THE LIBERATING POWER OF EXILED LAU G HTE R:

THE LIBERATING POWER OF EXILED LAU G HTE R:

THE LIBERATING POWER OF EXILED
LAU G HTE R:
GENDER CARICATURE AND THE ANTIFASCIST MOVEMENT
IN PRE-WAR CZECHOSLOVAKIA. THE CASE OF SIMPLICUS
M a r t i n a P a c h m a n o v d . , v y s o k ó šk o L a u n ě L e ck o p | ůn y s l o ý ó ' P I a h a
REVOLUČNÍ
síLA rXILovÉHoSMíCHU:GENDIR.KAR]KATURÁ
A PRoTI|ÁŠIsTICKÉ
HNUTíV PŘEDVÁLEČNÉM
ČEsK0sLoVENsKU.
PŘÍPAD1IMPLICUS'Esejs?'zatýv.janalýzouhuno stickéhoťýdeníku
simplicus,kteÚ y Pnze y roce1934zdlažIdskupínaněnexkýchaxilouých
uně|cůa infuIektudl:ů.
Huno. ironiea satbd se pn ně a jejich přÍspěýatele
- spboýatelea ka|ikaturisty stalyzdsadnímizbraněnív bojiproti Hitleroýě
pazornost
poliťilq,
ndrodněsocialislÍtké
ideoloqii'AutaÍkavěnúezvkiŠdLí
"sňdtku,
sexudlitr a eroti|s|a ?ůsobůn,jalýn se totaspljenípodílelonejenÍIakritice
nacianalistickéa rasisticképropapndy Třettříše,ale roÝněžna podw1cení
nn ohých gendeÍoýých stercoÚp ů'
,Revolutianaryjaumalistb mri!:dturedestroys,|řhÍps,
Álthou8h the Thjrd Reich was the main tarset
hates,'
of the images and telts pub]ished in slmplÍcus'they
(]indnch štyrctý,'Inqge,,1923)
IVHIN HITIIR CAME to powerin 1933,manvartists
and intellectualsleft Germany.One of the counrries
thatprovideda new 'home'to a numberof exileswas
Ozechoslovakia.
By ]anuary1934,a groupof cerman
artistshadpublishedin Praguethefirst issue ofa satiric
weeklymagázine
entitledsmpl'cus.Álthoughttleczech
versionof this periodicď was notpub]ishedfor long,the
GerÍnanversíon,initiated by Hans Nathan and Heinz
Pol, continuedto be issuedunder the title 'ď s'npl up
until 1939.
BringinstogetherCzechandcermanartistsand
writ€ r s, including Iohn Heartfield'FrantišekBjdlo,
AntonínPelc, Ado1fHolfmeistel,'osef Čapek'Peter
Nikl, ErichGodal,andHellaGuth,oneofthe vefy few
womencont butors'sl,npll.ísor,€ r sl,'pl was one
o í | h F- o . L i ' 1 l p o | | d c1 i l " c . l a r l I t a . . : ' |o p p o s l U o r r
the First CzechoslovakRepublic. Humour ironX and
satire were crucial weapons in the fight against l{azi
ideotogyand, in addition, offered an important plat
form fo| rel€ a sing tensions that had existed between
the Czech and Germanculturesfor cirnturies.(Itshoulrl
also be pointed out that lttle is knolvn of the history
or achievements of s''tpl;cus/DeÍ sinpl in Íhe Czec\
Republic and abroá{t'The magazine was bann€ d by
the Nazis during the Second World 1var, was swept
aside again after the 1948 Communist coup as a cosmopolitan ánd plo Ievish tribune, andl unfortunate]yl
has remained on the periphery of historical research
to this day.)'
44t:||i(:iti
Lt/2A03
aiso addressedother political ánd social issues, such
as the economiccnsjs, unemployment'hom€ ] essness,
and the domestic politics of the First Republic. Last
but not least, Strpli.m regularly provided space for
']ignter,apolitica] objects of }umour ánd caricatule,
including eroticism and relations bet!'reenthe sexes.
.|hese
AmourósitÍjten,Iepfesented in an explicitty]usty
manner especiallyby lrich Godal,constituteda rather
bizarre accompaniment to the political caricátures
that commentedon antj.Semitism,Aryan supremacy,
and war armament'The lelationship betlÍeenthe two
. r " d l d . r " d h F d . n a l m o . r' a r r i \ r F " q u a d i - ' r p l s i o r
in which po]iticalŤesistance eni hand in hand with
hedonism and pleasur€ '
]n this a|ticle, lwjl] examine holí this stran8e
marriage between antifascism and e.oticism oper
ated in the most popular Cz€ c h magazine oťpolitical
caricaturein the 1930s'sinc€ s'mpllcus was a Week]y
pe.iodical,and since a detailedanalysis of its develo!
nent during the six-yearlong slan ol its existence
líould require mole space than this aTticl€ allows'
I have decidedto focus only on the fast volume, from
1934 1935'] wíl]show how the lelationship ofimages
of gender and sexuality to national, ethnic, and reli
gious identities (Czech, German, Iewish, Chfistian,
etc') helped to fight th€ po]itical enemy and disman
' l p d n d n ] n a I i ! r di . I d n U I a 'i Ý r } t h . ' q I i l " l s i n 8
a range of ste|eot}Tesof femjninity and máscu]inity.
I h U . ,i n ' | e d d ' l 3 r a | ) . ' n g t h A r o | P o í g Ai nmdJA8 p .I
shaping nationalistdjscourse,I will shift my attention
to how such imases contrjbutedto the deconstruďion
of nationalism, xenolhobia, and racism and, conse-
quent]}and rathel parádoxjcally,holy they chalteng€ d
As the title of thc magazine suggestsjStnplicus
continued in the tladition of the famous /u8endsťlle
magazine of caricafuLrelstmpú,cl5si']1|/J,
publis}ed around
the tu.n of the 19.' centú|yin vienna' BoLh of these
periodicatsincluded contibutioN iiom a lumber ol
importantmodern atists, Lruttherewas one crucialdtt
fefencebetweenthem.While S/npltdiss;mus
presented
itself as an apolitical tribune ( hich, of course, does
not mean that it was free of id€ o logy), its successol
used the powel of humour' láughtel, and nonsenseto
underminepolitical conventionsand attack relressive
r J e o l o q \L I I ' p \ l r u a \ D r o 0 uF. r ' l \ a l r .I B p n j a ml
claims Lhat .Ífu.e 's no Óette| irypefus far thaught than
Idl1Ehter'Anr1, in pdrticuklÍ, the canyuLsion aJ the dia
phruf,n lj.,lll1llyp|tvides hette|opporalnities Íor thaught
than daes the coný lsion aÍ tha sout,, so how dio tne
writers and cartoonjsts of Simplicrs flex their dia
phragmsand vocal chords,and did their humour have
the potentialto make subs.ribers think criricatlyabout
the world and about themselves?
oalicáture and humour have played a crucial
ro1ein C7€ c hnodern culture,and theilimportancehas
alwaysbeen |aramount in times of political inslábility
(onethinks oíthe famouscharacterof the Cood soldiel
schweik in the novel by ]aroslavHašek,that appeáred
$ňen the li|st world waj broke out). The degree to
which caricature threatenedthe fascist regimes and
their Czech collaboratorsin rh€ 1930slvas lÍel] oocum P np d L ) T h " I i f { l n r a ' n d r : , . r .l 1L l o i u o r o , J i - d
tule (Prl.ní nezinárodní \.ýstavakarikatury a hunoru)
tnat openedin Mánes Ga]leryin Pragúein the spring
of 1934, alound the sáme time that the t]rst lssue
of S;r.apllcuswas publlshed. The exhibition brought
together drawings, collages, and photomontagesby
Czech, German, ljrench, and Soviet artjsts and, with
12,000 visitors, constituted the peak of lre war cuL
tural sdidarity in the fignt for democracy,peace,and
artistic tieedom. Shortly after the opening, however,
the fascist embassiesof cermany, Italy, and Austria
in Pra$e lrotested agánst the exhibition, and Ine[
political jnterventionat the CzechoslovakMinisÍy of
Foreign Affairs resulted in the removal 0f the lrosi
provocativelieces fŤomthe ga]lery,inc1udingthosc of
Jo]rnHeartfield,GeorgGrosz,and rrántišekBidto.such
unprecedentedcensorshjpstir|ed much disagr€ € m ent
amons the left win8 Europeanintellectuals,anílslhplll
cus, which lÍas one of the injtiatols of the exhibition,
Ieact€ d with a nurnberofshárp caricatulesat thc fiIst
sálitický
1ýdéní].
MánéŠsméni yýíaYu [ďiL*m p"J.
piá.i P' 'ys|árce
1/ Adoll Hofin.i ster:,Má nes a]t.rél!
tbe e,hjbitiÓn ol caricatu|es accordih8
to the wishes ol the anba's.doť
Répo|]rufun:
sinp]ji!Š1' 1934Na'la
exaggerátedgÍmaces characteristicof cari|ature ánd
the idealised lnotograpbic portráits was a]so used to
demonýrate the coníict befu€en ;nťdr.€ťe ,ft]nsf, the
fascist telm for modeln aÍt forms, ánd the official
neo c]assical acádemic sty]e of National soc1a]isn1,
promotedby llitler's cultural lolicies as the one tnrly
Remá.kably' the nale face and body wele used heÍ€
both as the idea] of new C€ r man art that incorpo.áted
Aryan purity and supremacy' ánd as the incamation of
omnipotentconÚo]and sur\'€ i llanc€ ' Iftbe tru]y revo
l,lasculinityin the Pillory
]uti0narypowerof humouI consistsof únderminingthe
very ibundationsoíthe socialstructur€ , it should come
AS is apparenthom the cartoonthat appearedon th€
as no surprise that the very concelt ofnasculinityl\'as
covel of slnpll.Us' [1] Ádolf ]lofllneister, the driving
put in lhe pi1loly by the sl'lpÍcus contributors'
lbrce behind the campaign against censorship, used
And yet, nascu]inity was immune t0 th€ sllb
d ' i | \ t q \ | | \ P t Í F' '| \ " . ' Í d '' a ' s I F | h 4 ' ! | r o p ' I
versive and deconstructivepower oi the avantgarde
d I p d | ř ó \ ' ' \ l d n 8 U a g é| | ý ] J l h ó | o p A ' || ' ' ' r d e r m i I F '
in most of the inter.war perjodicals, no matter io'|Í
lascist plopágá nda' Rep1acing the disp]ayed caricatu res
revolútiondryánd progressivethey might have been'
wjth the orderly pbotographs ofThi.d Reich potentates, The representation of Inen in s'ltplřus as ]aughable
he contrasted leplessjve cons€ r vatism with critical
despitetheir pompouse8ďism and loljticál poweÍ as
and revolulionary
thinking.The hiddenjuxtaposition f i d i c u l o u s ,w e a k , a n d u n m a n l y c r e a t u r e s i s t h u s
betweenthe displacedimágesof distortedbodiesand a tutber unusual pienomenon.
Lt/24O3
1_! :a: ::' :: . 4 5
tDoz/t)
9n
aq}pas'P q]rq,{iqJ]aupJtqJ ílLfu]l. Ďt}] ,aul 1l!u]1,1B11]3uDl'!
ÍlÚlÍD ŠL tfu)!]ílD,12
l]]utrÍm n l'uP,]J'?3lrrnu
aql uŤlP34} la}'rol3 '1.^apaJéplsuolsDN uPlu allru laJalag a^a]u] s { ,L0 Úa1!|1s]qBr}'1]]asa|]] llD aJD
..iuÍJuLq, au, p!)r''1o]
ltu.ll 3q] 'uarrŤo.ll
Jo uool]d|.u'ru38ul'!!o$ oq] q1lÁ1 p]lD^alt]]]^oH :8 aun{
uÍJI1D
pas€ é .IJu'íltlrqPu q.Iqil\iPJ3ulopou oq1Josu.]oldu
pu]! o) ]u,.r I iýn, asJaď sJno]u|, p,as ]a3 oJ 'uDul D
s
cq] to .Uo sl]'{'!
u3Ú Jllulu.JJá lo JP3J
lso;írto]rs
tuoieg q lln/úI :z I JDIli,:{.slr uoueu u!ru.r65orlrJo
.Jr}nJ áqr puP ssBc]rnsIEJŤrnods.n.qq.oi) ]o s3Jlnos
'íÍqDqD a^,1]a] EIna'
u,I -alsDtsnoaslaqlH JaJ 1/0,:uorssardmpelroqs 'r JllIéI\odtsol! 3q} sP Í1!]Pn\Jsp E 'o.\oJ,lrIŤS3TJ
)noJ.
qr ( sulPl)\3 |u€ ÁJpq pun.J slq sdsEJ8J.IpIos 3q] IElq8|lq;lr] loods sq] l€ a ddE xls uoq]|'!i J.], Eq J]
.(s't,d0oJJ'ulor9 s.lqJall1],l7aas ulala,
t e u p . tp s t u o 4 P t n d s r , s l s q q a o3:r)r d s 3 0c l r t , s l s q q o o D
la úÚDaJauqY
'qJ pal}lrrll uoolJE33q1u] ''uLpox J3I]u33JEuoŤtŤpPJ}ro s]Jids! .Ilqnd aq] pu€ 3]E^lJdcr]] pcjjJ.uŤlooq
p!ssaJ8suEJi1lo]álduo]
{J03!nŤ3.\Is aq!,splo,ax
1 lu,sao ÚDlLl1j paltllu.J
]Pql,o]u!msEut
Jo
|Du.lnoJ
p-.lot" L...,L qr']d,r
. lrDullod tra13q tvapnr-snan!!dsua.14
"p
JollalJold 3q] sliÍ]q3o' Jo ÍJopla,{Jeuou uro4, raurnor snornruanp! s,roqrnP3qr taruaunrop
nJ0^3loql s! áun 3ul!s aq} ]! sln]]o uEIJ]l]Jodéq] l P q l I q d ! É o l q o ] n Pu P . ó Z ó l u l u 3 R U ^ \l t e ^ o u] s l u
slaqq3o' J0 nlorJÁ nlPUolln]o^alaq] !a^\(njllr'nrIod .sTaqqoor uoJj Ňldúes l).qsíqníl .{éq] 'onssI lsJl
pul]pl.os10 loquts aq] st snllEqd aq]Jo uoŤtE}tl.s.Jd srlt ur rosu.. .rntnl r3q] ol 38'ruoq pl'?d srorltc rrlJ
0q] pu'r ruslol3q Jo }ln) álPuI J€ u o]llpÚJ] 3q] 's','úll]s ú!aln'U lPlttdod.íTtln]]]JPdP sE,$!.o;l]Ul!
TPŤJg]o
0 p6s!q llDs sl tr '3q ]q;Ilu u'Ua'u] s'do sq] uÍ Á}| 3lll.l;u;'.p pu! aftn8ull ]Jadsns ÍIlE]rl3oloap|
3U 01
unnrs'rruJo uolPrussirdsr aqr onlrsatort,1\oqrau€ u r
I r t o U r l o ] s n o u n r J q . u E u 8 u q oíotlI J I s ' u P u s D . Ú p u ! 8
ou 'ss6l6q].'c^.
0ql
ldordJo rarsruf!rs,qrrallpr[t] aU 'sta.Lq.otresol
\ nuP[ŤJaJlP6l'lnoqP sq],\uŤ3SJPJ
-Á1l],3Js! sllalsn]lr aln]nuD,
BuluJ.pun o] suodP3^!s! p.sn ÍllJ€ n l3s uPunq uo
lo
suo]]3olJ.l .tlÍ]uel]s IsEn| puP sili.P]uPJ.uol3 q}I.l{ áq.],!l ]ndlalsla[IJ]oHsP']pql ÍJJPJDSII.JPS
lno lulod o]
o D r o 3 p d o . /d. \ | . n - r . o p , q L n , . r p . o r o q e
s.DlrOíIa 6l3íq IPŤJIJ3qtJo sla]sPuraqlro ll]út']!addE
s4n]usuo] íÍŤp .sláqqaol]olplg l3!r)uul'{ ,{qta}PJ] I]]n]3!3q] puP uo]t'ruuEluJalJ au3Íhrs ti]} ro Áruou
snllI pu€
I; |Jos]Iruo4 pa'{ou.J 3lIql/t
1{3]uo.
'ols{qd p ]r suouodoJd J'r]|síqdlP.!' áq] daé,l{iaq
ll]U
D aD 1 dEDa Íru€ d aJ]sl]r 3q] pásn .q l'{l}u!}lodlul 6loll ']rra|qo
Itl ,',.íJD11a]]rya^a1
'a1ILDJ]LLa
jo
uD sa^a]IlD1uor1
uD
asna!
,
uPq}
laq]PJ
IItÚ
],fu Y |'.l
,ú].!l]/l|
|3^I3Ju0J
l.nx.s e s! uEttlo'\'\
qll 9 a' J3
uDuollv :, Jequla]I1)s'
\efuaLla
.siql Jo loq}n! aql .oJp]g.'11/qoď
'}/l ,ur7
]na1!1l/Á
\-3Jnt?)]'IPJ
l29mJa1]]0 :|Js'aj prje
aoJ! [útaD! s]1]]s.]'apJd puD ..]Dn9ua Š1311
.slaqqao, n,lnuP|n' '!EÚuaa' Ďlll1u,s'
'paol
'urral
'pl!.1
)at
an,
s
la
ul
,pu
aw
BEa
lDt
''Ja ]H }í]1p|ro]q'ÍZl s.Á\ '','du?s o] ! ŤDJoJJPut]lli
u, saart ll dlls pu, tauyrd rell Jal lla au sdluud ptq
u'rlurlrl] rql arnrrrlnrs r1r 5 lPrIssEIr uI puuoJ sI' \
a]nual Y ,p naŠ1\3ta ]1 sr)puollls,lp|o puD pnD ŠÍ) {loq alPu UI]IIY pnp] eq]]o odÍ]o]oJdaq] 3]ltlr!'
t,ltst lDrlJ alu)113 ot Ilutq an9 al pub .urtnrrq aa ol
9 DLuoh Jr alo.l a!I.. .aÚo ll!D]Jod|u|uD pu, lFuaq
uDuna , ý 31!s'lllap D .lau ]aď b uDJa1!]1,u
sl uD1Lloj4
:IZ aúnInJals]l! pDq bfulpnpÚl Ír,s]u aDan ua|,!:ut,8,
asua :91 aŮn[ ld.idals sD! olh rnu Jaod at!] :alll altu3
sl1!r)or fi! !'1iaŠ o1 sanu|]1ú xDru Ú,w!a, aunua? |
:ťLaun .1Ja^L q EurlJDls a1bspu,|! eq] pL, |dnp11no^1 aN ?',/ 1 ý'!(!ns Jr',j',fud''
9
[
91'!.op a1|]lo aalpbu aqt lMaN 'a1|lnpÚad )pap ?a,
".4 $nw ueu/é, aq! |olp!8 la'!]uEJ!/z
tSnuJ
I
ised homosexualityand abortjon,and demonis€ d any
deviation from traditional gender roles as immorat.
Thus, a Nari worker or soldier vho fell in love with
lhe nátion was seen as a model to be emulated'The
era8Serated image of borLndlesslove that ended in
lregnancy and turned the'natural lalvs'upside down,
however,threatenedLhe vcry foundationsof Nauonar
SoclaListidcology.
In Sekora's cartoon, the obsessive love fo. the
Nlother Natnjn genelates á ncsative oedipus comp]ex
ánd a new,non pha]]iNmďe subje(tivity,lvhich is predi
cated upon identification $'ith the fbminine. The Nazi
politicians, portrayed as beautiful idols, with rnerr
ioyal and devotedmale servants carrytng the burden
of repro{ruction,are unmistakablesigns of masculin
ity in c.isis. Facjng th€ increasin8 dangel ol war and
I o . 5o | ' ' \ . l l i b P 1 ' F . |' | P Š i n p lLi ., | ' n ' | | b| | o . \T J ]
ised that what was at ýake was not only freedombut
also the supreme position of men in both family and
society'Prcjecting áttributes of fenininity onto ma]e
canoon cnaracters rvas not only a subversive, but also
a potentiallyself ironising, gesture.
When Richard von Krafft Ebing definerl male
and Íémalecharacter in his t'anous study Prycňo
pdthtdSey&alts(1882),he u sed the dichotomybetween
active and passive prjnciples to explain the natural
inc]ination of men towárds sadism and of wom€ n
tolíards masochism. lle understoodmale sadism as
an excessive expression of másculinity| ma]e maso
chism' ho!Íeve.,was in his opinion a pathologjcal
manÍéstationof a hidfun feminine ps}Ťhe'lrom this
psychos€ x ual perspective,the 6e1fcaricátureoi !Le!
in s'npllcus could be interpréted as nasochistic'
Such masochism was a risky business, but it was
a l . o d , I d I ' n 8 i n gh d \ r o , o p F\ 4r r t l a | , r p r o td , \ l
€ t y oflolitical' social, al]d cu]turalcastration.]n ot}er
!Íordsl'twas a complexplocess ofsolving án internal
conflict between fear and pleasure, or defence and
desire, in order to fight restdcrive norms, taboos,and
prohibitions'ó
3/František B|dlr, Gerna. Déstiny in
Journat Records
Repfulu.1kn:s|np|i.ns Í'1934lNo,3
lúakéLove and War:coito
erso sum|
on€ of the most effectivemeans used to lromote ideas
oi racial sesregationin Germany in the 1930swas to
connectrace with tlre stateslonsored po]icy oÍprocre
ation and natality.The professionalactivitiesofwomen
wefe seer as unfemidne, edangering the lutufe ofthe
Third Reich.The proler role for evefy German woman
was to be a good mothel devotedt0 t'er husband and
In 1934, ihe Nazis l€ s is]ated anew plogran of
compulsory sterilisation tbr .unfit' citiz€ n s; the sta
r i . r i ' . n d i ' " r p dd 1 i n ' r p J . i n b r r h J , d r d r . B F
rates in LheAryan population.?Unlike the lhird Reich,
ozechoslovakRepubticla]vábout family was re]atively
liberal. Left wing inteilectuals, including those rvho
contributed to simpll.&sl 'were partjculally pro8r€ s '
sive in this respect.
The conservativeand racialty segregatedideoiogy
of sexuality and the political over determination ol
motherhoodappearedon the top of the list of issues
o bó .\d lFlgFd
dnd F\dmin' d
'1
siŤplh Ú', d\ i'
demonstrated }y Pete. Nikl's Philasophy oÍ the IhÍ|d
,{el'cň,subtitled ,co't' €rgo su'ni, [4] The liece shows
a happy Nazi family with a pregnant nother of six,
l 0 ) " 1 ' yl f i n " i n g d g l , r , o l L p " f r u r h p b r p o d ^ i n n F f
and head of the 1?rmily.ltis a brilliant piece of satire,
pastolal idy]l and
balancingon theknifředge betrťeen
Srotesquecaricature,betweenthe joyous evocationof
lamily life and the hor.or of ethnic hy8i€ n e policies'
Moreovel the pun on the key statementof Descartes'
,1think Íhere|o/e/ a'?, reinlo|ces
phi]osaphy
the
ironic and unfortunate link betlÍeenthe age of |ea
son, dominatedby posiiivist science,technology,and
industry,and the abuse of the findings and inventions
o|that era for the enslavementor € x termination of th€
undesirable 'other' In this carloon' the machÍneryoí
statesponsoredmass lrocreation propheticallyantici
patedthe later massgenocide,ánd the laughterliterally
'lieezes
on onek lip.'
,.:ern revolucionái'
Lt/24O3
{; i?t
r: ::
I
47
ta0z/tf
I ia ,r :;; ;l
't,/rD pasýJl1p,I! tay] )a D qso.JJ sD8s'uaaa!\I
a1t tsulD9Dlps! ttassa at arav aBD s! urtyh 'alrlputrd
[sn ]a7]
3sa1!]lo sapía a|!] asop a] '"1uoÍuDaq Luplnair aJ,rll
alns,a\ll aw {a as]I)] ] a3, al!] Ia !dun14 ,1!] Í]uo pu
.$|1o]qpDu J,]DiI
,sna]naqals1 :paď'sáJ
Ša!1lt31s
]1
]oll s] ]noxn |V],}€q]
.suo!]]un1]lla aJDc a\,] plnoÁ oar1
n
'| |L| J9|S' 'qÍ
a]!] uo 11Jn]pnolíj au/A ,s D! 1pl]] ua \lnJa s,3 D lnd
!)U'p |ý|l |||J qlcL|]'I'l|
.'.sŠausna13s11o3
'pu!q
.qlPep
u o Jla!] rql a.]ú x.fl]oi
pul]q
uI
lU.Á\
Pl]1o a1]!|j
'solpu'rqJ
pue
sorii
ssatpulp p|noJ at! hnq] xD]!n)d puÚ llDws aJ ari
Jo pu! ornsEstdJo satdtrutld 3qr
u21p]!w ÍuÚrl a]] sJaa]au Ja! 'nouo]! lo suopDJ@ap
aJ.qŇ punol8JlllPq e sP,\(,{poqJql ..snoloťrnq'Jo
'parurrd
palured
ro
sp.r
1! r3q1oq,\ punorS ou atDt! 3!\I uqt u ar3z3 av tnaqD \Dads ot lnlittlrtls
,snotras,
s.II ?1!1p alt u! rtlpps alt puo tsalou alt ul plas all
I€ J ]n3u p sE Ítoq aql Jo uouou aq] pauopu€ q € íJilJ
(pauolu€ q B u3rJo sE'{ ,uDaa au] u yaŇl puD paJnouaq s] Jaa]au au leJaah]
lp€ J sJEnr33Jlarulua] 3ql
.
,h]ťalsuas
u o D : ) u u s Ilp. . h . s e l c s l l l 1 l e q }p . s I s . t l o u á l ) q p l n o q s 'aplJl{ lD11apl ,Š1xo]snJ
la aJnnnJ D s.] x
]l pu!) .l!lol, Jo .q8rq' p3ŤdnJ]oÍ3ql aJn]tn]rlo
u]!]l D4 ,1olJa1nDlpaE2!] sD JaulH !]Ú\ p,!1ouo! sI
oq !,uoh D a1aI!!r"'suDÚo)]
rrIn]PJ]srIJ]q,!!Jo ssalplPg3}].uol]u3^Ja]uŤ
TPJunod salqDqJnal pan^]pP ŠÚ1!
parrp Jo uodm,\rE sE rusDnora pasn 'arntrrri'rr 3ur aa a!] la aJn]UJ ua JfinnuDsnot!1 31!]11]1^i
í0una3 D s1
pnt.ur t u33 ! ntln) rDlndod qtr^(pal.ouuor orom 'I1'.3uo]p€ u olss]rdru]u'r ul p.)F? aq l!,ui] lil'ur v]./Í1
.|'|
(
!es
'
d
\
ý
'
\
o
'
P
p
d
B
.
8
J
d
o
c
o
|
l
{
o
d
uaí]B a^ouÍa4] asn,caQ ú11olsa\, Jpv ua pauad Š|D
l
o
s
|
|
e
J
pau atDq uauoii ÚaBu a!a1]h,uo9sonsa3uD10 aun|
3riJ .uo!]'?uI3EU1lpuP Ít!I€ 3 J a8Jaru 01 pu! suou
JŤosal JEJl1lJodp P JII sd a.\olllal 01 sularu € sE puq a4la pJDaanaÍa^,H, :JEln)|rJ!du] sJ3rltoulloJ
(6uoÍJa^.loJ q]J!a uo oslpElEdP ÍJlunol tsulrc]
uounl()^.J!uP ..^ol ',{lIlPnxesuááslnq dIqsuoull.l
}nq
aqt I0 ta^ra)uorsrslPaJ.nrs3qI ssausnorrsuorunpuP puB 8uúol ]sour .q] s! ÁuPuJJá' paslEJd3q I{.'qI{ul
3 poqsllqnd ÍoťJ1ad'ij.{|oN uollpN
{]]r]tE3JJ]o sa3Jnosuappq 'uluado JoJ so€ ó I oqr u] Í8ala Dráodoq]ftu
3l]!];ť]snoJaq] Japun
urslJnol3rJuEíl]JEnxasp3spJd 3N'r8JuIl^'rq]azJ aqJ
aq1JoJq}I]ga^|' lu3uŤorl'{,
(]JP]u! p.uŤDttŤ6l
aulullu'J oLDJ0
sessau)c|s 8uuds éqlJem put éJlseo srlnq u! ro su8ls raqlo
llll\ I sYJ pooq
'r.qlou qI^\ p3llrrossE "llolcq.\{oqs
s3d{}o3r6lsa IsE^r3dlsoul
aqt 38uall'qj 01 anbluq)c} sŤtJtp3sn sJolnql4uo]rlo
'íÚeu. ÚolulJot
Jaqunu P lauŤull.pun0] p3tullN l]}!q} s9qJIIDcq} o}P
puP lualp3qosŤp IJdoJddP 0r sn,]lduls u' Á8a}PosuolllÚoJ ! sE^{t]
IŤal]ltq8!Jplno^{oq'{.u3uro,l!ÁIftŤlŤll.
roJ p6n!. IodEduo )sr3l tt .{.q} rnounq {rluoqnl
o^al lŤaq}Lp { Íq3.IpŤ!€ d .3ullsŤxa
oq] Bulss3q]nqJo
pP3tsq laÁ-sJaqloul 3Ja^{
oq'{ uaruo'{!
Jo sa3ua!3dxa
pxE suJaJuo] 3ql ],aUaJlou pno]r Íaq]puP 'uou aI3M
s.lpolPd .s.q} r() sloqlnP á'{1!3sJno,rc '$Iq)J'rJ.rq
I]rIJosapu s]loddns ]Eqt 3ln]JnJ]spo8ftqr ,tTIE]I}Íod
IrtrB.uInJsPu P sI pooqJcqloujlŤ:qlsls333ns puP u3
ulo^{Jo uo]r€sl^uJalqo puP uo!}€slP]rcrunos ] 3q] }no
sturod1r:ursrrtrrJ)Joa8p3drpqs E sEq atprsuouEu 3qr
t') aJ|^J3scqr ur raqrouraql Jo trsos'? fluoD aqJ
'suo'l!.!dur
lpjn{nc pu'r ptros srr r8ua Eqr or
rnq tlluralll o] lou os prp,{.qrlJeqlou rq1}0.{qdrrtou
o]! Puo]]!pP4 aq] pasn sn,]7Ólns Jo s]slu'r $I)sEJIluP
.qr qSnoql! loqr en8re 01 .it't ptnoa I .)Br uErljret
3qt ÍJlJndo] sl uolss]uŤasoq^!ilrq .poqp s] plagal]]Eq
asoq rourPM E sr aqs ru33P IP]rlluod'r ssuonaq aqs
pu! Iltsapad ? u0 ]nd orp suoqrunj .^qcnpordarraq
luPq r3q1oaqt u0 oun{cl]ruSurpooJqpoqsE^\urpJqP
lq ro^\8lq 3uo sE pc}ucs.JdoJ.:IJEJ
ul.sl € q s 1Í]Iululul3j
.qs !pu!q ouo 3ql úo
]sottl s6ÍpoqLu3
Jo so{t{]oaJo}s
'uouPu u'ruJeo eq] íJo33 E u€ pu'r u3ruo'{ JoJ
,]o
]IP
lBpotuolq?ulPnEunuEq]oqs'l.qrou u.ul.o áql'eJcH
.{]pJnsqEJo IInJ s! .uouElu3uŤElIIuJPoio] ruslruŤldo
p.]'Jxá uo{ .('No sl'l }o uol'ruuapu9J 0] uoplu Jnoq
U'|dU'q odq.Jo.Uoq '||' IJ]o':Úe' |\''.
r,tDi puD
s$LJ a!] ]1],3]to] uaJpl]al 'na la J,qunu a\1 1shJrÚl
''.ó/
. ,x
|l.!aa
pJlll!
a!]!Ó
'l snJ!du$]l,!J'poJd,ť
ludÓsollqd,,!|ý
8t
ii
'asrurlail arlosolrl
Ja1ad/l
unkindness oÍthe Íealcirculnslínťe ,' ]f ihe carnivalised
ploasule princip]€ has t]re potentia]to th|eaten rne
social order,then, as one can see in the bizarre rela
tionshi! 0f love and a. ;n Stnptr.us, lvhar mjghr be
a cynical or even exploitativehumour in conditionsot
!ea(e and řeedom, could becomesub\i€ I sive' or e!€ n
felolxtionary, in times oi a. and tymnn).
Mad love, lhrnou,./iru,.oDsideredby rhe Surreal
ists to be th€ hi8heý ti).m of lo\'e,w.s traDsformedb}'
tbe .s'.nplicls artists into a cfue] camjlral 0f eÍeNda,v
I€ a lity tull of il|ationa]jiy and madness a |cality
\yhere national ideais turn into hatred, and peacctul
homes jnto gas challlbers.One reads with a sensc of
hono. the humoro!s text entitled'Eroticismin Cases,
.t'\
1éon'|\|no||.
'||l'd4c'
ibP'
ous picture0Íhaw nankn1d Livesand flouťishes
n rne
The beauty of the flliting couples dresscdin her
meticál]ysealed,tight .ubber clothing and gas masks
]s demonstratedby onc of |Iantišek Bid]o,s il]usÚa
tions' 15]The text, reáds: .The inpatíently awdited e1hi
Ú ;Ln ..rfui' ífu in Lol, '' a' .npn]
L! o !Ú \Ll ioÚ\
Íashiol| s]Io|v,hd, just opene.I' our rcparter went Íron
one secti,n to dll,ther...awe stuck t|tithadmnatun. He
wds astonishe,.llry the |]ankrfuIly ÍÍtÍinsand gasjŤisť
ant autJih on lhe s.in, 9i,|Lshbodies' It Í,auld be a pity
íÍcci|ls werc ta Co|rcde such loýely beauty'' ' Even ill Íhe
sase, a wanan,s úlsidescaukl burst foťth||íth the bedu
tifuLfia|1ers oÍher huruniÚ,
The misks aft designe(]
so ý|ellth.1ÍtheJbce loses nane aJ its persandl chann; an
ÍheconÍrúrysone oÍ those little itLperJbctions(pinple',
va|ts, an.l fteckLe, are co|e|el1fu adýantage',\Í
Reginress}mpathisjngwjth fáscism or under the
surveillánce of fascist a8ents put into effect many
rules and obligatiohsthat had an impact on peolte s
sexuality and personal iives, often reaching absrrd
l€ \ 'els' Ió] Although this existentjalsituation vas hor
.ific, iis surreal and Kafkaesque dimensjonprolokeíl 5/F|antlšek Ridlo, Eroticisň in 6ases
a palodic mockely thát scandalisedand exagge.atcd ngptud'dionrsiryrrim r, rca4 io. r5
One finds án examp]eof this in Antonín Pelc!
caúoírnin four lilm figures entitled Ihe BÍaunIove
is Pd'udlse,published in one oí the summer issues of
simpln]us: 11| 'Huh, a senite ís nvishínq our race!' |2)
'Let\ n1arch
ta s.J|eour rclce!,(3)'oh, lny n"osteÁteenell
!rydn couple, parú|n ne, and don,t be disturben in lour
acfuines, 14)']n the name oÍthe natian, kerp gond, [7]
Here'the repressionandnationaUst dogmatismb€ c ome
J gigánticpantomimethat plovokes]aughter(a con.!'ul
!u,e or even hystericallaughter,yet laughter nonethe
less)lrut csrtainly no forgetting,to paraphrasertretj e
rf Milan Kundera'snovel.'
'It i5
our gao.lJortune, oU mre piýiLe\e, t]tútin the
'n "r!oin]' Ul'nÚra8r' oroÚr l|]Íu1.ond ''Lt dtrr' !ian,in
.he n1i.]staÍthe everyday bittet disdppointnentsj |]e Can
iaugh hcartiry,,wrot€ Kalel Tejge,the foremostCZec|
ó/FrahtišékBidlo' Protéctioh of Morclity in vienna:
.Láy down,
and don\ try to hov.,
nťpmd&d.tot
simplios r' l9J4liJ' lr
V lrodinových hote|í.h nařízena stálá
kontrola
''Léhnout 3 áni É &hnoot-..
L
49
t00z/t1
I :: :.-1 lu
::
09
:a^lcnrtsapjtss rsqrPr ara,{{'ipooqr.'{}oru
S rpntrur
,|.'í]]1D'1oÚpuĎ ÍplJos ýoa8Jnoq )dnJJo' puD ua]]aJ
Í]ru]ullll3J Jo sloporu ]qd!7J8ouo]I íJ"tttolsn' aqt Jo tsulDRDttJlds snollaqal pl1Dal4traqlt alt lo uodDa aaj
ljuos !3^oq?pBuouusruuaoq seq ff !3^ooroJ\l
q ,úa),o,V mounq Jo swJl! Mau q u]J]q ua118sD1!
.]'rna3sJo
t2 kau a!] J3n!lo JanDú, s, ?uy .8ulslJdJnsp!,7
lEllos ]PŤJu€ u q
Jaq]oq$ .3'u3puáo6!ulJo Jno^EJu! sololJ3!ua' IPuop ]t1erluÁs a.] pU' .sÚouel^aJqqe lJl \Jori o] sn1! ']1D
Ip!l} p3ss3JEsuEl]pPq oq'{l uotl'oA lo uoŤlEdl3uloá ulapou $oa Ď!]l 'l!.,1! lJE ''oÓ
{q páphold oq oEP
s,uauronlo us urlrrr
prp
epntrutlou
ptnoqs
qirq,\{'su4s rleod pu! pUM lroqs srulrll,{urr
srr?tdurJs
]ErlrrtEs
.s6u|7P8EuI]IlÍlps uPadoJng
Jo lpua8E agt
]soUr ul
ruDu ť]astrs]s]!u]dw 2w ,íl:!p,ýuÚllcalu puÚ paDqua
JPJndodÍlaul3J]x6aleÁ\uauo^{ llrpourÍIsnollqopu!) Eutaq uDunt! aUJ lilro rta)prrb snoltq atsapun np
}u3p adápul J0 salqDu'rJ al]q/t(..Jd,{islq] Jo sofuull Altltrasuti.! ftln a01 1k )Hn aqpuD a!u! alM oat nU
FpnJ3 1'{llrJPJsnJi/fulls {sJeuulru Írullll pa]PlruJlpuE
a,úá1s1x291]!0 s,]]]n1!i!1pa1]]v]]& sa48n'4s aW' Ínpq
poF|IdoJddť oq,4\ n]EaJ3IPruJouqPue s! U€luo^{ ,\{B'\l la Bupq uDanu a1!J sasntiutqEt ali sasnt'( llrapou
aqt p3lnrlptr t!q] stErrporradsnorounq rapto at,lult
a1!]]D1]l!r,Ja, q ]I 'pDaJqú]DpJno ap a fi ucnru sD
Jnauna lo yD 8ulu]qJa]ua puÚ ,{ddDaa4 paa1la 's,\a!
stputurlrCpus sarnrtrsordr^llururuJaJ apŤ.n 11]1l|
Jnc' uJoJs uDJ a'$ 'nJa^ aq] lo
úJa^adLL.1t0
uo]]Dn]]s],3]suasuau puD q8DJ] alg la unl a'!,lu uÚ,
:panuluo])oH i'slslEpE0pue lsu^\ol.lnorunH uo'
a/'Í,1j
.]3ElulÍq3JEJonlJ3pua8a!'] 3uL^Dál 'í'rssa
J'r,{|Ja]ulsrq Ul ISDJE luP rs]Jo.ql .pJE81u!^'
'uaqt p3^J6sáJdrrJ3qtal{'ulo ,,{}ruru]ul3J
Jo sádí]UUJe$
qJnFlp puP 3sr^alo] péursn,]tdl1ljsloqFqM Japuol|
o} sPq auo !J€ a}eal' or uapplqjoJ 3J€ ]nq olldsul
uatllo,!{}pq] s3lldt osnj{ aqt Jo ]doJttoc€ q ] Jl ,]s!el
oJP uaq]]Jo IIl Jl lpa]sa38ns |z aN'úó| \ snlldúl :ú@npai,}]
lou 1nq ]sq 'puE 'uauŤo,l{
o8lat sE 'sasnt^J
eslpeleé sl a^o7 une/a aq!I,lad u!!o1uv/z
rq8lt ar! sesnt\tuJapou llp Jl
,'|oqol
op BpoJ9B
ílI9BÍ
3^.
'.I poqcod BgPoqJod
ÍsEl nlBJqogz
Bl[ "
\t-.-,{i
r'rk
VY
_Ei
.n4l9d
e]lB.I
l lB^oQÝ'{oo
dqsf1re fBe?9Á .tropj€ d o.
,lnsBr yzrd
E9lt Blllía6 'eIIs
lpt a l ot o{spl ppQuH
,llll
ta0z/11
i
,.!
I:
l1
Z9
' 8 z | , d ' g 9 ó l . s s e n! a E p L q u e c
''l 'd l''.ó! .. 'oN
Í
l
s
I
o
M
s
1s,.7/dÚ]s
.sóqqaoc
.9
'n!uép qca]s|^ pnso
Ú.|aH'ŠÚÚ1'p]]Ó|ýslH pÚe s],/.q.8 .u|]q!ea eq| ^ ''L
]asoI Iaeq3!\
4)í.éu9N
'$nss
,9L
'dd ,'€ ó l .L .ÓN
p.ru.p.3al0unue pép^o]d^óq]rnq
asaq}]o
us|.uc
1s',//./@7s
'L
lpaseq lÓu 3]aM^r|lenba
.'
]ép!aBpue sŠPl qcP.r o] pa]UE{léq] .nlluépq.a]s| ^ pnso |3.u9N .naqqao9FsoI Feq. L/\]
'e9L ',o 0N
MoqsleM.qrrpqrles ot lou s s rll.uauoMlo.rueuruop teq.re
9
'.
|]ed 3qrEUpnIju .d qsró!úÓ a]e^!d]osU]o}||epuP usrIe]dec |tt6| .t6I. éuéJlz'as)J1e2]nP)Lry !a]s|éU]]oH
] opv
'9oz'd.3lóL
p.loe]rP
so6óL
aql
u|
e|!e^ÓsÓqcazc
U|
se
ÁBusuo]dÚocun
) ] o ^M é N
.susuaqdv'sness]:ŠuÓa..ué\'|'pa)
's'Úl]L//
npé||.lupues]sDreua|aqt]eq]péZserldu.aq p noqs!'.L
P.Iqdel3Ólqo]nv
'|'
' !
z]éuac]éled:u|lacnpo]d seroq]nvaq1iUueruဠréleM'z
' ! dd
o' a 'o'l]| d' Ó' '.l ? PJp '? op o3
')]ce€
'89
'oN,000z.
q
s
'
d
d
'
e
l,,^y :u 'q$]s|Ppepe q.éuno|!ln]ounqo laEal orq 'zL
| ^ ' ]7X| . u ,
L
.03óL >lJo^ )]oo']s]s|]rvé X3 .zloHq]q os|eáés 'LBóL u eL^]
ue un])]Ue]l
'eunseledpuh úél^eulpÚě|s,ualÚe]uqtlor,
N\.NIEu!]afua] pue ] a]q8n
e1!Ó'Óoá.l/] ig]épun)uP !\].l l
Úl']qeMÓlŠoq.éq.Šl
'n
d
].p
u! t!x] |(pa) uueu]]oH8lMpn'] '89ó| Ú )aa 'n]tn, pun
9L oN. srur/drirs^u^tdzau ojnorl oL
, e 9 L' o ' l 9 ó l u o p U onl a q c e J r s
'|'pa)
éqJP]dsJap @la!é8al uaEunqaEaga1!5sll!.éqJŠl4!.Š]néo
Í
'sÚ41 ,|z ,
'phd]
pÚnÚ8s
a^
}a g]]ah lelBÓ]oq.nsd 3].1dÚac
|au9j^eN^esnqoE.cuersu|]o1áóŠs0.ó| 6q] u e)]e^o|goq..zc
éq !Ó ÚaaP] pJepue]soq1:Új lnÓunH ipnor] punu3ls o
arou
uIslen}caIarul
ueÚ]a9 pé|x€ 10séDhr].eoq]}noqes]|e]áp
' 9 ' d d' ' E ó l
.9óóL r!Ó1 M6N uopuo1,a]|!3ne1
s.Ú.úah lo jáhÓd ÁJe
]o]
'
lóZ.oN . s.JldÚ7s i]ipo]
uonnpAaaaql trý fuuÓdaauo3 pue uslulua! .\ees]eÚúýo|
]sp|^Ó]d a]'po]Íuaz !ro! ]]ód .8
'óóóL so é3uv ^qjÓoq 3ul)]garqq]ed
P ]o a]]qns 3qr séze]qdered
61|r]ué!n3
!Uouu|)sé!,\].qsje!\ .q1 erte^osoqcazaiPfiari aq]u
šÓ1 Áó a .a lqanoufulépot1].Ua]é,44.r'1
aql pue
lu.ua^o!\DsrDsPluuv
.3s crEnd.! rPUraMoql Burnprrp pue uetpr.os teuoneurpoorl o . 1 t P a P
,op..
.ot
I
.td! \. o- J".
"v r"d"o "
' ] a q l o uU ó ó MJ o d | ' ' o ' e | o ýl ' . ' o . ' l F ' o p d ' P | o pP ' o Í l e u B l o L o o z ' n | L L J é q o ] . o' n ! p r o ] e s p Á ] s ] ó ^ | uénq ]
'lh|
|asÁ]eueol].Ásd
UeA
ue
n!\Úa)
aq]
aor!
\e p éuŠe|^
1e|JlJn]uec ]sll! l]uaiJ a1]]Ó] q]uéé]éulN
)ép]q.]s ].p Úl ]Šuh,fip auaaaÚeqd luolŠnltéqJŠnalBse
alo :ý| :adolh] u as euoneNPue ha!.p/ 'ápUá9 éJué]ó]uoo
euo]eu
j€ l u eL]]]9 p.tu.so]ol].ded 3ql]o UÓs]á^P s lxó] slq1.L
! n ] o l r q r ó p a 3 o o q j ^ s dl n z ! 9 D ] s ! ] ] q ] M é ] e d Ú o c . 9
'''ór
''o]v
1 sDllljÚts jU@Jn,d'j,J
,i]íepJa$aÁ ap1s l sueld .ues .]4] .Je .sa|]]
|a,eŠ s,poc )o]' :lds u.uo,j1e
lo a^o1 lEpo) u.|3/6
.
iÍ}ÍPnba(ul)J3pu33lnoqg
íPs ]€ I ]] plp ]Eq I)uE i3JI]IP3l ul J.lq8nPJ Jo Ja,{md
8ulEJaqI 3q] 3u],{oÍu3
Jo 33alŤ,'!d oql pPq oq^{:{sP
0] sPq .uo llla]l!sP uBu .láA sJapPoJpu! s.l6qu'sqns
sn,,duJs oq]Jo b1)uŤ
lPtJlt3q oq]80uáplsuo) lsEal }ou
rnq }sP] Í.EuIIJdI']uolssá]oJdpu€ JPJn}Jncu^Ň ll3ql
žu]soTJo lsu áql l€ 'lu3]sdslri'rJJolj3p aq] uI s}qlŤl
s.u3ulo,l!]Joddns o1 j]Inb s€ 3q plnoM {ot{lJ3rJraql|
s.lapuo'{!
au0 .(tusl,DIIJJI3sJo )i.!I pÍlP),{cuársIsuo]uI
'Áuou.
slq] q11,,!t
6JEJ 0l
o)€
i
l
oll1
Jo^o
í]uolJadns
l}u6l.qol]
l'r'lsÍqd pre IEJouLqroq 3uuu!1|
luP r'Elul
p3ulEruolíl'ru.U ou]ImsPutu^\oJI€ q 'l 'arul83JlzPN .ql
J0 suoElpuo] 3ru64x. 3ql luP íúI6uo{lql Uo pasn'oJ
dl]Ťclldx.s'r,{í]nod
puP s3dÍ]oel3]sJopui3lo
ltnras
11Jsl3u!]r
JŤeq}puP 'u3ul aJa'\\.o^oqP
passnJslp 3Á1rq
]
s.rJnre)u'?rsqtJo sroqlns a!'1 ! :snr4.r/r?r7s
0t uotlptsJ
pu]2uodo su.ŤPuŤ6J
u| po8uaJIPtJJun
cnssl lPlJnJ3 3uo
,}e,{puY 'sa^u]adsJadpo}lqs ÍJlE3Ťulod
pul) íIllrlrJol
s]q ulo4 uoás s] ll uaqM suotll]cllduj]puE 3u]uP6ul
sll so8ueq' Í'rpo]sPlq lBpuá; E sE sJEaddE]EqÁl',1\3l.\
'}q8Ťlsrq] uI p61.JdJolu 3q plnoqs
Jo lu]od sŤtl]trlolJ
pup l{oluor TElros pup llinnnc 'tlcrorsrq aqr uo
.pUdddp rJ| .'|
'Ú| 9 ||q'\jd\
"dn |"3 3UIp1|
',{r0lrrr3t
IErtnou
I3!ua3Jo s]iruŤl.q]puofuq Jadpdslq] Jo asodlnd 6q}
fuJ {luPtJodrul aJoťruá^ásdPrIJ3d osp }nq ',{8oloap]
puP srrrlloo qrr^\p3t?r.ossp.{nEuoDrprusE 1!q!\ Jo
s]'u!l aq] puoÁaqpapu.]xop3oEtJ3pq}a puP Uls]]sEJ