workbook - anglické gymnázium brno

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Gymnázium, Brno, Slovanské nám. 7, WORKBOOK – Civics 4 (Nauka o společnosti)
WORKBOOK
agb.gymnaslo.cz
Subject:
Teacher:
Student:
School year:
CIVICS 4 – Philosophy and Ethics
Martin Císař
4X
......./.......
Topics:
1. Essence of philosophy
2. Philosophy in history (ancient, medieval,
renaissance, modern, enlightenment
philosophy and philosophy of 19th and 20th
century)
3. Faith in human life
4. Ethical dimension of human being
and historical evolution of ethical theories
INVESTICE DO ROZVOJE VZDĚLÁVÁNÍ
Philosophy
Philosophy on the contrary to other scientific disciplines does not have exactly and
unequivocally defined its own subject matter. In this meaning it can not be defined as a
science. Science anwers questions, philosophy asks them itself.
Philosophy is asking for the basis of sense of the world cognition and for the position of the
human in it. Philosophy is trying to line up individual phenomenon of life to the great
contentful connection, to find its mutual meaning and to connect results of individual
sciences into united image of the world, into world opinion.
The word philosophy comes from two greek words. The verb „filein“ means „to love“ and
„sofia“ means „wisdom“. This word – philosophy, is freely translated as „love to wisdom“.
Europian philosophical thinking in meaning of love to wisdom was originated at the turn of
7th and 6th century BC on the west coast of Asia Minor. This area was a trading crossroad
between Greece, Asia and north Africa. It was also a place which was the most opened to
subcultural influences of the eastern civilizations (China – Taoism, Confucianism, India –
Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism).
Czech philosophical thinking in 15th and 17th century
Czech philosophical thinking is not pure, it is connected with art, religion and politics. The
crucial point for czech philosophy – establishment of Charles‘ university but even before that
– on the ground of cathedral school – quotation of ancient philosophers – Aristoteles.
Older era
Jan Hus (1371-1415) – he follows John Wicliff, Tomáš Štítný, Matěj z Janova
Hus’ thoughts:
- big criticism of church and its dignitaries: if they are not living according to Commandments
of God they do not have rights to punish nor forgive, church has to use property only in
profit of the poor, the Pope is not supposed to have secular power
- he was taking part in problem of universals – he was inclined to the side of realists
- he was persecuted for his opinions later and then burnt on the council in Kostnice 6.7. 1415
- his opinions were not overly original but with his school of thoughts he started the
process of the czech church reformation and he belongs to the czech’s biggest historical
characters
Photo 1 – Jan Hus
Petr Chelčický (1390-1460) – southczech yeoman, he did not graduate from any college, his
thinking was influenced by preaching of Hus. He refuses the official announced opinion
which says that the basis of christian community is made by common allegiance to one of
three populace, according to him there is no place for violence and coercive power in the
church. He critically appraises both, the society and Hussitism. In his work „The Net of True
Faith“ we can find the image of real christian society, which is built upon principles of
gospels. The main bond is love, equality and fraternity.
Photo 2 – Petr Chelčický
Jan Amos Komenský (1592-1670) – founder of modern pedagogy, philosopher, bishop of the
Unity of the Brethren. He is inspired in thoughts of his contemporary Jan Valentin Andreae.
Just as him, he realizes problems of the then era and doubtful status of the human in it. He
adopted thought of pilgrimage around the world from Andreae and he processes this subject
in his work „Labyrinth of the World and Paradise of the Heart“ - the human is situated into
radical situation, he is forced to stay open and averted from overrating some aspects of life.
The human is supposed to become universal and open being. He finds new steer towards
terrestrial world, goal is correction. He calls his philosophy pansofie – polymath – basis of
universal knowledge. He wants maintenance of nationalities and he announces resistance
against House of Habsburg.
Photo 3 – Jan Amos Komenský
Vocabulary
unequivocally – jednoznačně
great contentful connection – velká všeobjímající souvislost
Jainism – džinismus
dignitaries – hodnostáři
secular – světská
problem of universals – spor o univerzalia
yeoman – zeman
three populace – tři stavy
coercive power – donucovací moc
gospels – evangelia
fraternity – bratrství
Unity of the Brethren – jednota bratrská
contemporary – současník
the then era – tehdejší doba
pilgrimage – pouť
steer – nasměrování
terrestrial – pozemský
polymath – vševěda
Annotations:
Photo 1:
http://www.google.cz/imgres?q=jan+hus&hl=cs&rlz=1T4ADFA_csCZ460CZ460&biw=1366&bi
h=585&tbm=isch&tbnid=T5sJBTpW9hGL2M:&imgrefurl=http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hu
s&docid=loxt15XjEm191M&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb
/e/e9/Jan_Hus_2.jpg/220pxJan_Hus_2.jpg&w=220&h=322&ei=dCk4T4_GCoPKsgaiiKinDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=167&v
py=143&dur=1667&hovh=257&hovw=176&tx=101&ty=129&sig=111230620218769997370&
page=1&tbnh=116&tbnw=73&start=0&ndsp=28&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0
Photo 2:
http://www.google.cz/imgres?q=petr+chel%C4%8Dick%C3%BD&hl=cs&sa=X&rlz=1T4ADFA_
csCZ460CZ460&biw=1366&bih=585&tbm=isch&prmd=imvnso&tbnid=awQixwO3LNdnoM:&i
mgrefurl=http://czechfolks.com/plus/2010/07/10/miroslav-sigl-o-husitskou-tradici-sezajimaji-krajane-a-zahranicninavstevnici/&docid=QT1CeBdlMAklKM&imgurl=http://czechfolks.com/plus/wpcontent/uploads/2010/07/Socha_Petra_Chelcickeho_v_Chelcicich.jpg&w=333&h=500&ei=TC
k4T9yrKo6RswaV4ZW9DA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=633&sig=111230620218769997370&page
=1&tbnh=114&tbnw=76&start=0&ndsp=29&ved=1t:429,r:24,s:0&tx=48&ty=83
Photo 3:
http://www.google.cz/imgres?imgurl=http://www.osobnosti.net/foto/j/jan-amoskomensky/7.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.osobnosti.net/foto-jan-amoskomensky.htm&h=298&w=250&sz=32&tbnid=v6EA_al6GokYM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=76&prev=/search%3Fq%3Djan%2Bamos%2Bkomensk%25C3
%25BD%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=jan+amos+komensk%C3%BD&docid=9KY
w99gc0BrNVM&hl=cs&sa=X&ei=Aik4T6KrPIi3-waSz-HmAQ&sqi=2&ved=0CFQQ9QEwC

workbook - anglické gymnázium brno

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