vm. CHEMISTRY

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vm. CHEMISTRY- CHEMIE
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-
-
-
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TO READ CHEMICAL
ELEMENTS IN ENGLISH
==============================================
HOW
a,ymbol
Atomic
Number
Name
1n Czech
1n English
Ac
89
Actinium
Ag
Al
47
13
Silver
I's;lvaI
Aluminium'
I,a:!lju'minjamI
am.: Aluminum
StHbro
Aluminium
Americium
Americium
Am
1~k'tiniamI
Aktinium
Iame'risiamI
A
9$
lB
As
))
Argon
I a:.ganI
Arsenic'I'a:snik1
Argon
Arsen
At
Au
85
Astatium
79
Gold
I' gouldI
v n~zvech slou~enln
Astat(in)
Zlato
B
Be
5
56
4
B1
8'
Bk
Br
97
Be
C
C8
Cd
Ce
Cf
Cl
Cm
Co
Cr
Cs
Cu
)5
6
20
48
58
98
17
96
27
24
55
29
Dy
66
En, Es
Er
99
68
6)
9
26
Eu
F
Fe
Fm
Fr
100
87
,
.
Boron
Barium
.
las
I'bo:ronI
.
,
,
teit1amI
t~!:
Aurum
,
I o:ramI
Bor
.
I bearlamI
.
Beryllium
lba
,
Baryum
Beryllium
Vizmut
r111amI
Bis~uth
1'bizmaeI
.
,.
Berkelium
100.: kelljamI
Bromine
I'broumi:n
(-sin)I
Carbon I'ka:benI
. .,
Calcium I ~8i9mI
Uhl:(k
V~pnik
Kadmium
Cer
1'piariamI
Californium
Chlorine
Curium
Cobalt
Brom
I'kredmiamI
Cadmium
Cerium
Berkelium
Kaiifornium
I,krell'fo:njamI
I'klo:ri:iu
Chlor
Curium
1'kjuariamI
1ko'bo:ltI
Kobalt
,
.
Chroanlum I kroumiamI
Chrome 1'kroumI
Caesium I'si:ziamI
,
Copper
I kopaI
Cuprum
I.'kJu:pramI
Chrom
.
Dysprosium
Idis'prouziamI
Einsteinium
Iairi'stainiamI
Erbium
I'a:biamI
Dyprosium
Einsteinium
Europium
Fluorine
Europium
Fluor
,
1jua'roupiamI
I'fluari:nI
Iron
I aianI
v n~zvech slou~enin
Fermium
Francium
Erbium
I'fa:mjamI
I'~siamI
U!:
Ferrum
,
~elezo
I feramI
Fermium
Francium
S.ymbol
Ga
Gd
Ge
Atomic
Number
H
:n
64
J2
I
He
2
Name
in English
in Czech
Gallium r'liamr
Gallium
Gadolinium
Gadolinium
Germanium
r,da'liniamI
Germanium
rdze: 'meiniamI
Hydrogen I'haidridzanI
Helium I'hi:liamI
Vodik
Helium
Hi'
72
Hafnium
I'ha:fniamI
Hafnium.
Hg
Ho
80
I'ma:kjuriI
r 'houlmiamI
Rtut
67
Mercury
Holmium
In
49
Indium r'indiamI
rr
I
K
Kr
La
Lw
71
53
19
36
57
103
Li
J
Lu
71
Md, Mv
Mg
Mn
Mo
N
Na
Nb Cb
Potassium
Ipa'ejamI
Krypton I'kriptanI
.Draslik
Krypton
Lanthan
Lanthanum. r'lrenganamI
Lawrentium 1,10: 'rentiamI
12
25
42
Lithium
Lutecium
Lutecium
llu'ti:§iamI
I,menda'll:viamI
Mendelevium
Magnesium
Ioreg'ni:ziamI
Magnesium
Manganese
r/a'ni:zI
Maan
Molybden
Dusik
Molybdenum
7
Lawrentium-
Lithium I'ligiamI
Mendelevium
Ima '11bdinamI
r'naitridzanI
Nitrogen
-
Indium
Iridium
Jod
Iridium rai'ridiamI
Iodine r'aiadi:nI
101
I
Holmium
11
Sodium I'soudjamI
Sodik
41
Niobium
Niob.
insi'9ubiamI
.
Columbium Ika lambiamI
Nd
Ne
60
10
Neodymium Inia'dimiamI
Neon I'ni:onI .
Neodym
Ni
28
Nickel
Nikl
No
102
93
8
76
15
91
82
Np
0
Os
P
Pa
Pb
I' niklI
.
Nobelium
Neptunium
I
Inep.'tju: niamI
Neptunium
Kysl!k
Osmium
Fosf'or
Protaktinium
Olovo
Oxygen I'oksidnI
Osmium I'ozmiamI
I'f'osf'arasI
Phosphorus
,
,
Protactinium I prouk tiniamI
Lead I'led!
46
Palladium
Pm
61
Prometheum
Po
Polonium
Pu
84
59
78
94
Ra
88
Radium
Rb
'J1
Rubidium
Pr
pt
Nobelium
I,nou'bi:liamI
v nazvech sloucenin tz:
Pd
Neon
.
Ipa'leidiamI
Ipra'mi:giamI
.
,
Ipa louniamI
Praseodymi um
.
,
,
I,prreziadimiamI
PIa tinum
I p1retinamI
Plutonium
Iplu: 'tounjamI
I'reidiainI
Iru'bidiamI
,
.
Re
75
Rhenium I ri:niamI
Rh
Rn
Ru
45
86
44
Rhodium I'roudiamI
,
,
Radon I
dan, reidanI
Ruthenium
Pumbum
I plambamI
Iru: 'giniamI
Palladium
.
Prometheum
Polonium
Prazeodym
Platina
Plutonium
Radium
Rubidium
Rhenium
Rhodium
Radon
Ruthenium
C
I
!
mhol
Atomic
Number
Name
in English
1
16
lib
'0
51
21
"0
'14
J4
14
"11\,
62
Samarium
50
Tin I'tinI
v nazvech slouenin.t:
So
IIn
.:in Czech
I'salfaI
Sulphur
Antimony"A I'rentimanlI
Sira
Antimon
Scandium
Selenium
Skandlum
Selen
Silicon
I'ska!ndjamI
Isi 'UnjamI
I'sllikanI
Kremik
Isa'ma:riamI
Samarium
Cin
Sannum
I sta!namI
..,
J8
Strontium
'r
7J
Tantalum
65
43
Terbium
Technecium
Thorium
Titan.
I'atronUamI
Stroncium
Tantal
I'trentalamI
'1'0
52
Terbium
I'ta:biamI
Technecium
Itek'niiamI
Tellurium Ite'ljuarlamI
'1'1'
'JIJ.
90
22
Thorium I'eo:riamI
Titanium Itai'teiniamI
'1
81
Thallium
'JIm
69
U
92
2J
'1'1)
'1'0
V
74
54
J9
70
JO
40
VI
X.
y
YtI
In
,...
I'
,
Tellur
l1amI
Thallium
Thullium I eju:l1amI
. Uranium
Ijua'relniamI
Vanadium
Thulium
Uran
Vanad
Iva 'neidiamI
Tungsten
I'tapstanI
Xenon IizenonI
Yttrium
I'itriamI
ytterbium U'ta:biamI
Zinc I ' zipkI
,
.
Zirconium. Iza kouniamI
Wolfram, Tungsten
Xenon
yttrium
Ytterbium
Zinek Zirkon
9
POZNAMKY
KE lSTENl CHEMIrnCH SYMBOLttA N1zvtt V ANGLIlSTIm:
======================================~==========================
Zneky ehemickych prvIro se Hou i>odobn~ jako pismena
.,
I
I
° I ouI;
H I ei~I;
S I esI;
Stoji-l1
2 H20
pI'>ed zna~kou prvku
- . two molecules
Znam~nka
+
H
+
md~e znamenat
molekuly
",
a
zna~ kladnou
univalent
positive
napr.:.
nebo moly, napf.:
of H20
av ei~ tQ:
, I tu:
, . mol1kjulz
",
I tu: moulz av ei~ tu: ouI
- two-moles of H20
i
.
~islice,"
angUck~ abecedy,
,
,
Si I as ail
ouI
a zapornou valenei iontu:
,
,
,
hydrogen ion I,juni veilant pozitiv haidrid~an
'aianI
jednomocny kladny iont vodiku
divalent po~itive copper ion
dvoum.ocnykladnY iont m~di
Al+++
,
~dai veilant
,
,
pozitiv
tervalent (trivalent) positive aluminium ion
,
,
,--,
(tre.iveilant) pozit1v ,relju minjam aianI
,.
,
koper aianI
Ita: 'veilant
trojmocnY kladnY iont alumin1a
D
CI-
- negative univalent chlorine ion I'negetiv
, aianI
dporn!
juni'vellent
'lclo:r1:J'
jednomocnt font chlora
4)Dal~:Cmocenstv:C se vyjadfuje pomoc1:pf':Cslu§n~
pfedpony
.18
,
, ,+-'Valeni. Pfbvuk
v!dy na slovA "valent", napf.:
tetraItetre-I
tetravalent
penta- Ipenta-I
pentavalent
tetravalent
Itetra
~~cnt
p~timocnt
hexa-
Iheksa-I
hexavalent-
i!lestimocn~
heptaoct~-
Ihepte-I
Iokta-!
heptevalent
octavalent
sedmimocn~
osmimocnt
5) Zna~ka
NH2
cAt2
6) Znak
-
vellentI
znamenli vazbu med atom.y a n8~t8 S8:
bond be"tween nitrogen and carbon atoms
I 'bondbi 'tn: n 'nei tridlen end 'p: ban 'tetamzI
+
znamenli:
plus
I' plasI
together with
Ita
,
ge~
'fibI
give I'givl
form
!' f'o:-mI
give
I' g1v:r
9) Znak ~
znemen4:
e
de"!' tvof1
,
pass over to I'pa:e
lead to
p1~
epolut
I'litd
tal
daj.t
ouva tal pfechlizej:C
vedou k
'
:forme I' fo: mzI
is formed Iiz'
to: mdI
-
do
tvof:!
--
tvof:C se,. vznikne
10) Pro l§ten:l n~kter!ch
t.yplck1ch pHpon v ntizvech chemick!ch 8lou~enfn nen:C momo
etanovi t ~asto jednotnou vyslovnost.
Jednak se zde uplatnuje
profesioMln:l
v!elovnost,
usus, jednek vIi" celkov~ch v~810vnostn:Cch,tendenc1
anglil§tin.yt
jednak md!e p6so:t>1t i vl1v amer1ck~ angl1~tin.y.
Pro jednu p:Uponu lze, proto'
~a8tonaj:(t
1 n~kol1kerou _v~slovnost. Raprv4m m:(sU je uvedena v~slpvn~st pro
chemiky nejbUri~ji!l:(, 1 kdy~ se n~kde lU:( od bUn~ vyslovl1ost1.
"
chemick1.usus
pf:Cpone
bri t.
-ene
acetylene,
I-l:nI
eth,ylene,'fluorene,
I-elnI
-ane
butane, propane, methane
-i te
fluorite,
-lne
I-l:nI
~-~:nI
napthalene,
I -einI
I-al tI
,chlorite,
eulphite
-yl
I-ill
am.yl" benzyl, methyl, ethyl
Je zde ~ast4 kol:Cst1n:l1-111
I-l:nI
pyrldlne" fluorine,
benzine
chemick~ usus
am.
b~!nIi ~slovno~t
toluene,
10.2.
10.'. -
I-ait;[
]:-ai tI
I-al11,
lo.-i.
I~i:nI
benzene
10.4.
1-111
a I-alII.
I-ainI
eth,ylamine, phosphine,
I
I-i:nI
bromine, chlorine,
"
I-ainI
aniline,
m~thylamine, iodine
U n~kterych nt1zv6 v!elovnoet
kol:Csti.
U n~kter~ch
benzlne
-lde
-
~vojic md!e docht1zet pro toto!nou
benzene
fluorine
I-aidI;
U:dI
I-ald!
'
vyslovnost
k nejasnostem:
fluorene
-
10.5.
iodine
.
chpm1ckj
pHpona
usus
b~~nd v1s1ovnost
hrit.
chemicky ueu8
em.
I-idI
Vjs1ovnostI-61~I byv~ u nnorp~n1ckycha orgnnlckych slou~enin.I-i:dI u nAkterych
orFsn1ckych91ou~enln.hI. nn -amide.
I-aidI
hydr1de, chloride, iodide, peroxide, sulphide. oxide. bromide.
hydroxide, sAchar1de
f1uor1de, nitrnmide. trifluoride
1-1: dT
-ate
I-itI; J-(:itI
J-eHI;
I-it!
I-eit!; I-itI
I-e1tI
10.7.
per:'ful.,lInte.
sulphate
I-itI; I-eitI acetste. perchlorate. potassium chlorate. dichromate, carbonate
Vjslovnost velmi kol!e~.
II) P~fzvuk u slov bez pfedpon byv~ na po~~t~u slove, napr.: 'cadmium, 'fluorine,
"sulphite.
12) Np.ptfzvl1~n~ slabiky se ~asto neredukuJ!.napf.: phenol I'fl:nolI, boron
I"bo: ronI.
1)) Pfp.dpo~yjeou ~eeto bez (hlevn!ho) pfizvuku:
dioxide Jdal'okealdI, monoxide Imo'noksaldI,
tr'bromlde Itrai'broumaldI,
tetraoxide Itotr'okssidI, subsulphide Issb'salfa1dI, hydroxide Ihai'drokseldI
14) P~fpony:
-ncic. -alie. -anlc, -arie, -elic, -enle, -eric, -etic, -idic, -ilic,
-inic, -islc.
-ic:
-onic,
carbonic
Vyjimka:
-opic, -oric
Ika: 'bonikI,
I'klorlkI
a) acetic IA'slstlkI, cetlc Isl:tikI, cerie IslsrikI
b) ptidavn~ jm~n8 odvozen~ od nenesyeenych uhlovodanO
15) Ptfdavn~ jm~na zakon~en~ ne -lc
ce predeh~zejtei -lc:
16) Slovo
maJi ve vyslovnostl kr~tkou samohl~skupfed
ehlorie
valent
pentavalent
carbonlc
maji pfizvuk na pfedposledni sloblce, tj. alabl~
,
Ika: bonikI, ehloric I klorlkI
ve spojeni s pfedponam1 je v~dy pfizvu~n~:
Ipenta'veilantI
17) V omerick~ a britsk~ anB1l~tln~ mohou byt odchylky v pravopise jednotl1vych Blov,
nRp~.:
aluminum
aluminium
am.
brit.
protoactinium
protactinium
zJednoduAuje se ou f ( Bulfite)
skuplna -ph- (sulphlte)
10
ANOLICKA CHEMICKA NOMENKLATURA
===:=====::==:======::==========
KY8ll~niky
(Oxides)
P~i tvoteni ndzvu
ky8li~niku je dOle~1ty pfedevAim po~et kysli~nikO, ktery je da-
ny prvek schopen tvotit.
1) Tvof!-ll prvek pouze jaden
ky8li~nik, pak ns prv~m mistA v n~zvu je n~zev dan~ho
prvku, katlontu, s to bez zm~~y (bez ohledu ns mocenstvi prvku) a na druh~m mist~
vjraz
"~"
I'oksaidI
Al20)
-
aluminium oxide
(kys1. h1inlty)
~
2) Jestli~e danY prvek m~~e vytvotit
cenetvi:
a) ptedponsmi ,mon(o)-
kysli~n!kO ne~ jeden,.roz11!ujeme mo-
I'mona-, 'mono-,
'monou-1,
"
~-
1dai-1,
!£!Itrai-1,
,
hex(s)- 1 hekea-,
tetr(a)- I tetra-I, pent(a)- I penta-, pen ~-1,
hek ,~1,
hept(a )'
- I heptaw, hep ,~-1, oct(a)jujeme v jedno slovo a vYrazem oxide r'okaaidI
N02
-
n1trogen ~ox1de
I "okta-, ok ~I,
(kyal. due1~1t$)
N20, -
n1trogen !£10x1de
(kyal. dueit$)
N205
nitrogen pentoxide
(kysl. dus1~nY)
-~
b) ptiponam1
-
kter~ epo-
I-asI (pro ni!!i mocenstvi)a
-1£ 1-1kI (pro vy!!i mo-
~_
censtvt), kter~ ptipojujeme k n'zvu kationtu bua pro roz11!en! kysli~n!kO
pu R20 a RO nebo tehdy, netvoti-li danY prvek vice ne! dva kysli~niky.
Tyto ptipony lze pf1pojovat pouze k latinsk$m n4zvOm prvkOa
N20
NO
c) predponou
-
nitrous oxide
nitric oxide
sesQui-
I'aeskw1-1
(kysl. duanY)
(kysl. dusnat$)
k n'zvu oxide pro ozna~en! kysli~k~
~pu
R20J:
M~O, - manganese sesquioxide (kysl. mangan1t$)
d) pfedponou ~I'sab-I
nebo ~I'hemi-1 pro ozna~en!kys11~n!ku
s ni!!im mocenetvim net je u dan~ho prvku b6!n~:
Pb20
e) pfedponou
perH202
,) Kysli~niky
s dvoji
lead suboxide,lead hemiox1de
-
1pa-1
-
nebo
super- 1'sju(:)pa-I
Qydroxen"peroxide, hydrogen auperoxide
valenci
prvkO
(kya11~nik
K y s e 1 i n y
se ozna~uji
ferriferrous
Fe,04
k ozna~en! pero~dO:
oxide,
spojenim
nazvu
ferrosoferric
~bou
kysli~n!kO:
ox1de
!eleznato-!elez1t$)
(Acids)
1) ~sel1nY bezkyslikat~ tvotime:
a) pfiponou -~
I-1kI a vYrazem
HCI
HJ
"acid"
-
hydrochloric
ac1d
-
Qydro1od1c ac1d
I'~s1dI:
(kys.
chlorovodikov4>
(kys. jodoyodikov4)
b) nebo je pova!ujeme za slou~en1ny vodiku a tvofime n4zev obdobnA jako u
kysI1~nikO:
HCl
HJ
-
hydrogen chloride (chlorovodik)
-
hydrogen
10d1de
(jodovodik)
2) KYselinv kysl!kat~:
pro vytvofen! n'zvu je op~t rozhoduj!c! po~et mo!njch kyse11n:
a)
pokud existuje pouze ~edns maIn' kyse11ns, tvot!me n4zev pfiponou
H2CO, -
carbon1c"scid
-1£
1-1kI
(kys. uhl1~1t')
b) pokud jsou mo~n~ pouze 9!! kyseliny, obdobnA jako u kysli~nikO pf!pons -~
I-asI ozns~uje n1!!i kyselinu, pt!pona -~
I-1kI ozna~uje vyAAi kyselinu:
HN02
-
n1trous acid
(kys. dusit'>
HNO,
-
nitric acid
(kys. dusi~na)
c) pokud denY prvek tvoti vice ne! dv~ kyeeIi~, pro nejni!A1 kyselinu
pou!1jeme
vedlep~1po~
-oue
I-~8I
jeAt~ ptedponu
~~
I'heip~u-I,
'~ro nejvyAA1
vedle ptipo~
-lc
I-ik1
p~edponu
per- Ipe-I:
HCIO
- hypochlorous
acid
(kys. chlom4)
HCIO, HCl02
HCl04
chlorous
ecid
chloric
acid
perchloric
ecid
d) oMobn~ jakov ~esk~m n4zvoslovi
,
"
QrthoI oQa-,
oQou-, 0 90-1,
(kye.
(kye.
(kys.
pou!iv4 angl1~tlna
,
BD:2,- I pairou-1,
HPO, - metaphosphoricacid
H,P04
-
H4P207 H,PS.
H4P206
Z 4 /I 8 ~ Y
-
-
chlorit4)
chlore~n4)
chlorist4)
(kys. met8fosfore~n4)
acid (kys.
orthophospboric
pyrophosphoric
thiophosphor1c
hypophoephoric
pfedpon m!1RI'mete-I
,
~I QaiouI
acid
acld
acid
(kye.
(kys.
(kye.
orthofosfore~n')
pyrofosfore~n')
thiofosfore~n')
hypo1'oefore~n')
(H.y~roxide8)
Ang11ckj vtraz
hYdroxide
ee obdobn~ jakeu kya11~n!kO epoJu-
Iha1'droks81dI
jet
1) " nezm~n~n1mn&zvemk$tiontu, pokud existuje pouze ~
z'eada:
(hydrox1d eodn1)
NaOH - sodium hydroxide
2) prvek dostane pfiponu
-ous
I-esI
nebo
-1£
1-ikI
krozl1Aen1
nil!1hoe
vyAAiho mocenetv1:
Fe(OH)2
-
ferrous
Fe20,.H20
-
ferric
hydroxide
hydroxide
,) u n~kter,!chz4sad 8e d08Ud pou!!vej! star!i
I'ko:stikI (!1rev'!):
"caustic"
NaOK
- CQustic sode
KOH
S
1
0
1 i
-
(hydrox1d
!eleznat,!)
(hydroxid
!elez1t'!)
n4zvy, vytvofen4 pomoc! vf,rezu
caustic potash
(!1rev,!natron)
(!:(rav4
dre.slo)
(Salts)
.
1) SQ11 bezkye1:!ket1ch 08el1n:
provytvofeni jejich n4zvu rozhodujepp~t po~et mo!ntch sol:(:
1. U kat10ntd,vytv4feJidch bHn~ adl jen v .1ednommocenstvi, tvoH
88 n4zev'
oMobn~ jako u ky811~n!kd:
kst10nt
zOst4v4 baze Z~I\Y a n4zev vytvofime
z aniontu pfid4n1m koncovKy -ide
1-a141:
NaCl
- sodium chloride
(chlorid80dn$)
2. Tvof1-li
kstiont
eoli
8) pfipoJuJeme pfedpo~
!t!Itrai1
std.:
FeS
-
FeS2
-
b) nebopf1po~
FeC12
FeCl,
d)
-oue
-
0
mocenetvich, pek steJnl Jako u kys11~n1kO
,
,
,
mono- I mone-, mono-, monou-I, ~Ida1I,
rOzn,!ch
ironmonosulphlde(s1rnik!eleznatt)
1ron dieuIph1de
(sirn1k !e~~U1tf/:.U~7>.
I-esl
a -1£ I-1kI
k n4zvu kationtu:
ferrous chloride (chlor1d !eleznat,!)
ferric chloride
(chlor1d
-
iron (III)-chloride
0(
.
~imskou ~islic1:
(chlorid !elezit,!)
,
vr' -?1.::~.~/
!elez1t,!)
mocenstv! kovu ve 8lou~enin~je mo!no t~! ozns~it pfeen~
FeCl,
.
2) 5011 kyslikat~ch kysel1n:
tak,
z ozna~eni
n~zev
vytvotime
-ous
-~
I-asI zam~n!me p~iponou -1!! I-aitI, p~!ponu -ie I-ikI p~!ponou
I-itI, pti~em! zachovavame i ptislu!n4 ptedpony hypo- a perhypochlorous acid - hypochlor11! (hypoehlorit)
ch10rou8 acid chlor11! (ch1oriten, chlorit)
!e vyjdeme
chloric
perch10ric
acid
acid
-
odpovidajicich ~8elin
chlorate
perch10r~
a p~iponu
(chloreenan, ehlorat)
(ch10ristan)
11
HOW TO READ CHn.!ICAL FORMULASOF INOmANIC
.
,
Aluminium bromide
NH4C02NH2
NH40H
Ammonium
carbamate
1a'mounjam 'ka:~eltI
,
,
Ammonium
hydroxlde
Ia mounjam
SbBr,
SbC15
Antlmo"1
tribromide
Deutero
ammonia
I,ooljuminjam
broumaidI
I,~lju'minjam
'klozraldI
~
I'dju:tara a'mounjaI
Chlorld
hlinit'J
hlinlt'J
-'d-
hal droksaldI
,
Bromid
Deuteroamoniak,
amonlak
Karbamiden amo~
l;Iydroxid
amo~
(epavek)
,
. .
I oontimeni trai broumaldI
,
AntimO"1 pentachloride
EXAMPLES
,
AlBr,
AlCl,
ND,
Alumlnium chloride
COMPOUNDS
,
Bromid antlmonity
I oontimani ,penta klozraldI
Chlor1d antimoni~n'J
SbI,
Sb20,
AsBr,
AsH,
Be12
BiBr,
BBr,
CdO
Antimo"1 tr1iodide l'oont1mani tra1'aiada1dI
Antlmo"1 trioxide l'oontimani trai'oksaldI
Areenic tribrom1de Ia: 'senik trai'brouma1dI
Arsine I'a:si:nI
Jodld antlmonity
Kys1l~nik antimonity
Bromid areenit'J
Arsenovodik
Beryllium iodide Iba'rl1iam 'aiadaidI
Bismuth tr1bromide I'bizmaQ trai'broumaldI
Boron trlbromide I'bo:ron tra1'broumeldI
Jodid berylnaty
Cadmium oxide
Kysl1~n!k kademnaty
Ca(OH)2
CaCO,
Ca(HCO,)2
Calclum hydroxide
Calcium carbonate
C02
CO
Carbon dioxide
C,02
CS2
COO12
C120
CI02
C1206
I'kOOdmiam 'oksaidI
I'~lslam
I'~lsiam
Calcium hydrogen carbonate
'haidrid!an 'ka:ban1tI
hal'droksaldI
'ka:banitI
I'~lsiam
Kysli~n!k uhelnaty
Suboxid uhliku
I'ka:ban mo'noksaidI
I'ka:ban 8ab'oksaidI
"
Carbon dlsulphlde
Hydrox1d vapenaty
Uhli~ltan vapenaty
Kyee1y uhli~itan
vapenaty
Kysli~n!k uhl1~1t'J
I'ka:ban dal'okaaidI
Carbon monoxide
Carbon suboxide
Bromid blzmutit'J
Bromld bor1t'J
,
I ka:ban dai salfaidI
Slrouhlik
,
Phosgene I fosd!i:nI
,
,
Chlorine monoxide I klo:ri:nmo noksaidI
,
,
Fosgen
Kysll~n!k ehloroy
Chlorine dioxide
Kyeli~nik chlorl~lty
,
I k10:ri:n dal oksaldI
,
,
Dlchlorine hexoxide Idal klo:ri:n heks oksaldI
Kysli~n!k ehlorovy
C1207
Cr(CO)6
Chlorine heptoxide I'~lo:ri:n hept'oksaidI
Kyeli~nik chlorlsty
Chromium hexacarbo"1l I 'kroumiam ,heks9 'ka:banllI
Hexakarbonyl chloru
Cr02C12
CoC12
Chromyl chloride
I'kroumil 'klo:raidI
.
Cobaltou8chloride Iko'bo:ltae 'klo:raidI
Chrolll31chlorid
Chlorld kob~ltnaty
,
,
I kju: pras broumaidI
I'ferik 'klo:raidI
Cuprous bromIde
Ferric chloride
Ferrous chloride
I'feras 'klo:raidI
Bromid ~~anY
Chlorid !elezity
Chlorid leleznaty
Chlorovod:lk
Hydrogen chloride
I'haidridlan 'klo:raldI
Hydrochloric acid
I'haidrou'klo:rlk '~sldI
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrofluoric acid
I'haidrid!an 'fluara1dI
Fluorovodik
I'haidrou'fluorik '~sldI
Kysellna £luorovodikova
Hydrogen peroxide
I'haidrid!an pa'roksa1dI
Peroxld vodiku
Sirovodik
Hydrogen sulphide I'haidrid!an 'salfaidI
,
,
Lesd sulphide I led salfaidI
Lithium hydroxide I'li9iam hai'droksaidI
,
,
Manganous chloride Imoop~nas
klo:raidI
,
,
Mercuric chloride
lma: kjuarik klo:ra1dI
Ni tri'c oxide
I' na1 tr1k
Kyse11na chlorovodikov6
Sirnik olovnaty
Hydroxid 11thnY
Chlor1d mangan1~lty
Chlor1d rtutnaty
'oksaidI
Kysl1~nik dusnaty
I'naitras 'oksaidI
Kysl1~nik dusnY
,
, .
Dinitrogen tetroxide Idai naitridlan tet roksaidI
Nitrous oxIde
Kys11~nik
NOCI
r
H,
Nitrosyl chloride
Phosphine
I'naitrasil 'klo:raidI
jS1H4
S102
AgCl
,NoBr
Na-2CO,
NaCl
NeOH
Ifos'founiam 'klo:raidI
SO,
H2S04
H20
chlorid,
I'silikan dai'oksaidI
Kysli~nik ktemi~ity
Silver chloride
I'silva 'klo:raidI
Chlorid stribrny
Sodium bromide
I'soud1am 'broume1dI
Ibai'ka:banitI
Sodium carbonate
Sodium chloride
Sodium hydroxide
Bromid sodnY
Kysely uhli~itan sodny
I'soudiam 'ka:ban1tI
I'soudiam 'klo:raldI
I'soudiam hai'droksaidI
Sulphur dioxide I'salf& dai'oksaidI
Sulphur trioxide I'salfa
trai'oksaldI
,
,
Sulphuric acid Isal fjuarik ~sidI
Water I'wo:taI
S02
Fosfonium
Silan
Silicon dioxide
Bicarbonate
NaHCO,
Nitrosylchlorid
Fos£on
I'fosfi:nI
Phosphonium chloride
Silane I'saileinI
H4Cl
dusi~lty
Uhl1~i tan sodnY
Chlorld sodny
Hydroxid sodnY
Kysli~nik s1ri~1ty
Kysll~n:lk sirovy
Kysel1na s:lrova
Voda
12
-
HOW TO
READ CHEMICAL FORMULAS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
EXAMPLES
================================~==========================~=======:==
Dichlormethane
Idai'klo:rou'mi:eeinI
Formaldehyde Ifo:'~ldihaidI
Formic acid I'£o:mik '~sidI
Methane I'm1:eeinI;
Methanol I'meQanolI
I'meeeinI
Methylamine I'meGil 'eimi:n, 'mi:eail ~i:n,- 'meGil eimainI
Acetylene Ia'setili:nI
Acetonitrile
Ethylene
I'res1tou'ne1trailI
I'eQ11i:nI
Acetaldehyde
I'resat'~ldiha1dI
Dlchlormethan
Formaldehyd
Kyselina mraven~i
Metan
Metanol
Metylamin
Acetylen
Acetonitrll
Etl\.vlen
Acetaldehyd
Acetic acid
1a'sl:t1k 'resld1
Ethylamine l'eell'remlsnI 1'1:ga11-1
Acetone 1'reeltounI
Kyael1na octov~
Ethylamln
Aceton
Propane I'proupelnI
Propene I'proupl:nI
Propylene I'proupl11:nI
Propan
Propen
Propyne
Propln
Propylen
I'proupa1nI
Propyl acetate I'proup11'reslt1tI
Ethylacetate 1'eg11'res1t1tI
Butane
1'bju:telnI
Butyl alcohol
I'bju:tll 'relkaholI
Diethylene glycol Ida1'eG111:n 'gle1koulI
Dlethyl sulphate I~al'ee11 'BalfeitI
.,
,
Diethyl sulphite Ide1 eel1 sa1faltI
D1et~yl sulphIde Ida1'eGl1 'sslfaldI
,
, ~\.l
~
1sobutylamine I~aleou bju:tl1 e~lnI
,
.. "-'
Amyl alcohol I rem11 relkeholI."
=
Propylacet!it
Octan ethylnati
Buten
Butylalkohol
Dlethy1englykol
D1etb,ylsulflit
D1etbylBult'1
t
Dlethy18~1d
I80butyl~m1n
Amylal.koho1
Hexachlorobenzene
I,heksa 'klo:rol1'benz1:nI
,
.,
Pentachlorobenzene I,penta klo:rou benzilnI
Benzene I'benzl:nI
He~echlorben£en'
Pentechlorbenzen
Benzeh'
Chloroenll1ne
Chloran1.11h
I'klo:rol1'renl1s1nI
N1troan111ne l'na1trou'ren11alnI
Phenol I'f1:nol1
Nltroenl1ln
Fenol
Aniline I'renila1nI
Hexene I'heksl:nI
Hexane I'hekse1nI
Ar;llln
Hexonol
._
Hexen
Hexan
Hexanol
I'heksnnoUlI
Benzonitrile
I'benzou'nsltrail1
Benzaldehyde
Benz01c ac1d
I'benz'reldahsldI
Iben' zol1c 'resid!
I-rilI
Benzoni
Toluene 1'toIJul:nI
Benzyl alcohol I'benzl1 'relkaholI
,'1'0
loon
Heptane
Styrene
Heptan
Styren
I'heptelnI
I'etalrl:nI
trll.
Benzaldehyd
KYeellna benzoov'
Benz.yls1koho1
Ethylbenzene I'eGl1'benzl:nI
N-Ethylanillns"I' eell,'reni1aIr1I
N-eth;ylan1l1n
Caprll1cacId I~
Kyselina
Octane
I'oktelnI
,
,
rl1Ik resid!
"
,
,
Propylbenzene
Ethylbenzen
kapry10v'
Oktan
I proupil benzI:nI
,
,
Isopropylbenzene I,aleou proupeI1 benzI:nI
,:
,
Benzyl acetate I benzI1 ree1titI
Nonane I~nounelnI
~opylbenzen
Naphtalene
Hsfta1en
I'nrettali:nI
Butylbenzene I'bju:taII'benzi:nI
,
,
,
Tert.Butylbenzene I t9:~arl bJu:ta11 benzl:nI
Ethyl benzoylacetate I'eGl1 'benzoil'resltltI
Biphenyl
Fluorene
1beI'fl:naI11
1'fluorl:nI
Benzo~henone
I'benzou'fl:~unI
"
"
Ieopropylbenzen
~enzy1ecet't
Honan
Butylbenzen
Terc.buty1benzen
Benzollscetlitethylneti
Difenyl
Fluoren
Benzofenon
E
Anthracen
Bendl .
An''"'IHHme I 'renGr~si: nI
"UIIMU IbenzilI;
Ibenza11I
13
-
tIOMr::ABBREVIATIONS IN
COMMONUSE IN ~HOOSTRY
THEIR WAY OF READING
_~"Wr===========~==============================================================
8.
Pf'Qt.o.
acid
fj 1.
alcohol
kyselina
I':r:sidI
acetic acid
Ia'si:ti1c'residI
I'relkaholI
kyselina octovti
alkohol
,
amorphous Ia mo:fasI
Amnr, , omorph.
'lfIh.
nnQydrous ~n'h8idrasI
amorfn:!
.HJ.
aqua I'rekwaI; aqueous
water I'wo: t~I
vodny'
voda
A~.No.
At.Wt.
b.p.
oone.
0., dec.
dU.
dtlJo~.
di.t.
atomic number Ie tomik nambaI
,
,
'yop.
evaporation
i., lnsol.
insoluble
Uq.
p.Clol.
801.
ttp.wt.
'Ubl.
m.r.
liquid
YOC.
80°c
,.
atomic
.
weight
I'eikw1asI'
,.:
Ia tomik
"
.
bezvody
atomov~
wei tI
bod V8ru
boiling point I boili~ pointI
concentrated I'konsentre1tidI
decompose
koncenirovan1
rozloU t
I,di: kem'pouzI
!-edit
dilute Idai'lju:tI
.
. -,
.
dissolved Id1 zolvdI
distilled
rozpu~tenj
Idis't11dI
,
destllov8nj
vypafovan:!
Ii,vrepa'reiiianI
.
,.
tekuty, kapalnY
~aste~ne rozpustn1
partly soluble l'pa:tli 'eoljublI
soluble I'soljublI
rozpustn1
,
-,.
,
specific weight Ispesifik
sublime Isa'blaimI
,
,
,
specificka v~
weit!
subl1movat
,
melting point I me~ti~
vacuum I'v~kjuamI
bod tan:!
pointI
.
vakuulI1
-.
twenty degrees Centigrade
,
-
,
I twent1 d1 gr1:z
'sentigreidI
above Ia'bavI
,
below
00
Ibi IoU!
soluble in all proportions
200C
vy~e
nHe
,
pro' po: ~anzI
,
nerozpustn1 .
Iin soljublI
1 likw1dI
.
~islo
atomovti vaha
l'soljubl in '0:1
rozpuetn1
pomeru
v jak~mko1i
Appendix 12
Naming chemical compounds
In this book the authors have used the systematic names recommended
by the commissions of the International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUP AC) and the rules relating to these names. Because there
is a variety of practice in different countries, and within different countries, in the use of chemical names, an appendix is included here which
gives the more common of the changes from the traditional unsystematic
names formerly used to the present IUP AC recommendations.
Rules for naming inorganic compounds
Metal ions
a) Metals of fixed oxidation state: the name, by itself, of the metal is
used. For example: sodium nitrate; aluminium chloride.
b) Metals of ~ariable oxidation state: a Roman numeral is used after the
name of the metal to indicate its oxidation state. For example:
FeCl2 iron (II) chloride
FeCI3 iron (III) chloride
CuCI copper (I) chloride
Acids and their ions
a) Binary. acids retain the systematic ending -ide for their ions, e.g.
chloride, bromide ions.
b) Oxoacids (acids containing oxygen) and their ions are described in
terms of the oxidation number of the non-metal forming the acid. If
the non-metal has a fixed oxidation number, the name by itself is
used.
Formula of ion
Recommended name
Former name
CO~carbonate
carbonate
CIO)
chlorate (V)
chlorate
ClOchlorate (I)
hypochlorite
NO)"
nitrate (V)
nitrate
N02"
nitrate (III)
nitrite
PO~phosphate (V)
orthophosphate
SO~sulphate (VI)
sulphate
S05sulphate (IV)
sulphite
c) The corresponding acids are named from the ions, with the exception
of binary acids.
Formula of acid
Recommended name
Former name
HCI
hydrochloric acid
hydrochloric acid
HCI03
chloric (V) acid
chloric aCid
HCIO
chloric (I) acid
hypochlorous acid
HN03
nitric (V) acid
nitric acid
HN02
nitric (III) acid
nitrous acid
d) The oxoacids of metals and their ions are described in terms of the
oxidation state of the metal. For metals of fixed oxidation state, the
Roman numeral indicating the oxidation state is usually omitted.
.
n
Appendix 12
/
The names of the ions are formed in the following way:
i) In the anion the ending of the name of the metal (-ium) is
replaced by the ending -ate, e.g.
aluminium becomes aluminate
chromium becomes chromate
manganese becomes manganate
or
ii)
the ending -ate is added to the name of the metal, e.g.
zinc becomes zincate
or
iii)
the following exceptions are made to the rule:
copper becomes cuprate (from cuprum)
gold becomes aurate (from aurum)
iron becomes ferrate (from ferrum)
lead becomes plumbate (from plumbum)
silver becomes argentate (from argentum)
tin becomes stannate (from stannum)
EXAMPLES:
Formula of ion
CrO~Cr20jMnO~Mn04
Sn05SnO~ZnO~-
Recommended name
chromate (VI)
dichromate (VI)
manganate (VI)
manganate (VII)
stannate (IV)
stannate (II)
zincate
Former name
chromate
dichromate
manganate
permanganate
stannate
stannite
zincate
inn,
(\r
or"lIn~
nf
:ltrU11(;
~tt~rh,...d
,,,
°1 'r,'Ontr.,I'
"JItn""
':)r~
12
alphabetical order with numerical prefixes giving the number Of such
ions or groups. Water is indicated by the word 'aqua'.
EXAMPLES:
Formula
[Cu(4H20)P+
Recommended name
tetraaqua copper (II)
ion
Former name
hydrated cupric ion
(tetra)potassium
potassium
hexacyanoferrate (II)
ferrocyanid~
(tri)potassium
potassium
ferricyanide
hexacyanoferrate (III)
sodium
Na2Fe(NO)(CNh( di)sodium
pentacyanonitrosylnitroprusside
ferrate (II)
[Cu(NH)4]S04 tetraammine copper (II) cuprammomum
.
sulphate (VI)
sulphate
Non-metal compounds
When the stoichiometrical proportions of a molecule are known, the
proportions are shown by Greek nU{T1ericalprefixes; in some cases, the
prefix mono- is not used. If discrete molecules of a compound have a
doubtful existence, then the oxidation number of the least electronegative element is indicated by a Roman numeral.
EXAMPLES: .
Salts, other than binary compounds
a) The folIowing examples indicate the use of numerical prefixes in
describing compounds:
Formula
Recommended name
Former name
NaHS04
sodium hydrogen sulphate sodium bisulphate
Na2HP04
disodium hydrogen
sodium hydrogen
phosphate (V)
orthophosphate
calcium hydrogen
calcium bicarbonate
carbonate
ferrosoferric oxide
iron (II) diiron (III)
oxide
(magnetic oxide
of iron)
Na)P04
trisodium phosphate (V) sodium orthophosphate
b) Hydrates are indicated by adding a hyphen to the name of the
anhydrous substance, then an Arabic numeral stating the
stoichiometric proportion of water, folIowed by a hyphen, and then
the word 'water', e.g.
CaS04, iH20 is calcium sulphate (VI)-i-water
CuS04, 5H20 is copper (II) sulphate (VI)-5-water
When the extent of hydration is not known, or uncertain, the term
'hydrated' is placed before the name of the anhydrous substance.
c) Complex ions, coordination compounds
Th,..
Appendix
1~C't~I~;n
Formula
C02
CO
N20
NO
N02
Recommended name
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
dinitrogen oxide
nitrogen oxide
nitrogen dioxide
S02
SO)
N204
S2Cl2
S02Cl2
sulphur dioxide
sulphur (VI) oxide
dinitrogen tetroxide
disulphur dichloride
sulphur dichloride
dioxide
phosphorus trichloride
phosphorus pentachloride
.
PCI)
PCls
Former name
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
nitrous oxide
nitric oxide
nitrogen dioxide
(nitrogen peroxide)
sulphur dioxide
sulphur trioxide
nitrogen tetroxide
sulphur monochloride
sulphuryl chloride
phosphorus trichloride
phosphorus pentachloride
Metallic oxides
Na202
sodium peroxide
sodium peroxide
Mn02
manganese (IV) oxide
manganese dioxide
Cr20)
chromium (III) oxide
chromium sesquioxide
Rules for naming organic compounds
Systematic names
These names are built up by joining sylIables derived from the following
rules:
a) A sylIable is used to denote the number of carbon atoms in the
lon~est unbranched carbon chain in the compound. The number of
Appendix
Formula
CH)COOH
CH)CH2CH2COOH
CH)CH2CH.NH2COOH
CH2CICH2CH.
NH2COOH
COOH.COOH
CH(OH)COOH.CHOH.
COOH
CH2COOH.CH(OH)
COOH.CH2COOH
Recommended name
ethanoic acid
butanoic acid
2-aminobutanoic
acid
2-amino-4chlorobutanoic
acid
ethanedioic acid
2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid
2-hydroxypropane1,2,3-tricarboxylic
acid
octadecanoic acid
hexadecanoic acid
octadec-9-enoic
acid
C17H)SCOOH
CISH)ICOOH
CH)(CH2),CH=
CH(CH2)7COOH
Other aliphatic compounds
Formula
Recommended name
C2HsNH2
ethylamine
C2HsNH)CI ethylammonium
chloride
CH)CONH2 ethanamide
CH)COCI
ethanoyl chloride
CH)C~
CH)CO
C2HsCN
C2HsNC
C2HsN02
C2HsSH
Former name
acetic acid
butyric acid
a aminobutyric
acid
01'10,
oxalic acid
tartaric acid
chlorobenzene
benzene'carboxamide
benzamide
nitrobenzene
nitrobenzene
l,2-dichlorobenzene
orthodichlorobenzene
l,3-dinitrobenzene'
metadinitrobenzene
lA-dichlorobenzene
paradichlorobenzene
benzene-l,2dicarboxylic acid
phthalic acid
benzene-l,3-diol
resorcinol
methyl benzene
toluene
l,3-dimethylbenzene
metaxylene
2-hydroxybenzenecarboxylic acid
salicylic acid
citric acid
stearic acid
palmitic acid
oleic acid
Former name
ethyl amine
ethylamine
hydrochloride
acetamide
.
acetyl chloride .
ethanoic anhydride
acetic anhydride
propanonitrile
isocyanoethane
nitroethane
ethanthiol
ethyl cyanide
ethyl isocyanide
nitroethane
ethyl mercaptan
@
OCHO
chlorobenzene
r
{amino ('-chloro
butyric acid
Aromatic compounds
a) Aromatic compounds without side chains are named with benzene as
the root with the following prefixes and suffixes to indicate functional groups. With two substituted groups~Jthe carbon atom of one
group is labelled I, and the others 2-6 resp'ectively, with the second
or third group placed as close as possible to the first group. If the side
chains form homologues of benzene, the compounds are named as
alkylbenzenes. The following examples illustrate these rules.
Recommended name
Former 'name
Formula
C,H,
ethylbenzene
ethyl benzene
Q)COOH
--
~I'r
12
benzenecarboxylic
acid
benzoic acid
benzenecarbaldehyde
benzaldehyde
a
to
a
COOH
OCOOH
OH
OOH
OCH,
b)
Aromatic compounds with side chains containi~g functional groups
are named as phenyl substituted aliphatic compounds taking C6HSas
the phenyl group. The name thus recommended places emphasis on
the part of the structure most likely to take part in reactions. The
following examples illustrate these rules.
Formula
Recommended name
Former name
OOH
phenol
(compare benzenel,3-diol)
phenol
xxxix
xxxviii
I __.
1-11
AppendIX
Appendix
l.l
carbon atoms thus formulates a saturated hydrocarbon and the
specific compound is regarded as a substituted hydrocarbon.
The systematic syllables are:
Syllable: meth- eth- prop- but- pent- hex- hept- oct- non- decNo. of
C atoms:
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
b) A syllable
Bond:
Syllable:
c) A syllable
Formula
-C"H2n+ I
-OH
-CHO
=CO
-COOH
-Cl
- NH 2
-CONH2
7-0
-C
to indicate the type of bond between the carbon atoms:
single
double
triple
-an-en-ynto indicate a functional group:
Group name
Syllable
hydrocarbon chain
-yl
alcohol
-01
aldehyde
-al
ketone
-one
-oic acid
carboxylic acid
-carboxylic acid
chloride
chloro'
-amine
ammo
.
.
ammoamide
-amide
{
{
acyl halide
-oyl halide
nitrile (cyanide)
nitro
mercaptan
-onitrile
nitro-thiol
Hal
-C=N
-N02
-SH
Hydrocarbon chains
In a branching chain, the syllable for the number of carbon atoms is
joined to the syllable -yl; e.g. methyl; ethyl; propyl. The carbon atom in
the longest chain, to which the branch chain is bonded, is numbered, for
hydrocarbons, from either end, and this number is indicated by an Arabic
numeral placed in front of the branch chain syllable. For carbon chains
possessing a functional group, the carbon atom attached to the functional
group is numbered 1, and the remaining atoms in the chain are then numbered consecutively. Example of a branched chain hydrocarbon:
CH)CH2CH(C)H7)CH2CH2CH)
3-propyl hexane
or 4-propyl hexane
(6 carbon atoms in the longest chain, so a substituted hexane; the branch
chain is attached to the 3rd atom from one end or the 4th from the other.)
Example of a branched chain substituted hydrocarbon:
CH)CH2CH(C)H7)CH2CH2CH20H
4-propyl hexan-I-ol
(Substituted hexane; numbered 1 from the carbon atom in the functional
group of an alcohol; -1-01shows the functional group; 4-propyl indicates
the branch chain.)
Halogen compounds
a) Greek prefixes are used to indicate the number of halogen atoms,
except for a monosubstituted compound, e.g.
xxxvi
12
Formula
Systematic name
Former name
CH)CI
chloromethane
methyl chloride
CH2CI2
dichloromethane
methylene dichloride
CHCI)
trichloromethane
chloroform
CCI4
tetrachloromethane
carbon tetrachloride
CH)Br
bromomethane
methyl bromide
CH)I
iodomethane
methyl iodide
b) Arabic numerals are used to denote the carbon atoms in the carbon
chain, to which halogen atoms are bonded, e.g.
Formula
Systematic name
Former Name
CH2Br
1,2-dibromoethane
ethylene dibromide
I
CH2Br
CHBr2
l,l-dibromoethane
ethylidene dibromide
I
CH)
n-propyl chloride
C)H7Cl
l-chloropropane
isopropyl iodide
CH)CHl.CH)
2-iodopropane
Alcohols
Homologous series of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols are given
systematic names as below:
Former name
Formula
Systematic name
methyl alcohol
CH)OH
methanol
ethyl alcohol
C2HsOH
ethanol
propyl alcohol
C)H70H
.propanol
isopropyl alcohol
CH)CHOH.CH)
propan-2-01
isobutyl alcohol
CH)CH.CH)CH20H 2-methyl
propan-I-ol
ethyl glycol
ethan-l,2-diol
propan-l,2,3-triol
glycerol
Aldehydes and ketones
Formula
Systematic Name
Former Name
HCHO
methanal
formaldehyde
CH)CHO
ethanal
acetaldehyde
C2HsCHO
propanal
propaldel;1yde
(CH)hCO
propanone
acetone
Carboxylic acids
Homologous series of carboxylic acids, and substituted acids, are given
systematic names as below. When numbering carbon atoms, that of the
carboxyl group is taken as 1, e.g.
n:xvii
DI
Appendix 12
o
I
C
phenyl amine
aniline
phenylethanone
acetophenone
phenyl methanol
benzyl alcohol
phenylethene
styrene
diphenylmethanone
benzophenone
methoxybenzene
anisole
-\.J
6
OQOi,
Fused aromatic rings
The terms naphthalene and anthracene are used.
xxxx