Duben 2001 (č. 68)

Transkript

Duben 2001 (č. 68)
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27
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Distribuce CZ
Distrib˙cia SK
HCJB - ZoD Distribuce
P. & K. Steiger
Hoöù·lkova 1,a
169 00 Praha 6 - B¯evnov
HCJB - ZoD Distrib˙cia
M. & A. Zavilla
Jir·skova 165/10
916 01 Star· Tur·
DobrovolnÈ p¯ÌspÏvky m˘ûete poslat pouk·zkou
VariabilnÌ symbol je na VaöÌ etiketÏ
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N·zev ˙Ëtu:
N·zov ˙Ëtu:
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»Ìslo ˙Ëtu:
»Ìslo ˙Ëtu:
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HCJB
HCJB
WORLD
WORLD
RADIO
RADIO
HCJB - dennÏ z Ekv·doru, od 26.03. 2001
R¡NO: 6:30 - 7:00 SE», tj. 4:30 - 5:00 UTC: 11 830 kHz - v p·smu 25 m.
VE»ER: v 21:30 - 22:00 SE», tj. 19:30 - 20:00 UTC:
17 795 kHz a 21 470 kHz v p·smech 16 a 13 m.
TWR ýHVNêUR]KODV3O]H poslouchejte v sobotu 7:00 - 8:00 a 21:00 - 22:00
Velmi kr·tkÈ vlny (FM): 106,7 105,3 103,4 102,4 100,8 95,8 91,0 MHz
TWR 3URJODV (FM):%UQR+RVWêQ3UDGG-HãWG
Po-P· a Ne 7:45 - 8:00, So 7,15 - 8:30, Po-P· 21:00 - 21:30
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