Metabolické dráhy lidského těla .

Metabolic Pathways
BLOOD GROUP ALGINATES O-ANTIGENS
HYALURONIC ACID
DERMATAN
STARCH
SUBSTANCES
PEPTIDOCHONDROITIN
PECTIN
INULIN
CELLULOSE
GLYCAN CH OHCHITIN
COO -
O
COO -
6.3.2.7-10
6.3.2.13 HO O
2.4.99.7
CH2OH
O
OPC
OPPU
CH3CH
NHAC
O
CHOH
CHOH
CH2OH
HO
HO
1.1.1.158
3.1.3.29
N-Ac-Neuraminate
CH2OH
O
HO O
CH2 C
(Sialate)
COO
CH2OH
O
HO
HO OH
2.7.1.7
Mannose-1-P
HO OH
OPPU
UDP-N-Ac-Glucosamine
COO
HOCH 2
OH H
OH OH
C
C
C
H
OH H
COO -
C
H
C
C
H
H
H
O
HOCH 2
OH
OH
C
C
C
H
CO
H
OH H
HOCH 2 C
OH
C
HOCH 2
OH
H
H
OH H
OH
C
H
C
CHO
OH H
L-Xylose
OH H
HOCH 2 C
HOCH 2 C
H
CH2OH
C
C
CHO
H
H
OH
1.1.1.10
L-Arabinose
H
OH H
C
C
H
H
C
C
OH
2.7.1.47
HOCH 2
C
C
H
H
C
C
H
OH
H
OH H
CO
HOCH 2
C
H
HOCH 2
CO CH OH
2
PQ
1e-
P700
PC
H
OH
C
C
POCH 2
4.1.2.-
H
H
H
POCH 2 C
POCH
C
C
CHO
POCH2
HO
C
C
H
H
H OH
C
C
C
P-Ribosyl
amine
C CO CH2OP
Pi
Dihydroxyacetone-P
POCH 2CHOHCOOP
α
α
3
α
β
ADP
HO
COO
L
I
P
I
D
COSCoA
Oleoyl-CoA
1.14.99.5
CH3(CH2)14COS-ACP
9
CH 3(CH2)2CH 2CH2COSACP
3-Enoyl-ACP
Hexanoyl-ACP
4.2.1.
.60
4.2.1
CH3(CH2)2CH=CHCO-S-ACP
2, 3-Hexenoyl-ACP
CH3CH=CHCO-S-ACP
1.3.1.9
Butanoyl-ACP
Crotonoyl-ACP
CH3(CH2)n+2COS-CoA
6.2.1.3
FATTY ACID
3.1.2.20
2.3.1.15
Carnitine
O-Acyl-carnitine
L
I
P
I
D
CH2O-CO-R"
Triacylglycerol
2.3.1.20 glycerol 3.1.3.4 2.7.1.107
ACYL-CoA
1.3.99.3
(Mitochondria)
CH3(CH2)2CH2CH2COSCoA
Hexanoyl-CoA
CH3CH2CH2COSCoA
CH3(CH2)2CH=CHCOSCoA
4.2.1.17
CH3CH=CHCOSCoA
4.2.1.55
2, 3-Hexenoyl-CoA
1.3.99.2
Butanoyl-CoA
4.2.1.17
2, 3-Enoyl-CoA
1.3.99.3
Crotonoyl-CoA
3-OH-Hexanoyl-CoA
CH3CH(OH)CH 2COSCoA
CH 3CH2CH 2CH2COSCoA
CH3CH2CH=CHCOSCoA
CH3CH2CH(OH)CH 2COSCoA
Pentenoyl-CoA
Pentanoyl-CoA
OH
O
-
R'-CO-OCH
COO
O
+
CH 2O PO CH 2CHNH 3
PHOSPHATIDYL
SERINE
O
2.7.8.8
Phosphatidyl
ethanolamine
CEPHALIN
O
+
POCH2CH2 NH3
2.7.7.14
CDP-Ethanolamine
LECITHIN
.3
2.7.8
+
NH 3
CH3(CH2)12CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH 2OH
UDP-Sugars Acyl-CoA
Ceramide
3.1.4.12
Geranyl-PP
CH3
trans-Retinal
(C20)
Ubiquinone
2.5.1.10
(Coenzyme Q)
5.2.1.3
Light
1.1.1.105
11-cis-Retinal
Phytol (C20)
Plastoquinone
CH2OH
O
11-cis-Retinol
Dark
(Vitamin A)
CH 3
CH2OH
5.2.1.7
trans-Retinol
HO
O
CH3
(Vitamin K)
(C15)
CH
CH2
CH
H2 C
C
H
CH2
COO-
HEME
CH3
CH
N
H
N
H
H
N
H
N
H3 C
C
H2
CH2
H3 C
CH2
N
H
N
H
H
N
H
N
H3 C
C
H2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
COO-
COO-
CH2
CH2
COO-
COO-
4.99.1.1
Protoporphyrinogen
1.3.3.3
-
CH2
Coproporphyrinogen
N
H
N
H
H
N
H
N
H 2C
OOC
CH2
C
H2
Brazil
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Czech Republic
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Tel: (+420) 246 003 200
Fax: (+420) 246 003 291
CH2
COO-
COO-
4.1.1.37
Uroporphyrinogen
Denmark
SIGMA-ALDRICH DENMARK A/S
Tel: (+45) 43 56 59 00
Fax: (+45) 43 56 59 05
Finland
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Tel: (+33) 474 82 28 00
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4.3.1.8
4.2.1.75
CH 2
CH 2
H2 C
H2 C
CH2
©2003 International Union of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology www.iubmb.org
Belgium
SIGMA-ALDRICH NV/S.A.
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5-Amino-
-OOC
CH2
COO-
H2 O
COOlevulinate
CH2
CH2
(C30)
CH2
H2NCH2C=O
CH2
CH2
H 2C
CH3
CH2
CH2 H
2
C
H 2C
CH2
CH2
1.3.3.4
-OOC
Squalene
ADP +
IV
1/ O
2 2
COOCH2
COOCOO-
CH2
CH2
CH2
COO-
Lanosterol
5.4.99.7
1.14.99.7
COOCOOCH3
H2
C
H2 C
CH3
H
Zymosterol
CH2
CH3 CH
2
H2
C
H3 C
N
H
β
2
Pi
AT
E
H+
H+
H+
β
H+
H+
Porphobilinogen
3
α
δ
CH3
OOCCH 2C = CHCOSCoA
HC
OOCC
H
C
H+
H+
N2
ADP Pi
ATP
2.7.1.33
P OCH 2C(CH 3)2CH(OH)CONHCH 2CH2COO
4-P-Pantothenate
Cysteine
6.3.2.5
COO
P OCH 2C(CH 3)2CH(OH)CONHCH 2CH 2CO NHCHCH 2SH
4-P-Pantothenylcysteine
1.2.1.25
CH3CH 2CHCOSCoA
4.1.1.36
P OCH 2C(CH 3)2CH(OH)CONHCH 2CH 2CO NHCH 2CH 2SH
4-P-Pantetheine
Y
RGONIC REACTIO N
1.4.1.9
OOCCH 2CH2CH2COCOO
2-Oxoadipate
2.7.2.
NH2
CH
2.6.1.13
Guanidoacetate
Creatine
CH3COCOO
+ NH2
OHCCOO
4.1.3.16
OOCCH(OH)CH 2COCOO
CH2
CHCOO
1.14.11.2
HOCH
4-Hydroxy2-oxoglutarate
Biosynthesis
Degradation
4-Hydroxyglutamate
N
H
NH
N
CH3
CO
CH 2
Degradation
Biosynthesis
Photosynthesis Dark Reactions
Human Metabolism is identified as far possible by black arrows
1.5.1.12
Degradation
Biosynthesis
COMPARTMENTATION
+
OOCCH(OH)CH 2CH(NH 3)COO
CHCOO
HYDROXY
PROLINE
HN C
Biosynthesis
Degradation
Vitamins Co-enzymes & Hormones
2.6.1.23
CH2
H2C
P- HNCN(CH 3)CH2COO
3.5.2.10
Purines &
Pyrimidines
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
PROLINE
Argininosuccinate
P-Creatine
Lipids
Pyruvate Glyoxylate
CH2
OOCCHCH 2COO
N
+
H2NCNHCH 2CH 2CH2CH(NH3) COO
2.7.3.2
Amino Acids
Biosynthesis
Degradation
NH
H2NCN(CH 3)CH2COO
LEGEND
CHCOO
1.5.99.8
CH2
1.5.1.2
4.3.2.1
2.1.1.2
Saccharopine
Carbohydrates
Biosynthesis
Degradation
Pyrroline-5carboxylate
6.3.4.5
+ NH2
2
+
CH 2CH2CH2CH2CH (NH3) COO
+
S-Adenosylmethyl
thiopropylamine
N
ARGININE
H2NCNHCH 2COO
A
C
I
D
S
CH3-SCH 2CH2CHNH 2
2.5.1.16
2.1.3.3
NO
A
M
I
N
O
COO
NH CHCH 2CH2COO
1.5.1.9
Putrescine
Glutamic
semialdehyde
1.14.13.39
LYSINE
+
OHCCH 2CH2CH2CH (NH3) COO
2-Aminoadipate 1.2.1.31 2-Aminoadipate
2.6.1.39
semialdehyde
H2NCH2CH2CH2CH2NH2
+
OHCCH 2CH 2CH(NH3) COO
4.1.1.17
3.5.3.6
N6-Trimethyllysine
+
OOCCH 2CH2CH2CH (NH3) COO
.7
5.1.1
20
4.1.1.
1.5.1.7 - 10
+
H2N(CH 2)4 CH(NH 3)COO
+
+
(CH3)3N(CH 2)3 CH2CH(NH 3)COO
1.14.11.8
Spermidine
1.2.1.41
+
H 2NCONHCH 2CH2CH2CH(NH3) COO
3.5.3.1
+
NH3
OOCCH-CH 2CH2CH2CHCOO
+
NH 3
OOCCHCH 2CH2CH 2CH-COO
+
NH3
N-Succinyl- 2.6.1.17 N-Succinyl-2, 6 3.5.1.18 Diamino2-amino-6-oxodiaminopimelate
pimelate
pimelate
H2N(CH 2)4NH (CH2)3NH2
CH2 CH2
+
H2NCNHCH 2CH2CH2CH (NH3) COO
Coenzyme A
OOCCH 2CH2CONH
OOCCH 2CH2CONH
OOCCOCH 2CH2CH2CH-COO
2.5.1.22
+
6.3.5.5
UREA
2.7.1.24
P-ADP- OCH 2 C(CH 3)2CH(OH)CONHCH 2CH 2CO NHCH 2CH2SH
(CH3)2CHCH 2COSCoA
Isovaleryl-CoA
Adenosyl
11 POOCCH CH CH(NH ) COO
3
2
2
H2NCONH 2
2.1.4.1
Dephospho-Coenzyme A
(Decarboxylated SAM)
Glutamine
H2NCOOP
ADP- OCH2 C(CH 3)2CH(OH)CONHCH 2CH2CO NHCH 2CH2SH
LEUCINE
1.2.1.25
CH2
CH-COO
N6-Trimethyl3-OH-lysine
Spermine
+
H2NOCCH 2CH2CH (NH3) COO
ATP
CO2
Glycine +
+ NH
H2
C
2.7.7.3
+
(CH3)2CHCH 2 CH(NH 3)COO
2.6.1.6
+
+
(CH3)3N(CH 2)3 CH2CH(NH 3)COO
15
ORNITHINE
s
H 2C
OOCC
H2N(CH 2)3NH(CH2)4NH (CH2)3NH2
2.1.3.3
F0
nit
CH 3
1.3.99.10
N
1.14.11.1
Glutaryl-CoA
3.5.1.2
6.3.1.2
NH4+
.7.1
1.7 .6.4
1.6 .1
.6
18
6.3.4.16
1.
F1
10 c-sucb-u
6.3.2.1
PANTOTHENATE
CH3CH2
ISOLEUCINE
3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA
CH 2
CH-COO
1.
1.
4.
1.4.1.14
β
H+
CH3
CH3C = CHCOSCoA
N
OOCCH 2CH 2CH2COSCoA
(GABA)
+
H2NCH2CH2CH2CH (NH3) COO
ε
6.4.1.4
3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA
4-Aminobutyrate
GLUTAMATE
AT I
ON
NO2-
(CH3)2CHCH 2COCOO
OOCCH 2CH2CH2NH2
+
OOCCH 2CH 2CH (NH3) COO
H+ H+
H+ H+
D PROTONS
E NDE
AαT
H+
+
H+
1.1.1.169
HOCH2 C(CH3)2CH(OH)CO NHCH 2CH2COO
+
CHCH(NH 3)COO
COOH
(CH3)2CHCHCH(OH)COO
CITRULLINE
γ
γ
α
X
ATP
P +1 P i
a
4.2.1.24
N
H
H2 N
CH3CH(OH)CHCOSCoA
Oxopantoate
Pantoate
ß-Alanine
3.5.1.22
1.2.1.25
CH3
CH3
CH3CH=CHCOSCoA
HOCH 2 C(CH 3)2COCOO
HOCH 2 C(CH 3)2CH(OH)COO
CH3CHCO-SCoA
2.6.1.32
(SAM)
3)COO
CH 3
CH3CH2
2.5.1.6
S-Adenosyl
methionine
Glutathione
2-3-Dihydroxy 4.2.1.9 2-Oxo- 1.4.1.8 VALINE
isovalerate
isovalerate
CHCOCOO
1.2.1.32
CH3
2.6.1.32
CH3
2SO 4
+
CH 3 SCH CH CH(NH )COO
3
+ 2 2
2.1.1.10
2.1.1.20
4.1.2.12
CH3
+
CHCH(NH
CH3
4.3.1.3
CH2SH
+
OOCCH(NH 3)CH2CH2CONHCHCONHCH 2COO
Bile Acids
CH2 = CCOSCoA
4.2.1.19
Glycine
.3
CHCOCOO
N
CHCOO
Adenosyl
6.3.2
CH3
CH
METHIONINE
Adenosyl
CH3
CH2COCH2OP
NH
+
CH 3 SCH CH CH(NH )COO
2
2
3
2.1.1.13
2.1.1.14
γ-Glutamylcysteine
C
H
Imidazole
acetol-P
2.7.7.4
(APS)
HCHO
C (OH)CH(OH)COO
CH3
CH 3
Carnitine
Carbamoyl-P
β
C
H3 C
CH
CH
N
Fe
N
ATP
N
NH
CH
Adenylylsulphate
CH2SH
+
OOCCH(NH 3)CH2CH2CONHCHCOO
CH
C
Urocanate
S-Adenosyl
homocysteine
Taurine
CH3
2.6.1.19
2-OXO ACID
1.6.6.1
1.7.99.4
F1
TRA N S L O
CH3
HO
COO-
CH2
N
HC
Desmosterol
CHLOROPHYLL
CH2
H
C
2H
1.9.3.1
H
HO
N
+
SCH 2CH2CH(NH 3)COO
2.3.1.46
CH3CH2
+
OHCCH 2CH (NH3)COO
4.1.1.70
2.6.1.-
IN
NO3-
or ting ATP
nsp 3.6.1.34 synt
h
tra
oscp
AD
HEMOGLOBIN
H3 C
H
HO
CHOLESTEROL
Pregnenolone
CH
+
.2
HO3SCH 2CH2NH2
C
HC
C
CH
3-Hydroxy- 4.2.1.17 Methyl 1.3.99.3 Isobutyryl-CoA
Isobutyryl-CoA
acrylyl-CoA
Glutamyl-P
F6
2eH
HO
1
2-AMINO ACID
δ
2H+ CuB Heme a3
Progesterone
.1.1
1.3.99.7
M
2H+
Heme a
STEROIDS
1.2
R-CO-COO
+-
6.3.2
9
1.8.1.3
OOCCH 2CH2CHO
Aspartyl 4.2.1.52 2, 3-Dihydro-1.3.1.26 PiperideineSemialdehyde
dipicolinate 2, 6-dicarboxylate
Succinic
semialdehyde
OH
1.4.1.2
2.5.1.21
(Vitamin E)
Aspartyl-P
UQ
1.10.2.2
Farnesyl-PP
CH 3
α-Tocopherol
Phylloquinone
_
UQ.
CuA CuA
CH3
2H+
e
as
O
2.3.1.76
3.1.1.21
Cyt.c
OPP
CH2
CH2OH
Menaquinone
CHO
1.1.1.105
1e-
Glutamate
3.3.1.1
H
C
OH OH HN
2.6.1.9
4.2.1.49
Homocysteine
H
P OCH 2 C
C
H
CHCH 2CH2COO
+
HSCH 2CH2CH(NH 3)COO
4.4.1.8
3-Isopropyl- 1.1.1.85 Oxoleucine
4.2.1.33
malate
4.2.1.18
+
R-CH(NH3) COO
1eCyt.bH
Cyt.c1
2UQ
(C10)
Geranyl-geranyl-PP
n
O
CHO
1.2.1.36
CH3C= CHCH 2 CH2C= CHCH 2OPP
CH2OPP
5-Aminolevulinate
RPPP
CYTIDINEtriphosphate
Imidazole
glycerol-P
CH2CH(NH 3)CH2OP
NH
CH
2.7.1.25
4.2.1.22
Cystathionine
HOCH 2CHCOS-CoA-
+
(CH3)3NCH2CH(OH)CH 2COO
A
Retinoate
CH3O
O
2.5.1.1
CH3
CH 3
2.5.1.29
6.3.4.2
CH 2.7.4.6
CH
C
N
P
Y
R
I
M
I
D
I
N
E
S
(CTP)
NH
CH
Imidazolone
propionate
Phosphoadenylylsulphate
CH3
3.1.2.4
COOH
Asparagine
NS
CH3O
Opsin
(C5)
2.5.1.32
Rhodopsin
2e- 2UQ_
.
III
2eFe-S
Cyt.bL
N
C(OH)CH(OH)COO
2-Isopropylmalate
+
H2NOCCH 2CH (NH3 COO
TRA
hv
1.13.11.21
COO-
Retinol esters
CH3C = CHCH 2OPP
4H+
Dimethylallyl-PP
(C40)
To Brain - VISION
(C5)
1.1.1.86
+
P OOCCH 2CH(NH3)COO
5.4.99.2
Glycine
UQH2
1.10.2.2
3.1.3.15
3.5.2.7
+
CH2CH(NH 3)COO
+
SCH 2CH2CH(NH 3)COO
1.1.1.3
(CH3)2CHC(OH)CH 2COO
1.1.1.3
5.1.99.1
2.3.1.37
2UQH2
6.4.1.3
4.2.1.18
1.2.1.16
SUCCINATE
2H+
C
N
CDP
NH 2
N
RPPP
Histidinol-P
2-Methylaceto-1.1.1.35 2-Methyl-3-4.2.1.17Tiglyl-CoA
2 Methylbutyryl1.3.99.3
acetyl-CoA
hydroxyCoA
butyryl-CoA
.4
6.3.5.4
SUCCINYL-CoA
d-CDP
N
OC
CH
CH
CONH 2
N
NH C
CH
C
HC
N
N
RP
CH2
HC
CH 2CH(NH 3)CH2OH
OC
CH3
2.7.2
4.3.1.1
-OOCCH2CH2CO.SCoA
CH2
Isopentenyl-PP
ASPARTATE
6.2.1.4
II
NH
CH
+
HOCH 2CH2CH(NH 3)COO
COO
CH3
1.2.4.2
2.3.1.61
UQH2
CH3C-CH2CH2OPP
CH3
Phytoene
Lycopene (C40)
UQ
4.1.1.33
31
1.1.1.
Methylmalonyl-CoA
4.1.1.71
2-OXO-
+
CO
OH OH
CHCH 2CH2COO
O-Phospho- 2.7.1.39Homoserine
homoserine
CH3
HOCH 2CHCOO
CH 3CH2COSCoA
-OOCCH2CH2COO-
FAD
C
N
4.2.1.9
2-Aceto-22-Oxo-3-methyl
2:3-Di-OHhydroxy- 1.1.1.86 3-methylvalerate
valerate
butyrate
2.1.3.1
4.1.1.41
5.1.99.1
GLUTARATE
1.3.5.1
Fe-S
Cyt.b
C
+
OOCCH2CH2COOCH2CH2CH(NH 3)COO
CH3COCHCOSCoA
1.1.1.41
OOCCH=CHCOO-
HC
NH
CH
Hypotaurine
3-Hydroxyisobutyrate
OOC-CH-COSCoA
FADH2
H
Histidinol
1.1.1.23
.1.2
CH3
FUMARATE
UQH2
NHCOR
Cerebroside
3.2.1.46 2.4.1.47
1.3.99.7
+
CH2CH(NH 3)CHO
4.1
Oxobutyrate
.3.1
H
P OCH 2 C
DP
1.17.4.1
Propanoyl-CoA
-OOCCOCH CH COO2
2
or
2H+ -
O
C
N
2.7.4.14
Cytosine
HN
OC
2.4.2.9
RP
Cysteate
2-Acetolactate
16
CH(OH)COOCHCOOCH2COOC
4.1.3.1
MALATE
4H+
2H+ 4.2.1.2
d-CMP
NH 2
C
CH
CH
OC
NH
P-Ribulosylformimino
P-Ribosylformimino
5-aminoimidazole- 5.3.1.16 5-aminoimidazolecarboxamide-R P+
carboxamide-R P
+
+
HO3SCH 2CH(NH 3)COO
CH3COC(OH)CH 3
8
NH2
N
OC
C
NH
CH
C
HC
N
N
OH OH
O
1.8.99.2
4.2.99.9
+
POCH 2CH2CH(NH 3)COO
4.2.99.2
2.3.1.
4.2.1.3
CH3CH(OH)CH2CO.SCoA
1.6. 5.3
Diphosphomevalonate
CH3(CH2)12CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH 2O- Galactose
C
Succinylhomoserine
4.1.3.7
CH2COOC(OH)COOCH2COO-
ISOCITRATE
2H
2Fe -S
(5 Clusters)
4H+
Psychosine
CH3(CH2)12CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH 2OH
H
C
HO2SCH 2CH2NH2
CITRATE
+
C-COO
RP
N
NH
CH
4.4.1.1
CYSTEINE
COO
Methylmalonyl
semialdehyde
Glyoxylate
Cycle
1.1.1.37
CH2COO
Acyl-CoA
H
C
Histidinal
HSO -
1.8.99.1
Cysteine
sulphinate
CH3CH2COCOO
CH3
OHCCHCOO
-OOCCHO
FMNH2
CH3C(OH)CH 2CH2OPP
+
NH 3
CH3(CH2)12CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH 2O- Galactose
UDP-Galactose
NHCOR
CHOLINE
2.7.1.32
4.1.3.2
2.7.1.36
2.7.4.2
+
HOCH 2CH2N(CH 3)3
+
OCH 2CH2 N(CH 3)3
Choline-P
2.4.1.23
3.5.1.23
2.4.1.62
O
ß-CAROTENE (C40)
Metarhodopsin
2.3.1.6
4-Sphingenin
1.1.1.102
2.7.8.3
2.7.7.15
3.1.4.12
CH COO
2
Acetylcholine CH C(OH)CH
3
2 CH2OH
3.1
.4.2
Mevalonate
3.1.4.3
CDP-choline
1.1.1.32
CH3COCH 2CH2N(CH3 )3
3.1.4.4
+
CPP-O CH2CH2N(CH 3)3
Sphinganin
SPHINGOMYELIN
Mevaldate
Ethanolamine
Glycerophosphocholine
I
CH
OC N CH
RP
CH
N RP
NH2
C
CH
CH
N
N
3.5.4.1
O
C
HN
N
C
C
N
OC
d-UMP
.4
CH
O
C
HN
H2 N C
(GMP)
CH
CH
N DP
3.5.4.12
(PAPS)
4.2.1.16
4.1
4.1.3.8
I
CH2COO
CH3C(OH)CH 2CHO
+
HOCH 2CH 2NH 3
+
CH2OPO CH2CH 2N(CH 3)
O
3.1.1.5
2.7.8.2
+
NH 3
CH3(CH2)14CH(OH)CHCH 2OH
-
XXX
52
2.6.1.1
NAD+
18
FMN
HS
CH3COC(OH)CH 2CH3
4.2.1.
1.1.1.34
Oxalate
Glycol
aldehyde
CH2OH
- Lysolecithin
HOOC-COOH
HOCH 2CHO
HOCH O
+
CH2OPO CH2CH2N(CH 3)3
2.1.1.17
O
CH2OCH=CHR
2.1.1.71
CH 2 O-CO-R
R-CO-OCH O
3.1.1.32
O
R'-CO-OCH
+
+
CH2OPO CH2CH2N(CH 3)3
CH2OPOCH2CH2N(CH 3)3
O
O
ß-OH-ß-Methylglutaryl-CoA
1.4.3.8
2.7.1.82
Ethanolamine-P
CH2O-CO-R
3
2.7.8.5
O
OPhosphatidylglycerol
HOCH O
Choline
plasmalogen 1.3.1.35
Serine +NH
Glycolate
1.2.1.21
CH2O-PO CH 2CHOHCH 2OH
-
+
CPP- OCH 2CH2 NH3
2.7.8.1
HOCH 2COO
H
C
C
HC
1.1.1.23
+
.8 HSCH 2CH(NH
3)COO
18
4.1.1.32
OXALOACETATE
OC
1
O
C
2.4.2
N H
CH
N RP
P
U
R
I
N
E
S
GUANOSINE-P
HN
OC
THYMIDINE-P
1.13.11.20
4.1.3.
Malonic
semialdehyde
1.
1.2.1.18
-OOCCOCH COO2
NADH+H+
CH3C(OH)CH 2COSCoA
O
C
6.3.4.1
6.3.5.2
2.4.2.
.1
C-CH3
CH
2.1.1.45
OC
N
DP
CH
CH
N
C
C
H
XANTHOSINE-P
2.7.4.8
C
.4.9 HN
N
(XMP)
O
2.7
O
C
HN
1.1.1.205 OC
3
1.17.4
CH
N RP
(IMP)
3.5.4.
GDP
RP
N
C
C
N
6.3.4.4
Guanine
C
A
T
E
C
H
O
L
A
M
I
N
E
S
CH
N
INOSINE-P
3.1.4.6
2.7.4.6
Formimino
glutamate
1.6.4.1
1.1.1.39
4.1.3.4
CH2COO
1.2.3.5
1.6.5.3
Cardiolipin
O
+
CH 2O P OCH 2CH2 NH 3
2.3.1.50
R'-CO-OCH
CH2 O-POCH 2CH(OH)CH 2 O-P-OCH 2
O
O
R'-CO-OCH
CDP-diacyl
glycerol
CH2O-CO-R
O HCO-CO-R
Glyoxylate
1.1.1.79
O
Inositol
2.7.8.11
4.1.3.5
OHCCOO
2.7.7.41
O
CH2O POCMP
Serine
CH 2O-CO-R’
CH2O-CO-R
R'-CO-OCH
O
4.1.1.65
CH 2O-CO-R
CH 2O-CO-R
R'-CO-OCH
1.3.99.7
HO OH
Aspartate
.1
N
C
O
C
HC
2.4.2.1
1.1
O
C C
NH
3.5.4.10
Adenylosuccinate
Uracil
HN
H
HN
+
CH3CH(OH)CH(NH 3)COO
OHCCH 2COO-
ACETYL-CoA
NAD+
1.3.1.2
CH
C-COO
NH
3.5.4.19
N
4.1.1.29
GTP
CH3COSCoA
H2 N
HCO
HN
7.4
O
C
HN
OC
O
C
P OCH 2
.99
THREONINE
LACTATE
P
CH 2O-CO-R
OH
CH2O-PO
+
CH3(CH2)12CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH 2O PO CH2CH2N(CH 3)3
O
Austria
SIGMA-ALDRICH HANDELS GmbH
Tel: (+43) 1 605 81 10
Fax: (+43) 1 605 81 20
6.4.1.1
5
2.4.2.1
d-GDP
2.4.2.4
Thymine
OOC
HO2SCH 2COCOO
2.6.1.18
2.
2.4.2.15
TDP
O
C
HN
OC
NH
CH
4.1.2.5
7
4.
NH
.6
Dihydrouracil
CH-COO
NH
+
HO 2SCH 2CH(NH 3)COO
CH3CH(OH)COO
HOH
GDP
CO2
1.2.4.1
2.3.1.12
3.1.3.43
NADH+H+
4.1.3.5
3-Oxopentanoyl-CoA
3.5.2.2
RP
3.1.3.
Inosine
2
3.2.2.
CH
A
C
I
D
S
Formylamidoimidazolecarboxamide-R P
4.3.1.3
4.2
CYSTINE
4.1.1.12
.1.2
H
CH2O-CO-R
R'-CO-OCH O
NHAcyl
Australia
SIGMA-ALDRICH PTY LTD.
Free Tel: 1800 800 097
Free Fax: 1800 800 096
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1.1
N
N
C
C
4.3.2.2
.7.6
CH2
CH2
OC
NH
CH2
HISTIDINE
CH2CH2NH2
3-Sulphinyl
pyruvate
ALANINE
18
HC
2.7
C CH3
CH
NH
1.3.1.2
CH
2.1.2.3
d-CTP
GTP
TTP 2.7.4
O
C
HISTAMINE
+
S-CH 2CH(NH 3)COO
+
S-CH 2CH(NH 3)COO
.1.44
2.6.1.4 2.6
Gangliosides
Argentina
SIGMA-ALDRICH DE ARGENTINA S.A.
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16
2.3.1.9
CH3COCH 2COSCoA
Acetoacetyl-CoA
CH3CH2COCH 2COSCoA
1.1.1.35
3-OH-Pentanoyl-CoA
2.3.1.
3-Oxohexanoyl-CoA
1.1.1.157
3-OH-Butanoyl-CoA
16
CH3(CH2)2COCH 2COSCoA
1.1.1.35
CH3(CH2)2CH(OH)CH 2COSCoA
Dihydro
thymine
+
CH2CH(NH 3)COO
C
HC
+
CH2CO-OCH2CH(NH 3)COO
+
CH3CH(NH3)COO
4.1.3.
CH3COCOO-
NAD
ATP
CO2
2.3.1.
3-Oxoacyl-CoA
0
HSO32.6.1.2
HN
d-GTP
.7.7
HN
OC
P-Ribosyl-AMP
N
4.4.1.15
1.4.1.1
1.2.4.1
2.3.1.12
1.8.1.4
2.3.1.38
CH3(CH2)n COCH 2COSCoA
1.1.1.35
3-OH-Acyl-CoA
NHCOCH 2CH2NH2
Acetylserine
4.4.1.15
PYRUVATE
O
C
Fumarate
2.7
CH-CH3
CH 2
NH
N
C
C N
H 2N
NH
N
C
C
N
CH
C
HC
NH RP
N
2.7.7.7
2.7.7.6
O
C
H 2N
RP
Plant Pigments
OOC-CH-CH 2COO
2.7.7.7
NH
.1.1
4.1.1.9
CH 3CO-S-ACP
Acetyl-ACP
3.1.2.11
Odd C Fatty acids
CH 3(CH2)14COCHCH 2OH
P
O
R
P
H
Y
R
I
N
S
1.1.1.30
Acetoacetate
Phosphatidate
3.6.1.31
Carnosine
C
C
H
4.1
ATP
.1.2
Malonyl-Co-A
CH3COCH 2COO
CH3(CH n CH(OH)CH 2COSCoA
.1.3
Acetaldehyde
PYRUVATE
CH3(CH2)n CH=CHCOSCoA
2.3
2.1.3.2
CH3CHO
3.7
HOOCCH 2CO-SCoA
CH3(CH2)n CH2CH2COSCoA
Dehydrosphinganin
S
T
E
R
O
I
D
S
4.1.1.4
3.1.1.28
OH
I
S
O
P
R
E
N
O
I
D
S
CH3CH(OH)CH 2COO
Acetone 3-OH-Butyrate
2.7.8.5
NH
C
H
2.7.1.40
2.3.1.39
CH2O P
Diacyl
FAT
HOOCCH 2CO-S-ACP
Malonyl-ACP
CH
N
Adenine
NH2
N
+ C
C
N
CH
C
HC
N
N
RP(PP)
C CH 2CHCOO
N
ETHANOL
ADP
KETONE BODIES
CH3COCH 3
R’-CO-OCH
CH2OH
C
HC
1.2.1.4
HS
CH2O P
3-P-Glycerol
CH2O-CO-R
CH2O-CO-R
R’-CO-OCH
R’-CO-OCH
O-Acyl-carnitine
Phosphatidyl
inositol
P
H
O
S
P
H
O
L
I
P
I
D
S
CH2O-CO-R
3.1.1.3
2.7.1.30
Acetoacetyl-ACP
2.3.1.41
2.3.1.51
H
C
4.1.1.22
1.1.1.1
CH3COCH 2COSACP
1.1.1.8
HOCH
Glycerol
(Cytosol)
2.3.1.7
CH2OH
CH2OH
HOCH
CH2OH
H
OH OH
O
2.3.1.41
3-OH-Butanoyl-ACP
H
C
N
P-enolpyruvate
Tannins
URIDINEDihydro
Orotate
Orotidine-P
Uridine-P
UDP
4.1.1.23 (UMP) 2.7.4.4
2.4.2.10
2.7.4.6 triphosphate
orotate 1.3.1.14
3.5.2.3
P-Ribosyl-ATP
Glycerate
CH2=C(OP ) COO
CH3(CH2)2COCH 2COSACP
1.1.1.100
H
P OCH2 C
2.4.2.17
CH 3(CH2)6COCH 2COSACP
3-Oxo-Hexanoyl-ACP
CH3CH(OH)CH 2COS-ACP
R-CH2COO
P-Hydroxypyruvate
4.2.1.11
C
H 2N
ADENOSINE-P
O
C
O
C
LIGNIN
5-Amino-4-imidazole 4.3.2.2 5-Aminoimidazole
(N-succinylcarboxamide)-R P
carboxamide-R P
(AMP)
Carbamoyl
ß-alanine
HN
OC
OH
THYROXINE
6.3.2.6
O
C
CH3CH 2OH
2.3.1.41
3-OH-Hexanoyl-ACP
4.2.1.58
3.5.1.6
Coumarate
I
OOC-CH-CH 2COO
HNCO C N
RP
.7.6
3.5.2.2
CH=CHCOO
(UTP)
2.6.1.22
2.6.1.52
3-Oxo-Decanoyl-ACP
1.1.1.100
2.7.4.3
2.7.4.4
Cinnamate
Menaquinone
1.14.13.11
OH
1.1.1.204
1.1.3.22
Hypoxanthine
1.1.3.22 Xanthine
RNA
H
P OCH2COCOO
3-Oxoacyl-ACP
NH
NH2 N
C
C
CH
C
HC
N RP(P)
N
H2NCONHCH 2CH 2COO
Carbamoyl
aspartate
HOCH2CH(O P)COO
2.3.1.41
CH3(CH2)2CH(OH)CH 2COSACP
4.2.1.59
13
I
A
M
I
N
O
1.3.1.13
CH=CHCOO
OH
Tyramine
I
N
ADP
HN
OC
5
4.2.1.51
A
R
O
M
A
T
I
C
Phenylpyruvate
O
CH
N
HN
HN
1.
-OOC
NH2 CH2
OC
CH-COO
N
1.1.1.29
2-P-Glycerate
2.7.7.6
ß-Ureido
isobutyrate
1.
ACETATE
Mitochondrial
3-OH-Decanoyl-ACP
CH3CH=CHCO.S-ACP
CH3CH2CH2COSACP
ACYL-CoA
D
E
G
R
A
D
A
T
I
O
N
3-OH-Acyl-ACP
2.
ß-Alanine
HOCH2CH(OH) COO
5.4.2.1
3.5.1.6
CH 3COO
CH 3(CH2)n COCH 2COSACP
1.1.1.100
60 CH3(CH2)6CH(OH)CH 2COSACP 1.1.1.100
CH3(CH2)6CH=CHCOSACP
2, 3-Decenoyl-ACP
1.3.1.9
POCH2CH(OP) COO
2, 3-Diphosphoglycerate
NH
I
MELANIN
2.7
H2NCONHCH 2CHCOO
H2NCH 2CH2COO
HC
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Chain elongation
3, 4-Decenoyl-ACP
1.3.1.
Thromboxane B2
CH3(CH2)14COCH 2COS-CoA
CH 3(CH2)n CH(OH)CH 2COSACP
4.2.1.60
4.2.1.61
CH3(CH2)5CH=CHCH 2COSACP
Decanoyl-ACP
OH
4.1.1.11
Phosphoserine
2.7.1.31
Oxostearoyl-CoA
CH3(CH2)14COCH 2COS-CoA
CH 3(CH2)14COSCoA
CH3(CH2)6CH2CH 2COSACP
5.3.99.5
Prostaglandin PGE 2
Palmitoyl-CoA
ACYL-ACP
OH
O
HO
O
O
N
C
CH
C
OC
NH
NH
CO
DNA
.7
CH3
3-Aminoisobutyrate
4.2.1.22
+
P OCH2CH(NH3)COO
1.1.1.95
3-P-Glycerate
COO
OH-Stearoyl-CoA
CH3(CH2)n CH=CHCOS-CoA
1.3.1.9
2,
1.3.1.10
COO
COS-CoA
CH3(CH2)14CH(OH)CH 2COS
CH3(CH2)14CH=CHCOS-CoA
Dehydrostearoyl-CoA
Palmitoyl-ACP
O
HO
Palmitoleoyl-ACP
COSCoA
Stearoyl-CoA
B
I
O
S
Y
N
T
H
E
S
I
S
5.
1.1 3.99
4.9 .3
9.1
CO-S-ACP
POCH2CHOH COO
OH
N
H
CH2CH2NH2
.1.2
O
1.17.4.1
20
3.1.3.3
Hydroxypyruvate
ATP
COO
Leukotriene B4
+
SERINE
HOCH2COCOO
ADP
C
C
URATE
2.7.4.6
ATP
4.2.1.
CH3
H2NCH 2 CHCOO
HOCH2CH(NH3)COO
P-Ribosyl-PP
HO
COO
4.6.1.1
ATP
4.1.2.5
CHOLINE
1:3-bis-P-Glycerate
OP O P
FOLIC
ACID
C1
POOL
+
HOCH2CH2N (CH3) 3
2.7.2.3
Arachidonate 1.13.11.34
Allantoin
2.7.7
Betaine
aldehyde
OH OH
1.7.3.3
NH
d-ATP
2.1.2.1
2.6.1.51
1.4.1.7
OC
2.7.4.6
OHCCH 2N(CH3)3
1.2.1.12
C
HN
d-ADP
1.1.99.1
1.2.1.13
3.6.1.34
γ-Linolenate
OH
Cyclic AMP
+
2.4.2.14
O
OH OH
O
1.4.4.2
1.2.1.8
6.3.4.7
Pi
NAD+
H2 N
RP
NH2
N
N
CH
O
O HC
O
N
N
-O P~O P~O P O CH
2 O
O
O
O
CH
N
N
CH2 O
O
2NHCH3
Betaine
Pi
CH2OP
O
ATP
N
C
N H NH
H
2.1.1.5
.1
5.3.1
2.7.1.28
2.7.6.1
NH2
Dimethylglycine
NADH
Fixation
β2
ATP
3.5.2.5
+
Glyceraldehyde
CO2
1
εε
c
ATP
.1
5.3.1
(Glycerone-P)
Ribulose-1,5-bis-P
NH
HC
P
1.5.99.2
3-P-Glyceraldehyde
4.1
N
C
C
CH
N
NH
CO
OC
OC
OOCCH2N(CH3)3
HOCH2COCH2OP
2.2.1.1
ADP
Pi
O
OOCCH 2N(CH3)2
4.1.2.13
COO
1.3.1.35
Glyoxylate
N
O
Sarcosine
POCH 2CHOHCHO
NADP+
ATP synthase
e
1.14.99.25
2.
OOCCH
Sedoheptulose-PP
CHLOROPLAST OUTER MEMBRANE
Linoleate
NH2
C
N H
H
H2 N
Allantoate
+
.1.4
2.6 .10
.1
20
1.4
1.
1.
GLYCINE
CH2OP
O
RP
OOC
N
HC
H 2N C
CHO
NH
CH2COCOO
PHENYLALANINE
Ubiquinone
O
Prephenate
2.6.1.5
4.3.1.
5
1.3.1.13
HN
CH 2COCOO
+
+
1.14.18.1
Plastoquinone
NH2
CO
COO
OC
CH2(NH3)COOH
CO CH2OP
Fructose1:6-bis-P
2.2.1.2
H 2N
3.5.3.4
2.2.1.1
H+
STROMA
H
C
Dopaquinone
NH
H 2C
HN C
RP
Urea
OH OH OH H
D-Ribose-5-P
H+
THYLAKOID MEMBRANE
H
O
OCH 3
1.14.16.1
2-Amino
muconate
OH
5.4.99.5
Chorismate
CH2CH(NH3) COO
H2
C
CH-COO
+
NH3
O
(Vitamin E)
OOC
4.1.3.27
NH 2
OOC
OOC
Anthranilate
CH2CH(NH3) COO
Dopa
1.14.18.1
α-Tocopherol
1.14.12.1
NH2
2.4.2.18
OC-COO
OH
4.6.1.4
+
TYROSINE
1.2.1.32
COO
CH2
O-C-COO
Shikimate-5
enolpyruvate 3-P
6.3.3.1
5-Amino 4.1.1.21 5-Amino-4-imidazole
Formyl 6.3.5.3
Formyl
carboxylate-R P
imidazole-R P
glycinamide-R P glycinamidine-R P
6.3.4.13
ADP
NH
OH
4.1.1.28
Dopamine
CHOHCH 2OH
CHO
OC
H2NCONH 2
OH OH H
CO CH 2OH
D-Xylulose-5-P
flo
ADP
γ
H+
ATP
1.14.17.1
.1.6
NH
H 2C
2.1.2.2
2.7.1.11
3.1.3.11
Erythrose-4-P
NHCOCH 2NH2
OH OH
Glycinamideribosyl-P
CH CH2OP
O
CH2CH(NH3) COO
1.14.16.2
OH
OH
4-OH-3-Methoxyphenylglycol
CO CH2OH
OH OH
OH OH OH
β
H+
THYLAKOID LUMEN
C
C CHO
POCH 2 C
OH H
5
β
H+
HO
C
H
H
POCH 2
2
H+
H
OH
OH
C
N-(5-P-Ribosyl)
anthranilate
+
CH2CH(NH3) COO-
CH2CH2NH2
OH
OCH
NH2
COO
COO
OH
OH
2.6.1.5
Hydroxyphenyl
pyruvate
1.3.1.13
2.1
1.4
C
OH OH
4.1.1.48
P O
2.5.1.19
Shikimate-3-P
PEP
OH
1.13.11.27
Homogentisate
(Normetadrenaline)
NH
COO
OH
OH
(Noradrenaline)
CHOHCH 2NH2
4-OH-3-MethoxyD-mandelate
OH OH H
OH OH
α
H+
H+
H+
PC PC
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+ H+ H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
Protons from Water
H+
H+ H+
H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+
H+
H
POCH2 C
Fructose-6-P
OH OH
5.3.1.6
OH
.3.4
P O
CH2COCOO
OH
Normetepinephrine
OCH 3
CH2OP
O
CO CH2OH
5.1.3.1
α
α
1
Fe-S 2e- Cyt.f
H+
O2
C
NADPH+H+
a
H+
C
H+
H+
Translocated protons
H+
H
2.2.1.1
OH OH OH
H+
A1
4H+
H 2O
H
OH
HO OH
Shikimate
Quinolinate
COO
H
2.7.1.71
COO
N
N-Acetyl-5-O-methyl-serotonin
OCH
NH2
COO
1-(o-Carboxy phenylamino)
1-deoxyribulose-5-P
OH
OH
COO
NH
2.1.1.4
NH2
OH
COO
CH2COO
Norepinephrine
OCH 3
OH
CH(OH)COO
OH
NADPH
5.1.3.1
(Adrenaline)
CH2 OP
O
OH
2.1.1.28
Epinephrine
5.3.1.9
5.3.1.8
1.1.1.44
H+
Chl.A0
2PQ
NADP +
NADP +
CH2OP
CHO
3
3
2e-
ren
t)
2
2
.
2PQ
2e-
C
C COO -
.1.1
H+
Fe-S
2e-
Mn
C
C
.17
OH
OH
2.7.1.2
2.7.1.1
1.1.1.25
CHOHCH 2NH2
CHOHCH 2NHCH 3
ATP
Glucose-6-P
P-Glucono
lactone
.1
3.1
Maleyl
acetoacetate
ADP
1.1.1.49
1.13.11.5
2.4.2.19
CH2
HO
OH
Dehydroshikimate
OH
2.4.2.19
4.1.1.45
3-Hydroxy 1.13.11.6 2-Amino-3-carboxy
2-Aminomuconateanthranilate
muconate semialdehyde
6-semialdehyde
COO
H H
Catechol
3.7.1.3
COO
HOC-CH(OH)CH(OH)CH 2OP
CH
N
COO
OH
O
4.2.1.10
O
CH2COO
COO
5.2.1.2
COO
OH
OH
H
Quinolinatenucleotide
CH 2CH2NHCOCH 3
CH3O
COO
NH2
3-Hydroxy
kynurenine
C-CH(OH)CH(OH)CH 2OP
CH
Indole-3-glycerol-P
COO
Dehydroquinate
O
O
CH2COO
Fumaryl
acetoacetate
GLUCOSE
2.6.1.16
OH
D-Ribulose-5-P
2.7
8
1e-
Cyt bf
2PQH2
C
C
2.7.1.17
*2e
Cyt bc
_ 2e-
P680
Chl.a
H
C
POCH2
CH2OH
CO
Ferredoxin
2e-
PQ
PQH2
QA
.
_
Pheophytin
H
OH H
OH
O
4.6.1.3
3-Deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate-7-P
-OOC
3.1.3.9
O
HO OH
.1.4
H
CH2OH
5.1.3.4
8
QB
CO
D-Ribose
OH
C
H
2.7
w
H+
2H+
PQH2
C
Ribitol
D-Xylulose
PQ
C
CHO
PHOTO- H+
otophosphoryla SYSTEM
lic
n-cyc electr
tion l
2H+ yclic Ph
No (electric cur on
C
2e-
H
C
OH
H
H+
H+
PHOTOSYSTEM
II
H
C
OH OH OH
OH H
H+
C
OH OH H
H
C CH2OH
OH
N
4.2.1.20
TRYPTOPHAN
HO
O
5.4.2.2
NH
4.1.1.28
HOCH HCOH
C
H
Kynurenine
+
CH2CH(NH 3)COO
COO
OC
P OCH 2 CH2
CH2OH
O
HO OH
1.1.1.
OH OH H OH
6-P-Gluconate NADPH
OH
OH
H
HOCH 2 C
H
Fructose-1-P
CH2OH
C
POCH2 C
H
.9
C
NH
Tryptamine
OPPU
OH
HO
3.2.1.48
CH2OP
O
2.7.1.3
HOCH 2 C
2.7.1.47
OH OH
1.1.1
C
OH OH H
CH 2OH
O
+
COCH2CH(NH 3)COO
OH
1.14.13.9
+ COO
N RP
N
(MELATONIN)
+
CO CH2CH(NH 3)COO
1.13.11.11
CH2CH 2NH2
OH
Glucose-1-P
OH
21
Sorbitol
CO
H
D-Xylose
CO CH2OH
HOCH 2 C
1.10.2.1
1.10.3.3
CO
O
L-Ribulose 2.7.1.16 L-Ribulose-5-P
L-Lyxose
OH H
POCH2
HOCH 2 C C
OH H
OH OH
CHO
OH OH
CO
CO CH 2OH
L-Xylulose-5-P
CH 2OH
Xylitol
.1.4
POCH2
2.7.1.53
C
OH H
5.3
H
C
H
HOCH 2
C
H
2.4.1.22
OH
3.2.1.26
SUCROSE
OP
OH
NH
11
Nicotinatenucleotide
CH2CH2NHCOCH 3
NH
NH2
3.5.1.9
Formylkynurenine
Indolepyruvate
HO
COO
COO
NICOTINATE
2.4.2.
Ribose- P
2.7.7.18
Desamino-NAD
CH 2CH2NH 2
+
N
(SEROTONIN)
+
CO CH2CH(NH 3)COO
CHO
NH
4.1.99.1
NH
UDP-Galactose
OP
P
Glucosamine-6-P
OH OH H
H
HO
5.1.3.2
2.7.7.10
NH2
5.3.1.8
CH2OH
CO
Dehydroascorbate
HOCH 2 C
CH 2OH
L-Xylulose
OH OH H
C
CO
OH
C
O
C
OH OH
OH
H
C
1.1.1.14
OH H
C
H
C
4
CH 2COCOO
OH
2.7.7.12
CH 2OH
O
HO OH
HO OH
2.3.1.
5.5.1.4
CO
H
OH H
C
OH H
CHO
C
OH H
D-Arabinose 5.3.1.3 D-Ribulose
4.1.1.34
OH OH
HOCH 2 C
OH
C
OH OH H
L-Arabitol
HOCH 2
H
C
C
C
HOCH2
2, 3-Dioxogulonate
C
C
ASCORBATE
CO COO -
CO
OH
H
H
C
H
HOCH 2
C
H
1.1.1.130
3-Dehydrogulonate
HOCH 2 C
HOCH 2 C
OH OH
2.4.1.9
Fructose
Inositol-P
OH H
H
O
OH H
C COO-
CO
HOCH 2
2.7.7.9
CH 2OP
O
NHCOCH 3
OH
OH
3.1.3.25
Inositol
CO
Gulonolactone 1.1.3.8 2-Oxogulonolactone
1.1.1.45
OH
2.7.7.27
2.4.1.13
N-Ac-Glucosamine-6-P
HO OH
OH
1.13.99.1
OH H
HO OH
OP
HO OH
OH
Glucuronate
CO
OH
OH
OH
1.1.1.19
OH OH
C
C
OH
HO OH
OH H
OP
NHCOCH 3 5.4.2.3
N-Ac-Glucosamine-1-P
HO
2.7.7.24
Mannose-6-P
OPPU
UDP-Glucose
Galactose-P
2.7.7.34
TDP-Glucose
CH 2OP
O
HO OH HO OH
CH2OP
O
2.7.7.23
O
GDP-Glucose
HO
1.14.16.4
O
O
5-Hydroxytryptamine 2.3.1.5 N-Acetyl-serotonin
4.1.1.28
5-Hydroxytryptophan
Indole
4.1.1.43
CH2OH
O
2.7.1.6
NH
NH
NH
Ribose - O - P - O - P - O -Adenosine
6.3.5.1
6.3.1.5
HO
COO
O
O
N
O
O
+
CH2CH(NH3)COO
HO
Indoleacetaldehyde
+
O
O
Ribose -O - P - O - P - O- Adenosine(P)
NAD( +P)
CH2CHO
GALACTOSE
HO OH
1.1.1.22
5.4.2.8
CH2OH
O
NHAC
5.1.3.14
4.2.1.46
(Auxin)
3.2.1.23
2.7.1.38
OH
OH
CH2OH
O
OH
Indoxyl
1.2.3.7
OH
OH
ADPGlucose
NH
Indoleacetate
CH2OH
O
2.4.1.1 2.4.1.11 HO
etc.
2.4.1.21
OPPT
OH
OH
MANNOSE
2.7.7.13
HO OH HO O P
UDP-Glucuronate
4.1.3.20
HO OH
N-Ac-Mannosamine
Gulonate
P
H
O
T
O
S
Y
N
T
H
E
S
I
S
CH2OH
O
2.4.1.21
+
N
OH
NH
OH
OH
LACTOSE
O
TDP-4-Oxo6-deoxyglucose
HO OH HO OH
5.1.3.6
OPPU
OH
5.1.3.13 O
CH2OH
O
2.7.1.60
ACNH
HO OH
OH
3.1.1.18 HOCH 2
P
E
N
T
O
S
E
S
OPPU
CH3
2.4.1.33
GDP-Mannose
OH
O
5.1.3.7
OH OH
HO OH HO OPPG
UDPGalacturonate
COO
CH2OH
O
4.2.1.47
O
OH
UDP-N-AcGalactosamine
OPPU
NHAC
UDP-N-AcGlucosamine
pyruvate
N-Ac-Mannosamine-6-P
CH2OH
O
COO -
NHCOCH 3
3.1.3.29
ACNH
4.1.3.20
HO OH
OH
H
E
X
O
S
E
S
5.1.3.12
OPPU
OH
OH 2.7.7.43
CH2OP
O
CH2OH
O COO
O
OH
2.4.1.29
TDP-Rhamnose
GDPMannuronate
OH
CH2OH
O
OH
OPPT
GDP-Fucose
2.4.1.16
COO
HO CH3
HO OPPG
HO
HO
O
O
CH3
OH
UDP-N-Ac-Muramate
1.1.1.132
2.4.1.68
2.4.1.69
OPPU
OH
UDPIduronate
COO-
HO
CMP-N-Acetyl
neuraminate
AcNH
HO
2.4.1.17
CH2COO
CH2OH
O
.5
O
CHOH
CHOH
AcNH
2
COO
CONH 2
GLYCOGEN
6.
3.
5
GLYCOPROTEINS
GANGLIOSIDES
MUCINS
19
1.
4.
1.
P
O
L
Y
S
A
C
C
H
A
R
I
D
E
S
HOCH
HC
CH2
CHCOO
N
3-Hydroxypyrroline5-carboxylate
The "Backbone" of metabolism involves
GLYCOLYSIS in the CYTOPLASM,
the TCA CYCLE (mainly) in the Mitochondrial matrix
and ATP FORMATION spanning the
MITOCHONDRIAL INNER MEMBRANE
An electron flow (an electric current) generated from
NADH and UQH2 drives the translocation of protons
from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
The retrolocation of these protons through the F0 subunits
of ATP synthase to the matrix then supplies the energy
needed to form ATP from ADP and phosphate
Electron Flow
1.5.1.2
Creatinine
Proton Flow
Small Numbers ( eg. 2.4.6.7) refer to the IUBMBEnzyme
Commission (EC) Reference Numbers of Enzymes
22nd Edition Designed by Donald E. Nicholson, D.Sc.,
The University of Leeds, England – and Sigma-Aldrich Cat. No. M3782
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