Pest Management in Museum Collections and
Transkript
Pest Management in Museum Collections and
Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering A 3 (2014) 163-176 Formerly part of Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, ISSN 1934-8932 D DAVID PUBLISHING Pest Management in Museum Collections and Storage Areas (New Approach—Online Sensors for Pest Detection) Petra Štefcová1, Michal Pech1, Michael Kotyk1, Jaroslav Valach2, Karel Juliš2 and Jiří Frankl2 1. National Museum, Prague 11579, Czech Republic 2. Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 19000, Czech Republic Received: September 03, 2014 / Accepted: September 17, 2014 / Published: October 20, 2014. Abstract: Common denominator and one of the goals in the “storage” of many, even different, commodities (agricultural, etc.) is their protection against invasion by biological pests; protection of objects of cultural heritage deposited in museums, galleries, archives and other institutions of a similar type is one of the specific case. The present article is an overview of basic (potential) biological pests of some “storage” commodities (with emphasis on the protection of objects of cultural heritage) as well as methods used for their detection. In the final section, a modular system of the ongoing assessment of the environmental characteristics of depositaries and exhibitions (including “biological”) is briefly presented; its advantage is the possibility of on-line monitoring of the evaluated parameters (temperature, humidity, lighting, etc.) including the detection of presence of crawling and airborne insects. Key words: Protection of objects and buildings of cultural heritage, monitoring, protection against the dangers of biological damage, internal environment, sensors. 1. Introduction 1.1 Motivation New information and communication technologies offer many new opportunities also in the field of preventive care for objects of cultural heritage. The present article is a brief description of the implementation of some of these modern technologies and methods for the realization of a partial result of the consortium project bearing the title “Unified modular system of remote on-line monitoring of the environmental characteristics of depositaries and exhibitions”. The project is implemented at the worksites of the National Museum and the Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, within the Program of Applied Research and Development of National Corresponding author: Petra Štefcová, Ph.D., research field: collection care. E-mail: [email protected]. Cultural Identity of the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic. The output (on-line sensor for detection of presence of biological pests) could be well applicable also in the field of comprehensively monitoring other (long or short) “storage” commodities. 1.2 Prevention of Biological Pests Since the beginning of human civilization, the various types of biological pests have been both a potential threat to human health, as well as to a range of economic and industrial commodities, to which they can cause considerable damage (forestry, agriculture, fruit, food and construction industries, etc.). The risk of harm to objects of cultural heritage, stored or exhibited in museums, galleries, archives and other institutions of a similar nature, is a case of risk less known among the public. Active protection against the dangers of biological damage is therefore currently an integral part of the 164 Pest Management in Museum Collections and Storage Areas (New Approach—Online Sensors for Pest Detection) comprehensive preventative protection of objects of cultural heritage. The simplest, cheapest and also the most effective method of such protection is—as in many other industries and sectors—prevention, whose basis is conducting ongoing monitoring of all exhibition and storage spaces for the presence of airborne and crawling insects. The present article is an overview of potential “insect” pests to objects of cultural heritage and some of other commodities supplemented by a non-exhaustive list of possible methods of detection and a presentation of the original, developed method of on-line detection of airborne and crawling insects. 2. “Biological” Parameters of the Internal Environment of Depositories and Exhibitions The material of the vast majority of objects of cultural heritage, deposited or exhibited in museums, galleries, libraries, archives and other institutions of a similar nature is of an organic origin. It is known that if organic materials are stored in an environment with unsuitable parameters, they are relatively highly susceptible to biological degradation (rodents, birds, insects, mold and fungi). A simply, schematic overview of the commonly used methods of protecting cultural objects heritage against the dangers of biological damage is shown in Table 1. With respect to overall range of the issue of collection items protection against the danger of biological damage (rodents, birds, insects, mold and fungi), the text below focuses especially on protection against biological pests of the class insecta (insects). 3. Overview of Potential Biological Pests (Especially Protection of Objects of Cultural Heritage, Class Insecta/Insect) In Table 2, there is an overview of potential biological pests objects of cultural heritage and some of other “storage” commodities; more detailed information on individual species can be obtained in many publications on this topic [1-6]. 4. Detection Methods for the Presence of Biological Pests (Overview of the Current State) There is no doubt that the cheapest and simultaneously the most effective method of protection against the dangers of biological damage to objects of cultural heritage is—as in many other industries and sectors—prevention, the foundation is conducting ongoing monitoring of exhibition and storage space on the presence of airborne and crawling insects. And the preventive method in the true sense of the word is particularly IPM (integrated pest management). 4.1 Traps One of the most frequently used modifications of the IPM method, applied to the protection of the cultural heritage, is the monitoring of the occurrence of pests using a variety of traps (including sticky traps) that can be directed to one or more types of crawling and airborne insects. Table 1 A schematic overview of the commonly used methods of protecting cultural objects heritage against the dangers of biological damage. Method Description Preventive measures Creating conditions unfavorable for the reproduction of biological pests, their penetration into the building (depositary exhibition space) and direct access to collection items. Repressive measures Physical methods (adjustment of temperature, humidity, different types of radiation/ionizing radiation, etc.); Mechanical methods (traps, sticky strips, traps, etc.); Biological methods (natural interspecies struggle); Chemical methods (the use of biocides, such as insecticides/insects/fungicides/mold, etc.). Combined (integrated) measures A suitable combination of preventive measures with different methods of repression (most efficient). Pest Management in Museum Collections and Storage Areas (New Approach—Online Sensors for Pest Detection) Table 2 165 Overview of potential biological pests (insects) especially for objects of cultural heritage. Insect Type Deathwatch beetle (Anobium pertinax) [7] Piercing/spotted/striped woodworm (Anobium punctatum) [8] Bark borer beetle (Ernobius mollis) [7] 1. Woodworms (Anobiidae) Deathwatch beetle (Xestobium rufovillosum) [8] Wood-boring beetle (Ptilinus pectinicornis) [7] Death watch beetle (Oligomerus brunneus) [9] White-marked spider beetle (Ptinus fur) [7] Golden spider beetle (Niptus hololeucos) [10] 2. Spider beetle (Ptinidae), many species of the genus Hump spider beetle Ptinus, Gibbium and Mezium convex/translucent (Gibbium psylloides) [11] Australian spider beetle (Ptinus tectus) [12] Old-house borer (Hylotrupes bajulus) [7] 3. Long-horned beetles Tanbark borer (Cerambycidae) (Phymatodes testaceus) [7] Violet tanbark beetle (Callidium violaceum) [7] Capuchin beetle (Bostrichus capucinus) [7] Affected material Fresh, dried or decaying wood, paper Fresh, dried or decaying wood, paper Barked wood of conifers, damages only freshly felled wood Old wet wood, preferably already in decay The wood of deciduous trees Fungi in decaying wood Stored food, dry plant and animal material, fabric Stored food, dry plant and animal material, fabric; in particular substrates containing starch, wool Dry plant and animal material Dry plant and animal material They primarily attack soft, especially damp wood (spruce, pine or larch) Wood (especially oak) Especially wood of conifers with its bark intact, deciduous trees only rarely Dead wood of hardwood deciduous trees (especially oak) In the countries of original occurrence (India, Vietnam) felled Bamboo borer (Dinoderus minutes) bamboo, as well as sugarcane, corn, grain and other plant [13] material. The larvae destroys both stored goods and wood shelving, transport boxes, cabinets, etc. Lesser grain borer (Rhizopertha Stored food mainly, wood dominica) [14] Brown carpet beetle Dry plant and animal material, wool, silk, paper (Attagenus smirnovi) [15] Fur beetle Dry plant and animal material (especially insect and animal (Attagenus pellio) [7] collections), wool, silk, wheat Larder beetle Dry plant and animal material, wool, silk, paper (Dermestes lardarius) [7] 5. Carpet beetles (Dermestidae) Museum beetle Dry plant and animal material, wool, silk, paper (Anthrenus museorum) [16] Varied cabinet beetle Dry plant and animal material (especially insect collections), (Anthrenus verbasci) [16] wool, silk, wheat Furniture carpet beetle Dry plant and animal material (especially insect collections), (Anthrenus flavipes) [17] leather, wool Paper, photographic material, cotton fabrics (can survive a min. 6. Silverfish (Zygentoma), for Silverfish of three months from the mere consumption of paper—thus example (Lepisma saccharina) [7] representing a great danger) Organic material (i.e., scraps of food, vegetable waste, dead Oriental cockroach insects, etc.), in the absence of other food also paper, leather, (Blatta orientalis) [7] glue (book bindings) Can be harmful to the insulation of wiring 7. Cockroaches (Blattodea) American cockroach Material of organic origin (Periplaneta americana) [7] Australian cockroach Material of organic origin (Periplaneta australasiae) [13] 4. Auger beetles (Bostrichidae) 166 Pest Management in Museum Collections and Storage Areas (New Approach—Online Sensors for Pest Detection) (Table 2 continued) Insect 7. Cockroaches (Blattodea) Type Brown cockroach (Periplaneta brunnea) [18] German cockroach (Blatella germanica) [16] Brown-banded cockroach (Supella longipalpa) [19] Common clothes moth (Tineola bisselliella) [20] 8. Moths (Tineidae) 9. Book lice (Psocoptera) 10. Wax moth Case-bearing clothes moth (Tinea pellionella) [7] Tapestry moth (Trichophaga tapetzella) [7] Skin moth (Monopis laevigella) [21] European grain moth (Nemapogon granellus) [7] Common booklouse (Trogium pulsatorium) [7] Booklouse (Liposcelis bostrychophila) [22] Greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) [7] 4.2 Pheromones Traps are often combined with the use of pheromones, effectively focusing on selected species of insects. Pheromones are natural chemicals that are produced by both humans and animals; in terms of current knowledge, they can be very simply described as intraspecies chemical “communication” means. The basic classification of pheromones is based on the diversity of form and mode of action; sexual pheromones attract only individuals of the opposite sex and the scope of activity of these pheromones may also be at a distance of several meters. Aggregation (grouping) pheromones in contrast act at short distances and attract both sexes (used, e.g., to designate a safe assembly point near the food—cockroaches, and darkling beetles, etc.). So-called trail pheromones indicate the path leading to the source of food for some insect species; alarm pheromones are used by insects in the event of imminent danger [23]. Synthetic pheromones are used in a similar manner, by which pests are lured into traps. At present, the structure of the pheromones is well identified in considerable number species of insects, Affected material Material of organic origin Material of organic origin Material of organic origin Objects and fabrics containing keratin (e.g., wool, leather, feathers, hair) but also bookbinding and paper. In the case of a lack of food and cotton, linen or dried meat (mummies) Objects and fabrics containing keratin (e.g., wool, leather, feathers, hair), stored food Objects and fabrics containing keratin (e.g., wool, leather, feathers, hair) Animal waste (dry corpses of animals, organic material in bird nests, etc.) Dried organic material (such as dried fruit or mushrooms, cereals, pulses, flour, as well as cork, wood) Fungus, starch, insect residues, cereals, flour products, botanical collections, etc. Books (mold), can damage entomological collections Honeycomb (especially older with a lot of cocoon debris and larvae feces), potentially: wax seals however with the massive application of pheromones, is so far only encountered in the forestry sector. The fight against bark beetle today can no longer be imagined without the use of aggregation pheromones and pheromones are also used for monitoring population densities of insect species (especially butterflies) pests such as Black arches, Gypsy moths, Larch tortrix and many others [24]. The basis of integrated protection against biological pests is therefore regular monitoring and early detection of pests. However, most currently used traps are designed for one type of biological pest; there are a wide range of potential biological pests that would require the use of several different types of traps deployed in the same room/building. 4.3 Traps with Multicomponent Bait This lack partially eliminates the use of traps with multicomponent bait; for example, a multi-component insect trap is currently manufactured commercially on the market, containing a combination of several types of pheromones for biological pest control. Thanks to a solid plastic construction, it is also quite effective in dusty environments, especially agricultural warehouses Pest Management in Museum Collections and Storage Areas (New Approach—Online Sensors for Pest Detection) and food plants. The trap has two parts, one of which forms a solid trap, while the second part is intended for single use, i.e., a replaceable cartridge with food bait and pheromones. The effectiveness of the cartridge is six to eight weeks. Primarily, however, this device is intended for the storage of the pests [25]. 4.4 “Bioagents” The oldest and most accessible form of practical protection of many commodities against the dangers of biological pest infestation has been the protection provided by so-called “bioagents”; the biological combat of various pests has been known forever (cat vs. mouse), so applications in other spheres is therefore only natural. The use of “bioagents” is one alternative to other methods of protection and applies to greenhouse horticulture fruit-growing, forestry and field crops. As an additional method, however, biological control is currently used already in the area of the preventive protection of cultural heritage [26]. Generally, “bioagents” can be defined as living organisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi, animals of the character of live parasites, parasitoids or predators outside of vertebrates) acting in a targeted way toward specific pests and provided to the user as a product for use against pests of plants or plant products [27]. During their use, it is always necessary to keep the stability of the ecosystem in mind. The longest operating biological agents (bioagents) are agents based on parasitoids, such as the parasitoid of the genus Trichogramma (ants and wasps order/Hymenoptera, family Trichogrammatidae). The trichogrammatidae are among the smallest insects; different types of trichogrammatidae are known throughout the world. From practice, they are known for their application against a variety of harmful butterflies and moths. Most often, the small wasp Trichogramma evanescens is used against the common clothes moth (textile collections pest) [28]. This wasp measures between 0.3 mm to 0.4 mm. It puts its eggs in the eggs of pests. In this manner, the 167 eggs of common cloth moths are killed; after eight to 10 days, young Trichogramma wasps hatch from the moth eggs. Trichogrammatidae can reproduce solely through alien eggs; if there are no more moth eggs, the Trichogrammatidae do not survive, either. Trichogrammatidae do not cause damage themselves. Trichogramma evanescens is a native species of insects in Europe; at room temperature, they live about six days. For applications in residential and other areas (repositories), this “bioagent” is available as a commercially produced product in the form of cards with a defined volumetric efficiency and durability. In order to use them to the maximum efficiency, it is desirable to use the cards for nine weeks. Cards must not be opened (reduces the effectiveness). As in the case of pheromones (see above), with “bioagents” the disadvantage is the small universality (usually specific bioagents vs. specific pests); the protection of objects of cultural heritage against the full spectrum of potential biological pests would require the application of multiple species of parasitoids, which are mostly different kinds of parasitic hymenoptera insects. 4.5 Lighting Traps with a Visible or Ultraviolet Light Source Flying insects can be attracted using a lighting trap with a visible or ultraviolet light source. The number and type of captured individuals must be regularly observed by qualified personnel. A certain disadvantage is that traps usually do not catch the occurrence of larvae which however cause the greatest damage. A sudden increase in the incidence of adult individuals may therefore be associated with a large infestation of collection items. It is therefore necessary to capture this stage as quickly as possible. 4.6 Monitoring the Movement of Insects by Using Specialized Methods (Videography, Thermography etc.) The movement of insects is possible to observe 168 Pest Management in Museum Collections and Storage Areas (New Approach—Online Sensors for Pest Detection) through a whole range of specialized techniques such as videography, thermography, radar, sonar, acoustic emission measurements, etc. [29]. The quantity of individuals can be determined relatively simply on the basis of the detected changes in the weight of the traps, however, it is quite a sensitive device that is not selective [30]. The easiest way is possibly the state of sticky traps remotely monitored using optical methods, such as regular shooting of the trap with a camera and sending images to a central server, where the data are evaluated [31, 32]. With automatic monitoring systems of pests, however, the most experience is in the protection of stored agricultural crops. The collected data can be manually evaluated, similarly to the control of traps “in situ”, but it is preferred to use the possibilities of automatic image processing. The specialized software enables one to obtain the number of captured individuals from the image data. For increasing accuracy, it is suitable for processing to include criteria for filtering data, such as the elimination of impurities or harmless insects [33]. When shooting with a higher resolution camera and using complex algorithms, the captured insects can be sorted by each species, size, shape, color, etc. [34-36]. For more accurate species identification, systems have been developed where the insects (on a transparent substrate) are scanned simultaneously with two cameras (the top and bottom sides). Through a targeted setting of processing parameters, the identification of insects can be worked out to a high degree of accuracy (more than 97% correctly identified individuals) [37]. From the record on the camcorder, it is possible to study the characteristic movement of insects, also useful for species identification [38]. 4.7 Monitoring Insects in the Larval Stage (when moving or eating food) [39]. The mentioned method can also capture characteristic acoustic signals emitted by certain species of termites [40]. The measurement is usually performed using a seismic accelerometer attached to the object of interest. In this way, for example, the activity of the larvae of the long-horned beetle was monitored [41]. In another study, acoustic emission measurements demonstrated a strong dependence of the activity of beetle larvae at ambient temperature (when the temperature drops below 10 °C, the activity of the beetles is significantly reduced) [42]. The sound manifestations of insects are also possible to record using sensitive microphones; sensors can then pick up sound from a larger area (monitoring of insect pests in cereal granaries and soil using several sensitive microphones) [43, 44]. 5. Modular System of On-line Monitoring of the Environmental Characteristics of the Internal Environment of Depositories and Exhibitions Internet, telematic media, mobile telephones and other instruments and means of modern information and communication technologies are gradually becoming a part of everyday life. They are an important element of innovation in virtually all fields of science, technology, industry and services. An example of the penetration of new information and communication technologies and services in the public interest is their use in the protection and presentation of cultural heritage. An example of the implementation of these modern information and communication technologies in the preventive protection of objects of cultural heritage is the acquisition and processing of data describing the real conditions of the environment and the course One of the few methods that can monitor the of specific actions through the use of various image activity of insects in the larval stage inside infected sensors, acoustic sensors and other sensors and subjects is the measurement of acoustic emission detectors. Pest Management in Museum Collections and Storage Areas (New Approach—Online Sensors for Pest Detection) 5.1 Basic Characteristics of the Main Objectives of the Project The basic characteristics of the main objectives of the project “Unified modular system of remote on-line monitoring of environmental characteristics of depositories and exhibitions” is connecting monitoring, evaluation and surveillance activities in the preventive care of objects of cultural heritage through modern communication technologies [45]. 5.2 Schematic Description of Monitoring System The proposed monitoring system is designed as multi-layer (Fig. 1); each layer is optimized not only in terms of the characteristic role in the whole system, for example, but also in terms of energy. The first layer of the system, consisting of sensors and communicator sensors, is essential in the entire chain of data collection and processing. This is a custom sensor which scans values (temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, intensity of visible light and UV (ultraviolet light), differential pressure and the threat of an attack/damage by biological pests). The second layer consists of so-called communication concentrators, designed to collect data from communicator sensors (first layer), for their basic processing, or local storage and sending to the server base (third layer). The software structure of this layer is again modular. This solution provides the users with complete freedom of choice of transmission media between communicators and concentrators, meaning between layers one and two. The third layer consists of the server base of the project. It is a place of gathering and processing of communication concentrators. Here, a virtually exclusive connection via the TCP/IP network is supposed, whether by data circuits, or via GSM/GPRS1 2 3 4. 1 TCP/IP: transmission control protocol (one of the basic protocols of the Internet, constituting a transport layer, ensures reliable delivery of data in the correct order). 169 In accordance with the proposed structure of the hardware components, different (specific) hardware components have also been proposed. During design, the criterion of modularity, interchange ability and compatability were throughly observed. In the design, unified standard interfaces and open information protocols are therefore used, enabling both the seamless combination of components, as well as easy searching for any communication problems. Relatively widespread activities in the area of preventive care for objects of cultural heritage are being used nowadays, for example monitoring climate parameters in the interiors, measuring the level of lighting or the measurement of gaseous pollutants. However, the situation in the area of the protection of objects of cultural heritage against the dangers of biological damage is significantly more complex. 5.3 Sensor Monitoring for Detection of Biological Pests (Verification of Functionality) The function of the newly designed and constructed biosensor was verified with cockroaches (crawling insects) and moths (airborne insects). Their harmfulness to objects of cultural heritage is demonstrated (Table 2). 5.3.1 Detection of Crawling Insects A prototype of the device for the detection of crawling insects (Fig. 2) was designed on the principle of a closed chamber with a single input, equipped with a double optical barrier, recessed lighting and its own sensor—camera. Food or a pheromone lure placed in the chamber can be used as bait. After the passage of the insect through the bar, the lighting (white or IR (infrared)) is activated along with a recording device (camera). Video transmission is handled wirelessly to a remote repository accessible through a web interface. 2 IP network: internet protocol (basic/communication/protocol used for the Internet, e-mail and almost every newly installed network). 3 GSM: global system for mobile communications (the most popular standard for mobile phones). 4 GPRS: general packet radio service (mobile data service accessible within the GSM network). Pest Management in Museum Collections and Storage Areas (New Approach—Online Sensors for Pest Detection) 170 User Web interface Computing, communications, and database platforms for deployment on the server side (hardware-independent, scalable, typical Unix server from a cheap PC to cloud) Transmitting the formatted data Computing, communication, and database platforms for use at the site of measurement (typical computer type Alix or Raspbery Pi) Battery/220 V Computing power Data communication infrastructure, collection and archiving of data (control unit compatible with Arduino) Battery/220 V Transmitting the data from sensors Measuring sensors and communication modules (control unit compatible with Arduino) Battery Power saving mode Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the various hardware and software components and their relationships. Arduino: project freely available to all users (hardware for creating separate interactive involvement or connection to computer software); Arduino. http://www.arduino.cc/, accessed October 14, 2013; Alix: hardware with a modular architecture, usable in different applications; Raspbery Pi: miniature desktop computer. The camera can also be set for time-lapse imaging, independent of the electronic gates, whereby pictures are taken at regular intervals. A preliminary experiment (the verification of the function of the equipment and data) was conducted in the facilities of the greenhouse of the Science Station at the Children and Youth Centre in the city of Prague on Drtinova street. A partly obscured terrarium measuring about 180 cm × 50 cm × 60 cm (length × width × height) was equipped with shelter and a drinking basin. A sensor was placed in the terrarium with food bait (located in the sensor chamber) and about 20 cockroaches to 30 cockroaches. The experiment was carried out gradually, with three types of cockroaches: Periplaneta Americana [7], Nauphoeta cinerea [9] and Blaptica dubia [46]. The sensing device was put into operation in time-lapse mode. After several “verification” phases, in which the insects were getting used to the new environment, the first “visit” was recorded in the sensor chamber (Fig. 3). In the following days, the settling in of a nearly regular regime occurred. The insects set off for food regularly (typically, between 11:00 and 5:00, as shown in the activity graph in Fig. 4), usually a few individuals per night. The recording equipment worked as expected; passages through the electronic barrier were recorded. On the captured images, the insects are clearly visible, individuals can be recognized, the duration of stay in the sensing chamber and the size of individuals can be determined. During the experiment, several variants of using additional lighting in the chamber with regard to image quality, sensitivity to light of the insects and Pest Management in Museum Collections and Storage Areas (New Approach—Online Sensors for Pest Detection) Fig. 2 A prototype of a device for the detection of crawling insects. Fig. 3 Detection of changes in the detection chamber (crawling insects). various modes of transmission and storage of the data were tested. The equipment will be tested with other types of crawling insects (e.g., the family Dermestidae—skin beetles, in the “laboratory” environment “in-situ”/depository, exhibition). Using other functions of image analysis detected changes can be quantified as follows, such as in the 24-h daily cycle, thereby gaining insight into the daily activity of the crawling insects (1,440 images processed per day, i.e., step a minute) and even for a longer period of time (Fig. 5 here in with the time period from August 14, 2013 to September 5, 171 2013). 5.3.2 Detection of Airborne Insects Immediately after completion of the development of the prototype device for the detection of “crawling” insects, the development of a device (sensors) for the detection of the presence of “airborne” insects was begun (e.g., the genus Trineola—moths). The approach to the development of this type of sensor was defined by two main objectives: selectivity for a particular kind of airborne insects; low price (assumption of wider use in the museum environment). Pest Management in Museum Collections and Storage Areas (New Approach—Online Sensors for Pest Detection) Activity 172 Fig. 4 Sample output image analysis (graphic recording of the activities of crawling insects during the day). Fig. 5 Activity in the Drtinova chamber—a series of graphs depicting the intensity of the detection of crawling insects in experimental measurements. Pest Management in Museum Collections and Storage Areas (New Approach—Online Sensors for Pest Detection) Fig. 6 173 Developmental pattern of the airborne insects sensor. Fig. 7 A series of images captured by the airborne insects sensor with graphical output image analysis (identification of newly captured individuals). Both of these goals managed to combine the implementation of sensors, intended for the third layer modules (Fig. 1). Pheromone sticky tape is used in the sensor; selectivity for the kind of flying insects can be achieved through the choice of pheromone. It was also experimentally tested that even a very inexpensive webcam can be used for capturing the image information in sufficient quality. However, the only necessary condition is the selection of the camera according to the applied optics. It must have a minimum standard of quality and have options for manual focus close to the original. The resulting development pattern of the sensor (Figs. 6 and 7) shows a series of images captured by the airborne insects sensor with graphical output image analysis (identification of newly captured individuals). The structural design of the prototype sensor for indicating the presence of flying insects has two major advantages: interchangeability of the sticky pads (targeted choice detection/termination of specific insect pests, i.e., the selectivity of the chosen attractant) and the detectability of the end of the “lifespan” of the Pest Management in Museum Collections and Storage Areas (New Approach—Online Sensors for Pest Detection) 174 bait (elements indicating the proximity of the end of the lifespan can be positioned in the image field of the monitoring cameras). 5.4 Summary The results of experiments carried out with the prototype device for the detection of crawling and airborne insects demonstrated the efficacy of the device. The sensors are calculated to have a sufficiently adaptable architecture and sufficient variability of input interface to ensure the compatibility of all sensors designed for the comprehensive preventive protection of objects of cultural heritage. 6. Conclusions The primary and fundamental objective of the developed modular system is the continuous evaluation of the environmental characteristics of the depositories and exhibitions situated in different types of buildings, including a possible “infiltration” of biological pests. Through the introduction of advanced mathematical processing of the acquired data files in real time, not only can the signaling of the critical state of parameters measured in almost “real” time be expected, but also a certain degree of prediction of these conditions. The application of such a modular and therefore variable system based on, inter alia, the use of modern information and communication technologies in the preventive protection of objects of cultural heritage will ultimately enable the minimization of losses of irreplaceable historically valuable items. However, the system will be well applicable in many other types of “storage” areas for other commodities endangered by biological pests. Acknowledgments The “Unified modular system of remote on-line monitoring of the environmental characteristics of exhibitions and depositories” (No. DF12P01OVV27) is funded by means of targeted support provided from the Program of Applied Research and Development of National Cultural Identity (NAKI) of Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic. The researchers would like to hereby thank the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic for the opportunity to carry out the project. Thanks also go to Mgr. Jana Bulantová, Ph.D. from the Faculty of Science of Charles University for her help in conducting experiments with crawling insects and to Mgr. Lucie Uhlířová for her administrative support and assistance in the creation of this article. References [1] Rees, D. 2004. Insects of Stored Products. London: Manson Publishing Ltd. [2] Child, R. 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