Tqveni Tvalebi, mand mxolod jurRmuls hxedavT, sxva arafers . lirizmiT, didi adamianuri siTboTia savse xmeli foTlis epizodi, xom patara, umniSvnelo saxe-detalia qariT motanili xmeli foToli, magram ra metyvelia ra didebulad xsnis verxvis didbunebovnobas, kacTmoyvareobas, sikeTes: „am ramdenisame wlis winaT qarma im Soreuli tyidan moitana erTi 135 xmeli foToli. da is iyo, unda gaecilebina verxvisaTvis, magram verxvi mTeli Tavisi sigrZe-siganiT gadaizniqa, mohxvia magra totebi xmel verxvis foTols da magra Caikra gulSi, dResac inaxavs mas da gvelis TvaliviT ufrTxildeba... dRes ki erTaderTi xmeli foTolia imis nugeSi, imas ealerseba, ixutebs gulSi, hlocnis, esaubreba, magram sabralo foToli pasuxs ver aZlevs“ (32,320 – 321). magram rogorc TviT vaJa brZanebs -„buneba mbrZanebelia“, sikeTesTan erTad bevrs avsac sCadis. bevrjer dastexia verxvs Tavze risxva bunebisa. kinokadrebis specefeqtiviT STambeWdavia myisieri „gabrazebis“ kadrebi Semdeg abzacSi: „roca saSineli qariSxali amovardeboda, delgma iyo, Weqa-quxili iseTi, rom kacs egoneboda, qveyana iqcevao. da TviT verxvic elva-mexis naperwkalebSi iyo gaxveuli“ - amas ferweriT, yalmiT, verasodes daxatavs kacis xeli, es mxolod dRevandeli kinoefeqtiT miiRweva (xazgasma Cemia J.k.). arc aseT delgmas epueba verxvi, saTavisod gamoyenebac surs, egeb man mainc SeZlos misi natvris aRsruleba: igi „emudareboda saSinel bunebis movlenas: „amomfxveri aqedan da gadamagde im Cem ZmebTan, tyeSi, dee, iq movkvde, iq davlpe, davmiwde imaT kalTaze; Tu cremls ar maRirseben, qoqolas xom damayrian da damwyevliano“. amaze didi adamianTmoyvareoba, moyvasTan yofnis survili iSviaTad Tu gamoxatula mxatvrul literaturaSi. Tumca rogorc mTxrobeli gveubneba: „arcara im Txovnidan gamovida: verxvi iqve adgilobriv idga, mexisagan tanze mravalgan dazianebuli“ (iqve). meore TavSi kidev erTxel dasturdeba verxvis keTilkacoba. rogorc mTxrobeli gadmogvcems: „verxvs erTi dardi aqvs kidev, romlisTvisac Tavi ver dauxwevia verc zamTarSi, verc zafxulSi“. mwkrivad mdgomi verxvebi, romelTa gulisTvisac gulmxurvaled loculobda, im zamTarSi did zvavs gadmoeTela, sul gaenadgurebina saSinel suraTs dascqeroda zemodan verxvi daRupuli moZmeebisas: „es suraTi rom hnaxa, verxvs guli moukvda, dResac imasve vaebs da hgodebs: „... sabralno!.. Cemebi aran... aq rom yofiliyvnen, xom ar daemarTebodaT eg ubedureba?! netavi, mec imaTTan mainc vyofiliyavi, rom maTTan erTad damelia mec sulio“ (iqve). Txzulebis mesame TavSi yuradRebas iqcevs erTi detali, aq aRwerilia, Tu rogor uyvarda verxvs yvavilebi, rogor uklavda guls maTi dRemokle 136 cxovreba, rogor dahbutbutebda maT Tavze da rogor loculobda maTTvis sagulisxmoa misi gancda: „mwyemsebi Tavis samwyemsoTi mis Crdilis qveS isvenebdnen. amis gamo ver aswrebda verxvi Seeswavlebina yvavilebisaTvis Tavisi ena da esaubra maTTan, Tumca TviTon ki esmoda maTi saubari“... moTxroba 1900 wlis dasawyisSia gamoqveynebuli, igulisxmeba, rom avtori masze 1890 wlebis bolos an 1900 wlis dasawyisSi imuSavebda. lodebis amsaubrebeli da quCis gamTamamebeli Semoqmedis mxatvrul samyaroSi SeiniSneba erTgvari impulsi ideisa. kerZod, verxvi cdilobs Seaswavlos yvavilebs Tavisi ena da gaesaubros maT. yvavilTa enis codnam, amis Taobaze dafiqrebam da did SemoqmedebiT tilod realizaciam Seaqmnevina mgosans „gvelis mWamelis “ erTi garkveuli pasaJi. TanagrZnobis gamomwvevia verxvis aRsasruli. man TviT sikvdilSi hpova madli, romelsac mieltvoda mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze. naadrevma zamTarma SeaRona mwyemsebi, SeSis Sovna gauZneldaT da didi yoymanis Semdeg miadgnen sicxeSi maT maCrdilobel verxvs, moWres igi. qoxSi didi cecxli gaaCaRes: „SeSad verxvi enTo, garSemo mwyemsebi usxdnen, didi da patara, mklavtitvelebi, fexSiSveli balRebi ixuxebodnen cecxlis alze, agreTve moxucni, da yvela ki amas gaiZaxoda erTxmad: „ih, ra cecxlia, dagloca RmerTmao!“ mravlismTqmelia avtoris bolo sityvebi: „ase gaTavda verxvis sicocxle, moeswro igi madlis qmnas, mxolod TviTon veRara grZnobda sabralo, Tu madlsa Svreboda“ (32,233). risi Tqma surda am nawarmoebiT avtors, ratom airCia mTavar adresatad bavSvebi, ras STaagonebs maT, raze daafiqrebs maTs norC gonebas? am kiTxvebze pasuxs isev geniosi mwerlis esTetikuri xasiaTis nawerebSi vpovebT. mwerlis mier migneba, misvla martoxesTan aRgviZravs imis gagebis survils, Tu rogor adamians SeiZleba gvagonebdes verxvi, didi bunebis es pawawina gamovlineba. dabejiTebiT gvmoZRvravs avtori: „gareSe bunebisa da adamianTa cxovrebisa ar aris poezia: visac kargad esmis buneba da cxovreba, Tunda leqsebs, dramebs, romanebs ar swerdes, mainc poetia. ar SeiZleba kacTa cxovrebaSi iseTi ram movlena davasaxeloT, rom misi msgavsi TviT bunebaSic ar 137 moipovebodes.“ iqve daskvnis saxiT brZanebs poeti: „Cveni cxovreba sruli gamomxatveliao bunebisa“. am Txzulebis wakiTxvis Semdeg ki WeSmarit Sefasebamde migviyvans wamkiTvelT es patara wevri uenpiro bunebisa,romelic srulad gamomxatvelia Cveni, adamianebis, cxovrebisa: daiferfla keTilis msurveli kargi guli verxvisa da madliT aRgvavsebs yvelas misi sulis silamaze. analizi am mSvenieri sabavSvo moTxrobisa SeiZleba davasrulo vaJasave sityvebiT: „mrwams, fefrlni kargis gulisa qarm rom gafantos xmelada, TiToSi mainc enTeba tial-survili cxelada. avis mCagravad, keTilis mudam iqneba mcvelada: beCavis, gaWirvebulis momxmareT, meSvlad mxsnelada. karg guls ara hklavs buneba, Tan daaqvs (mrwams, Zvelis-Zvelada“ marad miwamebia“ ) Pprofesor mtkicebaa guCa imisa, rom urTierTsawinaaRmdego kvaracxelias ,,vaJas azri poeturi aRniSnuli ena, gamoTqmula, statia romlis mxatvruli kidev Taobaze erTi mravali azrovnebis iseT nimuSebs warmogvidgens, romlebic ver Tavsdebian veraviTari esTetikuri ,,kanonebis farglebSi”(45,67). Aam patara Txzulebam gviCvena moulodnelobis emociuri zemoqmedeba ara marto mkiTxvelebze, aramed, upirveles yovlisa, uenpiro bunebaze: amis Taobaze miuTiTebs sulxan Jordania, roca wers: ,,vaJas ,,...enobriv xatebSi moulodnelobisa da sagnebis esTetikuri Rirebulebis kriteriumebi isea Sezavebuli, rom TiTqmis nebismieri poeturi xati mkiTxvels siamovnebas aniWebs. misi xatebis yvelaze xSiri da mSvenieri elementia samSoblos buneba, romlis silamaziT tkbebian gapirovnebuli aracocxali sagnebic ki”(71, 70-71). Aamis garkveuli magaliTebi ganxilul nawarmoebSic mogvepoveba. 138 rodesac yuradRebas vamaxvilebT gapirovnebaze uenpiro bunebis persoficinirebaze, bunebrivia, vaJa maT ,,gaadamianurebaze” akeTebs aqcents da amdenad, am drosac misi poeturi TvalTa xedvis areSi mudam adamiania Tavisi rTuli cxovrebiT. Cans! Ddid poets yovelTvis awuxebda da afiqrebda bedi, cxovreba oblisa. amasTan dakavSirebiT yvela nawarmoebi aRsavsea maTadmi avtoris TanagrZnobiT; ara aqvs mniSvneloba, adamiani iqneba is (suli oblisa, eTeri), cxoveli(Svlis Tu nukris tipologiurobisa, SemoqmedebaSi, frinveli (rogor naambobi, fabulam rogoricaa gaCndnen buebi melia-serefenia...). gamoiwvia erTi TviTganmeoreba ( qveyanazed), garda stilisturi 60,354); Temis, ideis xerxic gavixsenoT an mis ,,Svlis nukris naambobis sawyisi sityvebi: ,,pawawa var, oboli. Bbedma damibriyva: cud dros davobldi (32,13) da aseve sawyisi frazebis detalebi Txzulebidan ,,melia-serefenia”: ,,patara daoblda. Mmagram arc ise patara iyo, sazrdos mopoveba ar SesZleboda”(32,511). Aam nawarmoebTa Soris ki idga meoTxed saukuneze meti. Tavis droze prof. gr. kiknaZem aRniSna: ,,vaJa-fSavela sulis poetiao”, es iTqva iq, sadac igi ganixilavda vaJa-fSavelas xuT poemas, kerZod poema ,,eTersac”(9,149). marTlac, TviT poetic xom brZanebda: Nnetavi imas, vinaca suliT amaRlda, gadidda, daTrguna grZnoba dabali, cis kiduramde avida” (suli oblisa, 1903w. 33,217) cota qvemoT ki avtori Caufiqrebia oblis suls, mis beds da kiTxulobs: miwa varT, mainc miwa varT. Bbevri aiReT, daiReT Mmiwobas ver avicilebT, aTasjer qrTamic gaiReT! suli madardebs me, suli, imisi yofna, Tviseba,ra iqna suli oblisa, wyeulebs darCaT iqneba?! (iqve,219,) 1903w.) 139 Tu am poemaSi avtori exeba sulis sakiTxs, oboli gogonas sikvdilis Semdeg, nabij-nabij misdevs misi sulis moZraobas, da gamoxatavs Cveul TanagrZnoba-Tanadgomas oblobis mimarT, oblis cxovrebis autanloba sxvaganac didi siTboTi da dauviwyari ferebiT aqvs daxatuli mas, gavixsenoT Tundac eTeris sityvebi: vahme, ra Zneli yofnaa yofna, sicocxle oblisa! srul wyeva-krulva Cem Tavsa, arsad alersi mSoblisa... ra lanZRva minda, ra krulva dalaxvruls Savis dRisagan, wel-bed daleuls sofelSi, Tavdanebebuls RvTisagan... (eTeri,1890, 33,45) rogorc vxedavT, oboli, obloba, tipologiur saxes Rebulobs vaJas epikur memkvidreobaSi da misi SemoqmedebiTi interesebis garkveul aspeqtadaa Camoyalibebuli. Ees erTnairadaa mocemuli rogorc XIX, ise XX saukuneSi miviCnevT, rom SemTxvevebsac. miTumetes, rom es sakiTxi moicavs ,,TviTganmeorebis TviTganmeorebis SemTxvevaSi xelovani sruliad Segnebulad, xolo ufro xSirad gaucnobiereblad ubrundeba adre ukve mis mier damuSavebul Temas, suraTs, gansaxierebis garkveul saSualebebs, garkveul leqsikur erTeulebs”(60,354). vaJasmcodneobaSi detalurad aris Seswavlili da gaSuqebuli TviTganmeorebis brwyinvale nimuSi ,,gogoTur da afSinas” da ,,gvelisWamelis” mixedviT. magaliTad, prof. lado minaSvili ,,vaJa-fSavelas xuT poemaSi”(1975w.) aRniSnavs: ,,vaJa-fSavelam 1887 wels Seqmnil ,,gogoTur da afSinaSi” maRaleTikur interesebis sxva sakiTxebTan idealebTan erTad viwro SeuTavseblobisa. ganasaxiera ojaxuri, Ees Tema kerZod sagangebo sakiTxi colis kai ymis praqtikuli dakvirvebis sagnadaa qceuli, maRal poetur formaSia warmodgenili poema ,,gvelis-mWamelSi”. Aam poemebSi ara marto motivebi dauaxlovda erTmaneTs, aramed calkeuli situaciebic ki”(60,355). Aavtors ukve sailustraciod moaqvs gogoTurisa da mindias colebis pretenziebi qmrebis mimarT da Sesabamisad maTi meuRleebis brazmoreuli pasuxebi. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom am poemaTa Seqmnis TariRebs Soris ToTxmeti weli dgas. 140 garda wamoiwevs zenoaRniSnuli agreTve metafizikuri, sxva sakiTxebisa, uamravi vaJas sakiTxic religiur-mistikuri, eposze saubrisas tipologiurobisa. miTologiuri, win Eesenia: sayofacxovrebo, zRaprul-legenduri, cxovelTa eposi, liro-epikurobis struqturebi da a.S. Tu eTeris (,,eTeri”), sofios (,,suli oblisa”), Svlis nukris, melia serefenias yofa gausaZlisia maTi patara asakidanve, Tu daTvi (zRapari ,,daTvi”), goCi an mucela mZime codvebis msxverplni xdebian, Tu aRazam, aludam, joyolam, mravalsaukunovani TaviaanTi Cakiruli feriscvalobiT mkacri Searyies adaT-wesebi, zneobrivad tradiciebi, Tu beri luxumi, lela, kviria, ivane kotoraSvili, giglia, gogoTuri an ZaRlika ximikauri Rirsebisa da gmirobis, mamuliSvilobis SaravandediT sxivmosilni arian, Tu axundsa da beslans, uzneobisa da moRalatis lafiT saxelSercxvenilebs asuldgmulebT vxedavT, qveynis, ojaxis Tu sanaTas, uzneobaze, mamida mtrebze, xoSias, qiCirs gamarjvebisa da SurisZiebis survili da qmedeba da maTi gansaxovnebiT igavmiuwvdomelia vaJa-fSavela, aranakleb gamaognebelia am bumberazi Semoqmedis siTbo da sinaze ,,jejilisa” da ,,nakadulis” norCi mkiTxvelebis mimarT da rogori RvTisnieria igi uflisa mimarT aRvlenil vedrebaSi: ,,RmerTo, nu mohklav pataras!”, an ra didi TanagrZnoba gamosWvivis bavSvebisadmi moTxrobidan ,,rogor gaCndnen buebi qveyanazed”, poemidan ,,anna-bulbuli”, lirikuli leqsidan ,,oblebis simRera”... rogorc cnobilia, prof. gr. kiknaZem sxvadasxva Tema gamoyo vaJas SemoqmedebaSi. im CamonaTvalSi mecnieri oblobis sakiTxs brwyinvaled ganixilavs ,,Svlis nukris naambobis” mixedviT. sagulisxmoa, rom vaJa-fSavela oblobis Temas xSirad mimarTavs rogorc poeziaSi, ise prozaSi da am aspeqtiTac naTlad vlindeba tipologiuroba. (ix. ,,Svlis nukris naambobi”, ,,anna-bulbuli”, ,,eTeri”, ,,suli oblisa”, ,,rogor gaCndnen buebi qveyanazed”, ,,melia serefenia” da sxva. lirikidan ki sagulisxmoa ,,oblebis simRera”. Tu CamoTvlil nawarmoebTa fabulebs, ideur Canafiqrs, siuJetur gardawyvetas gadavacliT Sreebs, plastebs, es bevrgan migviyvans TviTCasaxvis, zogan TviTgameorebis faqtebTan. aRniSnulis dasasabuTeblad jer unda davideT uSualod TviT avtoris SemoqmedebiT samyaroSi da aqedan movaxdinoT gasvla globalur sivrceSi. 141 Tqmulia, rom TviTCasaxvis procesi TavisTavad moicavs sesxebis faqtebsac. Aaqedan Cvens amocanad rCeba garkveva imisa, Tu ra Tema, ra idea, ra mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT aqsessuarebi, samyaroSi ,,isesxa” da mere mweralma gairkves, Tu jer uSualod Tavis sad moiZeveba kidev analogiebi gareT, sxvagan msoflio arealSi. Cveni fiqriT, sesxebis Teoriis erTgvar msubuq gamovlinebad migvaCnia TviTganmeoreba, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi procesis maxasiaTebeli faqtori, rogorc friad SemoqmedebiTi gasaTvaliswinebeli azrovnebis istoriis, movlena mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi mxatvrul- interesebis kvlevis dros. Aam TvalsazrisiT mizanSewonilad CavTvaleT Tvalis gadevneba oblobis Temis ,,sesxebaze” uSualod sakuTari ,,resursebidan” vaJas mier. Aam dros saimedo gzamkvlevia prof. gr. kiknaZis naSromebi ,,vaJas fenomeni”(48, 5-27), ,,vaJa-fSavelas prozis stili”(aqve, 67-90), ,,vaJa-fSavelas poema ,,baxtrioni”(aqve,91-143), ,,vaJa-fSavelas xuTi poema” (aqve,144-183) da sxva. daviwyoT im sakiTxis dasmiT, Tu vaJa-fSavela gameorebaTa ra stilistikuri xerxis gamoyenebiT da rogor aRwevs CvenSi ,,stilistikuri erTianobis STabeWdilebis ganmtkicebas”. Mmkvlevars Txzulebis stilistikuri erTianobis saCveneblad ganxiluli aqvs mravali niuansi. magaliTad, aRniSnulia, rom ,,..stilisturi erTianobis saCveneblad didi mniSvneloba gamoxataven aqvs da iseTi upasuxeben gamoTqmebis am aRnusxvas, nawarmoebis Temasa romlebic pirdapir da sruliad ideas; ueWvelia, rom stilis mTlianobis yvelaze ufro TvalnaTliv magaliTad is momentebi CaiTvleba, romlebic ama Tu im saxiT meordebian. Ee.i. stilis erTianobas swored gameorebis saxiT mocemuli kavSirebi amJRavneben. rodesac am TvalsazrisiT vakvirdebiT ,,Svlis nukris naambobs”, aSkara xdeba iseT gameorebaTa arsebobis faqti romlebic miuTiTeben TxzulebaSi ,,am gamoTqmisa da masSi nagulisxmevi Sinaarsis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze nawarmoebis dedaazrisaTvis”(48,87). vfiqrobT, aq miniSnebuli gameoreba gansxvavdeba TviTganmeorebisagan, radgan Txzulebis nawarmoebis teqstis stilisturi erTianobis makonstruirebeli Sesaqmnelad saSualebaa, gameoreba TviTganmeoreba ki sruliad gansxvavebuli funqciisa da Sinaarsisaa. 142 Aamis sxvadasxva sailustraciod pirobiTad dros nawarmoebebisa. Seqmnili unda moxdes erTad Bbunebrivia, dajgufeba sawyisi, saTao Txzuleba iqneba ,,Svlis nukris naambobi”. Gganwyobilebis Sesaqmnelad gameorebebi stilistur funqcias asruleben ,,Svlis nukris naambobSi da intimizaciisa da intensifikaciis amocanebs emsaxurebian gancdebisa Ggrigol sxva (gr.kiknaZe). emociuri kiknaZes am muxtis nawarmoebis swored pirveli Semomtania piriT nawarmoebSi, ,,lirikulobis mTavar gadmocema rac prof. ganmsazRvrel momentad” miaCnia. Nnukris godebaSi ukve Tavidanve mTeli arsebiT ,,ixateba” arsi oblobisa. qrestomaTiul sayrdenad Cvenc miviCnioT uSualod Svlis nukris mier mkiTxvelisaTvis gaziarebuli Tavisi mware gancdebi da mere aqedan gadavinacvloT vaJas mier Semdgom wlebSi daweril TxzulebaTa analogiuri Sinaarsis mqone pasaJebisaken: ,,pawawa var, oboli. Bbedma damibriyva: cud dros davobldi. tanzed macvia patara, moklebewviani, TeTris TvlebiT mowinwkluli Txeli qaTibi. jer rqebi da kbilebi ar amomsvlia, Cliqebic ar gammagrebia. Ggzadakarguli dedaCemi! minam deda davdivar... myvanda guli cocxali, sul miwuxs... guli... alersSi sabralo vyvandi... ZuZus mawovebda, mialersebda, mafrTxilebda. raRa meSveleba me sabralos exla! ZuZus aRara vwov, mxolod balaxis namsa vsutav diliT da saRamoTi, rodesac namia, da rZis ndomas imiT viklav. Uupatrono rom var, sul meSinian, vkankaleb, mudam dRe sikvdils veli, gzaareuli davexetebi... RmerTo, ramdeni mteri gvyavs!”(32,13). Ees SeiZleba miviCnioT didebul ,,uvertiurad”, romelSic mokled, emociuradaa gadmocemuli Canafiqrisa. Ooblobis TviTganmeorebad laitmotivi amsaxveli aRiqmeba mTeli Txzulebis situaciis, lirikuli garemos, leqsi ideuri ideis ,,oblebis simRera”(dekemberi,1888w.), romelic qronologiurad mosdevs ,,Svlis nukris naambobs”. Txzulebis Janruli specifikidan gamomdinare, didi emociurobis, oblebisadmi TanagrZnobis gamomwvevia obolTa lirikul aRsarebaSi gansaxovnebuli gancdebi. maTs ,,naambobSi”, garda Tematikisa da ideis TviTgameorebisa, TvalSi sacemia mkiTxvelTan kontaqtis momenti, intimurobis amsaxveli gameorebis faqtori. 143 ,,Svlis nukris naambobis” erTiani stilis mokle analogad miviCnevT ,,oblebis simReras”. Ees ki aseT suraTs iZleva: ,,pirveli piriT gadmocema TaviaanTi xvedriT. yofisa, is, msgavsi rac gancdebi, genialurad gamowveulni SeZlo autaneli vaJa-fSavelam cxovrebiT, ,,uenpiro bunebis Svilis” ametyveleba-asaubrebiT imgvarad, rom Tavad erTi fraziTac ki ar Careula nukris metyvelebaSi, analogiuri stiliT xasiaTdeba miTiTebuli lirikuli leqsi; damaxasiaTebeli nawarmoebSi uSualod gamoricxulia avtoris gancdebis lirikuli JanrisTvis gadmocema. Aam dros garkveuli siuJetis mqonecaa es leqsi. is, rac nukrma gadmogvca moTxrobis ramdenime TavSi, TiTqmis mTeli TavianTi mZime cxovrebaa gansaxovnebuli ormoc-striqonian leqsSi-,,oblebis simRera”(30,132 ). Cveni fiqriT, mZime socialur garemoze, drois faqtorze maRla dgas leqsis ideuri Canafiqri-obloba, oblis Zirmware cxovreba erTnairad mZime da autaneli saxelmwifoebriv iyo, wyobaSi. aris da ,,oblebis iqneba simReraSi” nebismier formaciaSi, socialur siduxWires, materialur mZime mdgomareobas da sazogadoebis avdedinacvlobas patara oblebis mimarT poetma mkacri ganaCeni gamoutana striqonTa Soris, qveteqsturad ise, rom TviT mas erTi sityvac ki ar dascdenia, oblebis bavSvur CivilSia yvelaferi Caqsovili. Mmis gadmosacemad mTliani leqsis gadmowera mogviwevda. ,,Svlis nukris naambobidan” ramdenime detalze mainc mivuTiTebT, rogorc TviTgameorebis modelSic personaJTa da nimuSze. motivaciaSic. magaliTad, tipologiurad gancda-ganwyobilebis saxismetyvelebis logikuri es miviCnevT faqtorebs. ganviTareba Cans kompoziciur drois, garemos, Sedarebam TiToeul cxadyo TxzulebaSi damoukideblad: ,,Svlis nukris naambobi” 1,,oblebis simRera” 1.Ppawawa var oboli bedma mSier-titvelni, beCavni Ddamibriyva: cud dros davobldi. niadag agibirdebiT; umweo-upatrononi nuravis gagikvirdebiT. 2.gzadakarguli davdivar.ai 2.umweo upatrononi daxedeT Cems sisxlian fexsa, nuravis gagikvirdebiT! es wylis dasalevad rom Cavedi fexni gvqon ekliT naSaSrni, xevSi, maSin vitkine. Tmebi gagvbmia birkebiT. 144 kacni varT, Tqveni Wirime, nuravis gagikvirdebiT. 3. genacvale tyeo! Sen bevrs mSveli 3. mama laSqarSi mogvikles, Torem aqamdis Cemis qaTibis bewvic deda tyved waiyvanesa ar iqneboda!.. mxolod erTi kvira wagvarTves lekis Svilebma, viyavi dedasTan... dedasgan kargad daRistans gadiyvanesa... vcxovrobdi, Tavisuflad binad gvaqvs tye da velia vsunTqavdi. sabnad foToli gvexurvis, leibad gvigav lelia. nuravis gaukvirdeba, Zmao , obloba Znelia! 4. RmerTo, ramdeni mteri gvyavs! 4. rad gagvaCine, ufalo, Tu am dRes moveswrebodi. 5. davdivar da Sevstiri xeebs, 5. ubedurebam mogvaswro, mTasa da kldeebs; davstiri rogorac nislma weroTa.. wyalsa da balaxs ar viciT, sadRa wavideT, magram CemTvis deda ara Cndeba. vis are-mare vTeloTa; dedaCems veRara vxedav, var vin Segvibralebs, vin oboli da, vin icis, vin daepatroneba gviSvels vin SeiRebavs Cemis sisxliT xelebs?! beCavT, xmelT anwlis ReroTa?! Tu dafiqsireba sityvieri amowerili mTlian masalis xuTi magaliTiT nawarmoebebs Soris, TviTganmeorebis SevZeliT uSualod faqti. esaa TviTganmeorebis leqsSic aRmoCnda fraza: ,,nuravis gagikvirdebaT.” ,,Svlis nukris naambobisa da ,,oblebis simReris” Taviseburi eqo moismis poema ,,eTeris”(1890w.) pirveli da meore Tavebidan, gansakuTrebiT Walis, velebis aRwerisas da eTeris ori monologidan: a)ra ubeduri Walaa, rogor didroni mTebia, magram sofeli arsad sCans arsad savali gzebia... es mxare SeuWamia... am are mares sTelavdnen marto nadirni tyisao da mwyemsi qali ,oboli, kacis xmiT ara xmianobs: yvavili edemisao... Wala, velebi, mTania. etyoba miwas lamazi mTaTa da nadirT Jriamuls navali eTerisao (,,eTeri”) 145 eqsterieris am aRweraSi nukris sacxovrisis koloriti da suli SeiniSneba. b),,oblebis simReris” lirikul personaJTa godebis gamoZaxili, intonacia SeigrZnoba eTeris daCivlebaSi: ,,..netav bulbulad maqcia, SenTan vifrino velada... titveli aRar vivlidi, daRonebuli yvelada, da movrCebodi am bebers, CemTvis gaCenils gvelada(t.I) eTeris godebaSi axali motivi gaCnda . es aris frinvelad qcevis motivi. Bbulbulis sevdianma galobam bulbulad qceva anatrebina gogonas: ,,netav bulbulad maqcia, SenTan vifrino velada...” frinvelad qcevis motivi mniSvnelovan siuJetur funqcias asrulebs kidev sxva epikur TxzulebebSic. Yyvelaze mkafiod es gamoCnda poema ,,eTerTan” qronologiurad axlo mdgom poemaSi ,,anna-bulbuli”(1892w.). am nawarmoebis mimarT imis Tqmac SeiZleba, rom ,,garkveuli saxiT TviTon mwerli gamodis Tavis winaprad”, radgan ,,..xSirad mwerali adre gansaxierebul Temas ubrundeba. Mmobrunebis motivebi nairnairi SeiZleba iyos” . es ki imaze metyvelebs, rom poeti msgavs sakiTxTa gamoxatvisas erTgvarad damsgavsebul situaciebs aRwers”(vladimer minaSvili, 60,355). ,,anna-bulbulSi” iseTi didi muxtia lirizmisa, rom 1946 wels aleqsandre abaSelisa redaqtorobiT da gamocemul akaki SaniZis, vaJa-fSavelas 1957 wels TxzulebaTa giorgi leoniZis krebulebSi es nawarmoebi Setanili aqvT lirikul nawarmoebTa ganyofilebaSi (64,65-75), rac gamoxatavs uSualod Semdgenel-redaqtorTa pozicias, Tvalsazriss am Txzulebis Janruli kuTvnilebis gansazRvrisas. Jurnal ,,jejilSi”(1892 w. #3; gv.15-22) ki miTiTebulia, rom ,,anna-bulbuli” poemaa(34,13). Tumca TviTganmeorebis dasadgenad gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar unda hqondes, Txzuleba lirikulia, epikuria Tu dramatuli Janrisaa, leqsadaa Tqmuli Tu prozad. davubrundeT frinvelad qcevis motivs. motiviT, SinaarsiT, leqsikis gameorebiTac ki tipologiasTan gvaqvs saqme, rac avtoris SemoqmedebiT mrwamsze migviTiTebs: 146 ,,eTeri”: Ggenacvle, Cito,-dudunebs,Llamazad hxmarob enasa... Nnetav ras ambob, vicode, Nnetavi gamagebina; SensaviT guli ufalsa CemTvinac Caadebina!.. Nnetav bulbulad maqcia,SenTan vifrino velada.. titveli aRar vivlidi, daRonebuli yvelada da movrCebodi am bebers CemTvis gaCenils gvelada”(1890w.) Bbulbulad gadaqcevis natvra ganmeorda poemaSi ,,anna- bulbuli”(1892w.): wyarosTan gaSeSebuli oboli anna ufals SesTxovda: ,,anna-bulbuli”: muxlmoyriT SesTxovs ufalsa: ,,RmerTo, maqcie Citada brZana: ,,iqeci bulbulad, gadamarCine oblobas, STenilo oxer-tialad, Txovna miiRe wmindada!” auwye xalxsa tkbili xmiT Tqmulia, cremli oblisa Seni varami xmianad!” ufals unTia sanTlada, oboli iqca bulbulad, oblis Sewyalva ucvnia daifrTxiala, gafrinda, saukeTeso madlada. xSirs bardSi, eklianSia gul-Seudreklad Cafrinda”. (1892w.) frinvelad gadaqcevis ciklidan, bulbulad qcevis saintereso motivacia aRmoCnda moTxrobaSi ,,svavi”(1896w.); Tu kldis Tavze Semomjdari svavis ,,monologi” saSualebebiT, Tavisi personaJis ,,mucelasa” da ,,goCis” Canafiqris ideuri SinaarsiT, gamoxatvis ganwyobilebiT, ideur siaxliT funqciebs, absoluturad xerxebiTa saxe-detalebiT samagierod aqve gansxvavebulia da exmianeba avtoris yornis bulbulad gadaqcevis motivi, novelaSi vkiTxulobT: ,,-yoranav, yoranav!miubrunda svavi yorans da mediduris kiloTi dauwyo kiTxva:-rogorao? ras 147 miambobdi im dRes bulbulze, lamazad mRerodao? Nnetavi mec bulbulad maqciao?! uWkuov, utvinov!” -ho, imasve giambob, rac miambia SenTvis: misi mRera ar damaviwydeba Cems sicocxleSi da ar daijereb, misi simReris gagoneba ager im leSis grovasac ki mirCevnia”. Tu anna bulbulad iqca, eTeri da yorani ki bulbulad gadaqcevas natroben da maTi natvra mxolod ocnebad rCeba, sxvagan, marTalia, bulbulad qcevis motivi aRar Cans, magram saxezea sxva frinvelebad gadaqcevis TviTgameorebis motivi. eTerisa da annas sve-beds ukavSirdeba ori oboli bavSvis –vefxviasa da mzias mware bavSvoba. samsave nawarmoebSi oblebis frinvelad gadaqcevis motivi saerToa-avma dedinacvalma ganapiroba es. A,,avi da boroti dedinacvlis mier tyeSi mzakvrulad garekili ,,bavSvebi SiSiT zezeurad dnebodnen, caxcaxebdnen, yovel fexis gadadgmaze sikvdils moelodnen, saqoneli ki, oxeri, arsada Canda. Tavis dacvis ZalRone ara hqondaT. ,,oh, RmerTo, RmerTo!-warmosTqves erTad, erTxmad erT did Wandris fesvebSi mikunWulebma: ,,RmerTo, gvaqcie frinvelebad, rom maRla xeze SevafaroT Tavi, mxecebma veRaraferi dagvaklon, advilad moviaroT es aremare da maRla vipovoT saqonelio!” swored am dros Camoiara ,,aminma”... roca vefxviam da mziam frinveloba inatres, ,,aminma” amini dauca da gadaiqcnen buebad. erTmaneTis gamomSvidobeba verc ki moaswres, erTi erT mxares gafrinda, meore-meores da Seudgnen TavSesafris Zebnas”(1909w.). Aamave nawarmoebis fabulis mixedviT, roca oblebis mama klded gadaiqceva, xolo ,,vefxvis Zvlebis da leSis naRvenTisa amovida deka quCad, dayunTebul vefxvis saxed”(96,499), gameorebasTan, an TviTganmeorebasTan ki ara gvaqvs sxvadasxva saqme, aramed motivis es logikur orive momenti Txzulebis urTierTkavSirSia da kompoziciaSi mas kompoziciur gamarTulobas aniWebs. Aaq motivaciaa TviTganmeorebadi. Mmizandasaxulebis siaxliT wina nawarmoebisagan sruliad gansxvavebulia, Cveni rwmeniT, literaturuli zRapari ,,Seyvarebuli”(1914w. 29,157); upasuxo siyvarulis tragizmma ganapiroba monadiris gadaqceva jer arwivad, bolos TviTganmeorebiT ki-circelad. es Txzuleba vfiqrobT, SeiZleba sxvad moviazroT qcevis motivis zemoganxilul nawarmoebTa ciklSi, miuxedavad ambis, fabulis gansxvavebulobisa. 148 Uuzomod Seyvarebuli, Zalze mizanmimarTulic aRmoCnda. Mmiznad daisaxa grZneuli Seyvarebulis naxva, masTan Sexvedra da ra zomas ar mimarTa, bevrjer moecara xeli, bolos Sexvda ,,erT uRran tyeSi, udabur adgilas” saswaulmoqmed moxucs, romelsac sTxova-arwivad maqcieo. Aausrulda survili da umal mifrinda im kldis qimTan, sadac gauCinarda misi sanatreli arseba, danaTlebuli foladis niskarti da klanWebi im kldis gamongrevas SeacviTa, sadac Sevida is ulamazesi arseba da mainc verafers gaxda. Ggawbilebulma isev miakiTxa im keTilismyofel moxucs, miuxedavad imisa, rom arwiv-monadires kldis siRrmidan saamo xmiT gamoelaparaka is asuli-,,aqa var, magram ara maqvs neba gamosvlisa, arc amaze metis Tqmisa, rasac geubnebio”(71,164). Ggadioda wlebi magram qali xmas aRar scemda. grZneulma moxucma Seicoda arwivi da, misive Txovnis Tanaxmad, aqcia circelad, kldis xed. ra iyo imis mizani? is, rom danergiliyo im kldis Tavze, raTa, rogorc man uTxra moxucs: ,,Cems fesvebs hqondes iseTi Tviseba, veraferi ver iWerdes, ver abrkolebdes maT zrdas, Ggaizardos Cemi fesvebi, rom Caswvdes im Cemis satrfos Semoertyas garSemo... monadiris natvra asrulda: kldis xarebas. sadgurs, Tavze, mis mier amorCeul adgilas, mSvenieri circeli amovida... fesvebma gza gaikvlies qalis sadgurisake... isinic eqsovebian oqros ZafiviT lodebis wyebas... qalic grZnobs amas da sdums, isic gulisfancqaliT moelis im wuTs, roca circvlis fesvebi SeaCenen cxvirebs aqeT-iqiT da Seexebian: ,,gamarjveba Ggarkveulwilad Seni, qalo lamazo, asulo TviTganmeorebad miviCnevT monadiris kldisao!...(33,167). natvraSi aseT frazas: ,,monadire mzad iyo eSmakisaTvisac ki suli mieca, oRond Tavisi wadili aesrulebina, miznisTvis mieRwia. gavixsenoT Seresa da bebris dialogi poemidan ganmeorebasTan, Tavisuflad ,,eTeri”. ufro moiazreba Aaq saqme gvaqvs siuJeturi detalis swored siuJetur TviTganmeorebasTan. stilur faqtorTa TviTganmeorebis rac ciklur movlenad. WeSmaritebaa, rom sadReisod ,,literaturuli nawarmoebis umaRles kriteriums-rogorc Cvens mier zemoTganxiluli nawarmoebebiT davrwmundebiT-emociisa da inteleqtualis integracia warmoadgens (72,115). Mmkvlevrebi amodian eliotis Teoriuli koncefciebidan. 149 vfiqrobT, analogiuri midgoma mxatvruli teqstisadmi ucxo ar iyo da ucxo ar aris qarTuli kritikuli azrovnebisaTvisac. marTalia, es yovelive CvenTan gamokveTil mimdinareobebad an skolebad ar gaformebula, magram, garkveuli aspeqtiT Zveli qarTuli esTetikuri koncefciebisaTvis, agreTve XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi da XX saukunis qarTuli kritikuli azrovnebisaTvis niSandoblivia ,,emociisa da inteleqtis” Taviseburi integrireba, rasac arasdros ar daukargavs Tavisi saxe. sailustraciod movixmobT prof. gr. kiknaZis azrs, gamoTqmuls vaJafSavelas xuTi poemis Sefasebisas. igi wers: ,,vaJa-fSavelas poemebSi qarTulma kritikam, literaturis istoriam da yovelma mkiTxvelma gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis socialuri da msoflmxedvelobriv-filosofiuri sakiTxebi da azri dainaxa. amiT vaJa erTbaSad gamoirCa sxva qarTveli mwerlebisagan da qarTul-literaturul kritikuli msjelobac Sinaarseulad gaamdidra: vaJas gacnobam ubiZga kritikosebs, rom misi mxatvruli Semoqmedeba warmarTobis, animistobis, anTropomorfistobis da panTeistobis TvalTaxedviT ganexilaT. literaturul aspeqtSi sruliad naTeli gaxda vaJas Tavisebureba, ramac erTxans simbolistad misi miCnevac ki ganapiroba. Ddabolos, vaJa-fSavelas xatovanma metyvelebam, misi poeturi enis araCveulebriobam, saerTod ki-samyaros xilvis aqamde arnaxulma saxeobamvaJa genialur xelovanTa ricxvs miakuTvna da, misi Semoqmedebis mecnieruli analizi da kritikuli Sefaseba, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, gaZnelda.(48,15). swored ,,emociisaa da inteleqtis integraciis” suliskveTebas vamCnevT mkvlevaris am gancxadebaSic: ,,vaJa-fSavela didi xelovania da amitom kvleva-Ziebis romelime erT doneze namdvilad dauZlevelia igi. TviTon vaJa advilad Txzavda, Cven ki Znelad gasarkvevi Txzulebebi dagvitova, racaa misi poeturi sicocxlis ukvdavebis piroba”(48, 6). Pprof. gr. kiknaZe xazgasmiT miuTiTebs: ,,vaJa-fSavelas mTeli Semoqmedeba SeiZleba ganixilos da Sefasdes erTimeoresTan gadajaWvuli sami rigi faqtorebis mixedviT: rogorc eTnografiuli faqti, rogorc socialur-politikuri faqti da rogorc literaturul-mxatvruli faqti: gansakuTrebiT saWiroebs amgvar midgomas misi poemebi”(48,10). Aaq moxmobil faqtebze sagangebod ar gavamaxvilebT Cven yuradRebas, radgan vaJasmcodneoba am TvalsazrisiT zRva masalas Seicavs. 150 tradiciuli vaJasmcodneobiTi miRwevebis kvaldakval, SeZlebisdagvarad vcdilobT movimarjvoT kvlevis Tanamedrove meTodebi, kerZod ,,hermenevtika, anu teqstis gagebisa da interpretaciis Teoria da praqtika, romelic moiazreba rogorc literaturuli nawarmoebis axsnisa da ganmartebis universaluri meTodi, romlis ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens teqstis swori interpretacia, anu teqstis gamnarteba misi afsolituri mxatvruli faseulobebis konteqstSi” (121,102). Tavis cnobil werilSi ,,Cemi poemebis Sesaxeb” vaJa aRniSnavda: ,,poetma Tu yovelive Taviseburad ar SeimuSava, Tavis grZnoba-gonebis sakuTrebad ar gadaaqcia, amaod daSvreba, mis nawarmoebs aravin WkvaTamyofeli xelovnurs ar uwodebs. Ees WeSmariteba dResaviT, mzesaviT aSkaraa”(34,341) aqve gvsurs daveyrdnoT isev vaJas sxva Teoriul statias ,,fiqrebi”, romelSic igi aRniSnavs: ,,Tu ginda originaluri mwerali dagiZaxon,- uTqvams bernes-swere ise, rasac hfiqrob, ise, rogorc hfiqrobde, rogorc Sens sulsa da guls undodes, moswondeso”(22,342) Tu kritikuli TvaliT gadavxedavT misi poeturi eposis memkvidreobas, Seqmnils XXsaukunis dasawyisidan, naTlad davrwmundebiT, rom did poetis yvela Tema, siuJeti, fabula Taviseburad brwyinvaled gadaumuSavebia da Seuqmnia iseTi nawarmoebebi, romlebic mis sulsa da guls undoda da moswonda. Ees naTlad nawarmoebebSi, gamovlinda aramed 1900 ara wliT marto XIX daTariRebul saukuneSi Seqmnil pirvelsave poemaSi ,,nangrevTa Soris”(monadiris naambobi)”-daibeWda ,,iveriaSi. 1900wlis #141. Aarc Tu alegoriulisa didi da moculobis miTosuri poemis xilvis fabula agebulia SerwymiT. legendur- miTosuri xilva dakavSirebulia legendur alegoriulobasTan. Aavtorma poeturi xedvis areSi moaqcia fantaziiT gacocxlebuli Zveli drois qalaqi cxovneTi, masTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi, romelTa analogebi mravladaa Zveli da Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. swored amis gamo Rebulobs fabula alegoriul Seferilobas, rac mkafiodaa gansazRvruli TiToeuli xilvisa Tu poeturi xedvis mxatvruli funqciebi mocemul nawarmoebSi vaJa–fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi xelwerisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia poemaSi asaxuli drois namyo droSi gadatana. xSirad saTauris Semdeg aris 151 xolme amaze miTiTebuli, zogan ki es amoikiTxeba uSualod teqstSi . asea es gansaxilvel poemaSi ,,nangrevTa Soris“. Tu Sinaarsobrivad gavSifravT saTaurs, aq sityvaSi ,,nangrevTa Soris“ ukve miniSneba igrZnoba ganvlili drois Sesaxeb. mTxrobeli aq avtori ki ara, aramed monadire (poets misTvis saxeli ar miucia). erT ucnauri kompoziciuri svla ipyrobs yuradRebas. poemaSi 208 taepian nawarmoebSi mxolod 2 taepSia moqceuli avtoriseuli remarka: ,,TviT nangrevebis ambavi sTqva TandilaanT xutama:“(31,163) poemis pirveli Tavi mTlianad da meore Tavis 28 taepi warmoadgens monadiris naambobs, xolo meore Tavis danarCeni 18 taepi da mesame Tavi mTlianad eTmoba meore mTxrobels –TandilaanT xutas. 1900wels dawerili es poema gansakuTrebuli kompoziciiT ar gamoirCeva. aq ar aris peizaJuri foniT dawyeba, romelSic xSirad Caqsovilia xolme momavali koliziebi, poets arc damxmare vinme, anu ambis momtani, dasWirvebia fabulis gasaSlelad, arc ,,reportaJis“ msgavsi dasawyisi aqvs gamoyenebuli gansaxilvel poemaSi. ambis gadmocema, Txroba spontanurad, garegani gavlenis gareSe, iwyeba. mTxrobeli, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, monadirea. saubris kilo, intonacia gvagrZnobinebs iqve msmenlis arsebobas, Tumca araviTari sityvieri miniSneba arc mTxrobelis, arc avtoris mier araa mocemuli: mTas vinadire, davbrundi, mTis Zirs mivdevdi Walasa, meCqareboda Sin misvla , muxlebs vatandi Zalasa(31,161) ramdenime sityviT, oriode StrixiT daixateba eqsterieri, garemo, sadac gaiSleba fabulis dasawyisi: piria gazafxulisa: CirTic axali,mwvaneca; SiSs ra gaavlevs Cems gulSi, dRec tyeSi vcxovrob, Rameca(iqve) 152 rogorc Cveulebriv xdeba, sivrce drois faqtoris gareSe ar moiazreba da avtori maSinve gvTavazobs Sav fons, sasuraTe tilos ,,miwad“ rom gamodgeba, anu Rames. ZiriTadi ambis gasaSlelad swored Rame Caayenebs mTxrobels, anu monadires, iseT garemoSi, romelSic mkiTxveli Tvals miadevnebs teqstSi gaSlil miTosur xilvebs. unda iTqvas, rom monadiris naambobi mistikur saburvelSia gaxveuli; saburvelSi, rasac gauocebia gamocdili monadire: uxilav arsebaTa gadalaparakebisas amotivtivda saxeli RvTiT Serisxuli qarTveli kacisa, eliozisa: balRebs gviWrian Tavebsa, ra upatronod vwydebiTa!– RmerTi grisxavdes, elioz, rom umweoni vrCebiTa!“ garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi ar wydeba maTi Civili. bunebrivia SiSiT monadiris Sepyrobac: SiSma Samipyro maSin ki, vsTqvi: ,,davixelTo iqneba, ra momelanda, ra ari; saiT ra momevlineba?“ vloculob, viwer pirjvarsa, mival, ar vixev ukana. an sad gaviqce, rom SfoTi ar cxreba,ismis yvelgana“(iqve,gv.162) poetis mier daxatuli eqsterieri da iq myisierad warmoqmnili gancdebi mSvenier masalas aZleven fsiqologebs. iq rac datrialda, mxolod dakvirvebuli fsiqologi Tu gaaSuqebs da Seafasebs. maT garkveul daxmarebas TviT dakvirvebis obieqti, monadirec gauwevs: pirvelad davafiqsiroT garemo, saganTa ganfena midamoSi, sadac RamiT modis monadire: Tumca ki kaci WaWada ar minaxia sworeda,– 153 arc sulieri sxva rama... nangrevebi dga yoreda... sakvirvlad sakvirveleba am nangrevT Saunaxia. netavi maSin menaxos kacis erTisa saxia.(31,162) meore: gaviTvaliswinoT , Tu ra reaqcia mohyva amas, anu ra SfoTianoba daeufla monadires, ra emociur stresSi Cavarda igi: bolos sam kvnesa gaisma, glovis wkaruni zarisa, da didi oxvra amoxda dablaiT miwa–myarisa. SavSinebulvar Zalian, veRara vZravdi bagesa. gulSi vloculob, vevedri am are–maris gamgesa. SavTxovdi: Wkvidam nu SamSlis, nu gamimwarebs yofasa, nu daananebs deda–Cems bedkrulis Svilis Sobasa.“(iqve) saTanado samecniero literaturaze dayrdnobiT, SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom monadiris stresi emociuria da gamowveuli pirovnebis SeSfoTebiT. misi es stresi, SfoTianoba gamowveulia ,,...ara realurad mocemuli saxifaTo situaciiT, aramed es aris misi rogorc mosalodnelis, warmosaxva da amdenad molodini am SesaZlo xifaTisa“(63,545). aRsaniSnavia, rom monadireSi stresis aRmoceneba ganpirobebulia ara mxolod obieqturi pirobebiT (aq: Rame, sasaflao, nayari lodebi, yornebi, nangrevebi), aramed eqsterieris ,,gaSinaarsebiT“ (aq: garemo, atmosfero damuxtulia istoriuli realiebis warmosaxviT Seqmnili viTarebiT: omis yiJini, saomari moqmedebis fragmentebi, nacixar–nasimagralis nangrevebi, misi 154 toponimi ,,diakvnis gverdis cixe“ da am nangrevebis istoriasTan dakavSirebuli moRalate qarTvelis–eliozis“–saxelis wamotivtiveba mexsierebaSi). poemis meore Tavis dasawyisSi grZeldeba pirvel TavSi datrialebuli gancdebiT gamowveuli STabeWdilebebi. avtori gamocdili fsiqologis utyuari alRoTi Seafasebs monadiris mier Tanmoyolil stresul gancdebs. sagulisxmoa, rom axloblebi ar eTanxmebian mas da gamowveul stresul gancdebs devebs ki ara, ufro realur movlenebs ukavSireben. aRmoCnda, ,,rom yvelas es emarTeba RamiT am adgils mavalsa” da ,,yvelasac moeCveneba saxe grgvinvis da omisa (31, 162) amis Semdeg subieqturi motivacia stresulobisa TandaTanobiT gadainacvlebs obieqtur–istoriul motivirebaSi da ambis dineba mTlianad gardaisaxeba realistur–poetur xedvad. logikurad es daukavSirda fabulaSi axali personaJis, TandilaanT xutas, Semoyvanas: ,,TviT nangrevebis ambavi sTqva TandilaanT xutama“. TandilaanT xutas naambobidan garkveulad Cans, rom monadiris pirovnebaSi da mis axloblebTa Soris arsebul xilvaTa warmosaxvam xeli Seuwyes maT Soris mexsierebis gamoRviZeba–gaaqtiurebas. aman ki gardasaxvis obieqtad qceuli ambavi aqcia realisturobad, istoriuli peripetiebis gamococxlebad. poemis personaJi, xuta, arwmunebs msmenelebs, rom nangrevTa Soris atexil xmaurs misTvis xeli araferSi ar SeuSlia, rom ,,arc vin Sacvlila Wkvidama, arc vis mahSlia cxovreba, janzedac kargad arian, ukeTesi aqvT goneba.“ TandilaanT xuta darwmunebulia, rom ,,minam qveyana arsebobs, am ambebs hnaxven mudama,“ rom: ,,nu ityviT –borotni iyvnen, keTilni sulni arian“ : mand, dRes rom yoreebs vxedavT,– cixe–koSkebis nangrevTa– Zvels dros qalaqi yofila mter–Seuvali, magari, cxovneTad saxeldebuli, swored samoTxis sadari(31,163). 155 xuta Seaxsenebs msmenelebs, rom Cven mxares Zvelad mravali mteri hyolia. axlac bevri mteri gvyavso da ,,dro Tu daudgaT, kidevac gadmohyudeben yurebsa, kidevac dagviqroleben, aaSfoTeben gulebsa.“ urumTa, anu osmaloebis, Semosevis xanas acocxlebs mTxrobeli. xutas TqmiT, mteri bolos mosula im adgilas, ,,sadac dRes gvesmis kiJina RamiT da abjris Cxaruni“. darbeul qarTvelebs pirze mxolod erTi moRalatis , eliozis, saxeli ekera: elioz, RmerTi grisxavdes!“– yvela erT–pirad iZaxis...(iqve) vkiTxulobT mis daxasiaTebas da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom poetma mogvca tipiuri moRalatis saxe tipiurad qceul garemoSi. eliozic klasikuri personaJia Cvens literaturaSi arsebul moRalate pirebs Soris (varsqeni, ori iese, Sadimani, svimon mayaSvili da a.S). avtori patara StrixiT migvaniSnebs erT niuansze–,,aravin icis, ra rjulis, CvenSi siT gamoreuli.“ misi mxolod saxeli scodniaT cxovneTelebs– ,,es ki ician, sul–krulsa rom eliozi hrqmevia“. bevri qarTveli moRalatis analogiuri gza gauvlia eliozs: ,,TaTrebi gaulaRebav, cxovneTi dauqcevia: gza uswavlebav mtrisada erT bnels, ukuneTs RameSi... TiTon didoba miuRav imav TaTrebis mxareSi.“ TandilaanT xuta mokled afasebs misi RalatiT gamowveul ,,codva– bralis suraTs“. am Sefasebisas erTi miTologiuri detali cocxldeba mkiTxvelis Tvalwin; kerZod: im codva–bralis suraTi, rac im erTs Rames momxdara, Saunaxia haersa, scocxlobs da rodi momkvdara! yuradReba miipyro pirvelma am oTxma taepma. aq unda gamovyoT sintaqsur–gramatikuli momenti. saxezea rTuli qvewyobili winadadeba rTuli konstruqciisa. mTavari winadadebidan gvsurs gamovyoT fraza–,,codva–bralis 156 suraTi Saunaxia haersa“, romelsac mosdevs mTxrobelis komentari: ,,scocxlobs da rodi momkvdara da ,,samSoblos erTgulT sulebi, spetakni, rogorc cvilebi, Tavze dahbrunven cxovneTsa, rogorac dedas Svilebi.“ mTavari winadadebidan gamovyoT fraza: ,,Saunaxia haersa“. haeris mier informaciis Senaxva ki indur filosofiaSi cnobili movlenaa. mas ,,akaSa“ ewodeba. vfiqrobT, didi vaJa misdauneburad, Tavisi genialuri gonis wyalobiT , Sehxmianebia indur filosofiaSi, indur metafizikaSi gavrcelebul movlenas da mogvca misi qarTuli, mxatvruli interpretacia. magaliTad, v. nugatovis mier Sedgenil ,,tantris enciklopediaSi“, romelSic ,,indur aqcentebi filosofiaSi eqstazis akaSa alqimiazea aris: eTeri, gadatanilili, anu vkiTxulobT: nivTierebis vibraciuli mdgomareoba, akaSas Tvlian yvelafris sayovelTao saTavsod,-ra iyo, ra aris da ra iqneba... zogjer akaSas uwodeben ,,faqiz, natif eTers”. (elifas levi), an ,,astralur Suqs” (alister krouli) Tumca maTi aRmoCena miewereba piTagoras”. vaJas poemaSic analogiuri Tvisebaa dafiqsirebuli haerisa, romelsac Semounaxavs informacia momxdarze. amave dros haers, mokamkame eTers, berZnul miTologiaSi yvelaze zeda da wminda, gamWvirvale fenas, unari hqonia Semoenaxa informacia mimdinare ambebze da ewinaswarmetyvela samomavlo viTarebac; analogiuria situacia nawarmoebSi: vpovebT am qveyanazeda imaT keTilis–myofelsa?! Tavis samSoblos gamcemze visme keTilis mTxrobelsa(31,163). vaJas mier faqtebSi intuiciurma wvdomam indur Tu berZnul miTologiur garemos organulad daakavSira fSaur da xevsurul miTologiur panTeonSi arsebuli fenomenebi: moZaxurebi//maZaxurebi: cxovneTis moZaxurebi amaSfoTaris xmebiTa Cven gonebaSi gvagdeben, radgan xSirada vscdebiTa (31,164) 157 maZaxura fSav–xevsuruli crurwmeniT, uCinari mavne sulia, romelSic sofelSi RamiT Camoivlis da mZinare ojaxs sakomidan (sakvamledan–J.k) CasZaxebs(87,351); cota qvemoT vxvdebiT damatebiT ganmartebas–,,moZaxura(fS.) xalxis warmodgeniT, raRac arsebaa (87 gv.386). Cvens mier xazgasmuli taepebidan naTlad gamoCnda, Tu vaJam warmarTuli, miTiuri, rogor moaqcia qristianuli rwmenis safarvelSi. es faqtori damaxasiaTebeli aspeqtia misi SemoqmedebiTi istoriisaTvis. samarTlianadaa uaryofili nihilisturi Tvalsazrisi 900–iani wlebidan vaJa–fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi energiis modunebis Taobaze. Tu Tvals gadavavlebT 900–910–iani wlebis SemoqmedebiT produqcias, davrwmundebiT im WeSmaritebaSi , rom vaJas SemoqmedebisaTvis mis pirad cxovrebas, yofiT simZimes, sazogadoebaSi momxdar kataklizmebs niri odnavadac ar Seucvlia. piriqiT, sakmaodaa gafarToebuli misi SemoqmedebiTi interesebis sfero. amaSi vgulisxmobT misi moqalaqeobriobis gaaqtiurebas, polemikur tons, mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi Janrobriv mravalferovnebas, umaRles mxatvrul–esTetikur dones, SemoqmedebiT nayofierebas. Tu vimsjelebT jer kidev 1900wlis Taobaze poeturi eposis mixedviT, ukve am periodSi gamoqveynebuli ori poema naTlad adasturebs avtoris SemoqmedebiT intensiurobas Tematikis damuSavebis TvalsazrisiT, miTumetes, rom qronologiurad axlos dgas maTTan ,,gvelis–mWamelze“ muSaobis procesi. ramdenadac gansxvavebulia ideur–Tematuri datvirTva poemisa ,,nangrevTa Soris“, absoluturad sxva samyaroSi gadavyevarT poets poemaSi ,,brZeni viri (Zvelis-Zveli ambavi)“. ,,Zvelis–Zvel ambavSi“ faqtiurad araki qceula zRapar–poemad. ,,araki“ terminologiurad zustad gamoxatavs fabulaSi ganviTarebul movlenebs (mxedvelobaSi vRebulobT ,,arakis“ ilia WavWavaZiseul ganmartebas). alegoriulad bevr rameze migvaniSnebs nawarmoebi. bevri sagulisxmo ram winaswarmetyveluric aRmoCnda fabulaSi. ukve saTauricaa momgvreli Rimilisa. es viri namdvilad ar igulisxmeba sulxan–sabas sedraqiseul virad. aq vaJam ironiiT Sefera Tavisi Txzulebis 158 mTavari personaJi. problema ki maSinve rom aqtualurad iyo miCneuli, dasturdeba imiT, rom ,,iveriaSi“ gamoqveynda. aseTi martivi, gamWvirvale siuJetis mqone Txzulebis publikacia ,,iveriaSi“ imazec migviTiTebs, rom ,,iveria“ gulisxmierad ekideboda ymawvilTa repertuarSi Setanil nawarmoebebsac. migvaCnia, rom ,,brZeni viri“ uTuod daimkvidrebda saTanado adgils vaJas saymawvilo nawarmoebTa Soris. swored migviTiTeben, rom brwyinvale ,,sabavSvo qmnilebaTa“ avtoria vaJa. magram es jer kidev ar niSnavs, rom es nawarmoebi mxolod ymawvilTaTvis sakiTxav masalad hqondes mas Cafiqrebuli. mwerlis mxatvrul moTxovnilebaTa gamoxatulebad arian CaTvlilni isini, rameTu WeSmariti ,,sabavSvo qmnileba“ yovelTvis momxibvleli da zneobrivia mozrdilTaTvisac“–l.tolstoi“(49,445). ambavs mTxrobeli gadmogvcems. didi roli akisria mas siuJetis mdinarebaSi. igi TavSive iZleva viris daxasiaTebas: viri ram, erTi CoCori, didyura,ugzod myvirala, ar vici, siT, rogor moxda, ase ram gaamZvinvara: yroyiniT mTa–bars aqcevda: ,,CemTan mogrovdiT yvelao, saca ram cxovelebi xarT, Tu gindaT Tavis Svelao!“(31,165). amas mosdevs cxovelTa reaqciis mSvenieri aRwera. didebuladaa daWerili sityvas ayolili brbos fsiqologia. SiSiTa da wrwoliT gulaTaxTaxebulni– daiZrnen tyidam nadirni viris mquxare xmazeda, ar darCenila arc erTi arc mindvrad, arca mTazeda, unda iaxlon didyuras, scnan, mxecT ibarebs razeda...(iqve). maTs maraqaSi ar gareulan lomi, vefxvi, daTvi da mgeli. 159 kargad aris mocemuli viris daxasiaTeba sityvis dawyebamde: viri gorazed Semdgara, icqireboda gmirulad, Tumca–ki qceva da sityva mas mosdioda virulad. nadirT xro imis winaSe sdgas mowiwebiT,mwirulad(iqve,166). sityva virisa farisevluria,trabaxia: mas Turme ,,guls uklavs“ cxovelTa tanjva da kvnesa, rom zecam gamogzavna igi maT batonad da patronad, rom ,,dReidan unda ixaros, vinc aqamomde ewama“. amas igi moayolebs trabaxiT gaJRenTil sicrues: Turme didi sasjeli moeliT misgan ,,vefxvsa, lomsa da mgelsao“. aq mousvlelobisaTvis. mas SiSiT ver Sexedaven ,,vefxvi, mgeli da daTuna“. ,,mxecebi gaocebulni wamoyayandnen viSiTa“: ufro Tavzari daecaT, SiSiT ekvrodnen mawasa, raki lom–vefvxvsaca swixlavs, xmas viRa gascems imasa.(iqve). Sedegi gamoiRo viris yroyinma, misma xmamaRalobam. iumoristulia mTxrobelis komentari brbos fsiqologiis Sesaxeb: ,,mxecTa kvalada sTqves: ,,ar styuis, jer xma rogori hqonia, aba Tu visme misTana tyeebSi gagvigonia?! yurebic ramodena aqvs, didi eqneba gonia. batonad amovirCioT Zalian mosawonia... groteskis simaRlemde adis am pasaJis safinalo sityvebi: erTbaSad daiyrantales, gaiZaxodnen vaSasa! 160 vin miscems aseTs didebas Taviss saymoSi faSasa!(31,166). Txzulebis III TavSi logikurad viTardeba movlenebi. mgeli mSieri daexeteboda tyeSi. mivida xmauris adgilze da Tavisi yuriT moismina, rac iqa xdeboda. umal Seafasa situacia da ,,orator“ virs ,,mietia mtrulada“. avyia, utvino viris ubedurebiT, mglis garda, meliac moeloda viris leSiT gaZRomas. IV TavSi gadmocemulia am viris mimarT damokidebuleba misive moZmeebisa, virebisa. maT ar Seicxades viris daRupva, piriqiT, bevric ki icines. amis gamo mTxrobeli pirdapir mimarTavs mkiTxvels , msmenels: es samgle viri virebSic Turme Tavobas hbedavda(iqve). patronisgan gazuluqebuli viri Tavs gavida, gaatiala baRCa–bostani. viris ,,mgosnoba“ ar ikmara mTxrobelma da es viri Seadara ,,sabWos xmosnebs“; anu iseT adamianebs, romlebic usafuZvlod iCemebdnen brZenis saxels. daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos: ,,vaJa–fSavela Seuborkavi fantaziisa da didi warmomsaxvelobiTi SesaZleblobebiT aRsavse xelovani iyo, romelic swored yvelaze maRla ayenebda saTnoebiT da sifaqiziT savse guls, da guli ki,–rogorc amboben, bavSvebs ekuTvnis, magram ,,danaxva gulis moZraobisa xom didsac swyuria“(grigol kiknaZe); amitomac erTnairad momxibvlelia vaJas sabavSvo nawarmoebebi rogorc ymawvilTaTvis, aseve asakovani adamianebisaTvisac“(49,447). amrigad, msgavsi siuJetisa da fabulis mqone nawarmoebebi naTlad migvaniSneben didi poetis SemoqmedebiTi interesebis erT–erT mniSvnelovan aspeqtze. Tu davesesxebiT cnobili moRvawes akaki papavas vaJa–fSavelas prozis Sesaxeb: misi rwmeniT, vaJas mSvenieri moTxrobebi Tuki waukiTxavs, vinmes erTxel igi iq aRmoaCenso ,,...mziur xalisianobas, usazRvro siyvaruls yovel arsisadmi, haers, gaSlilobas, erTgvar religiur saTnoebas, rasac ,,ueWvelia TviTon ganicdidao“(67, 257–258). 161 vaJas prozidan , gansakuTrebiT sabavSvo repertuarSi damkvidrebuli Txzulebebidan, Tavisebur ciklur rkals qmnian ,,iseTebi, romelTa fabulebic agebulia ,,naambobze“, ,,ambavze“. es qvesaTaurebi ufro mimzidvelni arian mkiTxvelisaTvis, ganawyobs mas msmenladac da mkiTxveladac. es momenti brwyinvaled aqvs gaanalizebuli prof. gr.kiknaZes statiaSi ,,vaJa–fSavelas prozis stili“. mkvlevarma detalurad ganixila vaJas prozis stili ,,Svlis nukris naambobze“ dayrdnobiT. igi daskvnis saxiT aRniSnavs: ,,naambobs damajerebloba vaJam imiT moupova, rom cocxali mxedvelobiTi xatebi Seqmna, TvalsaCinoebas miaRwia da sakuTar msjelobaTagan Tavi Seikava... gamoTqmaTa gameorebiT, sityvaTa da maTi formebis mimsgavsebiT, frazaTa ganlagebiT is SesZlo, rom... nawarmoebis stilisturi erTianobis mkafio STabeWdileba Sehqmna“(49,90). ra viTarebaa am mxriv vaJas moTxrobaSi ,,axali weli fSavSi(beJanas naambobi)“, romelic daibeWda ,,nakadulSi“(1909w.). ver vityviT, rom am moTxrobis ,,stili xatovania(gr.kiknaZe). kilo TxrobiTia, msjeloba–dinjia, dro aRwerili ambisa winare warsulia. drois sarCuli winasaaxalwloa, moqmedebis adgili–fSavi. Txzulebis pirvelive fraza garkveulwilad motivirebulia, aqcenti socialur sakiTxzea aRebuli: ,,Zalian Raribad vcxovrobdi, xelmokled, sawylad. gana ar iciT,siRaribe rogoric aris?(32,455). umweo beJanas simdidred Tavisi ori Svili–eqvsi wlis gogona, oTxi wlis biWi da coli miaCnda. moTxrobis pirvel abzacSi yuradReba miiqcia erTma sityvam, rogorc ,,periferiulma sintaqsurma erTeulma“(26,109). ,,marTla, esec xom simdidrea: ori Svili myvanda–qali da vaJi; qali eqvsi wlisa, biWi oTxisa da coli“. Cvens mier xazgasmul sityvas (,,marTla“) beJanas metyvelebaSi emociur–eqspresiuli funqcia gaaCnia. am SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli sityva (an misi msgavsi sityvebi sxva SemTxvevaSi–J.k) ,,Cveulebriv gamoxataven mTqmelis damokidebulebas gamoTqmuli azrisadmi. am funqcias metyvelebaSi asruleben Sorisdebulebi... modaluri sityvebi... da nawilakebi“(26,114). tradiciulad , gramatikaSi amgvari konstruqcia gankerZoebaze miuTiTebs. aq ki , konkretulad, gankerZoebis is SemTxvevaa, romelsac CarTuls uwodeben. mocemul metateqstSi CarTuli– 162 ,,marTla“ exeba ara romelime erT wevrs winadadebisas, aramed intonaciurad igi mTel frazas faravs(46,304) am sityvis meoxebiT beJani uSualo kavSirs amyarebs mkiTxvelTan, zrdis intimuri urTierTobis dozas, Tavis naTqvams sZens damajereblobas, gul–gaxsnilobas. am erTma sityvam xazi or garemoebaze gausva: 1)ironia socialuri ,,simdidris“ mimarT: ,,erTi furi, erTi xari, sami dedali, erTi mamali“ da 2)siTbo–siyvaruli marTla auwyav simdidreze –col– Svili. rogorc saTanado literaturaSia miTiTebuli, msgavs SemTxvevaSi eseTi erTi sityva struqturulad daunawevrebelia da winadadebis ekvivalenturia (ap.daviTiani). mocemuli moTxrobis analizis dros gamoikveTa garkveuli mimarTeba nawarmoebis qronotopisadmi, dro–sivrcis fenomenisadmi. kerZod,–samecniero wyaroebSi miTiTebulia, rom ,,xelovnebisadmi arsebiTia mimarTeba oTxi droisa: maradiulobisa, empiriuli droisa, egzistencialuri droisa da siuJetis droisa. xelovnebaSi da Sesabamisad Tanamedrove TeoriebSi, siuJeturi droa saxe da xati maradiulobisa. mxatvrul nawarmoebs Tavisi sinamdvile aqvs da Tavisi dro, anu siuJeturi dro. siuJeturi dro aris empiriuli drois sazrisis Zebna mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi... siuJetur dros orgvari mimarTeba aqvs empiriul drosTan da meorea nawarmoebis wakiTxvis dro. ase vTqvaT, Sida–siuJeturi dro(81,27). moTxrobis motivaciis pirvelsave garda, frazaSi sayuradReboa Cadebuli dro–Jamis Sinaarsi, socialuri TvalsazrisiTac. naTlad gamoikveTa empiriuli da siuJeturi droebi. ambavi iwyeba siuJetur droSi. beJani ixsenebs erTi wlis winandel axalwlis ambavs: ,,Zalian Raribad vcxovrobdi, xelmokled, sawylad“. socialur yofas beJani ritorikuli SekiTxviT amuqebs da Tavisi gancdebis mizidulobis velSi miizidavs mkiTxvels–,,gana ar iciT, siRaribe rogorc aris?“ enawyliani mTxrobeli gamodga beJani. monologiuria ambis gadmocema. beJani cdilobs, yvelaferi gaandos virtualur mosaubres. 163 Cvens winaa ZirZveli, naRdi fSaveli kaci: miwis muSa da xiTxuroic. misi qeri sam Tves yofnida ojaxs, danarCen cxra Tves ki sul yidulobda. fuls Sovna undoda. ,,fuli–ki rogorc Tavad beJani ambobs,–Cemi mklavebi iyo culi, satexi, saWreTeli da xowi. vxvewdi xonCebs, xis jamebs, TefSebs, baknebs. vatarebdi soflidan–soflad da vcvlidi purze. fasi xis avejisa ganixruli iyo, fulze arc ki vyiddi, Cems balRebs puri erCivna fulsa: jami Tu xonCa ramden pursac Caitevda, imis fasi is iyo“. da kvebavda col–Svils, ,,rogorc Citi Tavis bartyebs“. miuxedavad ekonomiuri siduxWirisa, mama mainc bednierad grZnobda Tavs da amas ase ganumatravs Tanamosaubres: sadRegrZeloSi ,,SevTxove RmerTs, rom damdegi, momavali weli mainc bednieri qmniliyo CvenTvis. bednierad vgrZnobdi Cems Tavs: Tumca Camoglejil–Camowewili col–Svili damixvda, magram madloba RmerTs, rom cocxlebi arian, vambobdi“. didi mwerali adamianis sulis Rrmad mwvdomi pirovnebaa, icis adamiani da mianiSnebs kidec imaze, Tu ra cota ram kmara adamianis gasaxareblad. beJanis SemTxvevaSi es iyo Semotanili ZRveni–Tafli da nanadirevi, da Zroxis mier xbos mogeba. amis Semdeg ufro detalurad iSifreba siuJeturi dro, itvirTeba eTnografiuli detalebiT: moiZebna Wvartliani fanduri, diliT adre daikepa saxinkle xorci, evam (beJanis colma) moamzada Tafl–erbo mekvlisaTvis, diliT saxlis karze raRac daxmaurda, es ki mekvlis mosvlis niSani iyo, ase Seatyobina mekvlem mosvla, rogorc beJani ganumartavs msmenels Tu mkiTxvels: ,,daZaxeba axal weliwads kargi ar ariso“. mekvlis, ramazis, mosvlisTanave Seerwymis erTmaneTs siuJeturi da empiriuli droebi. aq yuradRebas ipyrobs beJanis Semdegi sityvebi: ,,es axali weli CemTvis sxvafriv, sxva mxriv aris Rirssaxsovari“. beJanis pirovnebaSi moWarbebulia emociuroba, TviTkritikulia mis fiqrTa Sinaarsi. amas ki beJanma imiT miaRwia, rom ,,warsuls igi awmyos fonze aSuqebs, urTierTmomdevno frazebSi gvawvdis da amiT warsulis iseTive aqtualur gancdas axerxebs, rogoradac awmyo viTareba ganicdeba“(81,76). 164 safinalo akordi am patara moTxrobisa SemecnebiT–aRmzrdelobiTi suliskveTebisaa. beJanma, ojaxuri viTarebidan, yvelaze metad ki Tavisi balRebis didi sixarulidan gamomdinare gulSi mtkiced gadaswyvita: ,,unda rac aqamde viyav, erTi aTasad viqce, rom sawyali Cemi col–Svili marTlac namdvili cxovrebis Rirsi gavxado, da marTlac ase moviqeci. Sromas movumate, naSovaric davzoge, duqans aRar mivekare da dRes, dailocos RmerTi, CemTvis yvelaferi sakmao maqvs... Cemi col–Svili sxvas aRar Sehnatris. madlobeli var im axali wlisa, RmerTma Senc nu mogaklos gonebisa da grZnobis gamxsneli!..“(32,458) Bbunebrivia, beJani moaxdens ,,nakadulis” droisa”, pirovnebis avtoris mizandasaxulobiT, mkiTxvelebze. rameTu aqaa ,,TviTdadginebisa”(r.siraZe). keTil zegavlenas pirovnuli amas ki daZleva beJanma imiT miaRwia, rom Seewia ,,gonebisa da grZnobis gamxsneli”-ufali Cveni. amJamad ganxilva-dakvirvebis obieqtad gavixadeT vaJas poema ,,sisxlis Zieba” (ambavi CerqezTa cxovrebidan), romelic pirvelad daibeWda 1897 wels Jurnal ,,kvalSi”, mohklebia #2,3,4,5,6. mkvlevarTa 15.I-2(35,216-246). saTanado Ffaqtia, yuradReba. rom aris am poemas mcdeloba kompleqsuri analizisa. Cven ki am mSvenieri Txzulebis ar misi ,,absoluturi mxatvruli faseulobebis konteqstidan” gvsurs SevexoT vaJas poemebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli stiluri xasiaTis movlenis, kerZod ,,siuJeturi CarCoebidan gadaxvevebs-filosofiuri gansjiT gatacebas da mkiTxvelTa CaTrevas eTikur-problemaTa siRrmeebSi”(35,13). miTumetes, rom ,,am rigis gadaxvevebi... TvalsaCino kompoziciur rolsac ki asruleben”(35,14). Eese igi, rogorc zemoT interpretaciis mxolod am aRvniSneT, Cvens sakiTxi”(44,122). aqcentiT win dgeba vacnobierebT, interpretacia nawilia rom ,,mxatvruli saanalizo Txzulebis teqstis teqstis kompleqsuri ganxilvisa. ,,siuJeturi CarCoebidan gadaxvevis” TvalsaCino magaliTia mocemuli wignSi ,,vaJa-fSavelas gaSuqebulia lirikuli xuTi poema” wiaRsvlebi, (35,341-367). saTanado deskrifcia, ilustrirebiT avtologia, siuJetur qargaSi CarTuli sxvaTa Tqmebi, aforizmebi. Cven ki ,,sisxlis Ziebis” analogiur analitikas davamatebdiT iseT mxatvrul-kompoziciur xerxze saubars, rogoricaa retardacia. 165 gvTavazobs ra vaJa-fSavelas fenomenis brwyinvale daxasiaTebas, prof. gr. kiknaZe migviTiTebs: ,,poets xSirad imdenad xiblavs da itacebs esa Tu is movlena, rom wyvets ambis Txrobas, uxvevs misi ganviTarebis gzidan da amJamad xilululi movlenis winaSe Cerdeba. imdenad didi mxatvruli mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rac ama Tu im momentSi poetis cnobierebaSi SemoWrilia, rom TiTqmis neldeba misi interesi ambisadmi, sakuTriv siuJetisadmi (48,17-18). Aaqve mokled aRniSnavs ,,sisxlis Ziebis” siuJetSi arsebul gadaxvevis ramdenime SemTxvevas. Cveni amocanidan gamomdinare, mivyeviT ra Txrobis temps, yuradReba SevaCereT naratologiis iseT tipur SemTxvevaze, rogoricaa ,,deskriptiuli pauza”, anu rodesac ,,Txroba Cerdeba, viTarebis, peizaJis, interieris an sagnis aRwera iwyeba”(121,90). Ppauza droTi unda izomebodes da poemaSic misi ganzomilebis metnakleboba ganvsazRvreT TxzulebaSi arsebuli siuJetidan gadaxvevis an retradiciis oTx Sinaarsoblivi mxolod Tu aTeulze meti funqciuri stilistikuri SemTxveviT. klasifikacia, figurebi, xolo movaxdineT samsjavrod maTi ricxvidan ra maTi gamovitaneT SevCerdiT ritorikul SeZaxilze. sxvagan ki saubari iqneba aforizmul gamoTqmebze, andazebze, wyevlis formulaze, Segonebaze, riTac ase uxvia poema ,,sisxlis Zieba”. Ppoemis pirvel TavSi mocemulia bunebis suraTi, peizaJi. Aaq peizaJi ar asrulebs dekoraciis funqcias. esaa idumali gasaubreba poetisa garemosTan. gapirovnebisa Tu metaforizaciis saSualebiT naTeli xdeba avtoris mimarTeba, damokidebuleba ,,uenpiro” bunebisadmi. Ddidi siTbo da siyvarulia Caqsovili mgosnis damokidebulebaSi mTa-qedebis, caze ayvavebuli Rrublebis, pirbadeaxsnili mTebis, miyril-moyrili kldeebisa Tu salis kldis naJurisadmi, wyarosadmi. Mmeore TavSi ukve fiqsirdeba mTis bilikze momavali mxedari. sul raRac oriode StrixiT gamoxata poetma mxedris Sinagani ganwyobileba:,,mTis biliks mosdevs mxedari// aRvirCaxsnili cxeniTa,//aRviZebs balaxs mTisasa// xamuS-xamuSis stveniTa”(31,217). Mmxedris daxasiaTebisas xazgasmulia misi Tavdajerebuloba, TviTkmayofileba; Cans, didi miznisaTvis ukve miuRwevia da ,,valmoxdilis” TvalebiT daeZebs vinme TanamgrZnobels da Cqarobs sakuTari binisaken. Cveulebrivia Txrobis tempi im drosac, rodesac mxedarma ,,midamos Tvali 166 gadaavlo,//naxa Tavisi sofeli,// lxiniT aevso sul-guli, iq elamaza yoveli”. Aam sityvebis Semdeg garkveuli Seyovneba igrZnoba Txrobis tempSi da Cndeba iseTi poeturi gamoTqma, iseTi stilistikur-mxatvruli figura, rogoricaa ritorikuli SekiTxva: ,,gana martoka kacT gviyvars Tavisi miwa mSobeli?!(31,218) Aam SekiTxvaSi mxolod mTxrobelis TvalTaxedva amovikiTxeT. Txroba gamovida personaJis siuJeturi velidan. Mmocemul figuraSi arc Segonebaa, arc aforizmia da arc andaza. mas arc retardacia mouxdenia Txrobis dinamikaSi; ufro zustni rom viyoT, Zalze sustia igi. am SekiTxvaSi dagvainteresa qveteqstma, striqonebs Soris gatarebulma azrma, romelSic, faqtiurad, mxedris zneobriv iersaxeze miniSneba amovikiTxeT. kerZod, igrZnoba albaT is, rom ,,kacisagan”, ,,kacobisagan” Sors unda iyos es mxedari. Cveni varaudi momdevno frazebmac gaamyares. Aaq aSkarad iSifreba mxedris uaryofiToba: ,,arc modis usaxeloda//sisxlis davlaze mSromeli,//sisxliani aqvs xmlis vada,//egrev xanjrisa tarica”(31,218). Mmxedars Tavi marTali hgonia, valmoxdilia,-,,raca hqmna-sasaxeloa,//odnavac ara rcxvenia”(35,218). Mmisi Rirebulebisa. mamxilebel saqcieli ar mTxrobeli Sefasebas. Cans sazogadoebrivi Cagvaxedebs Aara saqmis rcxvenoda masStabisa, viTarebaSi mxedars imitom, saTemo da iZleva rom taxtze dakidebuli marjvenis safasurad ,,unda saCuqrad miiRos xmali, fuli da cxenia” (24,218). Tu isev vaJas davesesxebiT, mxedars vaJkacoba fulze gauyidia . simptomaturad gveCveneba isic, rom am mxedris saxels mTxrobeli mxolod mesame Tavis miwurulSi gvTavazobs-demuria misi saxeli. amave TavSi vecnobiT erTimeorisagan gansxvavebul, erTmaneTTan dapirispirebul or mTavar personaJs-aslan-begsa da qiCirbes. specialur naSromSi naTqvamia: ,,..avtorma adgili unda dauTmos personaJebs”(121,190). Hhenri jeimsis es mosazreba, faqtiurad xom aristoteles gancxadebis analogiaa, rodesac igi homerosis, rogorc avtoris, Sesaxeb saubrobda. vaJa-fSavela Taviseburad amJRavnebs Tavis mimarTebas movlenebisadmi. Mmesame TavSi ,,Tavidanve Txrobis centrSi ayenebs Tavis Tavs da Sinagan TvalTaxedvasac amJRavnebs amiT”(121,190). 167 personaJis (aslan-begis) wardginebisTanave aCqarebs Txrobis temps da svams ganmazogadebeli funqciis matarebel ritorikul SekiTxvas: 2) rad ari gaumaZRari N netav buneba zogisa?!(31,218) Ees SekiTva uSualod mohyva aslanis daxasiaTebas, aRiniSna aslanis sixarbe, gulboroteba, ampartavnoba-ambiciuroba, zRapruli simdidre misi. ,,bevri aiklo saxl-kariT,//bevri atira viSiTa”. Oodnav win ki sxvaTaSoris Tqva-,,ityvian, viTom aslanma// gasca samSoblo Tavisa”(24,218). amgvari kompaqturi daxasiaTeba aslanisa mSvenieri fonia masTan dapirispirebuli personaJis qiCirbes srulyofilad warmoCenisaTvis. mTxrobeli oriode StrixiT hqmnis qiCiris zneobriv saxes-,,erTi qiCirbe ar hmonebs,//ganTqmuli vefxvis jiSiTa”(31,219). qiCirbe ara marto sworupovari mebrZolia, xerxiania, aramed imavdroulad ,,dadis da yvelas arigebs//sityviT ZmuriT da mtkiciTa”. Mmisi sityvebi gamoirCeva gonierebiT, awon-dawonilia; mimarTva mdidaria imgvari sibrZniT, rac moeTxoveba misi mdgomareobis pirovnebas. aTtaepian monakveTSi amovikiTxavT aforizmul gamoTqmasac da or ritorikul SekiTxvas. jer gvxvdeba ritorikuli SekiTxva monakveTis dasawyisSi: 3),,rad hmonebT aslans, Cerqezno, uRels rad idgamT kisrada, sxvisa naymevi, nalaxi gamoadgeba vis rada?!(31,219) am konkretul SemTxvevaSi ritorikuli SekiTxva ar warmoadgens siuJeturi CarCodan gadaxvevas. igi CarTulia personaJis monologSi da dinamiuricaa da simZafris Semomtanicaa imave dros. Aam sintaqsur figuras uSualod mosdevs aforizmuli gamonaTqvami. igi aforizmebSi aqvs moqceuli gela saiTiZesac (75,49). ,,ubatonoba riT ar sjob, Nnetav, batonis yolasa? riT ar sjobia raindi Ramis salaRob colasa? omSi mokluli vaJkaci meCeTSi myvirals molasa?”(31,219) rodesac Temidan ar am aforizmul gadagvixvevia, radgan gamoTqmaze SevaCereT aforizmebisaTvis yuradReba, damaxasiaTebeli 168 goniereba personaJma faqtiurad ritorikuli SekiTxvis semantikur velSi moaqcia. Ppoemis IV Tavi iwyeba CerqezTa mxaris Tbili daxasiaTebiT. Ggamovlenilia avtoris pozicia im geografiuli garemosadmi, romelSic mouwevT gmirebs moqmedeba. Aaq kidev erTxel mJRavndeba vaJa-fSavelas sazogadoebrivi xedva-sxva kuTxeebisadmi da maTi Svilebisadmi simpaTiuri damokidebuleba. Cans, CerqezTa qveyanac, saqarTvelos msgavsad, mZime problemis winaSe dauyenebia mters, poemis mixedviT, CerqezTa qveyanac RvTisgan nakurTxia mTavaria,-,,bevri ukvdavebiTa, gazarda isic vaJkaci//Tavis qor-SevardenTa wylulebis budea sapoxlad,// da, rac Tavisa sadidebelad,// mtrisa gul-mkerdis sapoblad”(35,220) da aqve Cailaparakebs sxvaTaSorisad: 5) netav vin dasZravs bagesa arwivTa budis sagmoblad?!(31,220) myisieria Seyovneba mTxrobelisa am ritorikuli SekiTxvis dasmisas. rogorc wesia, ukve SekiTxvaSivea pasuxi gacemuli da komentarebi zedmetia. vfiqrobT, SeigrZnoba saerTo dinebidan Txrobis ritmis amovardna, erTi tonalobidan gansxvavebulze gadasvla. Semdgom sintaqsur figuramde poemaSi vixilavT andazur Tqmas, aforizmebs, wyevlas, andazas. Txzulebis VI TavSi gvxvdeba Semdegi saxis poeturi gamoTqma, romelic gawbilebul, aforiaqebul qiCirs ekuTvnis: 6) midis tye-tye da miubnobs: -wadi, kacs ende soflada, Sens mosaklavad is modis, vinc gicnobs kargis myoflada(31,229) rogorc vxedavT, qiCiris sityvebSi poeturi gamoTqma ,,SiSveli azrformulis saxiTaa” warmodgenili da es ,,..gamoTqma e.w. meditaciis xasiaTs iZens”(44,76). naTqvami personaJisa garkveul stilur niSansac atarebs. kerZod, misi azri TiTqmis kategoriuli formiTaa gadmocemuli (21,76). Tumca, imavdroulad gulnatkeni, gawbilebuli kacis mware ganwyobilebiTaa Sezavebuli. Mmocemul pasaJSi swored es momenti migvaCnia wamyvan faqtorad. ,,sisxlis Ziebis” meTerTmete Tavi mTlianad mTxrobels (avtors) daukavebia. Aaq is viTarebaa, rom mTxrobelis (avtoris) Txrobis funqcia garkveulwilad ganmartebis funqcias iZens, romelSic miniSnebulia 169 gansjis, interpretaciis aseve temporalobis ideebi’(121,179). Aaq mTavari datvirTva modis XI Tavis safinalo akordze: aslanma ,,siflides mihmarTa” da am gziT gadawyvita qiCiris xelSi Cagdeba. es gza ki miuRebeli aRmoCnda mTxrobelisaTvis da mkacrad gansjis uRirs pirovnebas. Bbolos rasac ityvis igi, ganzogadebis naTeli nimuSia xarisxi da siuJeturi mkiTxvelTan CarCodan mWidro gadaxvevisa. kontaqts Ddidia ritorikuli SekiTxviT amyarebs, romelic andazuri gamoTqmiTacaa fonirebuli: 7)Eenaze mWreli ara ars,Zvelebsac uTqvams sworeda, vah, kacno, bevrjel brmani xarT, xSirad qvas uen-pirosa qveynis Semqmnelad hgonebTa!(31,285) dabolos sul oriode pasaJSi gamoCndeba qiCiris deda. Mmagram vaJafSavelas poeturma geniam aseve oriode StrixiT gamoZerwa dedis kolorituli saxe. WeSmaritebas amboben, rom didi vaJa uaRresad raindia, keTilSobiluria mandilosnis mimarT (Tu mas ar mivawerT mindias, gogoTuris, demuris sityvebs TavTavisi meuRleebis misamarTiT TqmulT da arc unda mivaweroT): iqneba es sanaTa, sxlovanSi atirebuli moxuci, aRaza, lela, eTeri Tu sxva. maT rigebSi unda movixsenioT qiCiris dedac. Ees pirovneba Cndeba SvilTan saubris dros da cxovrebisagan dabrZenebuli dedakaci Wkuas arigebs, afrTxilebs arcTuise gamoucdel vaJkacs. rogorc ambis ganviTarebidan Cans, flidma Suakacma daiyolia qiCiri da miiwvia ,,Sesarigeblad” aslanTan. qiCirisTvis myari aRmoCnda pirobis argumentebi-,,bolos ifiqra-wavides,//Tuki qveyanas argebda”(31,238). amiT motyuvda qiCiri, dedamisi ki-ara. Mmas ukeT scodnia aslanis buneba da surs gonebaze moiyvanos, gamoarkvios Tavisi Svilic, raTa ar endos aslans. Mmoxuci yovelnairad cdilobs, Svils gadaafiqrebinos aslanTan wasvla. Ppirdapiria igi da mSvenier argumentebsac iSveliebs: -ras ambob? rogor endobi, Ggoneba-gamoSretilo! balRi xar, axlac mostyuvde, rom mgels eZlevi pirSia. vin miscems, sad gagonila, 170 biWo, bedaurs virSia?! zavisa iman ra icis, gvel-bayayebis budema, CerqezTa qveynis gamcemma, Dda jojoxeTis zRudema?(31,239). aRelvebuli dedis sityvebSi disonansi ar Seaqvs mis mier Tqmul frazas-,,vin miscems, sad gagonila,// biWo, bedaurs virSia?” sityvaTa es kompleqsi sainteresod erTdroulad sami gveCveneba saxis imitomac, rom, mxatvrul-stilisturi Cveni rwmeniT, erTeulia aq Serwymuli: aforizmic, ritorikuli SekiTxvaca da mimarTvac. vfiqrobT, aRniSnuli fraza albaT SeiZenda calke aforizmis, calke andazisa Tu calke sityvis masalis funqciebsac. Aamrigad, vaJa-fSavelas poema ,,sisxlis Ziebis” teqstis interpretacia vecadeT mogveca yuradReba gaSuqda poetur-sintaqsuri gavamaxvileT Txzulebis ZiriTadad figurebis analizis ritorikul ideur-Tematikuri mxare saSualebiT. SeZaxilze, im saxis saTanadod konteqstebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebSic xsenebuli poeturi figurebi moqceulni arian sxva stilur movlenaTa semantikur velSi. TiToeuli sintaqsuri figuris analizisas xazi gaesva iq akumulirebul motivacias, maTSi Cadebul mxatvrul-esTetikur funqcias. vaJa-fSvela ,,sisxlis ZiebaSi”, Cerqezebis, araqristiani tomis SvilTa cxovrebas aRwers. misi rwmenidan gamomdinare, misTvis erovnebas, rjuls gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aRar aqvs, rodesac aqcenti zneobazea gadatnili. samarTlianad miuTiTeben, rom ,,wuTisofeli vaJas SemoqmedebaSi sinaTlisa da sibnelis, sikeTisa da borotebis, silamazisa da simaxinjis, sikvdilisa da sicocxlis Widilia”(101,262). Aam TvalTaxedvis arealSi unda gaviazroT am poemis saTauris Sinaarsic. saTanado literaturaSi miTiTebulia, rom ,,SurisZieba (aq sisxlis Zieba-J.k.) aris miyenebuli Seuracxyofis, damcirebisaTvis an zianisaTvis samagieros gadaxda... ...SurisZiebis grZnoba Tavisi warmoSobiT instiqtTa sferos ganekuTvneba da risxvis gamomxatvel grZnobaTa klasSi CairTvis, xolo Semdgom, misi ganviTarebis manZilze, rodesac masSi gonebis aqtivobac ereva, is miCneulia samarTlianobis grZnobis gamovlinebad. Bbolos is 171 socialur mniSvnelobas iZens, ganicdeba rogorc movaleoba koleqtivis winaSe da amdenad zneobrivi normis saxes iRebs”(11,178-179). naTelia, rom aq CamoTvlili niSan-Tvisebebidan TiTqmis yvela komponenti Seefardeba poemaSi ganviTarebul movlenebs. rogorc zemoT gvaqvs miTiTebuli, ritorikuli Txzulebis gamoTqmebisa, teqstis interpretaciaSi, did TamaSobs damatebiT rols garda sxva iseTi stilistikuri faqtorebi, mxatvruli gamosaxvis is xerxebi da saSualebebi, romlebic datvirTulia filosofiuri, fsiqologiuri, didaqtikuri, sayofacxovrebo Tu wminda zneobrivi tendenciebiT; TiToeuli maTgani xom zedmiwevniT da srulad asabuTebs rogorc Txzulebis motivacias, ise moqmed pirTa msoflSegrZnebas, maT fsiqologias, anu romelTa saqmeebis motivirebac detaluradaa gaSifruli siuJetur pasaJebSi. qvemoT gTavazobT poemis ZiriTad siuJetur qargaSi Tu mis CarCoebs miRma CanarTebSi, gadaxvevebSi, lirikul wiaRsvlebSi arsebul Cveni SexedulebiT poetur da brZnul gamonaTqvamad miCneul nimuSebs. b-n gela siTiZis mier Tavis droze (1961w.) poema ,,sisxlis Ziebidan” gamokrebilia oci aforizmi. damatebiT moviZieT: eqvsi aforizmi da sami aforizmuli Tqma, ori andaza, ori andazuri Tqma, erTi wyevla, erTi sityvis masala, oTxi Segoneba. winaswar aRvniSnavT, rom qvemoT warmodgenili nimuSebi oden gamoikriba teqstidan da maTi funqcia-daniSnulebaze, semantikur mxareze msjeloba samermisod gadavdeT. brZnul da poetur TqmaTa klasifikaciis sruli suraTi ase warmogvidgenia: I. 1. aforizmebi MmTxrobeli: Mmtroba, trfoba da siZule erTurTs ugmoben saxeTa. (31,144) 2. mTxrobeli: gafxavebuli maxvili mosaqnevia doneda (31,144) 3. qiCiri: es wveuleba mtkiced gvaqvs 172 wmindad Senaxva kerisa, pirobis daurRvevloba, Zmad Sin Senaxva mterisa. (31,147) 4. aslani: mtrobisTvis mtroba uzomo wesia Cveni miwisa. (31,147) 5. mTxrobeli: gmirebis moyvarulia Tvali da guli erisa. (31,147) 6. mTxrobeli: cecxli cecxls daswvavs, ra uSavs, gars Semortymuli alebiT, TviT itanjeba, rom iwvis, sxvas ki gaaTbobs wvalebiT. 7. qiCiri: Tavis gawirva advilad vaJkacTa sulis Ronea. (31,148). II aforizmuli gamoTqmebi 1. mTxrobeli: yvavilni sanTlad naToben, gmirT sulebs gaaxarebsa. (31, 142) 2. aslanis msaxuri: diacis fiqri wyeul ars, vin Seva imis kvlevaSi?(31,143) 3. qiCiri: suldgmuli dResac vsuldgmuleb mama-papaTa rjuliTa; 173 nagrZnobi Cemis gulisa ar miwonia fuliTa... vin icis, vina vcxondebiT da vin wavwydebiT suliTa! (31,148) III andazebi 1. mTxrobeli: guli eZleva mxedarsa mterTan Seyrisa ndomiTa. (31,140) 2. mTxrobeli: Tavis wamwymedis wawymeda misi wesi da rjulia (31,141) IV andazuri Tqmebi demuri: 1. axla TiTonac igemos gemo nalesis xmalisa: Tu sxvaze Zala kargia, Hha, esec sitkbo Zalisa. (31,138) 2. qiCiri: vai, Sen, ficis gamtexo! Senebr ar moval farulad! mela ara var, arc tura, qaTmebs veparo malulad!(2,141) V 1. wyevla demuris coli: Seni umsgavsi marjvena Mmtersac miekras qavzeda!(31,138) VI sityvis masala: 174 1. qiCiri rodi maSinebs sicocxlis sikvdilad gadacvaleba.(31,144) 2. qiCiri: nu gaagoneb CerqezTa, rom momatyue zaviTa, nu waryvni moZmeT bunebas Sxam-sawamlaviT aviTa.(31,146) 3. flidia ese sofeli, flidTa sayreli xelisa, kargebsa sCagravs, umsgavsT ki kalTebs afarebs, hSvelisa, marTali wuTisofelSi Svebas amaoT elisa. (31,148) 4. mTxrobeli: bevri ram xdeba qveynada, Sig codva-brali didia, Bbuneba warbsac ar ixris, Mmainc 5. mSvidi da mSvidia. (31,149). qiCiris deda: vin miscems, sad gagonila, biWo, bedaurs virSia?!(31,145) 6. qiCiri: marTali wuTisofelSi Svebas amaoT elisa (31, 148) VIII. ritorikuli SekiTxva 1. avtori: gana martoka kacT gviyvars 175 Tavisi miwa mSobeli?! (31, 136) 2. avtori: rad ari gaumaZRari neta buneba zogisa?(31,136) 3. qiCirbe: sxvisa naymevi, nalaxi gamoadgeba vis rada?(31,137) 4. avtori: netav vin dasZravs bagesa arwivTa budis sagmoblad?(31,137) IX. ritorikuli SeZaxili qiCiri: 1. wadi, kacs ende soflada, Sens mosaklavad is modis, vinc gicnobs kargis myofada (31,141) X. ritorikuli mimarTva 1. avtori: vah, kacno, bevrjer brmani xarT, xSirad uRirsTa hmonebTa (31,144). Ppoema ,,mamidis danabarebi” vaJas mier gamoqveynda ,,iveriis” 1902 wlis #39-Si. Temisa da ideis mixedviT nawarmoebi uaRresad tradiciulia... aq Taobidan Taobaze gardasul gadmocemebiT aris nasazrdoebi Cveni xalxis patriotuli Tavdadebis daxasiaTeba, warsuli Sepirispirebulia awmyosTan ukanasknelis dakninebis saCveneblad (48,146). Cveni mxriv aqve davamatebdiT, rom es poemac ,,arsebiTad monoTematuria”(gr. kiknaZe). Txzulebis daxasiaTebiT, radgan, kompleqsur analizs tradiciulad, saTauri daviwyebT misi nawarmoebis saTauris mniSvnelovan kompoziciur elements warmoadgens. rogorc cnobilia, saTauris funqciis mravali interpretacia arsebobs. Cveni arCevani SevaCereT prof. fiqria 176 zandukelis naSromze ,,cxovelTa eposis struqturuli sakiTxebi”, romelic nawilobriv zemoT movixmeT: aq gvaqvs e.w. ,,orwevriani saTauri” da is informaciuli xasiaTisaa, didi doziT Seicavs dainteresebis faqtors (38,92). Ees patara poema peizaJuri uvertiuris gareSe iwyeba. Tu gavixsenebT ,,aluda qeTelaurs”, ,,mamidis danabarebis” sawyis striqonSi misi frazebis elementebis TviTganmeorebac SeimCneva: ,,aluda-qeTelaurSi”bisos movida ambavi” da ,,mamidis danabarebSi”-,,aluds moudis ambavi”. Ees momenti xom marTalia, poetis erT-erTi stilur-kompoziciuri xelweris nimuSia. saTauris qveS avtoris mier miTiTebuli ar aris misi fabulis Janruli kuTvnileba, magram poemis pirvelive striqoni miuTiTebs, rom es aris leqsad Tqmuli patara ambavi, ambis gadmocemaze gaSlil-agebuli siuJeturi xaziT. ideuri TvalsazrisiT ,,mamidis danabarebi” moiazreba sayofacxovrebo-patriotul nawarmoebTa ciklSi. monoTematuria Txzuleba imitom, rom fabulaSi mocemulia erTi konkretuli Tema-aRsruldes moxuci qarTveli dedakacis, xoSias danabarebi,,ar darCe ukacravada, sircxvili Cagbarebia; cocxalsa augiansa guls miwamc dagfarebia. Aamas gibareb... imedi Senze-Ra dammyarebia!” mamida xoSia Zmiswul aludas Surisgebas sTxovda-mosisxle unda moekla da maTi ojaxis wevris zurias sisxli unda aeRo. aRmzrdelobiTobis, zneobis TvalsazrisiT moxucs Wabuki Surisgebaze ar unda waeqezebina, aucileblad vgebulobT: unda ,,miec magram imdroindeli momxdariyo, maxvili tradiciis miTumetes, xelsa missa rom mixedviT sasuliero Suris-sageblad Surisgeba Zeglebidan ucxoTeslTa”0. mivdiT. 9.2). poemaSi ori mTavari (mamida xoSia, misi Zmiswuli aluda) da erTi epizoduri (bebo) personaJia. Gadaadgileba drosa da sivrceSi, marTalia, upiratesad aludas uwevs, magram mTavari moqmedi piri mainc mamida xoSiaa. aseTi ganviTareba siuJetisa,,vefxistyaosans” gvagonebs 177 (gavixsenoT tarielisa da avTandilis tandemi). Aam Txzulebis idea akumulirebelia xoSias pirovnebaSi da misgan ki- aludas qmedebaSi. ,,mamidis danabarebSi” poema ,,sisxlis ZiebasTan” tipologiurobis niuansebi SeiniSneba mxolod SurisZiebis, sisxlisZiebis, rogorc aqtis, aspeqtiT. Tumca, motivaciurad qiCirbeisa (,,sisxlisZieba”) da aludas (,,mamidis danabarebi”) mizanswrafviT absoluturad erTimeorisagan sxvaoben mier Catarebuli gansxvavebulni monoTematurobis aqtebi Tavisi es poemebi arian. (,,mamidis danabarebi”) da poliTematurobis (,,sisxlis Zieba”) mixedviTac. Ffabulis moculobazec aisaxa es, aman ki Tavisi gavlena iqonia TiToeul teqstSi stilistikur ritorikul-figuraluri funqciaTa rolze da siuJetis gamoTqmebis dinamikur mxatvrul- ganviTarebaze. ,,mamidis danabarebSi” vaJasmcodneobiTi miRwevebis kvaldakval, kvlevis Tanamedrove meTodebis ritorikuli SekiTxva, gamoyenebiT ritorikuli gaanalizda mimarTva, teqstSi mocemuli ritorikuli SeZaxili, retardacia. sul poemaSi davafiqsireT aforizmis, aforizmuli gamoTqmebis, andazis, andazuri Tqmebis, wyevlis, sityvis masalis, Segonebis, ritorikuli SekiTxvis, ritorikuli mimarTvis, ritorikuli SeZaxilis 28 sailustracio pasaJi. Surismgeblobis danabarebSic” mogveca tipologiurobam klasifikacia teqstSi gvibiZga arsebuli ,,mamidis ritorikul- figuralur gamoTqmaTa, sityvis masalisa da a.S. I. aforizmebi 1. mamida xoSia: ,,cocxalsa augiansa guls miwac dagfarebia”(75,184. g.s. #331) 2. avtori: ,,kargia TavSesafari Ddelgma-avdarSi, wvimaSi”(75,185) 3. avtori ,,zogni ro vtiriT Tavis beds, sxvani dadian cinebiT”(75,185). 178 4. avtori: ,,ra uyoT, imas ese hSvens, Uunda iCxavlos katama. Uunda mSieri gaaZRos wurvilianma qadama!”(75,185. g.s. #220) 5. avtori: ,,usisxlod ra qnas beCavma sisxlis-Ziebis madama?”(75,185, g.s. #289) 6. mamida xoSia: ,,foladi unda vaJkaci Aar unda iyos boSia”(75,185, g.s. #297) 7. mamida xoSia: ,,saamuria sasinjad vaJkaci mtrisa rbevaSi”(75,186, g.s.#255) II. sintaqsuri figurebi a) 1. ritorikuli SekiTxvebi bebo: ,,modi da gulze ar Sasvas Aam sityvam gasasenavma?!(75,184) 2. bebo: ,,rodi gauZRo sul-guli Aamdenma sisxlis denama?!(75,184) 3. bebo: ,,egec rom mtersa SevaklaT vin-Ra dagvrCeba binaSi?!(75,184) b)mimarTva 1. aluda: ,,tanze Caicvi salxino, 179 aRar meCveno SaviTa!”(75,185) III. Segoneba 1. avtori: ,,xevSi moqoTobs mdinare, javrobs da wyreba radama, iqneb imasac Ciodes risTvisa scoda adamma.(75,185) IV. ficis sityvebi 1. mamida xoSia: ,,Tu rac agiTqvi, gadavTqva, wyeuli viyo RviTsgana.”(75,186). V.andaza 1. aluda: ,,advil yofila, Tu javri Kkacs mahbjenia yelSia, mtris mokvla, Cemo mamidav!(75,186) VI. retradicia 1. avtori: mgonia, asgan dakodes vaJkacis guli mzeriTa (75,186) VII. 1. sityvis masala avtori: araferi swyins bunebas, Seumosia didoba. Uuxdeba mTaTa maRalTa Ggaremos Tvissa bindoba,azriT da fiqriT cad asvla, gangebisaTvis mindoba(75,185) 2. avtori: 180 ayovda sanovagiTa sufra, stumris win morTmuli.(75,186) 3. mamida xoSia: ar minda WuWyi ekidos Cems guls, an Sensa bargada.(75,186) 4. mamida xoSia: raki mtris javri iyare, raki ar darCi mtris qveSa, unda daviwva SenTvisa, rogorac sakiris SeSa.(75,186). 5. avtori: darbazis deda-boZebs sZravs didi fanduri JReriTa... TiTqos mWedeli hkveravdes grdemlze civs rkinas kveriTa. (75,186). VIII. 1. zRapris finalis transformirebuli formula avtori: mTas aqaT ismis celqoba, taSis xma, rokva, bibini, mTas iqiT Sav-bnelobaa, umaspinZldeba qviTini.(75,186) ar gamovricxavT, rom Cvens mier warmodgenili dajgufeba-klasifikacia poeturi sityva-Tqmebisa rogorc ,,sisxlis ZiebaSi”, ise ,,mamidis danabarebSi” xSirad subieqturia da rig SemTxvevaSi iqneb sadaoc iyos, magram raca gvjera, rogorca gvwams, ise warmovadgineT. Amoxmobil magaliTebze Tvalis erTi gadavlebac ki cxadyofs, rom yvela maTganSi cxadad Cans avtoris zneobrivi mrwamsi, misi moqalaqeobrivi pozicia, poeturi kredo. Aamis Taobaze marTebulad miuTiTeben: ,,vaJafSavela gansakuTrebul SemoqmedebiT interess iCens eTikurad Rirebuli problemebisadmi. Aam SemTxvevaSi vaJas poeturi idealebi saTaves iRebs 181 Cveni xalxis gancdaSi tradiciulad damkvidrebuli zneobrivad gamZle warmodgenebidan”(54,216). ,,mamidis danabarebSi” bebo saxea cxovrebisagan natanji, mravalWirgadanaxadi Savkabiani didedisa, gasagebia misi SiSi SviliSvilis mosalodneli Svili xifaTis dahRupvia mimarT. mtrebTan Ggamwarebuli brZolisas, axla deda, romelsac axirebad mravali Tvlis Tavisi qaliSvilis mier aludas waqezebas SurisZiebisaTvis: ,,Svilebi amamiwyvita es erTi balRi-Ra dagvrCa, mis geslianma enama; magasc agdebs xifaTSi: rodi gauZRo sul-guli egec rom mtersa SevaklaT, amdenma sisxlis denama?! vin-Ra dagvrCeba binaSi?!”(31,184) magram mamida xoSia sanaTas (,,baxtrioni”) xasiaTis gamodga. Tu sanaTas da kvirias dialogs Temis gaSlis mravali ganStoeba mohyva, mamidis survilis aRsruleba monoTematurobaSi iketeba. Aam fragmentSi ideis TviTganmeorebis momenti SeimCneva: sanaTa-mamida xoSia, anu sanaTa: ,,gulidam eklis saltasa maSinis movifonebdi”- ,,amas gibareb... imedi Senze-Ra dammyarebia!”-mamida xoSia. ZmisSvilma uvneblad SeZlo mamidis danabarebis aRsruleba da, gadascems ra zurias mkvlelis Tavsa da moWril mklavs, etyvis-,,tanze Caicvi salxino, aRar meCveno SaviTa”. sanaTas winaswari pirobis TiTqos aRsruleba Cans aludas sityvebSi (sanaTa: ,,imav dRes, Svilo, dedilam, Wrels Cavicomdi kabasa”) es patara Strixi detalis ganmeorebis nimuSad migvaCnia: ,,tanze Caicvi salxino, aRar meCveno SaviTa”. rogorc cnobili qarTveli poeti simon Ciqovani saukuneebis mijnaze igi yvelaze didi epikuri werda: ,,me-19-me-20 azris poetia mTel msoflioSi. vaJa-fSavelam poeziaSi qarTveli xalxis epikuri genia yvelaze srulyofilad gamoavlina da dasavleTis dekadenturi poeturi kulturis garemocvis xanaSi poezia klasikurobisaken moabruna”( 103,432 ). Aamis dadasturebaa ,,gvelis mWamelic”, ,,ZaRlika-ximikauric”, ,,suli oblisac” da danarCeni poemebic. vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi prof. grigol kiknaZem, rogorc viciT, calke gamoyo ,,colis motivi” da vaJasmcodneobaSi farTod gaiSala kvleva am sakiTxze. mkvlevarTaTvis qrestomaTiul saxelmZRvanelod iqca am aspeqtiT ,,gogoTur da afSinasa” da ,,gvelis-mWamelis” SedarebiTi analizi (ix. saTanado literatura). 182 marTlac, brwyinvale ojaxebis ori mxatvruli interesTa ,,mkacrad” didi uwevT moTxovnilebebis pirovnebis-gogoTurisa saxeebi damcvelebi; TavianTi mkiTxvelT xiblaven, miuxedavad qmrebisaTvis dasakmayofileblad da imisa, rogorc rom Cveulebrivi pretenziebis mindias-colTa Svilebis, raRaca doziT sayofacxovrebo wayeneba; vnexeT, ra uaryofiT reaqcias amJRavneben gogoTurica da mindiac amaze. vfiqrobT, didma poetma safiqrali dagvitova. Cveni rwmeniT, arc erT mxares ar gaemtyuneba Tavisi poziciebis dacva. AamiT qarTuli ojaxis zneobriv siwmindes odnavac ar misdgomia Crdili. Tumca.. vaJas mier 1908 wels dawerili da 1916 wlis gazeT ,,saxalxo furcelSi” gamoqveynda poema-,,coli anu Cemi Tavgadasavali. Tqmuli Tandila aragvelisa”. vaJasmcodneobaSi samarTlianad uyeneben pretenzias am Txzulebis mxatvrul dones, magram TematikiTa da ideiT iq bevri sagangaSo movlenaa gansaxovnebuli-aqac colis motivi, ojaxis problemaa win wamoweuli, magram ,,gogoTur da afSinasagan” da ,,gvelis-mWamelisagan” absoluturad gansxvavebuli. Ppoemis saTauric migviTiTebs, rom fabula saTavgadasavlo xasiaTis iqneba. siuJeturi xazi da mTeli nawarmoebis movlenebi pirveli piriTaa gadmocemuli, simwriT naTqvami avtobiografiaa faqtiurad. Ppoemis I da II Tavebi Taviseburi prologia fabulisa da rogorc prologs moeTxoveba, kompaqturadaa Camoyalibebuli ZiriTadi ideis arsi. Tandilas zneobrivi naambobSi, atmosfero faqtiurad, ixateba. kerZod, imdroindeli dasawyisSive sazogadoebis miTiTebulia, Tu rogoraa qalis zneobrivi degradireba. marTalia, es iSviaTobad unda moviazroT, magram dacemis simptomebis gaCena ukve xifaTis momaswavebelia da poetic ,,Cvens cuds ar malavs”(ilia). xelmocaruli pirovnebaa Tandila aragveli. Mmizezi misi ubedurebisa misive coli gamxdara da sve-bed gamwarebuli sajarod moTqvams: ,,mainc vecdebi, mogiTxroT Cemi ambavi srulia, sitkbo qceuli Sxamada, siame dakargulia”(31,238). diacisadmi personaJis mier sayveduris Tqmul gamoxatvis ganmazogadebel nacnobi sitvvaSi motivi Cans (gavixsenoT mitos mindia, gogoTuri): Nnu miendobi diacsa, dagigebs eklis loginsa, Mmis erTgulebis ficilsa, eklis dagxuravs sabansa, 183 nurc xvevna-kocnas,-cruvia, rom ar gegonos, erTs wamSi nurc imis sicil-kiskissa: Sehqmnis sazRapro ambavsa. Sen rom gicinis, imav dros dagawyevlinebs dedis mkerds, sxvasac dauwyebs Rimilsa. Tavis beds, Tavis akvansa (31,239). Semdeg Tandila dawvrilebiT gadmogvcems, Tu rogor, ra Tavgadasavlis Sedegad daojaxda mito da ra mwared iqna motyuebuli, imedgacruebuli. misi moTqma-godeba ar aris monotonuri, aqa-iq iumorsac ar gaurbis igi Tavisi Tavgadasvlis aRwerisas. rac moimko vnebas ayolilma, gonebadabindulma, maleve gacxaddeba, magram ukve dagvianebuli aRmoCndeba yvelaferi-,,im drosa tkbili, dRes SxamiT mTels saqarTvelos gadaswvda. Tqvens mters da avis mendomes, rac me Tavs bedi gadamxda... dRes im Tvalebis siturfe Sxamisas mawvdis fialas”(31,242). kato ukve tipia, romeliTac soflis zneobriv suraTs gvixatavs mTxrobeli, rac unda aRviqvaT sagangaSo signalad. Uumankoebadakarguli qali SeaCeCes Tavmomwone kacs, magram qalis gaqlesilma enam, cbierma cremlebma da alersma Tavisi gaitana da beds Serigebuli ityvis: ,,rogorc codvili xatis win, fexT-qveS vegebi flasada”(31,245). tipiuria is garemo, atmosfero, rac Seqmna katom. Eesaa uzneobis, Zveli tradiciebis rRvevis realisturi suraTi. qmris saxec. TviTon mitua ironiiT gadmogvcems tipiuria motyuebuli Tavisi, anu gabriyvebuli qmris uniaTobas: ra miWirs, coli kargi myavs, wmindaa, rogorc RvTaeba, Tumc vexvewebi Sin ijdes... Zalad saqmeSi Caeba. YTurme sxva saqmes akeTebs, Mme ara mqonda gageba(31,246). RalatSi gamoWeril cols gaeyara mitua, magram katoSi iZala agresiulma provincializmma da Savi dRe daawia qmaryofils. Ees momenti Cveulebriv aqtad CaiTvleboda, rom mitos ufro sxva saxifaTo Sefaseba ar moeca mkiTxvelisaTvis. Mmas ara mxolod piradi ojaxis ngreva adardebs, aramed aseTi qalis saqcieli erovnuli ubedurebis momtanicaao. ,,timoSkin-puriSeviCi 184 Cems wmindan colTan fasoben, qarTveleb, saqarTveloze isini vera brazoben imdens, ramdensa es navsobs es Cemi vardi gulisa dRes ki Sxami da naRveli da amomwvdeli sulisa (31,247). rogorc vxedavT, vaJa-fSavelam sul sxva rakursiT warmoadgina qarTuli ojaxis daufiqrebeli problema. nabijis is gadadgma, ojaxi, romelsac sicrue, safuZvlad angareba, daedeba cinizmi, Ralati, dasangrevadaa ganwiruli. vaJas am nawarmoebze amdens ar SevCerdebodiT, aq aRwerili ambavi zogadi erovnuli katastrofis tipiuri movlena rom ar yofiliyo im droisTvis. gavixsenoT Tundac Sio aragvispirelis, mopasanis novelebi. swored aq marTldeba, Cveni fiqriT, cnobili debuleba-,,tipiuris asaxva tipiur garemoSi”. Aaq aRar SevCerdebiT im fabulebis, siuJeturi xazebis damowmebaze, romlebic Warbadaa mocemuli Sio aragvispirelis novelebSi: ,,xiTxiTebs da xiTxiTebs”, ,,qari ki am dros zuoda, kvnesoda da gminavda”, ,,balRi yofilxar!” da sxva. Sio aragvispirelis skefsisze siyvarulis Taobaze Tavis droze xmamaRla iTqva qarTul kritikaSi-,,iveriis” werilebi, kita abaSiZe, mixeil zandukeli, sergi Wilaia, dimitri benaSvili da sxva. Cans, aragvis xeobis mkvidrT erTnairad awuxebda ojaxuri siwmindis dacvis problema, magram es rom marto XIX saukunis meore naxevris da XX saukunis aTiani wlebisaTvis yofiliyo tipiuri movlena, gasagebi iqneboda, magram es iseTi sicocxlisunariani, mcocavi mankierebaa, rom msgavsma tipiurma ambavma Tavisi brwyinvale asaxva hpova mixeil javaxiSvilis romanSic ,,TeTri sayelo”(1926w.) gulCinas (,,mxrebi-Ra aviCeCe”), anas (,,xiTxiTebs da xiTxiTebs”), baTos (,,qari ki am dros zuoda, kvnesoda gminavda”)-(Sio aragvispireli), katos (,,coli anu Cemi Tavgadasavali-(vaJa-fSavelasi) rigs uerTdeba cucqiac (m. javaxiSvilis ,,TeTri sayelodan”). maTi saxiT saerTo xasiaTis tipebTan gvaqvs saqme. Pprof. dimitri benaSvili Sio aragvispirelis Semoqmedebaze saubrisas wers: ,,Sio aragvispirelis azriT, siyvarulisagan gantvirTuli ojaxuri movaleobis grZnoba adamians aCvevs sicrues, orpirobas, 185 veragobas, romelic egoizms, xrwnis pativmoyvareobas ojaxs, rogorc da eris yovelive mankier sasicocxlo grZnobas, ujreds. ojaxis safuZvlebis Seryeva bunebrivad iwvevs erovnuli cxovrebis moSlasac. Ees garemoeba daedo safuZvlad Sio aragvispirelis sevdian kilos”(10,136). Aanalogiuri ganwyobilebisaa vaJas damokidebulebac xsenebul poemaSi gaSlili koliziebis mimarT. Ees tragedia mixeil javaxiSvilma ori sagulisxmo saxe-detaliT daamZima sul sxva formaciis dros, sul sxva viTarebaSi. kerZod, cucqiam rodesac deida maikos werili waikiTxa aseTi reaqcia gamoamJRavna: -oCen nado!-wamoiZaxa cucqiam, is werili rom waikiTxa, da inglisuri kepi Camoifxata.-padumaeS! Dda qalTa krebaze wavida. “ es sagulisxmo saxe-detalebia inglisuri kepi da rusuli saubari. Aam brwyinvale sameulis SemoqmedebiTi Tanxvedna sasikeTo movlenaa qarTuli mwerlobis ganviTarebisaTvis. aragvispirelis istoriisaTvis, sakmaod maRali Semoqmedebasac, gansakuTrebiT Sefaseba mixeil misca eposis istoriam javaxiSvilis Sio Semoqmedebasac. Mmagram gamorCeulad mainc vaJa-fSavelaa kanonierad dafasebuli. vaJas eposis arsi gvsurs warmovadginoT tician tabiZis brwyinvale werilis mixedviT. Ddidi poeti brZanebda: ,,mxolod vaJa-fSavelam SesZlo mieca qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis namdvili eposi... qarTuli eposis saukeTeso nawarmoebebad CaiTvlebian vaJa-fSavelas poemebi... vaJas fantazia aq met gasaqans naxulobs, grZeli rbeniT gaTamamebuli leqsi ufro awyvetilia da swrafi... sruliad gancalkevebuli adgili uWiravs vaJas SemoqmedebaSi prozas... vaJa weris maneriT realistia. Mmisi stili daxvewilia, ara aqvs arc erTi provinciuli gamoTqma da misi wminda qarTuli kidev didxans darCeba qarTul mwerlobaSi”(83,25-26). 186 III. Tavi-Ddramatuli Janri vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi (1910iani wlebis mixedviT) prof. Aakaki gawerelia aRniSnavda: ,,poetis (vaJasi J.k.) epikuri nawarmoebebis Sinagani dramatizmi, mTeli rigi epizodebis ageba dramatuli principis mixedviT, mZafri dialogebisa Tu replikebis iSviaTi ostatoba (mag. Aaludasa da mucalis urTierTgadaZaxilebi poemaSi ,,aluda qeTelauri”)-saerTod mkafio scenuroba calkeuli pasaJebisa (movigonoT dramatuli scenebi ,,stumar-maspinZlidan” da ,,sisxlis Ziebidan”), im mxrivacaa saintereso, rom gviTvaliswinebs poetis miswrafebas siuJeturi dramaturgiuli agebisadmi. Aaraa SemTxveviTi, rom vaJas mTeli Tavisi Semoqmedebis manZilze ar ganelebia interesi dramis, rogorc Janrisadmi”(21,486). Aamis jumber Sesaxeb WumburiZe, adrec prof. miuTiTebdnen dimitri benaSvili, prof. gr. kiknaZe, prof. a.maxaraZe. prof. amgvari tendencia vaJas mwerluri xelwerisa gasaTvaliswinebelia, radgan XIX saukuneSi, gansakuTrebiT 90-iani wlebis bolos da XX saukunis dasawyisSi ,,qarTul dramaSi ar Canda im dros qarTveli kaci, Tavisi namdvili fiqrebiT, gancdebiT, miswrafebebiT da vnebebiT.” Ees imdroindeli sazogadoebisaTvis saWirboroto sakiTxad iyo miCneuli da mkvlevari (a.gawerelia J.k) iqve iSveliebs ilia Taobaze. ilia WavWavaZe gazeT ,,iveriaSi” WavWavaZis azrs amis miuTiTebdao: ,,dramis Seqmna didad Zneli ram aris, imitom, rom drama sulisa da gulis cxovrebaa, sulisa da gulis did Zvrazea asagebeli da asaSenebeli. metismetad mWreli, metismetad mxilavi niWi unda, metismetad naTeli goneba, rom kaci miswvdes, Suqi ram mohfinos im saocars, im ucnaurs saidumloebas, romelsac adamianis sulisa da gulis Zvra hqvia, da romelic imdenad ufro did saidumloebad gvevlineba, ramdenadac ufro axlos miuvalT. amitom Znelia dramis da Seqmna, yvela SehmarTos”(21,487). yvela sxvagvar mwerali, Tundac vxelmZRvanelobT poetur prof. Txzulebaze niWieric, grigol ver gacilebiT hbedavs kiknaZis xeli debulebiT: ,,vaJas Semoqmedebaze ase Tu ise sruli warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad misi piesebic unda iqnas mxedvelobaSi miRebuli, ramdenadac vaJas dramatuli memkvidreoba misi niWis mravalferovnebis erTi damadasturebeli sabuTTagania”(49,248). 187 qarTuli literaturis kritikaSi ZiriTadad vaJa-fSavelas drama ,,mokveTilia” ganxiluli (grigol kiknaZe: ,,vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba”, akaki gawerelia: ,,qarTuli literaturis istoria, t.IV”, dimitri benaSvili: ,,vaJafSavela. Semoqmedi da moazrovne”, apolon maxaraZe, vaJa-fSavelas dramaturgiis swavlebisaTvis XI klasSi. qarTuli enisa da lit. swavlebis sakiTxebi skolaSi, 1955w. kreb.8 da sxva). vaJa-fSavelas yvela ,,scena” da ,,mokveTili” XIX saukunis drois farglebSia moqceuli. Mmxolod ,,tyis komediaa” Seqmnili XXsaukunis 10iani wlebis dasawyisSi. Ees piesa gamoqveynda Jurnal ,,nakadulSi” (mozrdilTavis), 1911weli,N3. gv.5. wignis anotaciaSi vkiTxulobT: ,,wignSi... ganxilulia saqarTveloSi dramis mier naTlad gansazRvruli piesis Janri-komedia. miuTiTeben, rom arsad ar Sexebia dramis Teoriul sakiTxs vaJafSavela. Tumca, imdroindeli literaturul-kulturuli cxovreba uyuradRebod ar tovebda mas, dramaturgias. es problema monografiulad aris warmodgenili i.WavWavaZis, literaturul-esTetikur akaki naazrevSi. wereTlisa gaSuqebulia da g.wereTlis Sexedulebani iseT sakiTxebze, rogorebicaa dramis specifika, dramatuli konfliqtisa da xasiaTis buneba, dramis siuJetur-kompoziciuri Taviseburebebi, komikurisa da tragikulis esTetikuri arsi da sxva(56,2). Cvens amocanas ar warmoadgens dramis Taobaze Teoriul siRrmeebSi wvdoma. yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT mxolod komediis Sesaxeb, imasac mxolod ilia WavWavaZis naazrevis gaTvaliswinebiT.(citirebebs movaxdenT prof. givi lomiZis monografiidan). didi ilia misTvis Cveuli mecnieruli siRrmiT Seexo dramatul Janrebs, maT Soris komedias. ilias SexedulebiT ,,komedia asaxavs sinamdvilis, cxovrebis uaryofiT mxareebs, raime cdomilebas, gaugebrobas, cud zne-Cveulebasa da saqciels”(56,74). komediis niSan-TvisebaTagan gamoyofilia sicili da prof. g.lomiZis daskvnis mixedviT: ,,komediaSi gamoyenebuli sicili, rogorc uaryofiTis uaryofis, mankierebis mxilebis, kritikis forma unda iyos, ,,basr xmalze ufro mWreli”, ,,cremlze mware”, da garkveuli mizandasaxulobis mqone da ara ubralo gasarTobi, TviTmiznuri”(56,75). Tu am kriteriumebiT mivudgebiT vaJas ,,tyis komedias”, zemoTqmuli punqtebidan yvelaze ufro metad garkveulia mizandasaxuleba 188 piesis avtorisa. miuTiTeben, rom ,,vaJas nawarmoebTa gmirebis sayofacxovrebo lokali mikroeTnografiuli xasiaTisa”(102,2). vaJa-dramaturgi am patara piesaSic ,,yovelgvari paTetikis gareSe muxtavs mkiTxvels amaRlebuli zneobiT”(102,289). Ees imitomacaa gansakuTrebiT xazgasmuli, rom nawarmoebi bavSvebsTvisaa gamiznuli. Aavtoris mier piesis formad SerCeulia ojaxur- sayofacxovrebo Janris komedia. Aambis simartiviT, moqmedebis dinamikurobiT, emociuri muxtiT piesa garkveul lirikul Sefasebas Rebulobs. saTanado literaturaSi miTiTebulia,rom ,,ojaxur-sayofacxovrebo” Janris komedia Tavisi bunebiT uaxlovdebao qveteqstebi, e.w. lirikul romliTac komedias. personaJTa ,,am Janris replikebi piesebSi atareben umTavresia iumoristul xasiaTs”(13,366-367). rogorc prof. grigol kiknaZe aRniSnavs: vaJas ,,...moTxrobebi interess iwveven, rogorc TavianTi siuJetebiTa da personaJebiT. ise gansakuTrebiT, Txrobis maneriTa da enobrivi daxvewilobiT”(49,237). Ees mkvlevars vaJas sabavSvo prozis ganxilvisas aqvs miTiTebuli da, Cveni rwmeniT, sruliad miesadageba piesas ,,tyis komedia”. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom Txzulebis personaJTa ,,sayofacxovrebo lokali mikroeTnografiuli xasiaTisaa” da mosalodneli iyo dialeqturi enobrivi formebis Setana, vaJa fSavelas ar gadauxvevia Tavisi prozis stilisaTvis da ,,...martiv da gulRia arsebaTa SegrZnebebisa da warmodgenebis erTgvar ,,simaRles” gvimJRavnebs da amitom Taviseburadac JRers. Aam niadagzec aris miRweuli vaJas prozaSi (winamdebare gansaxilvel piesaSic –J.k) sityvis intensifikacia”(49,236). ,,tyis komediis” fabulaSi vxedavT im zogad suliskveTebas, romelic warmodgenilia vaJas adreul dramatul nawarmoebSi: ,,scena mTaSi” (1889w.), scenebi (fSavlebis cxovrebidan)-1889w., ,,scenebi (scena xevsureTSi). 1889w. es gamoixateba, upirveles yovlisa maTi mikroeTnografiuli lokaliT, garda amisa, personaJebis zneobrivi qcevis mkveTrad gamoxatuli motivebiT. yvela piesas (scenas-J.k) Tavisi ideuri datvirTva, problemaTa specifikuroba gaaCnia, sxvadasxva zneobrivi RirebulebiTaa isini Sesafaseblebi. maTgan mizandasaxulobiT, gansxvavebuli datvirTvisaa avtoriseuli Jurnal midgomiT ,,nakadulSi” absoluturad gamoqveynebuli piesa ,,tyis komedia”. 189 viziarebT im mosazrebas, rom ,,scenebica” da es piesac sakiTxav dramaTa Janrobriv dasadgmelad niSnebiT, arealSia (gr.kiknaZe). agebulebiT gasaTvaliswinebeli Tumca, ufro ,,tyis metad komedia” pasuxobs da Tavisi scenis ara scenaze dramaturgiuli specifikas; aki gamiznulic yofila Tojinebis TeatrSi dasadgmelad gasuli saukunis 60ian wlebSi (naTela uruSaZe, vaJa-fSavela qarTul scenaze. 84,286). Ggrigol kiknaZis miZRvnil recenziaSi monografiisadmi-,,vaJa-fSavelas prof. jumber WumburiZe Semoqmedeba” – detalurad axasiaTebs avtoriseul midgomas vaJa-fSavelas dramatuli Txzulebebisadmi; kerZod, gr. kiknaZis mier ,,mokveTilisa” da ,,stumar-maspinZlis” motivTa siaxlovis analizs da, Semdgom amisa, rodesac mocemulia dramaturgiuli teqnikis mxriv ,,mokveTilis” daxasiaTebaze, recenzenti aRniSnavs: ,,saintereso aq is aris, rom avtori, garda vaJas dramaturgiis ideurTematikuri analizisa, mkiTxvels acnobs vaJas piesebis specifikur mxares , e.i. uCvenebs, Tu rogoria mwerlis piesebi dramatuli xelovnebis TvalsazrisiT, maSasadame, avtori gviCvenebs, Tu ras warmoadgens vaJa, rogorc dramaturgi”(118,203-204). Pprof. Ggr. kiknaZe garkveviT miuTiTebs: ,,piesis arqiteqtonikas ramdenime piroba gansazRvravs”, vecdebiT mivyveT mkvlevris mier daxatul gezs am TvalTaxedviT: 1.,,mTavaria avtoris saerTo ideuri koncefcia”(49,254); 2 mTavar gmirTa ,,dramatuli danaSaulis” warmodgena(gv.255); 3. mwerlis mier gmirTa nebisyofis maqsimumis gamoxatva (iqve); 4. piesaSi vnebaTa Widilis mkafiod gamoxatul azrTa da SexedulebaTa brZolis asaxva (iqve); 5. ra gzas iyenebs dramaturgi piesaSi gmirTa dasaxasiaTebLlad: gmirTa daxasiaTebis TandaTanobiTi gaSlis gzas Tu Mmza xasiaTebis mowodebis sistemas(gv.255-256); 6. ,,dramaSi moqmedebisa da xasiaTebis ganviTareba dialogebis sisxarte-gamokveTilobazea damokidebuli”(49,254-256). Semdgom amisa, mkvlevari detalurad warmogvidgens ,,mokveTilis” Sinagani arqiteqtonikis suraTs, iq mocemuli TiToeli specifikuri niSnis ganzogadebiT SeiZleba vaJas yvela originaluri Tu naTargmni dramatuli Txzulebebis ganxilva-daxasiaTeba. ra viTarebaa am aspeqtiT ,,tyis komediaSi”? 190 bunebrivia, masStaburobiT, problematikiT, mizandasaxulobiT ,,tyis komedia” arc da verc upasuxebs ,,mokveTilis” Sinagani arqiteqtonikis yvela detals, radgan piesa bavSvTa sakiTxav repertuarisTvisaa gamiznuli, Tumca, dramis literaturul-Teoriul aqsesuarebs udaod atarebs es patara moculobis Txzuleba. mis Sesafaseblad garkveulwilad specifikuri midgomaa saWiro. gavimeorebT msoflgagebidan WeSmarit azrs , rom TergdaleulTa ideur-esTetikuri gamomdinare, vaJas Semoqmedeba obieqtur viTarebas gamoxatavs da misi yvela Txzuleba misive SemoqmedebiTi interesebisa da poziciebis gamomxatvelia. warmoCndeba gulisxmier ,,tyis komediis” aRmzrdelad, mixedviT, pedagogad, misi bavSvebis avtori sasurvel megobrad. piesis ideuri koncefcia erTi naTeli gamosxivebaa ,,mwerlis saerTo koncefciisa”. TxzulebaSi martivad, sxartad, sabavSvo nawarmoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sixalisiT mocemulia, dramis Teoriis terminologiiT rom visargebloT, e.w. ,,mTavar gmirTa ,,dramatuli danaSauli”- qurdbacacoba da sakadrisad dasja damnaSavisa. Txzulebis amocana arc iTvaliswinebda ,,gmirTa nebisyofis maqsimumis gamoxatvas”, miTumetes daZabul moments. mivyveT gansaxilvel piesas da sustad, magram muqi StrixebiT bavSvis fsiqologiis dasaZlevi mimoxvriT mocemul ,,vnebaTa Widilis mkafiod gamoxatul azrTa” konfliqtur situacias davinaxavT. Aam piesaSi vaJa-fSavelas mier gmirTa(personaJTa) dasaxasiaTeblad ,,mza saTaurebis miwodebis sistemaa” gamoyenebuli. Yyvela klasikuri piesis, speqtaklis ukvdaveba gansazRvrul- ganpirobebulia droiTa da epoqiT, avtoris msoflmxedvelobiT, mxatvrulesTetikuri doniT, piesaSi mocemuli scenuri azrovnebiT. iqneb ucnauradac JRerdes, magram vaJas am piesas verasdros daemuqreba droisa da epoqis cvlilebebi, radgan zneobrivi aRzrdis specifika, mankierebaTa mxileba yvela droSi da epoqaSi dgas sazogadoebis znekeTilobis dacvis keTilSobilur sadarajoze. avtorma, rogorc sabavSvo mweralma, nawarmoebi Semofargla erTi ZiriTadi TemiT. es mkiTxvels daexmareba nawarmoebis swrafad aRqmaSi, aq gamoricxulia e.w. qveTemebi. ganapirobebdes piesis xibls. samagierod, Aamis Sesaxeb natifi poeturoba Teatrmcodne unda aleqsandre 191 SalutaSvili wers: aucileblad ,,poeturoba gvamcnobs adamianis Semoqmedis saukeTeso gamovlinebaa. humanurobas, is kacTmoyvareobas. Ddaucveli silamazis dacva, susti, miusafari adamianisadmi TanagrZnoba, TanagrZnoba xmeli wifelisadmi, Svlis nukrisadmi, rac vaJa-fSavelam Tavis prozaul nawarmoebebSi gvagrZnobina, poeturobis SesaniSnav magaliTs warmoadgens”(99, 18). Ppoeturobis azrovneba, erT-erTi simboluri damaxasiaTebeli saxismetyveleba, aqsesuaria mxatvruli alegoriuli gamonagoni. ,,tyis komediaSic” saxezea alegoriuli azrovnebis naTeli nimuSi. rogorc cnobilia da rogorc davrwmundiT, didi vaJa-fSavela uyuradRebod ar tovebs warmarTul Tu qristianul RvTaebaTa panTeons. Aadamianebs, Sobidgan gardacvalebamde Tu saiqio cxovrebiT damTavrebuls: xe-mcenareebs, fesvebidan damTavrebuls (zrdis dawyebuls, cxovelTa daWrili samyaros, dawyebuls yvela Tu stadiaSi); laRad patara camde frinvelebs, monavarde TaguniebiT awvdili arwiviT dawyebuls, kenweroebiT wipria CitiT damTavrebuls; daWrili vefxviT damTavrebuls; miTologiur arsebebsa da miTiur movlenebs; sxvadasxva stiqiur Zalas; ciur mnaTobebs. Tu ara vcdebiT, florisa da faunis farTo speqtri qarTul poeziaSi pirvelad didma SoTa rusTavelma Seqmna, daamkvidra da am mtkice balavarma ganapiroba ,,uenpiro bunebis” brwyinvale saxismetyveleba Semdgom epoqebSic. Yyvelasgan gamorCeulad am aspeqtiT mkvlevarTa mier samarTlianadaa miCneuli vaJa-fSavela. vaJasmcodneobaSi es problema mravali aspeqtiTaa Seswavlili, dasabuTebulia mtkice argumentebiT, magram vfiqrobT, meti poeturobiT xasiaTdeba am sakiTxis ganxilva uSualod poetis mier vaJas gardacvalebidan ramdenime aTeuli wlis gavlis Semdeg. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs poetisa da dramaturgis viqtor gabeskirias werili ,,frinvel- cxovelTa samyaro da vaJa”(18,575-582). mas cxovelTa da frinvelTa samyaro miaCnia ra mwerlis humanizmis gamosavlen vrcel asparezad, wers: ,,am mxriv gansakuTrebuli movlenaa vaJa-fSavela. mas, msgavsad yvela didi mwerlisa, faunis warmomadgenelTadmi siyvaruli da Tanadgoma gamomJRavnebuli aqvs mraval nawarmoebSi(18,575). bevri sagulisxmo magaliTi aqvs damowmebuli avtors vaJas Semoqmedebidan, sainteresoa misi midgoma TiToeuli Txzulebisadmi. 192 daskvniT nawilSi v.gabeskiria acxadebs: ,,vaJa mxatvruli literaturisagan, saerTod xelovnebisagan, xalxis samsaxurs moiTxovda, amis gareSe arc swamda xelovneba, xalxis sulier cxovrebaSi vaJa did rols aniWebda xelovnebas, is did Zalad miaCnda adamianebze sasikeTod zemoqmedebisaTvis”(18,582). Bbunebrivia, am aspeqtiT vaJa gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT ekideboda bavSvTaTvis gamiznul Txzulebebs da am mxriv rogorc zemoT mivaniSneT, arc ,,tyis komedia” Ggamonaklisi. Pprof. Gdimitri benaSvilis TqmiT: ,,vaJa-fSavelas meore piesa ,,tyis komedia” friad Tavisebursa da originalur nawarmoebs warmoadgens... vaJafSavelam am piesiT Segviyvana bunebis samefoSi da gvaCvena, Tu rogor cxovroben, ra awuxebT bunebis uSualo Svilebs? iTvlebodes mozardi Taobis mxatvruli Ppiesas Aaqvs pretenzia aRzrdis saSualebad. Ppiesis MOmizania axalgazrdoba ganmsWvalos bunebisadmi siyvaruliT... ,,tyis komediis” bavSvebisaTvis. siZulvils, is morali aswavlis simarTlisadmi advilad maT gasagebi qurdobisadmi siyvaruls”. (10,319). da da misawvdomia zarmacobisadmi mkvlevarma mocemul SefasebaSi, faqtiurad, aqcenti gadaitana mxatvrul ganzogadobaze , rac safuZveli xdeba imisa, rom vimsjeloT mocemuli Txzulebis aRmzrdelobiT da SemecnebiT funqciazec. Ees bunebrivicaa, radgan ,,qarTul erovnul cnobierebas yovelTvis farad edga erovnuli SemoqmedebiTi inteligencia. qarTveli moRvaweni yovelTvis zustad mxatvruli grZnobdnen SemoqmedebiT saSiSroebis cdilobdnen gadagvarebisagan. Yyvelaze mZime eri moaxloebas exsnaT da TavianTi nihilizmisa da am mxriv mainc XIXsaukune iyo, roca caristuli ruseTi mizanmimarTulad axorcielebda mkacr rusifikatorul politikas”(7,319). Aam politikis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvel arsenalSi didi mniSvneloba eZleoda Teatralur vkiTxulobT: ,,ilia xelovnebas, dramaturgias, gvmoZRvravs, aRmzrdelobiT-SemecnebiTi funqciis rom scenas. didi matarebelia amis Taobaze ganmanaTlebluri, Teatri. amasTan igi skolaa, romelic naTeli suraTebiT elaparakeba kacis gulsa da Wkuas, Zlierad moqmedebs adaminis guneba-ganwyobilebaze, amaRlebs, swmends afaqizebs mis azrs da grZnobebs da aqvs erTi ,,Zvirfasi Tviseba, rogoric xalxis wrTvna da zrdaa”(ix. ilia WavWavaZe, pedagogiuri Txz., gv.172;399). 193 qveteqstiT imazecaa miniSneba, rom gansakuTrebul rols didi ilia mozardis esTetikur aRzrdasac akisrebda dramaturgias, scenas. rogorc avtorisa, piesis fabula nawarmoebisa vaJasmcodneobaSi, migvaniSnebs, motivireba, mizandasaxuleba igi mSvenivradaa daxasiaTebuli rogorc dramaturgis, originalurobas naTelia. vaJa-fSavelas, misi piesebis struqturaSi vxedavT. kerZod, originaluria misi ,,scenebis”, ,,tyis komediis” remarkebi. amasTan dakavSirebiT win wamoiwevs avtoris, mTxrobelis funqciebi nawarmoebSi. vaJas eposi am aspeqtiT mecnieruladaa damuSavebuli (ix. saTanado literatura-J.k). TxzulebebSi rogorc dramatul mTxrobelis, avtoris, wamyvanis roli gadadis remarkaSi. dadgenilia, funqcias Rrma asrulebs dRevandelobamde piesis kompoziciur remarka. kacobriobam modelirebaSi antikuri remarkis mniSvnelovan periodidan mravalsaxeoba dawyebuli Seqmna. es ki remarkebis funqciebis, mravali niuansiT aris ganpirobebuli. remarkis mravalnairi interpretaciaa cnobili. ZiriTadad remarkas odiTgan evaleboda, sxartad, mokled moeca ,,axsna-ganmarteba, SeniSvna, miTiTeba moqmedebis gaSlis fonis, drois, adgilis, gmiris garegnobis, qcevis, Cacmulobis Sesaxeb. zogjer miTiTeba exeba moqmed pirTa intonacias, Jestebs, mimikas, maT asaks, xasiaTis Taviseburebebs da misT (116,258). rogorc vxedavT, faqtiurad saqme gvaqvs avtoris saxesTan, mTxrobelTan. Aaman ki win wamoswia dramatul TxzulebaTa personaJebTan iribi damokidebuleba , Aanu mTxrobeli arsad ar CaerTveba personaJebis metyvelebaSi. remarka ZiriTadad informaciis Semcvelia Tavisi funqciiT. Tumca, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi mas mniSvnelovani, axal-axali Sinaarsi, daiSnuleba SeuZenia. miuTiTeben, rom remarkis forma ganisazRvreba dramatuli nawarmoebis JanriTa da stiliT. Ggvxvdeba e.w. beletrizirebuli remarkebi (l. andreevi, l.meterlinki, b.Sou), XIX saukunis dasasrulis da XX saukunis dasawyisis piesebSi gvaqvs gaSlili, aRweriTi sagnobrivi remarkebi (hauptmani, ibseni, Cexovi, a. ostrovski da sxva); magaliTad, Bbernard Sous zogierT piesaSi remarkas ukavia piesis TiTqmis erTi mesamedi da asrulebs ara miTiTebebs, mokle informaciebs, aramed faqtiurad warmoadgens piesis avtoriseul komentars (iqve). magaliTad, (qronologiuri vaJa-fSavelas TvalsazrisiT) piesaTa remarka remarkebidan udaod pirveli beletzirebuli piesis saxisaa. 194 Nnawarmoebis saTaurs-,,scena mTaSi” da saTauris qveS minawers-,,xevsurebis cxovrebidan”, mosdevs faqtiurad miniatura, eskizi, romeliTac sxartadaa daxatuli interierica da eqsterieric; interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos misi moxmoba damadasturebel nimuSad: ,,ganTiadia. Aaqa-iq roWuebma daiwyes kakani. Soridam, mTis piridam, modis SurTxis stvena. Nnami uxvad dahyria balaxs; danamuls balaxze saamurad ismis stvena celisa gaRma-gamoRmidam. moTibulis, damWknaris balaxis suni saamod mosdebia im aremares. jer mTiblebis ,,gvrinva”, simRera ar gaxSirebula, Zvlebi ar gamTbara, ofli ar daZrula gul-mkerdzed. ezarebodaT aZinebdaT. ki adgoma, Seacqerdnen Abikam da mamaswveramac magram sxva mTiblebis erTi-meores, gaiCmuCnen gaiRviZes, celis wamosxdnen; ,,wivili” mxrebSi”.(33,201). aRar Aamas mosdevs piesis moqmed pirTa dialogi moqmedebis dinamikurad ganviTareba. sxva remarkebi tradiciulia, moklea, sxartia, dawurulinformaciulia. Ees piesa erTmoqmedebiani da erTsuraTiani Txzulebaa. Mmas garkveul kompoziciur mTlianobas aniWebs safinalo remarka Tavisi SinaarsiT, pirveli remarkis Janrul-struqturuli saxesTan msgavsebiT. Tavad ambavi novelisturi bunebisaa. Aavtori Tavisi remarkiT amTavrebs piesas: mamaswveras (piesis gmiri-J.k) ,,exveweba adgilis dedas, RvTisSvilebs qudmoxdili, rom gadaarCinos dev-eSmakebsa da iZinebs). Ppiesis epilogi ki aseTi Sinaarsisaa: ,,myudroeba sdgas garSemo, mxolod xevi mosCqefs, kldezed gadamdinari hyviris, SfoTavs, aTasgvar gamoxmobasa hbadebs. mTis piridam mTvarem amoyo yuri da badesaviT gadaafina mTis wverebs Tavisi sxivebi. mTvaris sxivi daadga mamaswverasa da abikas (piesis gmirebs-J.k) da TiTqos yurebSi CasCurCulebda, TiTqos nanas eubneboda: nu geSiniaT, nu hkrTiT, devebs me mogaSorebT, damaSvralni xarT, tkbilad daiZineT, me var Tqveni daraji, Tqveni patronio”(iqve,206). am amonawerSi naTlad Cans dramaturgis pozicia. igi logikurad amTavrebs fabulas, romlis amJRavnebs dramisadmi, finaliTac movlenisadmi. sakuTar safinalo akordi damokidebulebas ki mauwyebelia avtoris msoflmxedvelobisa miTiuri da religiuri TvalsazrisiT. imave wliT, 1889wliT, TariRdeba meore piesa ,,scenebi” (fSavlebis cxovrebidam). Taviseburia am ,,scenebis” kompozicia. Aavtors igi oTx scenad anu moqmedebad aqvs dayofili. specifikuria TiToeuli scenisadmi wamZRvarebuli remarka. esenia remarka-saTaurebi, wamZRvarebuli, darTuli 195 TiToeuli moqmedebisadmi. darTuli TiToeuli TiToeuli remarka-saTaurebi moqmedebisadmi. TiToeuli wamZRvarebuli, remarka-saTauri realizdeba Sesabamisi siuJetiT, fabuliT. maTi ganxilva ar warmoadgens Cvens amocanas am konkretul SemTxvevaSi. interess aRgviZravs saTaurebis xasiaTi: ,,scena I. yoCaR xafango!, ,,scena II. ,,vahme, cxviro!”, ,,scena III. ,,xarsaca da fursac!” da ,,scena IV. gTxovT, damiWiroT!” ,,Tavisi konstruqciiT, SinaarsiT imave 1889wliT daTariRebuli ,,scenebi” (scena xevsureTSi) faqtiurad dramatuli aqsesuarebiT SeTxzuli ornawiliani moTxrobaa. Mmas yvelaze nakleb moeTxoveba dramatuli Txzulebebis pretenzia. remarkebic klasikuri, mokle, sxarti informaciis matareblebia. remarkis Tumca, beletrizireba avtori erTi TiTqmis wuTiTac ki ar gamoricxulia ,,tyis tovebs miTiTebis, piesas komediaSi”. mokle komentaris gareSe. igrZnoba, igi amiT garkveul gzamkvleobas, daxmarebas uwevs mozardebs siuJetis ganviTarebaSi maTi CarTvis TvalsazrisiT. interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos is faqtic, rom patara piesaSi avtori 58jeraa CarTuli fabulis gasaSlelad: 29-jer I moqmedebaSi da 29-jer II moqmedebaSi. sayuradReboa piesis saTauri-tyeSi datrialebul ambavs pirobiTad SeiZleba ewodos komedia, rameTu, piesaSi ver vxedavT grotesks, hiperobolas, satiras, karikaturas, rogorc klasikuri komediebis ZiriTad maxasiaTebel niSnebs, ver vxedavT tipadqceul gamokveTil xasiaTebs. Lliteraturis ganarCeven TeoriaSi, erTmaneTisgan rogorc garemos, zemoTac viTarebis gvqonda aRniSnuli, komedias, xasiaTebis komediisagan. Cveni rwmeniT vaJas ,,tyis komedia” warmoadgens viTarebisa da XIX saukunis miwurulsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi gaCenil ,,ideaTa komediebis” erTgvar sinTezs. maSasadame, miuTiTebs, aRniSnuli azustebs piesis moqmedebis saTauri adgils, orcnebiani xolo ,,komedia” frazaa: ,,tye gansazRvras Txzulebis Janrobriv saxesxvaobas. qvemoT mokled, SeZlebisdagvarad, gavarkvevT, Tu ramdenadaa es piesa komedia, ra doziTaa iq komikuri, satiruli Tu ,,iumoristuli”(am bolo termins am formiT xmarobs prof. gr.kiknaZe-J.k). CamoTvlil Teoriul cnebaTa brwyinvale ganmartebebi da analizia mocemuli prof. gr. kiknaZis 196 monografiaSi: ,,qarTuli satira da iumoris ganviTarebis istoriisaTvis”(50,9). satirisa da iumoris sazogadoebrivi funqciis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT: sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi arsebul Widilsa Tu brZolas mkafiod gamoxatavso satiruli da iumoristuli literature, radgan ,,moxerxebuli da mignebuli dacinva obieqtis gacamtverebis, misi uvargisobis gamomJRavnebis nacadi da utyuari saSualebaa”(50,9). Aavtors miaCnia, rom amgvari TxzulebebisaTvis ,,damaxasiaTebelia is, rom maTSi yvelaze TvalnaTliv da uSualod gveZleva avtoris SefasebiTi damokidebuleba gansaxilvelad aRebuli obieqtisadmi... satirasa da iumorSi Zalian cxadad Cans mwerlis msoflmxedvelobrivi pozicia maSinac ki, rodesac igi garegnulad ama Tu im movlenis mxolod dagmobiTa da gakicxviT aris SeSfoTebuli da Tavis pozitiur mrwamss pirdapir ar amJRavnebs”(50,9). avtorTa amgvari midgoma ufro mkveTrad mocemulia, Cveni rwmeniT, lirikur da epikur JanrebSi. naTelia avtorTa SefasebiTi damokidebuleba movlenebisadmi da dramatul Janrs lirikul da maTi am msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalsazrisiT, epikur aqac Txzulebebisagan poziciac. midgoma rac analogiuria, gansxvavebiT avtori Seexeba magram Tavis msoflmxedvelobriv pozicias aSkarad TiTqmis ver gamoxatavs, radgan misi xvedriTi wona siuJetSi Zalzed SezRudulia, piesaTa Txzvis tradiciuli kanonebi ar aZleven mas amis saSualebas (zogierT gamonaklisze remarkasTan dakavSirebiT win gvqonda saubari), anu lirikaSi da eposSi avtori, mTxrobeli warmoadgens, mniSvnelovan metyvelebis, siuJetur-kompoziciur gansja-msjelobis, komponents emociaTgamJRavnebis TvalsazrisiT. Ddramatul nawarmoebSi did rols TamaSobs avtoris simpaTiuri, ironiuli, iumoristuli Tu uaryofiTi damokidebuleba personaJebis xatvis, Zerwvis procesSi maTi xasiaTebisadmi, garegnobisadmi, remarkebis tonebSi. raRa Tqma unda, konfliqtebis, koliziebis, viTarebis prioritetulobis gaTvaliswinebiT. ra mdgomareoba gvaqvs am aspeqtiT ,,tyis komediaSi”? Tu gaviTvaliwwinebT imas, rom piesa dabeWdilia Jurnal ,,nakadulSi”, rom mkiTxvelis humanizmi ki asakobrivi zRvaric zRvardaudebelia, xolo cxovelebia gamoyvanili da fabulac amiT Semofarglulia, moqmed pirebad umweo, avtoris pawawa patara, novelistur SemTxvevas exeba, 197 piesaSi idea arc e.w. ,,zogadsakacobrio” da arc didia, masStaburi. maSin Tamamad unda mivakuTvnoT ,,iumoristikul” nawarmoebTa jgufs. vaJas pozitiur mrwamsze piesis mixedviT zemoT iyo saubari. Aavtoris ra ,,SefasebiT damokidebulebas” amovikiTxavT piesis personaJebisadmi? Nnawarmoebis ideis mimarTebisadmi mozardebis, zogadad sazogadoebis, mimarT? mivyveT piesas. ambavi kerZod, or erT mouparavT da ojaxs ojaxs, amiT Soris konfliqtur simSilaanT mZime ojaxs, mdgomareobaSi urTierTobas sonasTvis CaugdiaT erTi gadmogvcems. ormo mezobeli. Txili pirveli moqmedebis pirvel gamosvlaSi mwared mosTqvams naqurdalis gamo erTi Tagvi, sona. Mmaleve iwyeba misi dialogi sxva mezobelTan, TebronesTan. Yyurs vugdebT maT msjelobas, momxdaris Sefasebas da Cvens warmodgenaSi waiSleba kvali daburul tyesa da Cveulebriv qarTul damwuxrebul ojaxs Soris. avtors ostaturad gadavyevarT adamianTa Soris urTierTobaze. TagvTa metyveleba, maTi ganwyobileba, maT mier gamoxatuli eWvebi da varaudebi, piesas gapirovnebis mxatvrul-stilistur funqcias sZens. nawarmoebSi qveteqsturi gaazrebis gareSe gadmogvcemen moqmedi pirebi TavianT mZime socialur-ekonomiuri cxovrebis ambavs. vfiqrobT, mozardis gaRimebas gamoiwvevs Tebrones ,,sagamomZieblo” da ,,kriminaluri” alRo. moviyvanT srulad am adgils piesidan: ,,meore Tagvi, (Tavs aqeT-iqiT iqnevs), maS, maS! Hhm! CvenSi ki darCes da erTi ram unda giTxra. marTalia, Rorsa, daTvsa da maCvs davabrale (Txilis ormos aTvalierebs), magram ara. Ees arc erTis brali ar unda iyos!”- aq cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba Tebrones faqtis marTebuli Sefasebis saSualebas aZlevs; marTlac, logikuria da damajerebelia misi ,,kriminalisturi” daskvna: ,,ormos zed muxis fesvi afaria. yoCaR, gcodnia, sad da rogor gavakeToT ormo. agre unda, Rors an maCvs rom amoeTxara, ueWvelad fesvs amoglejdnen da didaTac amosTxridnen... es Tagvis oinia”. Bbunebrivia, amis Semdeg eWvis doneze dasaxeldeboda qurdis vinaoba. Tebrone iqve oromtrialis, daamatebs: ,,dabal taS-fanduris da xmaze): Wianuris simSilaanTidan xma ismis; mudam saidan? Rame rogor? (pirveli Tagvi yurebs ascqvets”(iqve). Aamis Semdeg martivad, mezoblur saubarSi or Tagvs Soris iwyeba Sekvra siuJeturi naskvisa. eWvs xom dasabuTeba sWirdeba da TandaTanobiT 198 rwmundebian eWvis simarTleSi. Tavis varauds faqtebiT amyarebs Tebrone. ixsenebs cota xnis win Tavis Sexvedras simSilasTan (maTi varaudiT qurdTan-J.k); simSilasTan am erT kviraSi Sexvedra gaixsena sonamac. simSila Tebrones Tu aTiode Txilsa sTxovda sesxad, sonam gaaanaliza simSilas xetiali sonas ormos maxlobel mzvareSi: ,,.. gana ara, am erT kviraSi, sul ai, am mzvareSi mxvdeboda, aq daeTreoda. Mmec xom yaraulad ar vudgevar Cems ormoebs, ,,Saigulebda da memre erT Rames gadazidavdnen”(33,266). maTi dialogidan dasaxasiaTeblad. gamoCnda Aanu TiTo rogor Strixi gamoixata TiToeli TiToeulis maTganis reaqcia, damokidebuleba erTsa da imave faqtze. Tebrone frTxilobs. Ffaqts, varauds ar uaryofs, magram mainc eubneba sonas: ,,ra vici, ram gaagiJa eg xalxi (simSilaani Tu imaT Tavs erTi ram ambavi ar aris? Ees daixsome. Mme eWviT vlaparakob, xolo Tavis TvaliT araferi minaxavs da yuriT rac mesmis, imas mogaxseneb”.(iqve). samagierod, sjera sonas, rom qurdi simSilaa da simarTlis dadgena mtkiced gadauwyvetia. Tu Tebrones msjeloba wynaria, dinjia, dazaralebuli qvrivis sityvebi muqariTaa savse da SurismaZieblad aris qceuli sona: ,,maS dedakaci ar viqnebi, iseTi dRe ar davawio, Tavis gaCenis saaTsa swyevlides. iqneb imas fiqrobdes, qvriv-oxeria, vina hyavs patroni, SamrCeba, araferiao!.. moica, am kavebs gaviyreineb , Tu ver gawvnio...”(iqve). siuJeturi naskvi ukve gvaqvs, logikuri iqneboda maTi dialogis Sewyvetac am sakiTxze da Cinebuli migneba SemogvTavaza avtorma Tavisi mokle …remarkiT: (am dros caze Zera gamoCndeba da Tavs dastrialebT). im wuTSive Seicvala situacia, ganelda saubris muxti. Ppatara ……detaliTac naTeli gaxda TiToeulis Sinagani mdgomareoba; Tebrone, rogorc garemos, swored dinji, mas aradazaralebuli, SeaniSnina dramaturgma ufro caze fxizlad Zera afasebs braziTa da SurisZiebiT aRgznebuli sonasaTvis: ……………… ,,pirveli Tagvi. sona, sona! Cqara, Tavs vuSveloT! meore …Tagvi . rao? ra ambavia? pirveli ……Tagvi. Seixede maRla, hxedav, rogor Tvalebs gvacecebs is... isa? meore Tagvi. (caSi icqireba) uh, RmerTma dagwyevlos! (oriveni soroSi miZvrebian)”(iqve, gv.267). 199 amiT daasrula dramaturgma piesaSi ,,pirveli gamosvla). rogorc vxedavT, Temis erT-erTi wevris mier Cadenilia zneobrivi, socialuri danaSauli, romelic pirobiTad SeiZleba gansazRvros rogorc e.w. …,,dramatuli danaSauli” (am termianis Taobaze …ix. Pprof.……givi lomiZis monografia ,,komediis Janrobrivi Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb”, Tb. 1969w. gv. 43-44 da a.S). bunebrivia, maleve unda gaixsnas es danaSauli. Ppiesis ………pirveli moqmedebis meore gamosvlaSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi swored aqeTkenaa mimarTuli (55,17). scenaze xalisis Semomtania axali personaJis Semosvla. Eesaa axalgazrda celqa, sona Tagvis siZe. Mmis gamoCenisTanave avtori Tavisi remarkiT udaod gamoiwvevs mkiTxvelSi Rimils. SiSisagan soroSi Cabudebuli Tagvebi kars iqidan exmianebian celqas. sonas …SekiTxvaze romeli xaro, celqa upasuxebs: ,,sidedro, Sen? Mme var celqa, Seni siZe. (ityvis ra amas, iWimeba da ulvaSebs isworebs)” roca sorodan xma afrTxilebs: ,,exlaxan Zera dalaxlaxebda, Tavze ar dageceso”, celqas pasuxSi patara StrixiT gamoCnda trabaxa axalgazrda: vfiqrobT, gaRimebasTan erTad daafiqrebs kidec mozards asakovanTa da axalgazrdis Sexvedris fragmenti. Rimilis momgvrelia familaruli toni misalmebisa, xolo damafiqrebeli da Wkuis saswavlebelia darbaisluri, qarTuli urTierTobis gamomxatveli momenti: ,,sona. mSvidoba Sens mobrZanebas, siZev batono! Tebrone. mSvidoba SenTan, vaJkaco tol-upovaro! celqa. RmerTma mogsceT mSvidoba, Zvirfasno mandilosanno”(33,267). is iyo, maTi saubari mTavars, qurdobas, unda Sehxeboda, rom scenaze xmauriT, aurzauriT Semodis daTvi, Tagvebi soroSi gainabebiaan, celqa muxis fesvs amoefareba, tyis sxva binadarni panikaSi Cacvivnulan. Aavtors scenaze aJiotaJis gamosawvevad Semohyavs daTvi. amaSi mTavar damnaSaveebad ki xeebze Citebi da miwaze Tagvebi miaCnia: ,,netavi SemeZlos, xeli mimiwvdebodes, sul gavJuJo eg gasawyvetebi! (daTvs Tavze Cxikvi dasCxavis. daTvi buzRuniT tyeSi miimaleba). albaT, Cxikvis Cxavili gabezrebuli daTvis Tavze patarebis sicils unda iwvevdes. wyevla-krulvas uTvlian damSvidebuli Tagvebi daTvs da miubrundebian TavianT sawuxar ambavs. celqas, sonasa da Tebrones saubriT TandaTan kulminaciisaken midis viTareba. Ddaskvna- naTelia qurdi200 simSilaa. Aaxla moqmedebaa saWiro da isinic swor gadawyvetilebas Rebuloben: ,,sona (celqas). maS Cemo Zvirfaso siZev, rogor moviqceT, ras mirCev? Mme mgonia, ase ajobebs, Sen exlave gaswi da, saca iyos da ar iyos, gzirs, mamasaxliss, nacvals Seatyobine. TiTo wami Zvirfasada Rirs, daakar pasuxi Tornes, vidre cxelia. amaRamve Tavs davesxaT. saxli gavuCxrikoT, ar SeiZleba, niSani ram ar vipovoT. Tebrone, diaR, diaR swored magre unda moiqce, sjobs mogvareba saqmisa, ar dayovneba xanisa. wadi exlave, gaswi!... celqa. Mivdivar, mSvidobiT! (garbis kudabzekili...)”. avtorma isurva, rom I moqmedeba xmauriT damTavrebuliyo. monadireebis gamoCeniT tyeSi man mianiSna mkiTxvels, rom Zerisa da daTvis garda adamianebic da ZaRlebic yofilan patara Tagvebis mtrebi-SeSinebuli Tagvebi soroSi garbiano-vkiTxulobT remarkaSi. caSi Zera. daTvis gamoCena. Mmuxis fesvi. Cxikvi. tyeSi Rorototos xma: ZaRlebis yefa. sxva binadarni tyisa-Tvaldaferflili Svlebi, irmebi-is sasceno rekvizitebia, romelic qmnis tyis warmodgenas, tyis imitacias. Kkompaqturia, erTsvliania mTeli meore moqmedeba piesisa. Aambavi konkretulad simSilaanT binaSi mimdinareobs. Mmokle remarkiTaa daxatuli bina, kera. ,,tyis komediis” mkvlevari naTlad ixilavs prof. gr. kiknaZis mier ,,piesis arqiteqtonikis ganmsazRvrel” TiTqmis yvela pirobas. kerZod, farda exdeba e.w. ,,dramatul danaSauls” da moqmedebisa da xasiaTebis ganviTareba mimdinareobs sxarti dialogebiT. qronotipis mixedviT meore moqmedeba or momentadaa mocemuli. Ppirvel monakveTSi simSilaani sindisis qejnis gareSe ilxenen naqurdali TxiliT. Aavtorma ramdenime sityviT daaxasiaTebina sakuTari buneba mTavar damnaSaves simSilas. Qqurdi simSila cinikosicaa. meore moqmedebis pirvelive monologi adasturebs amas: ,,simSila. (wamoiwevs). Aaba, erTi dedakaco, ,,sonaseuli” moita, vaxSami gavaCaliCoT.(sonaseuls naqurdals Txils eZaxda), xeladaSi Rvino iqneba, isic moita, sonaqali unda vadRegrZeloT,-me da Cemma RmerTma, Zalian Txili Seunaxia da is dalocvilSvili rom 201 arca kiTxulobs?! iqneba imas Tavisi ormo isev savse hgonia?... xa, xa, xa! imedic kai saqonelia! roca hnaxavs, saqme maSin ari, magram manamde Cven kidec gavaTavebT. Bblomad aris kidev? Kkekela. (coli) jer kidev blomad aris. Aam dalocvilma Zalian baraqa gamoiRo... (33,269). simSilas mier warmoTqmuli sadRegrZelo kidev ufro mkveTrad usvams xazs am tipis uaryofiT bunebaze, miuxedavad imisa , rom pur-RviniT simdidres TavSi tvini amjobina da es usurva col-Svils. SezarxoSebulma WianuriTa da taS-fanduriT ,,moisurva” gulis gaxaliseba. personaJis dasaxasiaTeblad dramaturgma gamoiyena daxasiaTebis ara ,,TandaTanobiTi gaSlis gza”, aramed ,,mza xasiaTebis mowodebis sistema”(gr.kiknaZe). keriaze gaCaRebuli lxiniT moqmedebis ganviTarebam kulminacias miaRwia, rasac udaod unda mohyoloda kvanZis gaxsna da sasurveli, keTili finali. asec moxda. vaJa-fSavelam ,,TandaTanobiTi arc gaSlis situaciis gza”. garemos scenaze dasaxasiaTeblad myisierad, gamoiyena xmauriT daiwyeba qronotopis meore stadia. Aamas adasturebs dramaturgis remarkac: kekela cekvavs, sakravebis xma da am dros: (TamaSobs. ismis xma garedan: ojaxis patrono, ojaxis patrono! sakravebis xma Seswydeba. pasuxs aRar ucdian da simSilaanT keraze gamoiWimeba mamasaxlisi Tavis iasaulebiT, CafrebiT, celqa, sona, Tebrone da sxvani). Mmamasaxlisi. agaSenosT RmerTma! Kkai dros movediT! sidedrsa vyvarebivarT. Cven ki ar dagvpatiJebT?! (yvelani fexze adgebian)(33,270). movlenaTa ganviTareba bunebrivad iwvevs mozard mkiTxvelSi molodinisa da interesis gancdas-ra da rogor moxdeba? Tanamedrove terminologia rom moviSvelioT, yvelaferi ,,operatiulad maRal doneze” Catarda: braldebis wayeneba, binis Cxreka, mtkicebulebis amoReba da damnaSavis dapatimreba. Yyvelaferi es im droisaTvis d aim garemosaTvis damaxasiaTebel qmedebaSi aisaxa. mkiTxvels aucileblad daakmayofilebs moralurad Sedegi. Ppiesa scenaze rom gadasuliyo, bunebrivi iqneboda yiJina, aJiotaJi mozardi mayureblisa maT Tvalwin gaTamaSebuli scenis gamo. Tumca, scenariTac didebuladaa miRweuli es. Yyvelaferi swrafad da didi Sexla-SemoxliT 202 dasrulda: remarka (gzir-Cafrebs moaqvT Tokebi da hkonaven saTiTaod, ismis wripini da wruwuni Tagvebisa) da am aurzaurSi sona-Tagvi Cumad Caulaparakebs mamasaxliss: ,,oi, Sens marjvenas ki venacvale! Eemagre, emagre! rac SeiZleba datanje eg gasawyvetebi, dawvi dad dadage. Eeg Txilic Seni feSqaSi iyos da sxvasac mogarTmev. oRond magaT javrs nu maWmev”(33,270-271). interesmoklebuli ar aris mamasaxlisis gadalaparakeba, pasuxi sonas SemoTavazebaze: ,,mamasaxlisi.. (sonas). Sen arxeinad brZandebode. , exla me vici, unda samagaliTod davsajo, ise, rom ra saTqmelia , cali Txilic ki aravis daekargos amis Semdeg. (mxleblebs) aba, gaswiT, waiyvaneT eg tusaRebi, mec TqvenTan erTad movdivar”.(iqve) Cvens mier xazgasmuli sityvebi viTom sxvaTaSorisaa Tqmuli personaJebis mier, faqtiurad da Cveni rwmeniTac, es sityvebi SefarviT gamoxataven ,,avtoris saerTo ideur koncefcias”- amxilos soflis Cinovnikobaca da soflis (aq im tyis-J.k) ubiri mosaxleobac meqrTameobaSi. Ppiesis siuJeti ki logikuri dasasrulisaken midis. Ffinali safiqrals utovebs norC mkiTxvels. Sesafaseblad utovebs avtori maT erT detals. gzaSi mimavalma mamasaxlisma safrTxe igrZno. Mmxleblebmac panikurad iyvires: ,,mglebi, mamasaxliso, mglebi! CvenTvis gza SeukravT!” (iqve) da yvelam Tavs uSvela, ,,garbi-gamorbian, gaifantebian, xolo tusaRebi rCebian Sekonilni erT adgilas”. (iqve). wina remarkiT Tqmulia, rom melebis xma TandaTan axlovdebao. ra daskvnas gamoitans mkiTxveli?- melebis lukmebi gaxdebian simSilaani Tu rCebaT cocxlad gadarCenis raime Sansi? Ddidi ilias sityvebisa ar iyos: ,,warmoidginos TviTon mkiTxvelmao”. ,,tyis komedia” axalTaobis zneobrivi aRzrdisa da sazogadoebaSi arsebuli mankierebis mxilebasTan erTad samagaliToa enobrivi TvalsazrisiTac. Txzulebis ena ZarRviani qarTulis nimuSia, stilisturad gamarTulia, mdidaria frazeologizmebi sentenciebi ki misi nawarmoebs daafiqrebs leqsika. personaJTa saxalisos mozards xdis. da metyvelebaSi Mmoxmobili gonebiT Casmuli aforizmebi, moaZebninebs maTi warmomavlobis wyaroebs. marTlac, es patara piesa ,,tyis komedia” qarTuli enis, leqsikis, stilistikis mSvenieri saganZuria, salaroa. 203 mimovixiloT ramdenime magaliTi teqstidan. winaswar aRvniSnavT, rom TiToeuli sentencia, aforizmi, CarTuli personaJTa wyevla, metyvelebaSi, sityvis masala yvela maTgani brwyinvaledaa logikurad gamarTlebulia mocemul konteqstSi, yvela maTgani Seesabameba personaJis ganwyobilebas, dialogis atmosferos. magaliTad, gaqurduli, gamwarebuli sona-Tagvis pirvelive monologi damuxtulia emociuradac, leqsikuradac, ramdenime frazaSi gamoyenebulia wyevlac, sityvis masalac, frazeologiac: misi TqmiT, qurdi SeCvenebulia, wyeulia, romelmac igi dasva carielze anu gaZarcva pirwmindad. Amas mohyveba wyevla-frazeologiaSi gadasuli: ,,egebi Cemis codviT kbilebi dascvivdes da Tvalebi daeTxaros”. Aaqve mxars ubams Tebrone-,,Sxamad Seargos!” sonas sityviT: ,,vai imis brali, visac sakuWnaoSi araferi abadia, amosZvreba simSiliT suli”. Eesec xom cnobili frazaa, sityvis masalaa xalxSi gavrcelebuli. Aamis Semdeg odnav rom dacxreba mosaubreTa aRtyinebis talRa da gadavlen momxdaris Sefasebaze, varaudebis, eWvis gamoTqmaze, konteqsti ufro meti simSvidis mqonea da msjelobac ufro dinj stilSi gagrZeldeba. Kkoreqtirebas ganicdis leqsikac. Oormos daTvalierebis Semdeg gamocdili Tebrone-Tagvi daadgens, rom qurdobaSi Roris, maCvis an daTvis brali gamoricxulia. Ees ufro Tagvis naxelaviao da iqve Semoagdebs cnobad eWvs-simSilaanTidan yovelRame taS-fandurisa da simReris xma gamodis, saidan da rogorao? aman ukve sxva aspeqtiT warmarTa dialogi. Eemociaze metad goniereba gamosWvivis CarTuli frazebiT. sainteresoa Tebrones monologidan ramdenime fraza: 1.,,gana ar ici, rac oflis patronni brZandebian”. eE.i. uqnarebi,zarmacebi, uSromelni ariano (simSilaani-J.k). 2. karda-kar moaruli simSila damaTxovrobda da TebronesTanac misula da uTxovia: ,,Rones gamxade, erTi aTiode Txili masesxeo”, anu miSvele, momasuliere, gadamarCineo, misive sityvebia: ,,Tavad simSila iseT buqnaSi amodioda, rom quid caSi da tanisamosi cecxlSi gadadioda”. Mmozardi unda mixvdes, rom simSila gagiJebiT cekvavdao; xolo andaza ,,qudi caSi da tanisamosi cecxlSi gadadioda”-metaforizebuli perifrazaa cnobili andazisa- ,,ca qudad ar miaCnia da dedamiwa qalamnadao!” 204 Mmeti emociurobiT gamoirCeva pirveli gamosvlis am bolo dialogSi sona-Tagvis konteqsti: 1. ,,me Sen giTxra, gasawyvetebs ukacuroba SeawuxebdaT, buzebiviT irevian; fraza gulisxmobs-bevrni, auarebelni ariano. 2. ,,iqneb imasa fiqrobdes, qvriv-oxeria, vina hyavs patroni, SamrCeba, araferiao!... moica, am kavebs gaviyreineb, Tu ver vawvnio!...” pirvel rigSi, Rimilis momgvrelia qvrivis trabaxi da kavebis gayreineba. Rimilis, sicilis safuZvels ki cnobili frazeologia warmoadgens: ,,ulvaSi nu msxmia, kaci ar viyo dedakacs vemsgavso, sul ukanaskneli viyo,Tu...”(77,629). uSualod sityva-,,vawvnio” ganimarteba rogorc-,,Tu samagiero ar gadavuxadoo”. L leqsikis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa pirveli moqmedebis meore gamosvla, gansakuTrebiT axali personaJis, celqas, metyvelebaSi. rodesac celqa mixvdeba Tu rasa Cioda sidedri, ityvis: ,,cota ram suni aviRe saqmisa... yurebSi raRac damawyda.”(gv.267) ,,sunis aReba” ganmartebuli: aleqsandre ,,sunis neimanis aReba-ynosviT migneba, sinonimTa leqsikonSi gageba(65,436), xolo asea fraza: ,,yurebSi raRac damawyda” niSnavs yuris mokvras, gagonebas (iqve, gv.71). ,,kavis dayrevinebis” analogiuri Sinaarsisaa celqas sityvebi: ,,mTelma qveyanam icis. ulvaSs moviparsav, Tu Cemi eWvi tyuili gamodgeba”(gv.268). I moqmedebis finalSi sayuradReboa sonas monologSi CarTuli andaza: ,,TiTo wami Zvirfasada Rirs, daakar puri Tornes, vidre cxelia”. Aaqve, amave situaciaSi, Tebronec aCqarebs celqas da mSvenivrad miusadagebs viTarebas ,,vefxistyaosnis” aforizmis perifrazs: ,,sjobs mogvareba saqmisa, ar dayovneba xanisa. wadi, exlave, gaswi!”(65,.268). Lleqsikuri TvalsazrisiT piesis UII moqmedeba daclilia asociaciuri gamonaTqvamebidan. Mmxolod erTxel gvxvdeba mamasaxlisis sityvebSi cnobili andaza: ,,xma RvTisa-xma erisao,-tyuilad ar iZaxoda xalxi, mTeli dunia”(gv.270). Ddaskvnis saxiT mokled aRvniSnav, rom vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiT interesebSi angariSgasawev faqtorad rCeba dramaturgia. Aam sferoSic didi vaJa inarCunebs sworupovrobas. iliasTan da akakisTan erTad vaJam myari safuZveli Cauyara XX saukunis qarTul dramatul xelovnebas. 205 Tavi. IV-Targmani, rogorc vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi interesebis erT-erTi aspeqti (1900-1910-iani wlebis mixedviT) vaJa-fSavelas mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweobis analizi mkvlevarTaTvis gverdauvleli amocanaa, radgan, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi interesebis gaviTvaliswinoT, vinaidan srulyofilad Targmanic aRvniSneT, genialuri poetis gasacnobad vaJas es sferoc SemoqmedebiTi unda moRvaweobis mniSvnelovani aspeqtia. Tumca, viziarebT saerTo Sexedulebas, rom vaJafSavelasaTvis mTargmneloba ar qceula did mowodebad, magram vinaidan Targmani mas erovnuli qarTuli mwerlobis ganuyofel nawilad miaCnda, 1880 wlidan 1909 wlis CaTvliT uTargmnia sxvadasxva avtoris Tormeti dasaxelebis sxvadasxva Janris nawarmoebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom vaJa-fSavelas TiTqmis Tanabrad miuqcevia yuradReba mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobisaTvis XIX saukuneSic da XX saukunis 900-ian wlebSic. XIX saukune: 1880w. ,,feodalis aRzrda”. ,,iveria”; 1881w. nawyvetia n. ostrovskisa da n. salaviovis piesidan ,,bednieri dRe”; 1886w. ,,bulbulsac moewoneba”. ,,Teatri”; 1893w. heinedam. ,,iveria”; 1896w. ,,qaji”. ,,saqarTvelos kalendari”. XX saukune: 1904-05w.w. ,,orleaneli qali”; 1906w. e. pos ,,yorani”, ,,megobari”; 1907 w. ,,mziTvis langari”. ,,nakaduli”; 1909w. ,,saqarTvelos ocneba”. ,,droeba”; 1909w. ,,qalis mTa”. ,,cremlebi”; 1909w. ,,stenka razini”. Aavtografi (IV, 275-595). vaJa-fSavelas TxzulebaTa xuTtomeulis meoTxe tomSi miTiTebulia, rom vaJas uTargmnia agreTve ludvig bernes ,,pariJuli werilebi”. moRweuliao mxolod dasawyisi (33,696). rogorc vxedavT, 900-ian wlebSi odnav meti aqtiurobiT Sesdgomia vaJa-fSavela mTargmnelobiT saqmes, es ki metyvelebs imaze, rom vaJafSavelac Rirseulad agrZelebs da icavs mravalsaukunovani qarTuli literaturis tradiciebs. Ddadgenilia, rom rusi avtorebis: anatoli kremlovis, mixeil lermontovis, leonid obolenskis , soloviovis, ostrovskis da erTi xalxuri leqsis, romelic ekuTvnis XIX s. ucxoeli avtoris: Targmanis paralelurad yvela haines, edgar pos, Sileris, uidas, erkman-Satrianis 206 Txzulebebi vaJas naTargmni aqvs rusuli Targmanebidan sistema sxartad, da rusuli dednebidan. vaJa-fSavelas mTargmnelobiTi kompaqturad aqvs daxasiaTebuli mkvlevar Tamaz Cxenkels ,,winaTqmaSi”, romelic win uZRvis ,,vaJa-fSavelas xsovnisadmi miZRvnili krebulis”(1966w.) IV bloks, romelSic gaanalizebulia vaJas mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba. igi aRniSnavs: ,,vaJas keTilsindisierad gadmoaqvs dednis siuJeturi qarga da Sinaarsi, magram iq, sadac saqme exeba poeturi nawarmoebis mTliani struqturisaTvis aucilebel aspeqtebs (intonacia, bgerwera, ganwyobileba da sxva) igi ar iTvaliswinebs an Taviseburebis ufro mTel swored, sisavses ver da am grZnobs ucxo aspeqtebis nawarmoebis srul asimilirebas (magaliTad ,,polSuridan”), xolo zogjer novelirebas axdens”(106, 314). Tavad cnobili zemoaRniSnul Semoqmedi, mwerali, mosazrebas romelic amJRavnebda : mecnieri, ,,magram ase Targmnisadmi (rasac mTargmneli iqceoda maTi ganmartavs TiTqmis gansakuTrebul TavisTavad iqve yvela didi midrekilebas temperamentis ar Tavisebureba ganapirobebda), Tundac im cxadi mizezis gamo, rom maTi gulisyuri da titanuri energia dReniadag sakuTari poeturi samyaros Seqmnisaken iyo mimarTuli. roca es samyaro ukve Seqmnilia, maT mxolod misi meSveobiT SeuZliaT ganWvriton, SeigrZnon an gardasaxon, rac maTSi imTaviTve ar iyo mocemuli(106, 314). Mmokled mimovixilavT im pirvel leqss, im pirvel moTxrobasa da im pirvel piesas, raTa gaviTvaliswinoT is mxatvrul-esTetikuri Tu ideurTematuri impulsebi, ramac gezi misca vaJa-fSavelas mTargmnelobiT moRvaweobas, ramac gaaRviva misi SemoqmedebiTi interesebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqti-Targmani. teqstologebs, qronologiurad erkmanisa da vaJas TxzulebaTa gamomcemlebs dadgenili aqvT, rom vaJas pirvelad aleqsandre uTargmnia Satrianis frangi erToblivi mwerlebis moTxroba emil ,,feodalis aRzrda”, romelic gamoqveynebulia Jurnal ,,iveriis” 1880 wlis #4. es Targmani daibeWda vaJa-fSavelas 1961 wlis akademiuri gamocemis IV tomSic”(98, 318); 1881 wliT TariRdeba nawyveti rusi avtorebis a.n. ostrovskisa da n. soloviovis erToblivi piesidan ,,bednieri dRe”, romlis xelnaweri daculia xelnawerTa institutis vaJa-fSavelas fondSi #192 (33,695); 207 gazeT ,,Teatris” 1886 wlis #24-Sia dabeWdilia aleqsi …... (,,bulbulsac moewyineba”) Targmani polSuridan (33,652). vidre SemogvTavazebda safuZvlian analizs, Tu rogor uTargmnia Wabuk vaJas moTxroba ,,feodalis aRzrda” q-n salome yubaneiSvilma mokle anotaciaSi gansazRvra frangi mwerlebis nawarmoebis mTavari motivi, ideuri suliskveTeba: ,,moTxroba ,,feodalis aRzrda” vaJam rusulidan Targmna. rusul enaze es nawarmoebi daibeWda peterburgSi, 1876wels. masSi daxasiaTebulia germaneli (prusieli feodalebi), rogorc safrangeTis dauZinebeli mtrebi. es moTxroba patriotul ganwyobilebas aRrmavebda frang mkiTxvelebSi. SeiZleba am patriotuli mizandasaxulobiT aixsnas, Tu ratom airCia saTargmnelad vaJam es moTxroba, an SesaZlebelia vaJas yuradReba TviT moTxrobis avtorebma miipyres. isini xom ukve nacnobi mwerlebi iyvnen qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis. iqneb orive es motivi apirobebda vaJas arCevans”(98,318). SemoqmedebiTi fsiqologiis TvalsazrisiT, orive motivi , razec miuTiTebs mkvlevari, zustad gansazRvravs mTargmnelis SemoqmedebiT interesebs. Aaqve gasaTvaliswinebelia misi askic, miswrafebac naTargmnis xilvisa J. ,,iveriis” furclebze. Mmravalmxriv aris sayuradRebo prof. salome yubaneiSvilis mier Catarebuli kvleva am Targmanisa: 1. mis mieraa mikvleuli manamde ucnobi avtorebi moTxrobisa. ,,eseni arian frangi mwerlebi emil erkmani (1822-1899) da aleqsandre Satriani (1826-1890); 2. miTiTebuli aqvs, Tu pirvelad sad da rodis daibeWda am nawarmoebis rusuli Targmani. 3. gamoTqmulia safZvliani argumenti, Tu ratom airCia vaJam es moTxroba. 4. mocemulia maRalkvalificiuri filologiur-lingvisturi da teqstologiuri analizi Targmanisa. 5. xazgasmulia vaJas uneblie Secdomebi rusul teqstTan mimarTebaSi, gvaZlevs am SecdomaTa gamosworebul variantebs da aRniSnavs, rom vaJaseuli Secdomebi gameorebulia akademiur gamocemaSic. 208 6. rusuli teqstis, pirvelnabeWdisa urTierTSedarebis Sedegad da ukanaskneli dadgenilia mravali gamocemis koreqturuli Secdoma, romlebic gadmoyolilia akademiur gamocemaSi(98,318-320). Mmokled davimowmebT statiis avtoris mier miTiTebul SeniSvnvnebs Targmanis Sesaxeb. Ddasmul SekiTxvaze, Tu rogor uTargmnia vaJas es moTxroba, pasuxi ramdenime punqtisagan Sedgeba: 1. ,,xSirad vaJa amartivebs teqsts da aTavisuflebs mas zogi cnobisa da detalisagan (miTiTebulia konkretuli magaliTi). 2. ,,...rodesac vaJa amCnevs, rom frazas raRac aklia, raTa suraTi damTavrebuli gamovides, is TviT umatebs Tavis sityvas...” 3. rusuli teqstis pirdapir Targmans vaJa ,,qarTulisaTvis Sesafer xatovnebas amjobinebs”... 4. ,,gansakuTrebiT kargi qarTuliT da mxatvruladaa naTarGgmni is adgilebi, romlebic eTmoba Zveli cixisa da misi binadrebis aRweras”(98,318-319). Ggarda amisa, moTxrobaSi dasmuli problema axalgazrdis aRzrdisa, misi gonebrivi, sulieri da fizikuri wrTvnisa mSvenieri qarTuliTaa gadmocemuli. rogorc saTauri migviTiTebs, aqcenti aRebulia feodalis Svilis, axalgazrda aznauris aRzrdis procesze, romelsac mkacrad akontrolebda moxuci baroni oto fon-maindorfi. Cveni dakvirvebiT, vaJam es moTxroba saTargmnelad imitomac airCia, rom mTavari personaJi pirvel pirSi gviambobs, Tu rogor aswavlida partori mas Zvel aRTqmas, msajulebis, mefeebis, winaswarmetyvelebis istorias da, rac mTavaria, amis Semdeg, rogorc igi ambobs,: ,,partorma qristes istoria damawyebina, romelic aswavlida kacT Tanasworobas winaSe RvTisa, uwodebda yvelas Zmebad da amcnebda xalxs urTierTis Seuracxyofis pativebsa, ubrZanebda marcxena loyis mibrunebasa, rodesac scemden marjvenaze... am maRal zneobiT principebze rom damiwyo laparaki, brandgorsti (partori-J.k.) aRtacebaSi movida, Cveulebrivi saubris kilo man mWermetyvelurad Sescvala...”(33,538). Ddgas ra ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlisa da sxva TergdaleulTa mxatvrul-esTetikur daadastura didma ganusazRvrelad da ideur vaJam, didia... poziciebze, rom sitvis am ,,Targmanis xelovneba moTxrobis TargmaniTac mniSvneloba anu mwerloba, marTlac marTlac 209 safuZvelia mTeli sulieri kulturisa. amasTan, adamianebi, romel qveyanaSic ar unda cxovrobdnen isini, damoukideblad ama Tu im qveynis politikuri Tu ekonumikuri urTierTobebisa, TiTqos idumali ZafebiT arian dakavSirebulni erTmaneTTan. TviT adamianis bunebaa aseTi”(115,296). Cans, ideurma mxarem ganapiroba misi publikacia ,,iveriaSi”, xolo Targmanis qarTulma enam, stilma mas mwvane Suqi aunTo mkiTxvelebisaken da dRes vrwmundebiT, Tu konkretulad rogori daxmareba gauwia am Targmanma saerTo erovnuli kulturis ganviTarebas. vaJa-fSavelas mier Targmnili meore moTxroba ,,mziTvis langari” uidasi (,,uida fsevdonimia ingliseli mwerlis luiza de la ramasi), romelic bevrs werda bavSvebze, cxovelebze, maT megobrobaze(98,315). rogorc q-ni salome Sepirobebuli iyo am yubaneiSvili moTxrobis aRniSnavs: Sesrulebis ,,vaJas interesi Taviseburi maneriT, nawarmoebis saerTo ganwyobilebiT da sakuTriv SinaarsiT, patiosani da Sromismoyvare ojaxi, erTguli ZaRli- partori da misi megobari- keTilSobili da amayi faelo, ar SeiZleba vaJas qarTveli bavSvebisaTvis sainteresod ar mieCnia.(iqve). vaJas es nawarmoebic rusulidan uTargmnia. marTalia misi qarTuli publikacia 1907wliT TariRdeba, magram XXsaukunis 900-910-iani wlebis pirveli nabeWdi Targmania edgar pos ,,yorani”(1906w.) da cota qvemoT ZiriTad aqcents mis analizze gadavitanT. Janrobrivad mkvlevarTa mier pirveli dramatuli TariRdeba 1881 Txzulebis wliT. es Targmnis aris mcdeloba nawyveti rusi dramaturgebisa n. ostrovskisa da n.i. soloviovis erToblivi piesidan ,,bednieri dRe”(33,595). Nnawyvetis mixedviT Znelia mTliani Txzulebis av-kargianobaze laparaki, magram Cveni daintereseba gamoiwvia mTargmnelis, vaJa-fSavelas, damokidebulebam saTargmneli masalisadmi. Targmnilia Ppiesis ori moqmedeba mTlianad, xolo mesame moqmedebaSi Targmani Sewyvetilia meSvide gamosvlis ramdenime replikiT or personaJs Soris. Aasli daculia, xelnawerTa institutis vaJa-fSavelas fondSi #192. vaJas TxzulebaTa variantebSi”vkiTxulobT: xuTtomeulis ,,cnobilia, rom IV tomis didi rusi ,,SeniSvnebsa da dramaturgi a.n. ostrovski ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi Tanaavtorobda n.i. soloviovTan 210 (1845-1898). zemoxsenebuli piesa warmoadgens maTi erTad muSaobis pirvel nimuSs. Ees piesa pirvelad 1877wels gamoqveynda Jurnal ,,oteCestvennie zapiskSi”. rac Seexeba vaJa-fSavelas Targmans, rogorc xelnawerSicaa aRniSnuli, Sesrulebulia imave 1881 wels. Aamitom Cven ufro SesaZleblad migvaCnia , rom vaJa-fSavelas es piesa ,,OoteCestvennie zapiskis” mixedviT eTargmna. sagulisxmoa is garemoeba, rom vaJas Targmani ar warmoadgens rusulis zust gadmoRebas, aq Secvlilia ramdenime adgili da, rac ufro sayuradReboa, zogierTi personaJis nacvlad Seyvanilia qarTveli moqmedi pirebi, mag.: nivinis nacvlad vaJas gamoyvanili hyavs ubralaZe, xolo mixalenkos nacvlad Teimurazi”(33, 696). Mmotanili migviTiTebs. informacia kerZod, prof. Targmnis givi TeoriaSi gaCeCilaZis cnobil viTarebaze ganmartebiT: ,,mxatvruli Targmani dednis avtorisa da mTargmnelis individualur winaaRmdegobaTa dialeqtikur erTianobas warmoadgens. Targmanma am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mogvagonos hibridi, romelic organulad atarebs Tavisi mSoblebis unda SevaCeroT Teoritikosebi mianiSneben Tvisebebsa da msgavsebebs”(19,100). Nnawyvetis yuradReba. Targmnis cnobili kidev erT mTargmnelebi, Taviseburebaze Targmnis saTargmneli teqstis ,,gaqarTulebaze”. 1987 wels gazeT ,,literaturuli saqarTvelos” korespondentma aseTi kiTxva dausva vaxtang WeliZes: ,,ramdenad SeiZleba ucxo teqstis gaqarTuleba?” cnobilma mTargmnelma Seqspirisa, dikensisa da uaildis TargmanTa Taviseburebebis gansazRvris Semdeg SemogvTavaza daskvna: ,,es Taviseburebani usaTuod unda gadmovides qarTulad. sul sxva saqmea, vin rogor moaxerxebs, vin rogor miuaxlovebs originalis ganwyobilebas, radgan zustad adeqvaturi Targmani albaT SeuZlebelia, magram mTavari piroba yovelTvis daculi unda iqnes-qarTuli unda iyos”(115,289). ,,bednieri dRe” adasturebs, rom vaJa-fSavelam Taviseburad moindoma rusuli piesis gaqarTuleba. Aamas ki Targmnis TeoriaSi da praqtikaSi hqvia Tavisufali nawarmoebebis Targmani. mimarT prof. Mmsgavs g. damokidebulebas gaCeCilaZe xsnis saTargmneli originalurad: ,,sayuradReboa, rom saero xasiaTis nawarmoebebi umTavresad mahmadianuri samyarodan arian Semosuli. rogorc cnobilia, es iyo mtruli samyaro, 211 magram am garemoebas xeli ar SeuSlia kulturuli urTierTobis am formisaTvis. es kia, rom swored amave garemoebiTaa gamowveuli Targmnil nawarmoebTa mniSvnelovani gaqarTuleba”(19,21). danarCen TargmanebSi msgavsi damokidebuleba ucxouri teqstebis mimarT gamoricxulia, analogiur damokidebulebaze vmsjelobT, Torem Tavis TargmanebSi vaJa xom maqsimalurad icavs dednis resursebs da Tavisuflad ereva teqstis enobriv samyaroSi mxatvruli Tu lingvisturleqsikologiuri TvalTaxedviT. Eexeba es leqsebsac, poemebsac, moTxrobebsac, piesebsac. Targmnis epyroboda procesSi samive vaJa-fSavela gvars-lirikas, eposs, mTeli pasuxismgeblobiT dramas, naTelyofs mis rom mier Targmnil nawarmoebTa CamonaTvalic. Eeposis, dramis TargmanTa mimoxilvis Semdeg gvsurs mokled SevCerdeT Wabukobisas mis mier mSvenivrad Targmnil leqsze -,,bulbulsac moewyineba”(Targmnili polSuridan), 1886weli. (33, 275). sruliad sxvagvarad gamoiyureba polonuri leqsi TargmanSi gaqarTulebis Sedegad. Kkonkretul SemTxvevaSi aRarc kia saWiro dednis ilustracia, radgan absuluturad polonuri gansxvavebulia leqsis buneba, qarTulisagan, versifikaciuli miTumetes vaJas mxare poeturi xelwerisagan. vaJa-fSavelas dabadebidan asi wlisTavis aRsaniSnav dReebSic miiqcia am leqsma qarTveli mkiTxvelis yuradReba. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs 1961 wlis 22 ivliss gazeT ,,TbilisSi” gamoqveynebuli patara statia istoriul mecnierebaTa kandidatis n. nikolaiSvilisa-,,vaJaseuli Targmani polonuridan”(66,2). statiis avtorisaTvis es leqsi imiT aris RirsSesaniSnavi, rom ,,masSi simbolurad SesaniSnavad aris mocemuli XIX s-Si socialuri da erovnuli Cagvris qveS myofi poloneli xalxis mdgomareoba, rom bulbuls soflis javri Zlier uRrRnis guls”.(66,2). Ppoetikis TvalsazrisiT ki leqsi imiTaa sayuradRebo, rom gapirovnebisa da metaforizaciis saburvelqveS moCans ,,teqstis xiluli da dafaruli Sreebi”(i.ratiani). xilulia bulbulis gancdebi, misi damokidebuleba garemosadmi da lirikuli gmiris damokidebuleba bulbulisadmi. mas kargad gaugia is, rom: 212 bulbulsac moewyineba tirili mudam vardzedawava, tyes miimaleba, an gadaivlis mTazeda... mesmis, risTvisac soflada javri guls miRrRnis Zalzeda(33,275) mkiTxveli leqsisa ki miadgeba dafarul Sres da iwyebs interpretacias imisa, Tu ra aris analogiuri bulbulis gancdebsa da lirikuli gmiris qmedebas Soris, anu ram ganapiroba misi saprotesto ganwyobileba; rogorc bulbuli gabezrdeba vardze mudmivi tiriliT da amosunTqvis mizniT ,,wava tyes miimaleba, an gadaivlis mTazeda.” is Turme lirikul gmirsac guls uRrRnida javri soflada da, bulbulis msgavsad, isic gadawyvets, miatovos javris sabudari-sakuTari sofeli: waval, iq gadavardebi, sadac mTani da kldenia, napralis Tavze vamravleb cremls, rac aqamdin mdenia, salma kldeebma miiRon iqneb naRveli Cemia. (iqve) Ddafaruli realisturi Sreebi Ria romantikuli saburveliTaa mocemuli anu leqsis lirikuli gmiri miaSurebs mTebsa da kldeebs Tavisi sevdiani fiqrebis gasaqarveblad-,,salma kldeebma miiRon iqneb naRveli Cemia.” rogorc Cans, es leqsi mSvenieri savizito baraTi gamodga lirikuli leqsebis TargmnisaTvis vaJas SemoqmedebaSi, xolo zemoT ganxiluli Txzulebebi-mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi interesebis erTi aspeqtisaTvis. Mmxatvrul rogorc Targmans cnobili saqarTveloSi mkvlevari, prof. didi givi xnis istoria gaCeCilaZe gaaCnia. aRniSnavda: ,,saqarTvelos istoriuli cxovreba mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli mezobel qveynebTan... qarTvel xalxs saukuneebis manZilze uxdeboda uTanasworo brZola ucxoeli dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg... arasodes darCenila sakuTari 213 Tavis amara, sxva xalxebTan raime urTierTobis gareSe da es mdgomareoba Sesabamis daRs asvamda qarTveli xalxis kulturuli cxovrebis istorias... ... qarTveli istoriulad mieCvia Tavis gverdiT sxva enisa da kulturis arsebobas, amas ar Seulaxavs misi (anu sakuTari, qarTuli-J.k) dedaenisa da kulturis uaRresad erovnuli xasiaTi... SemoWril mezobel xalxebTan da maT kulturasTan urTierTobaSic amJRavnebda Tavisebur internacionalizms da sulgrZelobas da am niadagze erTgvarad amdidrebda kidec sakuTar kulturas... ... aseTi urTierTobis damadasturebeli mravali faqti moipoveba. Sua saukuneebis qarTvel sasuliero da saero moRvaweTa uZvelesi Targmanebi, axlo aRmosavleTis enebidan Sesrulebulni, am urTierTobis pirveli sabuTia”...18,7, 6-7). Cveni sakvlevi Temis amocana migviTiTebs, rom ,,mTargmnelobiTi urTierToba sxvadasxva qveynebTan sruliad sxvadasxvagvaria”. prof. g. gaCeCilaZe aqve imowmebs akad. Kkorneli kekeliZis mosazrebas ,,ucxo Txzulebis Targmna saqarTveloSi yofila ,,ara meqanikuri aRqmis procesi, aramed procesi SemoqmedebiTi gadamuSavebisa da Tavis sakuTar gemovnebaSegnebasTan Seguebisa.” Aamitomac saqarTveloSi imTaviTve fesvi gaudgams Tavisufali Targmnis tradicias. qarTvelebi iSviaTad mimarTavdnen dednis sityvasityviT, ucvlelad gadmoRebas. piriqiT, maT TargmanebSi SehqondaT erovnuli suli da Segneba, saxeebi da koloriti, TviT geografiuli saxelebi da terminebic ki”.(18,10). swored amgvari urTierTobis, damkvidrebuli tradiciis gagrZelebas vxedavT vaJa-fSavelas TargmanSic. Tu mier Sesrulebul Tvals edgar gadavavlebT alan pos ,,yoranis” msoflioSi cnobil mweralTaSemoqmedebas, davrwmundebiT, rom am mxriv Taviseburi ,,xarki aqvs gaRebuli” mTargmnelobisaTvis did vaJasac. mas uTargmnia Tormeti Txzuleba sxvadasxva erovnebis mwerlebisa.(ix. vaJa-fSavelas TxzulebaTa sruli krebulis aTtomeulis VIIt, Tbilisi, 1964w.). vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb arsebul specialur samecniero literaturaSi sxvadasxva rakursiT Seswavlis sagnadac mwerlobasa Tu mimarTebis problema. mravaljer iqca ucxour wamioWra qarTul xalxur literaturul magram unda da calkeul SemTxvevaSi sityvierebasTan, samyarosTan aRiniSnos, rom klasikur genialuri es poetis mosazrebebi umeteswilad STabeWdilebebzea agebuli da ar miuRia interteqstualuri 214 ganxilvis forma. Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneTa xedviT (r.barti, i.kristeva, J.derida, m.baxtini da sxva)( sjani, III, ,234-237) , ramdenadac interteqstualoba Seesabameba uaxles msoflios sulieri integraciisken aSkara an farul ltolvas, is gulisxmobs, rogorc Tavis TavTan, aseve winamorbed da Tanamedrove kulturul-literaturul sivrcesTan erTgvar ,,dialogs”. Ees ,,dialogi” ki sxvadasxva formiT vlindeba. am TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas ,,mudmiv” iqcevs poetur vaJa-fSavelas xatad SemoqmedebaSi qceuli ,,yornis” sistemuri saxe. xasiaTis Mmocemul e.w. SemTxvevaSi sainteresoa Cveni daxasiaTebis obieqtad SerCeuli genialuri mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi simwifis fazaSi 900-ian wlebSi (1905) Seqmnili moTxroba ,,yornis” transformirebis nawarmoebTa, aseve procesze qarTul interteqstualuri mimarTebis vaJa-fSavelas gasaTvaliswineblad da dakvirveba ucxour da rogorc literaturul vaJas nimuSebTan Cveneba. 900-iani wlebis uaRresad SemoqmedebiT sainteresoa ara mxolod interesTa motivTa da problemaTa aramed konkretul mxatvrul xatTa sistemis TvalsazrisiT calkeul TxzulebaTa, tipologiuri da interteqstualuri mimarTebebis rkveva. Mmocemul SemTxvevaSi vaJaseuli saxe-xasiaTTa mdidari palitridan gamovyaviT yornis saxismetyveleba, misi simboluri datvirTva poeziaSi da prozaSic. miTumetes, rom es saxe garkveuli aspeqtiT ukavSirdeba edgar alan pos ,,yoranis” Targmanis faqtsac sagulisxmoa vaJa-fSavelas daintereseba e.pos am poemiT. qarTul sinamdvileSi SemTxveviTi xasiaTis ambavi ara yofila, misi Semoqmedeba CvenSi adridanve scnobiaT. qarTulad misi moTxroba ,,Savi Wiris maska” jer kidev 1886 wels gamoqveynebula (ir. evdoSvilis Targmani). vaJa fSavelas Semdeg araerTxel iTargmna es nawarmoebi-,,yorani”(ix. a.SanSiaSvilis, J. ,,faskunji”, ,,1909weli,#4; k.WiWinaZe, J. ,,kavkasioni”, 1942weli, #1-2; f. beriZisa, J. ,,mnaTobi”, 1962 weli, #8; g.nakaSiZisa, J. ,,saunje”, 1980weli,#6... (93,116). vfiqrobT fSavelas vgulisxmob kaeSniTa daintereseba, imas, rom da uimedobiT Cans gamsWvaluli imdroindelma ,,900-iani wlebis TxzulebiT cxovrebam literaturuli vaJa- ganapiroba; cxovreba saqarTveloSi Tavisi SinaarsiT metad mdidari, da amave dros rTuli iyo... 215 realisturi nakadis paralelurad sakmaod Zlieria dekadenturi tendenciebic... man uaryo socialuri problematika da Semoqmedebis centrSi daayena individualizmi, gulgatexiloba, uimedoba da ukiduresi sevda. TviTmpyrobeloba sastikad uswordeboda saqarTvelos; man (saqarTvelomJ.k.) udaod didi msxverpli gaiRo gadasaxlebulTa, CamoxrCobilTa da wamebiT moklulTa saxiT... 905-07 w.w. revoluciaSi qarTvelma mwerlebma dainaxes erovnuli da socialuri Tavisuflebis TavianTi idealebi, misma damarcxebam da reaqciis gabatonebam ki literaturaSi garkveuli farTo pesimizmi gza gaexsna da imedgacrueba dekadentur skolebs, gamoiwvia. ukiduresi pesimizmis qadagebas (108,240-242). edgar pos ,,yornis” motivacia vaJa-fSavelasaTvis garkveulwilad misaRebi aRmoCnda im aspeqtiT, rom uTanasworo brZolaSi daRupulni aRarasodes aRdgebian. e.pos ,,leqsSi ,,yorani” kaeSnisa da uimedobis ganwyobileba, cxovrebis SiSis grZnoba ukiduresobamdea misuli. avbediTi saxe Savi yornisa, romelsac saxelad aqvs Serqmeuli ,,arasodes” adamianisagan ganuyreli gardauvali bedis simboloa.”(28,280). Eedgar pos vrcel lirikul aRsarebaSi emociuradaa gadmocemuli lirikuli gmiris mwvave gancdebi Zvirfasi adamianis dakargviT gamowveulni. mTeli leqsis ganmavlobaSi aSkaraa, rom mkvdris aCrdilTan igi ar xumrobs, misi mogonebiT cxovrobs, masze fiqri aZlevs cxovrebis mizans, arc buxris ali, arc wignebi im yiamaT zamTarSi ,,vera swamloben gulis naRvelsa. Llenorav! sad xar? aRar momxedav? sad ars Seni TvalTa madli netari?!” magram realoba, misi Sinagani intuicia bediswerasaviT Seaxsenebs: ,,aRar aRsdgeba arasdros mkvdari!” amas CasZaxis saxlSi SemoWrili qari; SiSia irgvliv gamefebuli, ,,arsad sinaTle, arsaidan xma. moCvenebiTa aRtyinda xrova. warsul, dakargul bednier wamze dausrulebi moTqma da glova. Mmas ver mixvdeba xalxisa grova.” gmirs ukve cidanac Camoesmis ,,aRar aRsdgeba arasdros mkvdari!”(33,279) Bboboqrobs karSi stiqia. Aam dros viRac ukakunebs fanjaraze. Aambis mTxrobeli ganagrZobs: ,,avdeg, gavaRe myisve fanjara, bnelma oTaxi srulad dafara. rogorac kupri da ukuneTi, Sin SemoiWra frinveli erTi. fraSunobs saxlSi, rogorc borani, is iyo didi Savi yorani. Mmrisxane aris, viT jojoxeTi, mas ar eloca arasdros RmerTi.” 216 Yyoranis mqis yrantalSic, civ gamoxedvaSic, adamianur enaze alaparakebaSic gaismis mxolod ,,aRar aRsdgeba arasdros mkvdari!”, ,,ar SeiZleba aRdgoma gagonila mkvdrisa!”, aRdgoma ,,aRdgoma mkvdrisa?!” amis mkvdrisa Semdeg wesi ar aris!”, ,,sad moTminebadakarguli da imedgacruebuli lirikuli gmiri mkacrad SesZaxebs yorans: ,,asjer wyeuli iyav RvTisgana, saukunoda gayras gviqadis eg Seni ena-Wirsa WirTana! maS unda davrCe iqac oblada, ver davisveno veravisTana?! mZuls daRvremili me Seni saxe da RvarZliani boroti ena. wadi, gamSordi, Semzaravi xma Caswydes, ar mwadis Senis xmis smena... gamSordi! Ffifqic ki ar dastovovo Tovlisa, niSnad Sens aq yofnisa”; yorani ,,kvlav isev imas yrantalebs: ,,mkvdari amdgara sad da rodisa?!” rodi gafrinda, iqve zis wynarad warbSeuxrelad, boroti Savad.” vfiqrobT, edgar pos afiqrebs lirikuli gmiris ,,gamudmebuli kvnesa diadi”, rom ,,sulSi ar mosCans sinaTlis cvari”, rom sayvareli adamianis dakargvam gansjis, RvTismosaobis unaric daakargvina mas, xolo simboluri saxe Savi yornisa ,,Savbnelad hmosavs, saxlSia raca. Ddamawva tanze, grZnoba-gonebas Cemsas mZlavrada brjRalebi staca”. Yyorani warmoadgens Tu nawarmoebSi misi avbediTobis msoflSegrZnebis erT simboloa, patara mwerlisaTvis Strixs, uimedobis romantikuli gancdis maCvenebels. Mmxatvrul saxeTa sistemis TvalsazrisiT yorani, zogadad rogorc simbolo an alegoria, sakmaod ,,xandazmuli” da popularuli saxea. Aamis Taobaze jon folis mier Sedgenil ,,niSnebisa enciklopediaSi” vkiTxulobT: ,,Tavisi Seferilobis da simboloebis gamo, agreTve imis gamo, rom mas miaweren mkvdrisadmi Tvalebis amokortnis Cvevas, yorani miCneulia satanisa da codvis simbolod; igi macnea ubedurebisa”(85,299). sainteresoa agreTve yornis saxismeyveleba msoflio mxatvrul Tu religiur literaturaSi. Zvelebrauli legendis mixedviT, misi saxeli ukavSirdeba noesa da mis kidobans; berZnuli miTologiis mixedviT ki igi asocirdeba apolonis saxelTan; momavlis winaswarmetyvelTan; sxvadasxvagvari datvirTva aqvs yornis saxes iaponiis qveynebSi, inglisSi. Semdeg miTiTebulia: ,,sasuliero xelovnebaSi es frinveli simboloa imedianobisa: ilia winaswarmetyveli zogjer gamoxatulia yornis saxiT, romelic RmerTis brZanebiT ieso qristes sakvebs uzidavda udabnoSi”.(85,299) 217 am mxriv gamonaklisi arc qarTuli saxismetyvelebaa. Yyorani popularuli personaJia xalxur poetur SemoqmedebaSi Tu sasuliero da saero literaturaSi. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, msoflio sasuliero xelovnebaSi yorani imedianobis simboloc yofila. Aamgvari midgoma Soreul dros ukavSirdeba. igi qristianobamdel periods moicavs. Semdeg miTs yornis Sesaxeb ganucdia folkloruli tradiciul transformacia sisxlismsmel mwerlobaSic. Aam mxriv da astraluri frinvelad yuradRebas RvTaebis warmosdga iqcevs vaJas gagebidan ukve klasikur msvenieri novela ,,svavi”.(32,293). U unda aRiniSnos rom vaJam novela ,,svavi” dawera 1895 wels, e.i. edgar pos ,,yoranis” Targmnamde TerTmeti wliT adre. statistikurad vecadeT dagvedgina, ra viTareba iyo am aspeqtiT vaJa- fSavelas poeziaSi.. vaJas lirikaSi yorani gamoCnda 1885 wels-,,mTas iqiT mTvare amodis”(simRera). Aam droidan moyolebuli yorani xan calke, xan yvavTan, svavTan erTadaa warmodgenili. Aamgvari leqsebis publikacia TiTqmis yvela imdroindeli Jurnal-gazeTebSi gvxvdeba. gavixsenoT erT-erTi popularuli leqsi ,,arwivi”, romelSic yorani, yvavTan erTad, saqarTvelos mtradaa miCneuli da amiT igi tradiciuli saxe xdeba qveynis mtrisa: ,,arwivi vnaxe daWrili, Yvav-yornebs eomeboda”. Mmocemul monakveTSi am procesis e.w. ,,wyalgamyofad” miviCnevT 1906 wels, manamde yorani, rogorc leqsis obieqti fiqsirdeba lirikaSi 9-jer. Eedgar pos ,,yoranis” Targmnis Semdegac aseve 9-jer. Yyornis poeturi saxe garkveul adgils iWers vaJas poemebSic. vaJas interesi mTargmnelobiT gamouwvevia: ,,literaturuli m. moRvaweobas Samanauri, Ziebani”,t.XIII,1960weli; qarTvel vaJa mecnierTa Sileris z.kiknaZe, saTanado mTargmneli, ,,orleaneli qalis (vaJaseuli Targmanis gamo), ,,axalgazrda komunisti”, 1961wlis 18 ivlisi; z. abzianiZe, edgar pos Targmna (vaJa fSavelas mier da ,,amiranis xmali”, ,,Tbilisi”, 1961 wlis 27 ivlisi; v. gabeskiria ,,frinvel-cxovelTa samyaro da vaJa”, ,,qarTveli mwerlebi vaJa fSavelas Sesaxeb”,Tsu 2003weli (vaJa fSavelas kabineti) da a.S. 218 XIX saukunis 40-ian wlebis dasawyisSi erT-erT Tavis eseSi edgar po werda: ,,amboben, leqsis Rrma kritikuli analizi imasac SeuZlia, vinc poeti ar ariso. Mme da Sen (adresatSi e.pos erT-erT gamomcemels elam bliss varaudoben mkvlevarni-J.k.) poezias sxvadasxvagvarad vuyurebT da vfiqrobT, es azri mcdaria-rac nakleb poeturia kritikosi, miT ufro zedapirulia analizi da piriqiT. (30, 543) vecnobiT edgar pos eseebs: ,,poetebsa da poeziaze” da ,,kompoziciis filosofia” da vacnobierebT zemoxsenebul mosazrebaTa WeSmaritebas. Aam statiebis mixedviT edgar po marTlac ,,didebuli kritikosia”. yuradRebas vamaxvilebT upiratesad pos werilze-,,kompoziciis filosofia”(30,204-218), romelSic brwyinvaled aris warmodgenili avtoriseuli interpretacia, ganmartebebi istoriisa, leqsis Txzvis ,,yornis” procesisa, kompoziciis nawarmoebis Camoyalibebisa, SemoqmedebiTi mTliani Txzulebis konstruirebisa. aRniSnul SemoqmedebiTi eseSi procesis edgar alan specifikas, po amasTan kompleqsurad mimarTebas ganixilavs nawarmoebis da daWerili da TxzulebaSi asaxuli sagnebisa da movlenebis fsiqologias. SemoqmedebiTi procesis TiTqmis yvela niuansia ganmartebuli mis mier: nawarmoebis Seqmnis ganzraxvidan dawyebuli ori damagvirgvinebeli strofis damatebiT damTavrebuli. gaWirdeba ukeTesi gzamkvlevis monaxva vaJa-fSavelas Targmnis gansaxilvelad, ufro swored, TviT nawarmoebis arsis gasarkvevad; miTumetes, rom Tavad edgar po ambobs sruliad gaxsnilad ,,...dasamali araferi maqvs da mzad var yovelTvis Zaldautaneblad aRvadgino Cemi nebismieri nawarmoebis weris procesi; da radgar Cemi sasurveli analizisa Tu rekonstruqciis Rirebuleba srulebiT ar aris damokidebuli gasaanalizebeli sagnis realursa Tu warmosaxviT bunebaze, me arafriT ar davarRvev moqmedebis ganviTarebis kanons, riTac agebulia Cemi yoveli Txzuleba” (30, 206-207). Aam bolo frazas mosdevs sagulisxmo naTqvami: ,,virCev yorans, rogorc sayovelTaod cnobils”(iqve). ,,yornis” sayovelTaod cnoba-aRiarebis pirobad avtors is miaCnda, rom ,,mis kompoziciaSi araferia SemTxveviTi an intuiciuri-da rom es Txzuleba maTematikuri sizustiT da simkacriT aris gansazRvruli(30, 207). Ees ki imaSi gamoixateboda, rom daculi yofiliyo ,,leqsis sidiade”, ,,yofiliyo yvelasTvis gasagebi”, ,,sicxadiT” mieRwia ,,WeSmaritebisaTvis”, 219 garkveuli intonacia mieniWebina naTqvamisaTvis, ,,Seebura”, daefara mSveniereba, intonacia yofiliyo sevdiani, STabeWdilebis gasaZliereblad miagno refrens, romaniseburi amiT man mudmivobis mravalferovnebasac STabeWdileba aRmeZra mimarTa: ,,gadavwyvite, refrenis gamoyenebis cvalebadobiT-TviT refreni, umravles SemTxvevaSi, Seucvleli darCeboda... refreni sxarti sxvadasxvagvari unda sigrZis yofiliyo, frazaSi raTa mis dauZleveli uecar sirTule cvalebadobas ar warmoeSva... umjobesi iqneboda refrenad erT sityvas Tu gamoviyenebdi... ase gamoCnda idea yornisa-avis momaswavebeli frinvelisa-monotonurad rom imeorebs erT sityvas, yoveli strofis dasasruls...(30, 210-211). rodesac xelTa gvaqvs edgar pos mier mocemuli gasaRebi nawarmoebis kompoziciuri modelirebisa, leqsis Txzvis SemoqmedebiTi procesisa, bunebrivia, SedarebiT gagviadvilebs Targmanis analizis process; swori analizis garantias iZleva Targmnis wyaros dadgenac (obolenski-vaJafSavela). detaluri da kvalificiuri kvleva Cautarebia q-n nani wereTels. marTebulia mis mier miRebuli daskvna: ,,mas Semdeg, rac gamoirkva, Tu saidan momdinareobs vaJa-fSavelas Targmani, gaadvilda imis warmodgenac, Tu sad ra mizezis gamo izRudeboda mTargmneli, anda, piriqiT, romeli adgilebi aZlevda mas poetur Tavisuflebas (30,324). amJamad oriode detals SevexebiT q-n nani wereTelis statiidan. igi aqve miuTiTebs: ,,vaJa fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi yuradReba miiqcia aseTma frazam: ,,is iyo didi Savi yorani. mrisxane aris viT jojoxeTi, mas ar eloca arasdros RmerTi”(me-7). pirveli nawili am striqonisa warmoadgens obolenskis teqstis zust Targmans, magram meore nawils (mas ar eloca arasdros RmerTi”) Sesatyvisi arc obolenskisTan moipoveba. mTlianad ki es striqoni gansxvavebulia originalisagan, rac sityvasityviT niSnavs ,,Semofrinda Soreul dReTagan (movlenili) mediduri yorani”(98, 324-325). Semdeg vkiTxulobT: ,,originalis am strofSi jojoxeTze da yornis urjuloebaze laparaki araa. mTargmnelTa umetesobas am adgilis Targmnisas xazi aqvs gasmuli yornis medidurobas , anda mis siberes (30,325). ... vaJa ZiriTadad zustad mihyveba rusul dedans (obolenskiseul Targmans-J.k.). qarTulad ,,yornis” zogi adgili originaluri leqsis STabeWdilebas axdens. aseTad unda miviCnioT Semdegi striqonebi: ,,Tumc ar 220 gasxia tanze abjari, magram getyoba, Zveli gaqvs gvari”, ,,da abreSumis fardis Sriali kvlav miaTkecebs tanjvas tiali”, ,,nuTu ufalo, Sen momivline ciurni Zalni, rom daviyuCo gulis tkivili, gankurno cremliT damwvarni Tvalni?” da sxva (1,325). Cven veTanxmebiT statiis avtors am TvalsazrisiTac. zemoT miTiTebul avtorTa Targmanebi marTlac gamoirCeva nairgvari epiTetebiT yornis daxasiaTebisas, magram vaJaseuli moqneuli fraza ufro poeturad da damajereblad JRers: ,,avdeg, gavaRe myisve fanjara, Bnelma oTaxi srulad dafara, rogorac kupri da ukuneTi, Sin SemoiWra frinveli erTi”. (30,280) erT detalzec gavamaxvilebdiT Cvens yuradRebas, kerZod sakiTxi exeba refrens. zemoT davimowme e.po amis Taobaze. igi cdilobda refrenis erTi sityviT gamoxatvas da man es brwyinvaled SeZlo. Gganxilul TargmanebSi ki misi moTxovna verc erT mTargmnels ver ausrulebia. Aam Targmanis publikaciidan gaivlis weliwadze cota meti dro da gazeT ,,isris” 1907 wlis 23 dekembris furclebze qveyndeba vaJas leqsi ,,guli amglija Savma yoranma”. vaJas yoranic mqisi xmiania; vaJkacisaTvis guli amouRia da ,,swiwknis iqve marjvesa”, aq ,,modis da modis Savi nislebi, win mouZRveba, mozuis qari... miTamaSeben Tvalwin Winkebi, gadaudviaT mxarzeda mxari: ,,Zaliana gwyins?!”-meubnebian, ,,uaress hnaxav, eg cota ari! Dda kvlav lirikuli gmiris vedreba uflisadmi: ,,saaqaosgan uaryofilsa saiqiosi gamiRe kari, RmerTo, rom tanjvas Cemsas usazRvros vera hxedavdes Cemive Tvali” da kvlav imedi gulisa, SfoTi sulisa, sjera, rom zecac dascinis, samagierod,,modis da modis Savi nislebi, rogorac kupri, rogorac fisi, piri mevseba SlamiT da muriT, yornisac mesmis xma isev mqisi”.30, 254) erTnairi suliskveTebiT moCanan amerikeli da qarTveli poetebis daxatuli yornebis mqisni Cxavilni. Tu edgar pos yorani nafic msajuliviT Camomjdara oTaxSi paladis Zeglze da gulcivad gamoaqvs 221 ganaCeni TanamosaubrisaTvis, vaJas yorani, miuxedavad Tavisi bunebisa, yornobisa-ufro ,,adamianuria”, radgan Tavad misTvisac Cauvlia klanWi cxovrebas da masac dauflebia sevda da tanjuladac gamoiyureba: ,,tanjuls TviT esmis Tavisi tanjva, M mas ver miswvdeba grZnobebi sxvisi”(30,254) aqve unda SevexoT prof. zaza abzianiZis statias: ,,edgar pos Targmna da ,,amiranis xmali”-(gazeTi ,,Tbilisi” 27.VIII. 1961, gv.3.) (2,3). Mmaxvilgonivruli mignebaa edgar pos ,,yoranTan” vaJas novelis Sedareba. Mmkvlevari acxadebs, rom: Targmani axloa dedanTan”. vfiqrobT, edgar pos poema ,,yoranis” garkveul gamoZaxils vxedavT vaJa-fSavelas erT moTxrobaSi ,,amiranis xmali”. ,,gareT qari hqroda,-vkiTxulobT am moTxrobaSi,-Rmuoda sazarlad da namqers aniavebda, dedamiwas hgvida, TiTqos wmendda qveyanas codvaTagan. -yrant, yra...a...ant- moesma. Oo, rogor mejavreba es xma, rogora mZuls, eniT ver getyviT. Mmere im ukuneTs RameSi... saSinelebaa... saSinelebaze metia.. -dedav, yorani... saidan gaCnda eg wyeuli. Mmere ra dros da! -swored yorania... sakvirvelia, RmerTmani, ras Cagvacivda eg wyeuli,sTqva dedaCemma. -ar vici, mec mikvirs da... sityvas vidre vityodi, Cvens darbazSi SemoaflaSuna mxrebi... Camomjdara arxeinad kidobanze, daimwyazra mxrebi... dagvacqerda, wamoiZaba kiseri da deda-Svils orives mxarze dagvayrantala”(2,3). vaJa-fSavelas erT moTxrobaSi edgar pos poema ,,yoranis” garkveuli gamoZaxilis sailustraciod statiis avtoris mier sagangebod miTiTebulia, rom ,,vaJas moTxrobis am pasaJSi garkveviT aris aRbeWdili edgar pos poemis saTanado pasaJi: ukuneT RameSi oTaxSi yornis SemoWra, misi mokalaTeba maRal Taroze da sabediswero yrantali, magram did qarTvel poets, rogorc WeSmarit realists, amerikeli poetis sruliad sawinaaRmdego koncefcia aqvs gatarebuli. Aamiranis gautexeli nebisyofiT gamxnevebuli vaJas moTxrobis gmiri klavs yorans da imediani egebeba axal weliwads”(iqve). Mmocemul SemTxvevaSi, Cveni yuradReba miipyro komentarma: ,,vaJas poemis am pasaJSi garkveviT aris aRbeWdili edgar pos poemis saTanado pasaJio”. vfiqrobT, piriqiTaa viTareba. vaJas novelaSi (Cven Janrobrivad 222 novelad miviCnevT ,,amiranis xmals” novelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela Teoriuli aspeqtiT). Eedgar pos poemis saTanado pasaJi ver iqneboda aRbeWdili radgan novela daibeWda 1902 wels gazeT ,,iveriis” #1-Si, bunebrivia, daweris TariRi da ,,nawarmoebis Seqmnis ,,ganzraxva” vaJas ufro adre daebadeboda. abzianiZis mosazrebas safuZveli eZleva im SemTxvevaSi, Tu l. obolenskis Targmans (iTargmna 1879 wels, gamoqveynda Jurnal ,,svetSi”) adreve, 1902 wlamde, gaecnoboda vaJa-fSavela. Cven ki migvaCnia, rom vaJam edgar pos ,,yornis” Targmnis konstruirebisas saSen masalad Tavisi novelidan wamoRebuli detalebi gamoiyena. Zalzed rom ar gagvigrZeldes saubari, jer erT patara leqsikur analogiaze SevaCerebT yuradRebas. novelaSi vkiTxulobT: ,,...sityvas SemoaflaSuna mxrebi (yoranma)”, vidre vityodi, Cvens darbazSi poemis TargmanSi, 79-e taepSi naTqvamia: ,,Sin SemomeWra frinveli erTi, fraSunobs saxlSi”... Cvens mier xazgasmuli orive zmna-Semasmenlis dialeqtisTvisaa Ziria fraS//flaS. damaxasiaTebeli. qegl-is Ees VII formebi tomSi fSauri miTiTebulia: ,,fratuni (fratunisa) fexebis miwaze (Cvens SemTxvevaSi frTebiT miwaze-J.k.) TreviT siaruli... 2. kuTxuri (fS) igivea, rac fraSuni (flaSuni)-(28,167) sxva moTxrobebSi (,,yorani”) vaJas naTqvami aqvs: ,,am dros xanxaliT, fratuniT, Tanac ,,yva-yvas” ZaxiliT yvavi Semofrinda”. Semdeg sayuradRebod migvaCnia patara paralelis gavleba stiqiis suraTis aRwerisas, vidre ,,SemofraSundeboda” yorani: ,,amiranis xmali” vaJasi: edgar pos ,,yorani”: ,,gareT qari hqroda, Rmuoda ,,zamTari iyo, hyinavda, Tovda, sazarlad da namqers aniavebda. qari Rmuoda, Zlierad hqroda. dedamiwas hgvida, TiTqos gaCaRebuli buxrisa ali swmendda qveyanas codvaTagan” Cem yru sadguris kedlebze (1902w) hkrToda”(1906w.) vfiqrobT, saeWvod aRar unda iyos is, rom edgar pos ,,yoranis” pasaJi ver aRibeWdeboda veTanxmebiT vaJas cnobil ,,amiranis mkvlevars, xmalSi”. rom ,,...did imaSi ki mTeli arsebiT qarTvel poets, rogorc WeSmarit realists, amerikeli poetis sruliad sawinaRmdego optimisturi koncefcia aqvs gatarebuli. Aamiranis gautexeli nebisyofiT gamxnevebuli 223 vaJas moTxrobis gmiri klavs yorans da imedianad egebeba axal weliwads”(2,3) vaJa-fSavelas mier edgar pos ,,yoranis” gadmoTargmna, gadmoqarTuleba, kidev erTxel adasturebs mis SemoqmedebiT interesTa mravalmxrivobas. ,,Tu ramdenad dainteresebuli iyo genialuri qarTveli poeti sazRvargareTuli literaturiT, ra kargad icnobda msoflio mxatvrul kulturas”(iqve). Yyornis fSavelas mxatvruli poetur saxis interpretaciam metyvelebaSi erTi naTlad mxatvruli gviCvena vaJa- saxe-detalis mniSvnevnelobac ki. Aam detalis tipologiurobis kvlevam erTi Strixi Semata vaJas SemoqmedebiTi istoriis garkveul aspeqts. Amrigad, vaJa-fSavelas poeziasa da prozaSi ,,yornis” saxe-xatTan dakavSirebiT, vxvdebiT iseT mxatvrul pasaJebs, Tu azrobriv mimarTebebs edgar alan pos TxzulebasTan, romelic cxadyofs, rom didi qarTveli poeti Tavisi profeturi azrovnebiTa da interesebiT unisonSia evro_amerikul sivrceSi arsebul kulturul-literaturul velTan da amave dros misi yvela Targmani amerikeli, evropeli, rusi avtorebis nawarmoebebisa, maTi gadmoqarTuleba kidev erTxel adasturebs mis SemoqmedebiT miswrafebaTa sakacobrio xasiaTs. 224 V. Tavi-1900-1910-iani wlebis vaJa-fSavelas publicistika zeviT aRvniSnavdiT, gaTvaliswineba erTnairi rom warmodgenilia didebiT folkloristi, vaJa-fSavelas misi SemoqmedebiTi publicisturi warmogvidgeba vaJa-literaturis interesebis moRvaweobis gareSe. vaJa-poeti, vaJa-prozaikosi, vaJa- kritikosi, vaJa-eTnografi, vaJa- dramaturgi, vaJa-mTargmneli, vaJa-polemisti da... vaJa-publicisti. rogorc vxedavT, aq ar movaqcieT vaJas sazogadoebrivi, moqalaqeobrivi, mediatoruli moRvaweoba. Aam mxrivac fasdaudebelia misi damsaxureba, misi mamuliSvilur qmedebaTa Sedegebi sadReisodac ki. erTnairad didi ZalisxmeviT emsaxureboda vaJa-fSavela imdroindel qarTul Jurnal-gazeTobas da Tavis mxriv-Jurnal-gazeTobac vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis gamomzeureba-ukvdavyofis saqmes. Ees Cveulebrivi movlenaa; didi ilia Tavis droze aRniSnavda: ,,Jurnal-gazeToba erT-gvari nawilia literaturisa. amis gamo Tavis sakuTaris kuTvnilebis garda unda hqondes zogadi kuTvnilebac literaturisa. zogadi kuTvnileba WeSmaritis literaturisa da ara im crupentelobisa, romelic CvenSi literaturis saxeliT daiareba”(112,236). dasawyisSi mokled SevexebiT Jurnal-gazeTebis, anu publicistikis ,,sakuTar kuTvnilebas”, mis Janrobriv niSan-Tvisebebs. miuTiTeben, rom publicistikis meTodi iTvaliswinebs erTian ideur asaxvas epoqis movlenebisas. Kkonkretuli cnobierebis, informaciebis mosapoveblad gamoiyeneba e.w. empiriuli meTodebi: dakvirveba, gamokiTxva, saubari, interviu, ganzogadebuli dokumenturi daskvnebisa da masalis analizi daxasiaTebisaTvis da a.S. xolo publicistika iyenebs socialur-istoriuli kvlevisa da mxatvruli Semoqmedebis meTodebs. publicistikaSi didi roli eniWeba subieqtur faqtors, anu avtoris mier samoqalaqo-lirikul sazogadoebrivi pozicia, sawyiss, misi romliTac unari gamoixateba sazogadoebaze publicistis zneobrivi zemoqmedebisa. Aam dros mniSvnelovan kompoziciur rols TamaSobs misi sityvis damarwmunebloba, poeturi sintaqsi, mxatvruli gamosaxvis saSualebebi(104,214). ilia WavWavaZis ganmartebiT: ,,WeSmariti literatura yovelgan da yovels SemTxvevaSi marTebulobis, zrdilobis, adamianis Rirsebisa faric aris da xmalica”(112,236). Ees ar niSnavs imas, publicisti mxolod ,,tkbil 225 xmaTaTvis” iyos movlenili. misi rwmeniT, aRma mxvnels da daRma mfarcxvels saqcieli ar unda mouwonos, ar unda gaCumdes, avis moqmedi unda amxilos, gakicxos da es ,,gamxela da gakicxva wunis dadebis sazRvars ar unda gadascildes”, kritikis obieqtis pirovnuli Rirseba ar unda Selaxos: grZnobas ,,is eZaxian RvTaebrivi da grZnoba, romelic romelsac uZvirfasesi kaceburis Rirsebis udidesi saunjea da adamianisTvis momadlebuli, unda pativcemuli iyos yvelgan da yovels adamianSi, glaxa Tu mdidari, avazakia Tu zneoba-maRali”(112,238). Mmwerlobas rom saagitacio, publicisturi, aRmzrdelobiTi funqciebi gaaCnia, araerTxel aRuniSnavs TviT vaJasac: ,,CvenSi msubuqad ucqerian mwerlobas, TiTqos abuCad agdebuli hyavsT, mwerlebi kide usaqmo, ,,saqmegamoleuli” xalxi hgoniaT; magram Tu am saqmegamoleulma beCavma ,,gauxaxuna” vismes amis moubars gazeTSi, gagixarian, is yalyze Sedgeba astexs hai-huis: rogor Tu gazeTSi CamwereT, Cemi cudi saqcieli gamoaqveyneTo! Aaki araferia gazeTio? TiTqos brZanebdiT, usaqmurobaa mwerlobao?.. mwerloba Zalaa, erTi umTavresi iaraRTagania eris winsvlisa, mis gonebis da cxovrebis gaukeTesebisa... kargi mweralic is aris, visac ukeT Seugnia es saWiroeba da ukeTesad emsaxureba am saWiroebis dakmayofilebis saqmes”(34,376-377). vaJa-fSavelas Tavis TanamedroveTagan nihilisturi damokidebuleba mwerlobisadmi, mefeletoneebisadmi sazogadoebis SezRuduloba- CamorCenilobad miaCnia. Aam ganwyobilebas ki xels uwyobda oficiozi, cenzura. Ppoetma publicistis gausaZlisi cxovreba ironiagareuli iumoriT gamoxata leqsSi ,,publicisti”(34): minda rame davwero, kalams viReb xelSia. ,,araferi wamogcdes!” muStebs mcemen ferdSia, ,,ha, RmerTi ar gagiwyres, Aar Sexvide eSxSia! (,,publicisti”. uTariRo) vaJam SeniSna, rom amis gamo bevr publicists weris mada waxdomia, kalami gadaugdia da ,,buzebs iTvlis WerSia”. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom TviTonac maT mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda, ar modunebula, usasoobaSi ar Cavardnila da xmamaRla ganacxadebs: ,,Tu 226 dagwo da gikbina dabeWdilma sityvam axad, usaqmuroba ki ara, saqmianoba yofila; maSasadame, sxvadasxva Zala ambebiT, hqonia, sxvadasxva sayuradRebo fiqriT da raRac ram mosazrebiT yofila es aWrelebuli furceli... Cven imas vcdilobT, egebi sasargeblo ram gavagonoT qveyanas, SevmatoT ram mis gonebasa da zneobasao, nuTu es saqme ar aris? nuTu es saqme Tqvens saqmes, romelsac marto Tqveni Tavi axsovs, CamourCeba ukan? Aara mgonia. vici, kargad vici, amisTana msjeloba saidamac momdinareobs da sarCulad rac uZevs.”(rame-rume. uTariRo. 34,403). Qqveteqsti amonaweri citatisa gulisxmobs rogorc oficiozis zewolas, ise xalxis dabal ganaTlebas, xalxisa, romelic saqmes imas eZaxis_,,moxnas kacma, momkos, saxls rame Sematos, col-Svils ram argoso”(iqve). Ppoeti iqve simarTliT ganumartavs mkiTxvels: ,,imas rom esmodes mwerlobis mniSvneloba, eswavla ram da misma gonebam swavlis gemo icodes, amas ar ityoda... Cveni xalxi jer kidev im mdgomareobaSia, rom amisTana msjelobis niadagi aqvs...”(iqve) xalxis swored am mdgomareobidan gamoyvanas emsaxureba imdroindeli didi mamuliSvilebis asparezze, es iyo yoveldRiuri maTi sazrunavi, saqmianoba es iyo cxovrebis sxvadasxva saTqmelisaTvis gamoxatvis saTanado formis Zieba, anu niWierad migneba Temisa da aseve niWierad gamoxatva misi. man brwyinvaled gansazRvra niWiereba erovnuli mwerlisa. Aamave statiaSi vaJa wers: ,,niWiereba erovnulis mwerlisa imiT gaizomeba, Tu ramdenad esmis Tavisi qveynisa da eris saWiroeba,_miT, Tu ramdenad madlianad emsaxureba am madlis Sevsebas sityviT Tu saqmiT”(34,405). Ees sityvebi, Cveni rwmeniT, avtoris TviTdaxasiaTebis brwyinvale dadasturebaa, rameTu vaJasmcodneobaSi dadgenilia, Tu TviT vaJas ra kargad esmoda Tavisi qveynisa da eris saWiroebisa, rom mTeli Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi Tu sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobiT ra madlianad emsaxureboda am madlis Sevsebas sityviT Tu saqmiT_1879wlis zafxulis CaTvliT (1915 w. 26ivlisi, ,,saxalxo furceli”) anu, daiwyo saqmiani sityviT da daamTavra sityviani saqmiT (vgulisxmobT mis publicistur moRvaweobas). rogorc prof. grigol kiknaZe aRniSnavs: ,,vaJa-fSavelam am Cvens literaturaSi mTeli sisruliT pirvelad asaxa fSavisa, TuSeTisa da xevsureTis yofa. Dda asaxa es ise, rom fSavlis, TuSis Tu xevsuris daxasiaTebas aRar dahkravda egzotikuri ieri... vaJa-fSavelam ise gaiazra da asaxa mTielTa cxovreba, rom aSkara gaxda maTi ganuwyveteli kavSiri 227 mTeli qveynis saarsebo interesebidan... es niSnavs, rom Zalian didi iyo da aris vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis sazogadoebriv-politikuri mniSvneloba qarTveli xalxis erovnuli erTianobis Cvenebis TvalsazrisiT.(49,7-8). rogorc vxedavT, pativcemuli mkvlevari Seexo vaJas publicistikis gansazRvrul sferos, Tumca, monografiaSi gzadagza ganxiluli aqvs yvela sakiTxi vaJas publicistikidan mis mxatvrul SemoqmedebasTan kavSirSi. vaJa-fSavela kidev sxva mkvlevarTac aqvT daxasiaTebuli rogorc niWieri publicisti, romlis maxvil Tvalsac mxedvelobidan ar gamorCenia imdroindeli cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela saWirboroto problema, aqtualuri literaturul-esTetikuri Semoqmedeba XX Tu saukunis msoflmxedvelobrivi dasawyisidan sakiTxebi. publicistikaSi vaJas sagrZnobi energiulobiT xasiaTdeba, amis dasturia rogorc werilebis suliskveTeba, ise mSrali statistikac. magaliTad, XIX saukuneSi vaJas kalams ekuTvnis 26 dasaxelebis werili, maSin rodesac XX saukunis 900-ian, 915-ian wlebSi Seuqmnia 49 dasaxelebis sxvadasxva Sinaarsisa da daniSnulebis statia. rva uTariRo werilidan naxevari mainc 900-915-ian wlebze unda modiodes. vaJasmcodneobaSi samyaro (ix. obieqti moqceulia zedmiwevniT saTanado damuSavebulia literatura). zogad vaJas Lliteraturis saTaurSi-vaJa-fSavelas Jurnalisturi kritikaSi kvlevis publicistika, rac marTebuladaa morgebuli Sinaarsisadmi. vcdilobT, sakiTxi gavaSuqoT gansxvavebuli rakursiT. kerZod, gvsurs warmovaCinoT vaJa-fSavela_publicisti. amiT saSualeba gveZleva erTian aspeqtSi warmovidginoT vaJas wminda publicistikac, Cvens mier publicistur prozauli lirikad gaazrebuli Txzulebisa Tu leqsebis naTargmni analizic, nawarmoebebis zogierTi publicisturi tendenciebic. Cveni sakvalifikacio Sromis reglamentidan gamomdinare, kvlevis aqcents gadavitanT 900-915-ian wlebze. Tu gasul XIX saukuneSi vaJas werilebi iwyeba fSav-xevsureTis eTnografiis gaSuqebiT, am tradicias vaJam arc XX saukunis dasawyisSi gadauxvia. nomerSi kerZod, simbolurad gamoqveynebuli eTnografiuli statiis gamoiyureba 1900 wels saTauri_,,moxvediT SeniSvna).”simbolurad miviCnevT, ,,iveriis” 176-e mSvidobiTa!”(mcire radgan ,,aRniSnulis qarTuliT uxvdeba fSaveli mamakaci da dedakaci Sin mosuls stumrebs, an Tu Sinaurebs”(34,157) da gvgonia, rom am sityvebiTve miesalma vaJa-fSavela 228 XX saukunis dadgomas, Semosvlas. 1900 wlis TariRiT sxva statia ar gamoqveynebula vaJas mier. samarTliania prof. jumber WumburiZis mier gamoTqmuli sinanuli revoluciamdeli ramdenime kritikisagan sakiTxze: Semoqmedebis gverdis ,,qarTul zogierTi avlis kritikas mxare gamo TiTqmis (literaturuli vaJas ar Semoqmedebis ganuxilavs werilebi, vaJas publicistika, dramaturgia), kritikosebi ZiriTadad lirikasa da poemebs exebodnen”(6, 306), Cveni mxriv imdroindel kritikas valad davdebdiT uyuradRebobas vaJas mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobis mimarT. es ki XX saukuneSi garkveulwilad gamosworebulia. (ix. saTanado literatura). ,,qarTuli literaturis istoriis” IV tomSic mokledaa miTiTebuli: ,,literaturuli moRvaweobis am sferoSic (misi samecniero, kritikuli da publicisturi werilebi igulisxmeba-J.k.) vaJa-fSavelam daamtkica, rom igi Rrmad moazrovne da sakiTxebis Sesaxeb arsebuli literaturis Cinebuli mcodne iyo... maRal Teoriul doneze aRmoCnda vaJa, rogorc publicisti da kritikosi... unaklo vaJa gvevlineba ostatad, romlis klasikuri msjelobis saliteraturo formac broliseburi siwmindiTa da gamWvirvalobiT... ki enis sruliad gvancvifrebs Tavisi ...vaJas azri literaturuli gavlenebis Sesaxeb, agreTve misi mosazrebani enis ganviTarebis, an erebis ukvdavebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba CaiTvalos saukeTesod imaT Soris, rac am sakiTxebze Tqmula... amJamad ukve aRaraa sakamaTo Sexeduleba, rom vaJafSavela erT-erTi udidesi mSenebelia qarTuli axali saliteraturo enisa...(35,491). marTalia, narkvevis avtori prof. akaki gawerelia gza-da-gza exeboda vaJas literaturul-kritikuli Semoifargla mxolod mokle xasiaTis werilebs, informaciiT, romelSic magram Zalze daskvnaSi mokledaa miTiTebuli TiTqmis yvela ZiriTadi sakiTxi am TvalsazrisiT. SedarebiT publicisturi Mmozrdili farTo moculobiT moRvaweoba statiis prof. daskvniT aris warmodgenili dimitri nawilSi benaSvilis naTqvamia: vaJa-fSavelas monografiaSi. ,,oTxmociani da oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis manZilze gansakuTrebiT aqtiuri iyo qarTuli perioduli presa. Nnacionalur-ganmaTavisuflebelma ideebma qarTul presaSi gansakuTrebuli simkveTriT iCina Tavi. Bbunebrivia, rom es epoqa Tavisebur asaxvas ipovida ara marto mis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi, aramed azrovnebaSic, kerZod publicistur 229 werilebSi. Aam werilis Seswavlam dagvarwmuna, rom vaJa aqac iseTive Rrma da Sinaarsiania, esTetikaSi, rogorc poeziaSi, filosofiaSi, problematika iseTive prozaSi, eTnografiaSi, mravalferovania da dramaturgiaSi, eTikaSi, folkloristikaSi rTuli, rogorc misi poeturi motivebi (10,483). rodesac aq miuTiTes 80-90-iani wlebis Sesaxeb, vfiqrobT, ufro aqtualuri gaxda Cveni amocana, win wamogvewia XX saukunis 900-915-iani wlebis problematika am mxrivac vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebidan. Pprof. iuza ,,vaJa-fSavelas publicistur evgeniZe rodesac SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobas warmogvidgens interesebis” aSuqebs Tavis monografiaSi mokle poetis mimoxilvas, Wabukobis vaJas asakidan da kompaqturad iZleva mTeli gzis safuZvlian informaciul analitikas: ,,vaJafSavela Wabukobidanve gatacebiT iwers da agrovebs xalxuri Semoqmedebis nimuSebs, xolo ufro mogvianebiT sxvis mier Sekrebili amgvari masalis recenzirebasac axdens. vaJa fSavSi cxovrobs, urTierToba uxdeba fSavxevsurebTan da bunebrivia, rogorc maTi TanamoZme, dainteresebulia ara marto am xalxis korespondenciebSi), yoveldRiuri aramed Wir-varamiT mTielTa (rac tradiciebic, asaxulia maTi mis rwmena- warmodgenebiT, zne-CveulebiT, poeziiTa da am poeziaSi Semonaxul gmirTa xasiaTebiT, e.i. imiT, rac misi garemos socialur, moralursa da esTetikur saxes qmnis. Aamis gamoxatulebaa vaJas mier am periodSi dawerili eTnografiuli werilebis wyeba (miTiTebulia 9 werili-J.k.)... rac ufro da ufro dro gadis da poeturad mwifdeba vaJa, kidev ufro farTovdeba da Rrmavdeba misi amgvari interesebi. swored Tavisi poeturi simwifis asakSi aqveynebs “(1995), vaJa cnobil ,,fiqrebi xasiaTis literaturul-kritikuli vefxistyaosnis” Sesaxeb (1911), statiebs: ,,kritika ,, b.ip. varTagavasi”(1914) da sxva... didia vaJas mier mosmenili da mis werilebSi ganxiluli masalis siaxlove vaJas mxatvrul ASemoqmedebasTan.”(27,235-236). rogorc aRniSnaven,: ,,am periodis qarTulma presam gaamdidra da gaamravalferovna literaturaTmcodneoba, axal simaRleze aiyvana publicistika, saTanado Sefaseba misca am periodis axal socialur Zvrebs, klasTa brZolas. sastiki brZola gaaCaRa Zvelis, dromoWmulis winaaRmdeg sazogadoebrivi cxovrebasa da azrovnebaSi”(35,17). Aaxals arafers vityviT, Tu mivuTiTebT, rom qarTuli publicistikis axal simaRleze ayvanaSi sxvebTan erTad vaJa-fSavelas udidesi 230 damsaxureba miuZRvis; mis mier SemuSavebuli esTetikuri principebi Cvens epoqaSic Tanamedroved unda miviCnioT. kerZod, migvaCnia, rom arsebiTad exmianeba dRevandelobis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes literaturaTmcodneobis mimdinareobas, recefciul, anu aRqmis esTetikas, romelic mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli interpretaciis xelovnebasTan, anu hermenevtikasTan (16,169). recefciuli teqstis aRmqmeli interesi esTetikis subieqti-recipienti, mkiTxvelis literaturuli ,,yuradRebis mimarT teqstis im centrSi mkiTxveli. faqtis realizeba, eqceva es Segnebam gacocxleba mxatvruli gansakuTrebuli ganapiroba, mxolod misi rom aRqmis procesSi, aRmqmeli subieqtis cnobierebaSi xdeba. Aamis gareSe mxatvruli teqsti mxolod da mxolod mkvdari sqema, ConCxi, mkiTxvelis fantaziis gamRizianebel pirobiT niSanTa erTobliobaa.”(iqve). rogorc vxedavT, saqme gvaqvs SemoqmedebiTi procesis tradiciuli klasikuri samkuTxedis: ,,mwerali-wigni-mkiTxveli”-erT-erT mniSvnelovan komponentTan, mkiTxvelTan. recefciuli SeiZleba esTetikis warmovidginoT komponenti Tanabari mixedviT, tolgverda esTetikuri ,,avtori-nawarmoebi-mkiTxveli” samkuTxedad, anu rodesac datvirTvis doziTaa samive mocemuli. saTanadodaa dasabuTebuli yvela faqtori. Aanu SemoqmedebiT procesSi CarTulia mkiTxvelis, aRmqmelis faqtori. es asec aris da asec unda iyos, magram misi rolis gaTanabreba ,,avtori-wunis” tandemTan gadaWarbebulad migvaCnia. amdenad, ,,avtori-wigni-mkiTxveli” Cven migvaCnia tolferda samkuTxedad, romelSic tolia ,,avtori-wigni”, da romlebic mimarTulni da gamiznulni arian mkiTxvelebze; erT-erTi maTganis ignorireba ki SemoqmedebiTi procesis gafoTlebas gamoiwvevs. Ees rom ar moxdes, ,,aq gansakuTrebuli adgili unda daeTmos sazogadoebriv fsiqologisac, rac TavisTavad ukve gulisxmoebs sazogadoebrivisa da fsiqologiuris urTierTSexamebas (57,42). rogorc Cans, recefciul esTetikas win uswrebs iseTi mniSvnelovani mimdinareoba, rogoricaa biblio fsiqologia. Tu recefciuli esTetikis kvlevis obieqtia teqsti da misi aRmqmeli, bibliofsiqologiis ZiriTadi obieqtia wigni (zogadad) da am wignis mkiTxvelis fsiqologia. Bbunebrivia, teqsti wignis ydebSia moqceuli da am aspeqtiT ikveTeba bevri saerTo Tviseba recefciul esTetikasa da bibliofsiqologias Soris: 231 ,,bibliofsiqologiis umTavres amocanas warmoadgens fsiqologiur dakvirvebaTa warmoeba kiTxvis procesze rogorc fsiqikuris garemoSi, ise sociologiur garemoSi momxdari movlenebi, romlebic fsiqologiuri Tvisebisani arian”(57,43) orTave SemTxvevaSi naTladaa miTiTebuli, rom ,,xelovnebis dargis qmnilebaTa recipientebs Soris am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze aqtiuri teqstis aRmqmelia, rac mniSvnelovnad im masalis TaviseburebebiT aris gamowveuli, romliTac mwerali muSaobs; es masala-anu sityva, enobrivi niSani-yvelaze abstraqtulia xelovnebis sxva dargTa (mxatvrobis, Teatris, mosikis, kinos...) mier gamoyenebul masalasTan SedarebiT”(17,170). Tu fantaziis rolze visaubrebT, gansxvavebuli datvirTva mouwevs mas uSualod momentSi, literaturuli rameTu Janrebis, ,,nawarmoebSi saxeebis warmosaxul aRqmisa samyaros im da Sefasebis msoflgancdis WrilSi warmoadgens, romelic man cxovrebaSi SeimuSava (17,171). vfiqrobT, publicistur werilebSia mocemuli yvelaze naklebad e.w. ,,ganusazRvreli adgilebi”. vaJas feletonebsa da korespondenciebSi maTi funqciuri datvirTva TvalsazrisiT metad xom sakmaod swored misgan moelis sagrZnobia. publicistika siaxlis, xasiaTdeba. siaxles, radgan axlad informaciulobis mkiTxveli ufro gamoqveynebuli teqstebi, informaciebi ,,mkiTxvels awvdian aSkara Tu farul signalebs, romlebic recipientebs nawarmoebis aRqmis garkveul, maTTvis ukve cnobil wesze mianiSneben. Aaxali nawarmoebi aRZravs mogonebas adre wakiTxul nawarmoebebze, uqmnis mkiTxvels garkveul emociur ganwyobas, aRviZebs masSi raRac nacnobis, adre wakiTxulis msgavsis molodins. gazeTis funqciis gansazaRvras. erTdrouladaa warmodgenili pirdapiri saTqmelica da qveteqstic anu ,,ganusazRvreli adgilebi” da farTo gasaqani eZleva mkiTxvelis, msmenelis aRmqmelobiT masStabsa da unars, mis fantasias. magaliTad, erT erT ,,qebaTa-qebaSi” avtori qveteqstiT miuTiTebs, rom eklesiasac jari Sesevia da Taviseburad afasebs amas: aqac gangebis Ralati: Soltis, maTraxis Cqamia, Aazris da grZnobis Telvaa, Zalian cudi wamia. Nnu gegonebaT, gaTenda, jer isev bnela, Ramia. 232 (,,megazeTeni Seyrilan”) Ppublicists TvalTaxedvis aredan arc policielni gamorCenia. muq ferebSia daxatuli policielebi, romlebic ,,Tavis xsnas gaWirvebisgan maTraxisagan elian... zogi ZuZus sWris dedasa, ar hkrTeba ara scxvenian”. Dda iqve gamanadgurebeli Sefaseba publicisti-lirikosisagan: gikvirT? Aar mikvirs me Cemad: metad ar uWris tvinia. (iqve) Mmiuxedavad autaneli, sazareli yofisa, publicist poets ar daukargavs rwmena, imedi, optimizmi. ,,maS sjobs rom dasdge, kalamo, Dda Senc dasdumde enao? vera, vera dros! Minamde cad gviwevs aRmafrenao gvWirs Wiri unelebeli, ar dagvxSobia smenao. verafers gizamT, gamxnevdiT, kuda-ZaRlebis Rrenao! gadarCenis imeds avtori wminda sinaTlis naTebaSi xedavs: codva da madli Ramisa iangariSos dilama. Ggza gaunaTos sanTliTa Uunda ukanas winama, Eegeb sicocxle daityos Mama-papaTa binama! (qebaTa-qeba (megazeTeni Seyrilan) ,,qebaTa-qebis” am safinalo taepebidanac naTlad gamoCnda didi poetis qristianuli msoflmxedveloba. Mmis optimizms amagrebs rwmena da imedi imisa rom, mxolod madlis Camdenisaa momavali, ,,vinc awmyos mizanSewonilad emsaxureba.” amis brwyinvale dadasturebaa uSualod vaJas pirovneba, rogorc samarTlianad miuTiTeben, vaJa-fSavelas msoflmxedveloba mtkice marTlmadideblur rwmenazea damyarebuli. sxva mravalTagan gavixsenoT Tundac misi ori werili ,,did-marxva”. Ppirveli kodeqsad werili SeiZleba ufro aRiqvas poetis mkiTxvelma. mier Camoyalibebul xuT kompoziciur zneobriv komponentad 233 warmodgenili sxvadasxva azri warmoadgens erTian msoflmxedvelobriv koncefcias avtorisas. dasawyisSi avtori ganumartavs mkiTxvels, Tu ratom moigones didmarxva: ,,did-marxva swored imitom moigones, rom SimSilis meoxebiT, leSis datanjviT miecaT adamianTaTvis saSualeba keTil fiqrTa da grZnobaTa asaRorZineblad. marxva sinanulisa da moTminebisa. ,,moTminebiTa SeniTa moipove suli Senio”, gvaswavlis marxvis momgoni da damwesebeli” (,,didmarxva.” 34,218). Pprof. Tamar SarabiZis marTebuli SefasebiT: ,,...vaJa monuri morCilebis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs da miiCnevs, rom borotebasTan saWiroa brZola da ara moTmineba... is mxolod da mxolod ganasxvavebs moralur moTminebasa da monur morCilebas. misi azriT, rogorc morwmune, adamiani unda iyos momTmeni da RmerTis didsulovnebis momlodine, rac ar gulisxmobs borotebasTan Serigebas. moTminebis cnebaSi unda vivaraudoT rwmenis bolomde SenarCuneba...(101,23). Aamaze aqvs saubari vaJasac werilis meore monakveTSi. Mmesame monakveTSi avtori werilisa mwuxarebas gamoTqvams imis gamo, rom ,,bevri eklesia dauqmda wels, did-marxvaSi, da bevri zari dadumda, rom aRarc samwuxaro, sadidmarxvo xmas gamoscems da aRarc samxiarulos,sdums, rogorc mkvdari samareSi... moZRvari ki aRarsada sCans da!.. diakvnebs darCaT dRes burTi da moedani; kidec uxarianT, rom imaTi mRvdlebi sabnelodan gamoicqirebian (34, 219). Aaq publicisti mwerali akritikebs sazogadoebriv viTarebas, daufaravad amxels religiur samyaroSi gamefebul mankierebas. Semdeg asparezss meoTxe punqtSi gadaswvda. igi sazogadoebisadmi. mas daundobelia mimarT: maT avtoris am kargad mamxilebeli SemTxvevaSic SeumCnevia ,,diakvnebi ra toni ufro farTo moyvrulad pirSi medroveTa fsiqologia saTqmelia da ra mZraxavia da angariSSi mosatani: yvela xilulma da uxilavma Savma Zalma, rogorc gazafxulze siTbos sunze gvelebma, Tavebi wamoyayva, icqireba amayad, mamacad. roca hxedavdnen, saqveyno azri imarjvebso, erTobis adamianebad asaRebdnen TavianT Tavs da dRes ki, roca darwmundnen, mowinaaRmdegeTa fiqrma da Zalam gaimarjva, erTobasac swyevlian da erTobis mimdevarTac”(34,219). 234 maT winaaRmdeg Seuwynarebeli msjavri poets isev wminda werilidan moxmobili sityvebiT gamoaqvs: ,,kaTakmevelno, ganvediT!... raodenic morwmuneni xarT, merme da merme uflisa mimarT vilocoTo”(34,220). didi monakveTi. sazogadoebrivi TiTqmis JReradobisaa aforizmul werilis gamoTqmebad aRiqmeba damagvirgvinebeli sityvebi: ,,suliT marxuloba bevriT aRemateba WkuiT marxulobas”(34,220). Mmouwodebs qveynis erTgulebisaken, simarTlisaken morwmuneebs da Seaxsenebs: ,,nu Secdomani, ramac Tavidan.”-aqve daiviwyebT xeli Tqvens RmerTs, SegiSalaT dReisaTvis da iloceT ecadeT, gasaTvaliswinebel igi! SeinaneT momavalSi darigebas is aicdinoT sTavazobs politikosebs didi poeti: ,,-dahgmeT partiuli Tavmoyvareoba, wvrilfexa, mCate pativmoyvareoba, romelmac xeli SeuSala Cvens erTobas, eris miswrafebas”(iqve). sentenciuria vaJas Semdegi mimarTva: ,,zogjer damarcxeba gamarjvebas sjobia, radgan yvelasaTvis aSkarad gamoCndeba damarcxebis mizezi, yvela gaigebs, yvela Seignebs da samermisod aRar gaimeorebs im Secdomebs da ukeTes brZolis da Sromis saSualebas moapovebinebs” (34,220). Alalgulaa da gulwrfelia misi mimarTvis sityvebi did-maarxvisadmi: ,,dido marxvao! Ddidad marxulni varT, Cveni gana marto Tvalebi? Gguli da gonebac cremlis morevSi dascuravs. vloculobT da vevedrebiT RmerTs gveqmnes mwed da mfarvelad, mogvces Cvenc, Cvenis qveynis SvilT, Zali da Rone movuaroT, vupatronoT Tavis Tavs, Tavis qveyanas, raTa vZlioT eSmaks da movipovoT cxovreba saukuno, moveswroT aRdgomasa mkvdreTiT da cxovrebasa mermisa mis saukunisasa, amin” (34,220). Bbunebrivia, pavle razikaSvilis Svili sxvagvarad ar iqadagebda qristianuli marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb. ,,saxalxo gazeTSi” dabeWdili weriliT ,,episkopos fSav-xevsurTa sarwmunoebaze”(34,311-313) avtori Seaxsenebs antonis azri sazogadoebas, rom 1912 wels fSav-xevsureTSi umogzauria ,,yovlad-samRvdelo antons” da, poetis rwmeniT, samwuxaro SedegiT damTavrebula qarTvelTaTvis misi mogzauroba, radgan ,,episkopos antons sasuliero mTavrobis winaSe fSavxevsurni dauxasiaTebia rogorc warmarTni kerpTayvanismcemlebi, sadac viTom saWiro iyo axlad gavrceleba qristianobisa moZravi eklesiebis saSualebiT” (34,111). 235 vaJa-fSavela Sexedulebebs werilidan saqmianad, da taqtianad religiur Cans, rom XIX aspeqtSi saukunis pasuxobs umarTavs episkoposis ukompromiso miwurulsac gaugzavnia mcdar brZolas. sinods am meTodiT episkoposi leonide,-,,episkopos antonze ara nakleb ganaTlebuli formalurad da ara nakleb sjulisa da sarwmunoebis erTguli, magram imas arc oficialurad, arc kerZo saubris dros warmarTebad ar mounaTlia fSav-xevsurni”(iqve). Cans, xelisufleba ar daukmayofilebia leonidis angariSs da ufro mkacri davalebiT igzavneba antoni fSav-xevsureTSi. Ppublikaciis avtori svms bunebriv da logikur SekiTxvas: ,,ar viciT, ram aiZula yovlad samRvdelo antoni, Saedgina aseTi mkacri oqmi mTielTa sarwmunoebriv mdgomareobis gamo?!” (iqve). Mmomdevno striqonebSi naTlad, damajerebladaa gaqarwylebuli episkoposiseuli braldebani. vinaidan sxva , ,,Tavis werilebsa da mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi vaJa msjelobs qristianul aRmsareblobaze, saidumloebebze, dogmatebze, ritualebze, aseve Teologiur sakiTxebze, RmerTis yvelgan myofobaze, mis Seucnoblobaze, qristes dabadebasa da aRdgomaze, suliwmindis madlsa da a.S. gasakvirvi ar unda iyos maRalprofesionaluri Jurnalisturi dasabuTeba episkopos antonis Secdomebisa. specifikuria angariSebis ganwyobileba-intonaciiT mizandasaxuleba. vaJa-fSavela igrZnoba punqtebad episkoposis axarisxebs mis Sinaarss da wers: ,,iqneb warmarToba, kerpTayvanismcemloba imaSi unda davinaxoT, rom fSavlebi da xevsurebi xatebsa loculoben? mere ra hqvian im xatebsa? wminda giorgi, RvTismSobeli, mTavarangelozi da sxva? nuTu es wmindanebi qristianuli wmindanebi ar arian (34,311). Eepiskoposs sinodisaTvis SeuTavazebia moZravi eklesiebis SemoReba. Ees ki vaJas Ria karis mtvrevad miaCnia, radgan; ,,yoveli eklesiuri wesi isedac sruldebao” (34,312). vaJa-publicisti antons imaSi exmareba, rom ,,marTlmadidebloba” zneobrivi yofaqceviT xasiaTdeba da miTumetes-,,fSav-xevsurTa ar SeiZleba gamovarTvaT es saxelwodeba; oficialurad cnobilia, rom yvelaze naklebi danaSauli sisxlisa TianeTis mazraSia, sadac mcxovrebTa mometebuli ricxvi fSav-xevsurni arian... sCans, fSv-xevsurT arafers uSlis kerpTayvanismcemloba, iyvnen patiosani adamianebi, ukeTesi zneobisa imaTze, vinc zepirad icis marTmadidebeli katexizmo da mTeli zneobrivi kodeqsi da saqristiano locvebi” (34,313). 236 saTanado literaturaSi miTiTebulia, rom didi vaJa qarTvelTa, gansakuTrebiT fSv-xevsureTis mkvidrTa Semecnebis ZiriTad komponentad miiCnevs locvas. Tavad igi didebulad agrZelebs klasikuri mwerlobis tradiciebs. Aamis erTi patara, magram mravlismetyveli gamovlinebaa misi leqsi ,,Cemi vedreba”, romelSic mgosani gulmxurvaled SesTxovs RmerTs: ,,ar wamixdino, meufev, Ees Cemi wminda xeloba! maSrome sakeTiloda, Tund ar movimko nayofi, SvilT sagmod ar gamixado Cemi mudmivi samyofi... Tu Zvel saberZneTSi poetebi muzas avedrebdnen SemoqmedebiT gznebas; SoTa rusTavelmac erTarseba RmerTs SesTxova mfarveloba, aRmafrenis boZeba; daviT guramiSvilmac RmerTis sadidebliT daiwyo Tavisi wigni; TavianT STagonebis wyarod miiCnies maRali RmerTi Cvenma romantikosebma, mogvianebiT iliam, akakim, aleqsandre yazbegma TavianT locva-vedrebaSi Caaqsoves zneobriv-eTikuri da esTetikuri xasiaTis Txovna-survilebi. Aamave poziciebze dgas vaJa-fSavelac. rogorc uwmindesi da unetaresi, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikospatriarqi ilia meore aRniSnavs: ,,vaJa-fSavelas leqsi ,,Cemi vedreba... aris umaRlesi qristianuli azrovnebis nayofi, Tavmdablobis, siyvarulis, erTgulebis, vaJkacobis, sinazis sagalobeli, romlis avtoric WeSmariti megobaria RvTisa da ara mxolod kargad moazrovne Semoqmedi” (ix. gazeTi,,vaJa-fSavela”, specialuri gamoSveba, 23-24 seqtemberi, 2006w. gv.1; gazeTi mieZRvna vaJa-fSavelas dabadebidan 145-e wlisTavs). locvaTa konteqstSi publicisturi poliTematurobiT gamorCeulia vaJas statia-,,fSavlebi (eTnografiuli masala), 1914w. 34,296). Mmokle, sxarti masala cxadyofs, rom dedakacis dalocvis safanelic RvTiuri siyvaruli, RvTis madli da misi imedia. avtorma erTad mouyara Tavi dalocvis nimuSebs, SeiZleba iTqvas,-Tavisebur formulebsac, yofierebis sxvadasxva sferodan. Llocvis, dalocvis mravalaspeqtianobis aRsaqmelad gavecnoT nawyvets werilidan: ,,Senamc Sageweva Cemis mamis salocavi, Senamc giSvelis RmerTi; ageb RmerTma gicocxlos col-Svili, isre gicocxlos, rogorc Sens guls undodes; saca gaiaro, yvelgan gamarjveba mogeces; Seni amjobinos Senis mtrisasa; nuravisi Tvali da 237 guli mogrios; Cvenis Svilisada RmerTma giSvelos; xel-mxari mSvidobaSi mogaxmaros; Cveni daxedvisada, moxedvisada RmerTma keTilad gnaxos... RmerTimc Saeweva Sens jansa; RmerTimc giSvelis; a, iqamc gagemarjveba, saca xmaln (Zveleburi iqmen gelasa, dalocva), mociquloben Senamc SahrCebi isarni, da Subni gaezdebi iqnevdnen dedaSensa... enasa baraqa, gaxaneba (mkis dros), xar-guTans gaumarjos (xvnis dros)” (34,292). rogorc zemoT publicistikaSi aRvniSneT, warmoadgens vaJas Rrma SemoqmedebiT patriotizmi, interess mis werilebSi safuZvlianad aris daxasiaTebuli qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri viTareba, rogorc mTeli qveynisa, ise konkretulad fSav-xevsureTisa (ix. misi ,,patriotizmi da kosmopolitizmi”). Ppublicistika, rogorc vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi interesebis gamomxatveli SemoqmedebiTi samyaro, ar amowuravs poetis interesTa wres, rameTu ,,kidev mravali sakiTxisa da motivis daZebna SeiZleba vaJasTan, romelic Cvens literaturaSi ufro warmoaCens miseul Temebs” (27,231). erT statiaSi vaJa aRniSnavda, rom sagani mwerlobisa da publicistikisa ,,erTi da igivea-cxovreba, misi movlenani, Zveli da axali”. istoriulis, eTnografiulis, poeturis, folkloristulis brwyinvale sinTeziT gamorCeulia 1914 wels gazeT ,,saxalxo furcelSi” gamoqveynebuli statia-,,Zveleburi omi da saomari iaraRi saxalxo poeziaSi”. werilSi wamoWrili sakiTxi, Cveni fiqriT, ,,emorCileba mxatvrul, istoriul da socio-kulturuli kuTxiT ganxilvas, anu garkveulwilad axali istorizmis principebs, romlis Tanaxmadac ,,saxeebs da narativebs SeuZliaT gamoavlinon mravali teqstebis ganmartebisaTvis aspeqti. saukeTeso Aamitomac saSualebaa literaturuli nawarmoebis Tavisive istoriul konteqstSi ganTavseba. Lliteraturul nawarmoebebSi aisaxeba epoqis suliskveTeba da sxvadasxva saxis winaaRmdegobani” (54,251). vkiTxulobT vaJas aRniSnul werils da aSkaraa, rom am werilSi istoriaa ganfenili poeziis samyaroSi da poeziac ,,Tavissave istoriul konteqstSia ganTavsebuli. TiToeuli moxmobili leqsis SinaarsSi asaxulia Sesabamisi ,,epoqis suliskveTeba”. dasawyisSi zneobriobis vaJas mier TvalsazrisiT: mokledaa daxasiaTebuli ,,dRevandelisTana adamianTa Zveleburi mmusvreli omi da gamanadgurebeli arasodes ar yofila omi da es gamowveulia Tanamedrove 238 texnikiT. dRes imdenad saWiro aRarc ki aris gulovanoba... dRes Tavi da Tavi saSualeba gamarjvebisa moxerxebaa. saxalxo poezia ar dagidevs moxerxebas, xrikebs da yovel imeds amyarebs guladobaze... vaJkacs ar gamoadgeba soflad Sveneba Tavisa, xmals unda aWreinebdes, imedi hqondes mklavisa. Semdeg werilSi miTiTebulia, rom ,,umTavres rols TamaSobs fari da xmali, ,,xmlis qneva, faris fareba, xmliT cema”. (34,441) istoriul wyaroebSi weria, rom epoqaTa cvalebadoba badebda axal iaraRs. magaliTad: ,,xmali saqarTveloSi Cndeba V-VI s.s-Si (gorgasalma ,,...aRmoixada xrmali da SeamTxvia jvarsa”. juanSeri).” (92, 59). xmlis marjved momxmarebeli, anu ,,namdvil mcemeli xmlisa is ari, vinc cxen-mxedars awyvetinebs da xmlis wveri miwaSi garbis”. (34,441). Aaqve gavixsenoT qarTuli leqsi ,,Semomeyara yivCaRi” am aspeqtiT. Ppublicisti, Tvals gaadevnebs ra ,,saxalxo poeziis” istorias, ityvis: ,,saxalxo poeziaSi Cven qvis srolas versad vera vxvdebiTo” da ,,vefxistyaosnidan” daimowmebs citatas, sadac naTqvamia, rom tarielma da misma laSqarma ,,qviTac eTakileba, rom ,,saca sircxvili iqneboda dalewes xmali, qvebsa fari hkrefdes wvivebi”. da da rainduli Subia, iq sulis vaJkacisaTvis mowinaaRmdeges imas poets didi esrodes. rusTaveli, unda vigulisxmoT, qvis srolas da misi saSualebiT mtrisTvis wvivebis dalewas, qvis mtyorcnel manqaniTa hgulisxmobs da ara xeliT.” (34,441). Qqvis manqanebis gamoyenebis Taobazecaa miTiTebuli Cvens wyaroebSi: ,,Zveli aRmosavleTis, gansakuTrebiT saberZneTisa da romis armiebSi, agreTve qarTul laSqarSi iyenebdnen mZime lodsatyorcn manqanebs: ,,mefeman bagrat... moadga qalaqsa Sanqorsa, daudgna filakavanni”-,,matiane qarTlisa” (92,59). filakavanni igive lodsatyorcni danadgaria. zogadsakacobrio Segonebad miiCnevs publicisti poeti qarTveli dedis mowodebas Svilisadmi: ,,xmalsa simokle ras uSlis, Ffexi win wasdgi, daswvdeba” (34,442) 239 ,,amas marto spartaneli deda ki ar eubneboda Svilsa, masTan erTad qarTveli dedac da amaTTan erTad, vfiqrob, mTeli kacobrioba”(iqve). sainteresoa eTnografiuli informaciebi, daculni xalxur leqsebSi, romlebic sailustracioda aqvs gamoyenebuli poets: 1. sadac CaCqani, e.i. Cafxuti da muzaradia, iqve vaJkacs jaWvis perangic acvia (3,442); 2. ,,netav rad unda kargs ymasa samklave, safuxaria” (34,443). 3. ,,yvela zemoxsenebul iaraRebs mosdevs Tan mSvild-isari, ,,Zvels meomars hqonda isrebiT savse bude qarqaSi, qojoni” (iqve). 4. erTi saintereso informaciaa Semdeg abzacSi daculi: ,,rogorc dRes Srapnelebi, raketa da karteCi tyviebTan erTad ,,mociquleben” or mopirdapire banaks Soris, ise Zveli omis dros mociquloben isarni...” (iqve); e.i. 1914 wlisaTvis samxedro SeiaraRebaSi xsenebulia raketac. 5. Semdeg avtori axsenebs Subs: ,,..saca xmaln iqmen velasa, Mmociquloben isarni, Subni iqnevdnen enasa”. 6. Subis enis qneva imave omisa da sisxlis Rvris momaswavebelia” (iqve). ,,mSvild-isarTan dasamiznebi, didi naTesaoba Semosayenebi aqvs fexze da boZalads. dasasxleti. Ees iaraRi Tofis TofiviT msgavss xeze mSvildia dakruli isris gasasrolad: Ggamouqadla ConTama boZaldi mWvartliania”. (iqve) Tu ara vcdebiT, Cveneburi boZaldi igive dRevandeli arbaletis winapari unda iyos. moTavdeba werilis bolos ra eTnografiis avtori kvlav warmodgena istoriul procesebSi, zneobriobaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas: ,,sabuTad da safuZvlad omisa Zvelad, rogorc dRes dedamiwa, mamuli iTvleboda.” swored amitom uxdebodaT qarTvelebs brZola aTasi juris mterTan, rom mamul-deduli, sakuTari teritoria SeenarCunebinaT. qarTveli eri ,,sxvas ar etaneboda waeglija ram, Saeviwroebina sxva eri...”Semdeg ki nikoloz baraTaSviliseuli intonacia igrZnoba vaJas komentarSi: ,,..exlandeli mefeni, qveynis mmarTvelni, marto imas ki ar sjerdebian, 240 sakuTari teritoria daicvan, sxvis sakuTrebas ebRauWebian da scdiloben, rac SeiZleba meti erTma wahglijos meoresa, miiTvisos” (34,444). ra aqebs da brwyinvaled exmianeba es sityvebi Cvens dRevandelobas. saxelmwifoebrivi viTarebis daxasiaTebis Semdeg poeti adidebs vaJkacobas. qarTveli moleqse, qarTveli kaci ,,yvela sxva unarze win gulovanoba-vaJkacobas ayenebs... puradobac vaJkacobas ayenebs... puradobac vaJkacobaa, magram guladoba samjer metia: vaJkacs puradze-guladi samis gafreniT metia.” (iqve). Aam werilis ganxilvisas vsargeblobdiT ra ,,axali istorizmis” principebiT, dasturdeba am mimarTulebis specifikuri Tvisebebi: ,,es axali mimarTuleba gamoirCeoda istoriaze, kulturaze, instituciebze, genderul da klasobriv sakiTxebze, socialur konteqstsa da materialur bazisze orientaciiT” (54,259). rodesac vaJas publicistikaze saaubrisas gamoviyeneT ,,axali istorizmisa” da ,,recefciuli esTetikis” principebi, vcdilobdiT vaJafSavelas SemoqmedebiTi interesebis erTi, magram mniSvnelovani aspeqti, gagveSuqebina Tanamedrove dasavlur filologiur, esTetikur da fsiqologiur WrilSi. Mmxatvruli azrovnebis istoriaSi cnobilia is faqti, rom mwerali, avtori sxvebze ufro damarwmuneblad ganmartavs xolme Tavis SemoqmedebiT nayofs. Mmocemul SemTxvevaSi did daxmarebas gviwevs uSualod vaJa- fSavela, rodesac brwyinvaled gansazRvravs simarTlis arss mwerlobaSi: ,,simarTle mwerlobaSi ornairad iTqmis, am Tqmas orgvari forma aqvs: erTi poetur-beletristuli da meore-publicisturi. sagani imaTi erTi da igiveacxovreba, misi movlenani, Zveli Tu axali, mizezi am movlenaTa da Sedegi. Ooriveni, vsTqvaT, erTsa da imave WeSmaritebas amboben, erTsa da imave gzas adganan, magram erTis Tqma Zlier Ronieria, xolo meoresi, Tumca simarTlea, magram ver aRelvebs kacis guls da grZnobas pirveliviT. Ees asea imitom, rom poeti azrs tansacmels urCevs, akoxtavebs, alamazebs da yvelasTvis Tvalgul misasvlelss da mosawonars hxdis, xolo publicisti amas ar dasdevs. Ppoeti suraTebiT gvesaubreba, tipsa hqmnis, xSirad idealurs, misabaZavs, iseTs tipebs, romlis msgavsnic unda rom iyvnen poets cxovrebaSi, raTa Seavson misgan TvalSi amoRebuli nakli. 241 Ppublicisti ki cxovrebis movlenaT arkvevs da mis mizezebs uCvenebs” (vaJafSavela ,,rame-rume.” uTariRo). D 242 daskvna vaJa-fSvelam XIX da XX saukuneTa mijnaze did samocianelebTan erTad qarTuli mwerloba, publicistika aqcia am mSfoTvare periodis erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis mZlavr iaraRad. Aam mizniT man qarTul poetur poeziisaTvis sityvas SesZina damaxasiaTebeli amaRlebuli moqalaqeobrivi, xalxuri silaRe, simtkice da simaxvile. Gguram asaTianis TqmiT:-,,vaJa-fSavela iyo is rCeulTa Soris rCeuli, ori epoqis manZilze mimdinare esTetikuri ganviTarebis damagvirgvinebeli poeti, romelmac SesZlo uaRresi, srulyofili formiT gamoexata ,,miwisa” da ,,cis”, ,,nivTierisa” da ,,idealuris”-realisturisa da romantikulis urTierTgamsWvalavi, dramatuli mTlianoba” (6,402). Bbunebrivia, mkvlevars mxedvelobaSi hqonda poetis SemoqmedebiT interesTa farTo speqtri da maTi ganviTarebis mZlavri poeturi energia; naSromis kompleqsuri analizis gziT SeZlebisdagvarad ganvsazRvreT mxatvrul Zeglebsa Tu publicistur werilebSi mxatvrul saxeTa sistemis funqciebi, Janrebs Soris urTierTmimarTebaTa da paralelebis dadgena. aRniSnulia, qarTuli rom vaJa-fSavelas miTologiuri, xalxuri Semoqmedeba poeturi Tu amozrdilia, klasikuri rogorc mwerlobis mZlavri fesvebidan. Mmwerali SemoqmedebiTad iyenebs amas ara mxolod saTqmelis, siRrmeebs gamoxatvis da safanelad, maRalmxatvrulad aramed ukavSirebs, maTSi Wvrets ezoTerul socio-zneobriv, istoriul movlenebs, mimdinare drois aqtualur sakiTxebs. Mmaqsimalurad vcdilobdiT vaJas lirikaSi, eposSi, dramaturgiaSi, publicistikaSi zRapruli Tu igavuri stilis, tipologiis formaTa gamovlenas. ganxilulia vaJas mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweoba da konkretuli saxe-xatis safuZvelze e.pos ,,yoranis” Targmani vaJas mier. naSromSi publicistikis, sakiTxebi. Cven Semoqmedebis kompleqsurad Targmanis problematikisa vcdilobdiT irgvliv gaanalizebulia, konkretulad gamoTqmuli da lirikis, eposis, mxatvruli gangvexila mosazrebani dramis, struqturis vaJa-fSavelas qarTul literaturismcodneobaSi. warmodgenili masaliTac, vfiqrobT warmoCenilia is realoba, rom didi vaJa-fSavela aris msoflio rangis moazrovne Semoqmedi. 243 gamoyenebuli literatura 1. abaSiZe k. etiudebi, ,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi. 1970; 2. abzianiZe z. edgar pos Targmna da ,,amiranis xmali”, gaz. ,,Tbilisi”, 1961 wlis 27 ivlisi; 3. abramsi m. h. fsiqologiuri da fsiqoanalitikuri kritika. ,,sjani”, IV, Tbilisi, 2003; 4. abulaZe ilia. Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni (masalebi), ,,mecniereba”, Tbilisi, 1973; 5. avaliani l. vaJa-fSavela-,,saqarTvelos ocnebis” mTargmneli.” vaJa- fSvelas xsovnisadmi miZRvnili krebuli, vaJa-fSavelas kabineti, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1966; 6. asaTiani g. saukunis poetebi, Tbilisi, 1988; 7. balanCivaZe r., asaTiani r., pedagogikis filosofiuri safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, 1997; 8. baraTaSvili n. Cveni saunje, VI, gamomc.,,nakaduli”, 1960; 9. baraTaSvili n. Txzulebani, ,gamomc. ,, sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi, 1968; 10. benaSvili d. vaJa-fSavela. Semoqmedi da moazrovne, gamomc. ,,sabWoTa mwerali”, Tbilisi, 1961; 11. beJitaZe m. SurisZiebis motivebi vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi. vaJas krebuli II, vaJa-fSavelas kabineti, univ. gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1982; 12. biblia, axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, gadamuSavebuli gamocema, stokholmi,1991; 13. bogdanovi a.n. literaturuli Janrebi, literaturis Teoria. esTetika, gamomc. ,,sovetski pisateli”. 1970w. (rus); 14. didi sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.21, gamomc. ,,sovetskaia enciklopedia”, moskovi, 1975; 15. boZaSvili l. fSavi da fSavlebi, gamomc. ,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi, 1988; 16. bregaZe l. fsiqoanalizi da mxatvruli Semoqmedeba, literaturis Teoria. XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobebi. SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis istoriis instituti, Tbilisi, 2006; 17. bregaZe l. recefciuli esTeTika. iqve; 244 18. gabeskiria v. frinvel-cxovelTa samyaro da vaJa-fSavela, qarTveli mwerlebi vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2003; 19. gaCeCilaZe g. mxatvruli Targmnis Teoriis sakiTxebi, realisturi Targmnis problema, ,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi, 1951; 20. gawerelia tomad, ak. t.IV vaJa-fSavela. (XIX qarTuli saukunis meore literaturis naxevari), istoria gamomc. eqvs ,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi, 1974; 21. gawerelia ak. Ppoeturi sakiTxebisaTvis. gamoTqmebis Krebuli ,,poezia istoriuli da modifikaciis stilistika”, gamomc. ,,mecniereba”, 1977; 22. giorgi aToneli, qebiT didebai, Cveni saunje I, ,,nakaduli”, Tbilisi, 1960. 23. gociriZe d. frazuli teqstebis tipologiuri interpretaciis principebi, Tsu, Tbilisi 1988 (rus); 24. grigalaSvili l. vaJa-fSavelas poemaTa fabulis sakiTxi. Ix. vaJas krebuli II, gamomc. ,,Tsu”, Tbilisi, 1989w, 486gv 25. guramiSvili d. daviTiani, Cveni saunje, V, nakaduli, Tbilisi, 1960; 26. daviTiani ak. qarTuli enis sintaqsi, I, gamomc ,,ganaTleba”, Tbilisi, 1973; 27. evgeniZe i. vaJa-fSavela (cxovrebisa da SemoqmedebiTi istoriis sakiTxebi), Tsu, gamomcemloba Tbilisi, 1989; 28. elizarova m., m. giJdeu da sxva. XIXsaukunis sazRvargareTuli literaturis istoria, gamomc ,, ganaTleba”, Tbilisi, 1973; 29. vaJa-fSavela, t.VII, eTnografia, folklori, kritika, publicistika, korespondencia, (al. abaSelis redaqciiT), gamomc. ,,saxelgami”, Tbilisi, 1947. 30. vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad. t.I, leqsebi, gamomc ,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi, 1961; 31. vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad. t.II. poemebi, gamomc. ,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi, 1961; 32. vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad, t. III, moTxrobebi, ,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi, 1961; 33. vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad, t.IV, moTxrobebi, dramaturgia, ,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi, 1961; 245 34. vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad, t.V, publicistika, ,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi, 1961; 35. vaJa-fSavelas xuTi poema, vaJas kabineti, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1975; 36. vasilievis, gaiduki dm; mistikuri terminebis enciklopedia, gamomc ,,liga”, mosk. 1997; 37. zandukeli m. Txzulebani, V, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1989; 38. zandukeli f. werilebi sabavSvo folklorze, ,,nakaduli”, Tbilisi, 1980; 39. TvaraZe r. gadasaxedi, mwerloba. religiuri filosofia. istoria, gamomc. ,,saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi, 1997; 40. iakobis samreklo, gamomc. ,,ganaTleba”, Tbilisi, 1990; 41. ioane zosime, qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai, Cveni saunje, I, nakaduli, Tbilisi, 1960; 42. iungi k.-g. analizuri fsiqologiis safuZvlebi, sizmrebi, Tbilisi, 1995; 43. kankava l. vaJas Targmnili ,,qalis mTa”, vaJa-fSavelas xsovnisadmi miZRvnili krebuli, vaJa-fSavelas kabineti, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1966; 44. kvaracxelia g. mxatvruli enis Seswavlis lingvisturi aspeqtebi, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1995; 45. kvaracxelia g. vaJa-fSavela axali poeziis saTaveebTan, ,,sjani” IV, yovelwliuri literaturul-Teoriuli samecniero krebuli, Tbilisi, 2003; 46. kvaWaZe l. qarTuli enis sintaqsi, ganaTleba, Tbilisi, 1966; 47. kiknaZe gr. Mmetyvelebis stilis sakiTxebi, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1957; 48. kiknaZe gr. 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SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis istoriis instituti, Tbilisi, 2006; 55. lomiZe givi, komediis Janrobrivi Taviseburebis problema, Tbilisi, 1969; 56. lomiZe givi, dramis Teoria XIX saukunis qarTul mxatvrul kritikasa esTetikur naazrevSi, Tbilisi, 1984; 57. loria al. kiTxvis fsiqologiuri kvlevis Sesaxeb (biblio fsiqologia), Tbilisi, 1979; 58. locvani. saRvTo wirva. Wyondideli mitropolitis (SalamberiZis) locva-kurTxeviT, Sesworebuli da Sevsebuli gamocema, Tbilisi; 59. minaSvili vl. ilia WavWavaZe, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1995; 60. minaSvili vl. TviTgameorebani, sxvaTa Tqmebi, aforizmebi, vaJa- fSavelas xuTi poema, vaJas kabineti, gamomcemloba,,Tsu”, 1975; 61. merkvilaZe g. ,,meoce saukunis qarTuli lirikis narkvevebi, ,,mecniereba”, Tbilisi, 1971; 62. nadiraSvili S. pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia, universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1984; 63. naTaZe r. zogadi fsiqologia, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1977; 64. nakaSiZe T, gorgaZe i. vaJa-fSavela, bibliografia (1879-1979), Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1987; 65. neimani al. qarTuli enis sinonimTa leqsikoni, sabWoTa mwerloba, Tbilisi, 1961; 66. nikolaiSvili n, vaJaseuli Targmani polonuridan, gaz. ,,Tbilisi”, 1961 wlis 22 ivlisi; 247 67. papava ak. Gguldakodili arwivi. vaJas poezia, ,,qarTveli mwerlebi vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb”, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2003; 68. po edgar alan, kompoziciis filosofia. eseebi, inglisurad Targmnes paata da rostom CxeiZeebma, ,,merani”, Tbilisi, 1989; 69. pospelovi g.n; nikolaevi p.a; literaturismcodneobis Sesavali,,visSaia Skola”, moskovi, 1996; 70. propi vl. zRapris morfologia. m. karbelaSvilis Targmani, gamomc. ,,mecniereba”, Tbilisi, 1984; 71. Jordania s. poeturi enis sakiTxisaTvis vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi. vaJas krebuli II, Tsu gamomcemloba, vaJas kabineti, Tbilisi, 1982; 72. ratiani i. tomas sternz elioti da inglisuri literaturis novatoruli kvleva. Ggamomc. ,,zekari”, 2006; 73. rusTaveli SoTa, vefxistyaosani (al. baramiZis, k. kekeliZis, ak. 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II, werilebi literaturasa da xelovnebaze, literatura da xelovneba, Tbilisi, 1966; 84. uruSaZe n. vaJa-fSavela qarTul scenaze, vaJa-fSavelas xsovnisadmi miZRvnili krebuli, vaJas kabineti ,YTug , Tbilsi, 1966; 248 85. fili j. niSanTa da simboloebis enciklopedia, gamomc. ,,enciklopedia”, moskovi, 1996; 86. qarTveli mwerlebi vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb, vaJas kabineti, Tbilisis saxelmwifu universiteti, Tbilisi, 2003; 87. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, V, mecn. Aakad. gamomc., Tbilisi, 1968; 88. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, VIII, mecn. Aakad. gamomc., 1962; 89. qarTuli xalxuri poezia, III, ,,mecniereba”, Tbilisi, 1974; 90. qarTuli xalxuri poezia, VIII, ,,mecniereba”, Tbilisi, 1979; 91. qarTuli xalxuri poezia, qrestomaTia, sax. un. Ggamomc. 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_ batono zaza, ra aris mizezi, rom
dRes gvaqvs is ori media da mesame, romelic
sasurvelia, jer ar Cans...
zaza firaliSvili _ 90-ian
wlebSi gabatonda tendencia, romelic
dRes mTel Cvens media-sivrces...